recognition or perception of the oneness of humanity is the principle underlying world citizenship
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Recognition or Perception of the Oneness of Humanity is the Principle underlying World Citizenship. “…the concept of world citizenship [should] be taught in every school and that the oneness of humanity – the principle underlying world citizenship – be constantly asserted in every nation” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Recognition or Perception of the Recognition or Perception of the Oneness of Humanity is the Principle Oneness of Humanity is the Principle
underlying World Citizenshipunderlying World Citizenship
“…“…the concept of world citizenship the concept of world citizenship [should] be taught in every school and [should] be taught in every school and that the that the oneness of humanityoneness of humanity – the – the principle underlying world citizenship – principle underlying world citizenship – be constantly asserted in every nation”be constantly asserted in every nation”
(Taken from a paper on “World Citizenship: (Taken from a paper on “World Citizenship:
A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development” –A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development” –
presented at the 1st session of the United Nations presented at the 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development). Commission on Sustainable Development).
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World CitizenshipWorld Citizenship "... a "... a reorientation of education so as to give of education so as to give young people everywhereyoung people everywhere a sense of the a sense of the
shared interests and shared interests and basic oneness of basic oneness of mankindmankind
and to prepare them for effective participation as and to prepare them for effective participation as members of a world community is, I believe, members of a world community is, I believe, a clear necessity for human survival for human survival in the in the
twenty first century.“twenty first century.“
Edwin O. Reischauer, Harvard Professor and former U.S. Ambassador to Japan—
in his book (1973) “Toward the 21st Century: Education for a Changing World”
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On October 30, 2003 the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations released a
report to the press, citing research done by the American Jewish Committee. The
report cites such examples as an eighth-grade textbook, published by the Saudi
Ministry of Education, that labels Christians and Jews as non-human "apes" and
"pigs"
Without the recognition of the Oneness of humanity, human beings
de-humanize the “Other”
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Stages of Demonizing the "Other" Self-preservation – as form of violence. Insular identity – segregation (human). Perception of scarcity – competition. You label the other as the “enemy” (threatens self-
preservation). You label the other as “non-human.” You deny the “other” membership in the human race. Then Then
you can do anything.you can do anything. You conceptualize the “Other” as evil (demonized). He MUST
be destroyed.
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On Sunday, April 25th, 2004, Tim Russert on NBC's “Meet the Press” asked Prince
Bandar about these Saudi textbooks dehumanizing and demonizing "other"
religious groups.
De-humanizing the “Other”—It’s in the News
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And on April 15th, 2004, Fox News And on April 15th, 2004, Fox News reporter Steve Harrington decried that reporter Steve Harrington decried that the same problem exists in the the same problem exists in the 70,000 madras schools of Pakistan, reaching of Pakistan, reaching over 1.5 million studentsover 1.5 million students between between
the ages of 6 and 24 the ages of 6 and 24
De-humanizing the “Other”—It’s in the News
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De-humanizing the "Other“ in Rwanda“I first realized that this was what was happening
when I served as head of our organization in Rwanda as the genocide unfolded. When I
learned that a hospital, under control of the Hutus, sheltered several hundred children, I went
to the Hum leader in charge and asked to take the children -- to transfer them to a safer place.
The Hutu leader said, “no.” I then asked, “Do you have children of your own?” “Why yes,” the
leader replied, proudly pulling out photos. Then I said, “But these children in the orphanage are
children, too.” The Hutu leader replied, “No, they are cockroaches.”
Dr. James Orbinski, a French-Canadian physician -- President of Médecins Sans Frontières (“Doctors Without Borders”), tells how membership in the
human race was taken from an entire people in Rwanda.
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De-humanizing the “Other” in RwandaDe-humanizing the “Other” in Rwanda
The next day, half of the Tutsi children had been murdered.” Within 100 days, 800,000 people – mostly Tutsis – lost their lives because they
had lost their membership in the human race. The world stood by indifferently and let it happen,
because no one else had sufficiently identified with their plight – no other culture or civilization
sufficiently shared their identity as fellow humans. The same has happened in Sudan,
Uganda, and the Congo.(According to Steven Lewis, UN envoy for AIDS, a similar indifference and racism exits towards African countries
with respect to AIDS.)
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Ghosts of RwandaGhosts of Rwanda
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De-humanizing the “Other” in BalkansDe-humanizing the “Other” in Balkans
During the last Balkan war, a reporter having dinner with a family in Kosovo witnessed a six year-old child coming up from the basement where he had been playing and the parents inquired what he had been doing. “Killing rats,” he said, referring to the Serbians.
In Bosnia, Muslims were referred to as sub-human by the Serbs. In 1993 Croat nationalists began
their own “ethnic cleansing” campaign in an effort to carve an all-Croat “homeland” out of
Herzegovina.
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Bosnia-Herzegovina
In 1984 the world watched with wonder and delight, the Winter Olympics held in
picturesque Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. What a beautiful and civilized
place, one would think, right in the heart and center of Europe!
Just eight years later, the world watched in horror at the human tragedy unfolding in that same area of the world.
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Bosnia-Herzegovina
Thousands and thousands of civilians Thousands and thousands of civilians
were were assaultedassaulted, , torturedtortured, , rapedraped, , displaceddisplaced
or or killedkilled in the ultimate barbaric siege in the ultimate barbaric siege
known as known as “ethnic cleansing”“ethnic cleansing” – –
the euphemism for nationalistic,the euphemism for nationalistic,
ethno-centristic and ethno-centristic and
murderous insanity. murderous insanity.
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Bosnia-Herzegovina
Three warring “interfaith” populations
Bosnian (Muslim) Croatian (Catholic)
Serbian (Eastern Orthodox Christian)
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Bosnia-Herzegovina
The siege of Sarajevo continued The siege of Sarajevo continued
until late until late 19951995 when the when the
Dayton Peace Accords were signed. Dayton Peace Accords were signed.
This was the beginning of the end of the This was the beginning of the end of the conflict that had, in the words of one conflict that had, in the words of one
writer, writer, “displaced hundreds of “displaced hundreds of thousands of people, left thousands thousands of people, left thousands
dead, mutilated, tortured, and dead, mutilated, tortured, and without hope.”without hope.”
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Are we headed towards a “Balkanized” society in the U.S.?
“There is no greater challenge facing our nation than race… If we continue to
ignore growing inequalities and divisions, we will become a thoroughly
balkanized society dominated by a declining white minority. History and headlines worldwide provide ample
evidence of the grievous consequences along that path.”
-- Harvard Civil Rights Project-- Harvard Civil Rights Project
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We have only ½ a Generation in time
United States is in the throes of the largest migration in American history while we are
simultaneously witnessing increasing segregation at an alarming rate. “And while only a half
century ago the country was nearly 90% white, within the next fifty years there will be no racial majority, and non-Europeans will actually outnumber whites in the general population -- a demographic shift already appearing in an
accelerating number of institutions and communities.”
-- Harvard Civil Rights Project-- Harvard Civil Rights Project
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Our choice: Segregation or Unity
Many fear that increasing diversity in the U.S. will Many fear that increasing diversity in the U.S. will lead inevitably to ethnic segregation and alead inevitably to ethnic segregation and a ““thoroughly balkanized societythoroughly balkanized society””
(Harvard Civil Rights Project)(Harvard Civil Rights Project)
— — with disparate groups violently oriented with disparate groups violently oriented towards one anothertowards one another. .
If If justice and unity justice and unity withinwithin this diversity this diversity can can be achieved, America — as the most be achieved, America — as the most
culturally diverse country in the world —culturally diverse country in the world —could could lead the world towards lead the world towards UNITYUNITY, ,
harmony and purposeful co-existence.harmony and purposeful co-existence.
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Our choice: Segregation or UnityOur choice: Segregation or Unity
In one sense it could be said of America In one sense it could be said of America that its dream of that its dream of equalityequality, , unionunion and and
democracydemocracy is about to be truly tested – is about to be truly tested – whether it is merely a mythological whether it is merely a mythological
ideology or whether it can become real. ideology or whether it can become real. At the same time this quickly developing At the same time this quickly developing
shift towards a more equal diversity shift towards a more equal diversity represents a microcosm of the world. represents a microcosm of the world.
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Our choice: Segregation or UnityOur choice: Segregation or Unity
The irony, perhaps, is that the United
States is being forced to implement
its espoused theoretical ideal or
perish. At the same time, the world
must awaken to the realization that
what is happening with diversity in
America – if it truly is the microcosm –
is everyone’s challenge ultimately.
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World Citizenship and Race Unity:World Citizenship and Race Unity:“Two sides of the same coin.” “Two sides of the same coin.”
(Reischauer – 1973) ". . .most people are probably not
conscious that our traditional education is overwhelmingly about our own
particular group, and thus tends to build a strong sense of identity with it, to the exclusion of the other members of the human race who do not qualify for
membership.“Edwin O. Reischauer (1973) “Toward the 21st Century:
Education for a Changing World”:
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“They” are not
“us”
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But what if the world was only
“us” ??One Human Family!
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World CitizenshipWorld Citizenship
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Consciousness leads to UnityConsciousness leads to Unity ". . . the consciousness of world
citizenship will be born, a consciousness that can alone provide an adequate basis
for the organization of world unity,
on which a lasting world peace must necessarily depend,
the peace itself inaugurating in turn that world civilization
which will mark the coming of age of the entire human race."
[Shoghi Effendi, “Messages to America,” 1934] [Shoghi Effendi, “Messages to America,” 1934]
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Even the most subtle pathologies – such as indifference and apathy – destroy human relationships.
Therefore, EDUCATION is of the greatest importance.
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“Every child is potentially the light of the world – and at the same time its darkness…”
Therefore, EDUCATION is of the greatest importance.
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World CitizenshipWorld Citizenship
Inherently a child may have tendencies for both good and bad
behaviors, but education makes the greatest difference because a child can learn the values, ethics, attitudes
and civilized behavior.
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How do we bring aboutHow do we bring aboutgreater unity? –greater unity? –
How do we create a sense of How do we create a sense of “world citizenship”?“world citizenship”?
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Lesser loyalties are not destroyed by a wider loyalty
World Citizenship calls for World Citizenship calls for loyalty to the human familyloyalty to the human family
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World Citizenship is the natural evolution of global society
Does not the child disappear in the youth?
…and the youth in the man? yet neither child nor youth
perishes?Isn’t this also the normal development
of societies? Cities become part of states, and states nations, and nations the world.
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The modern world The modern world makes world unity possiblemakes world unity possible
“Time and space are not nearly as much against the organic unity of the world now as they were against
the organic unity of the United States a hundred years ago.”
Bridgman (1905)
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Easier to unite the world of today than the original colonies of America
Even though the American states had similar traditions and culture, the task of welding them
into a single federation was infinitely more complex than that which confronts our divided
world in its efforts to achieve the unification of all humanity. Why? The facilities of modern
progress – transportation, telecommunication, television, satellites, word-processing,
computerized data-analysis, Internet, AND global interdependence (economic, environment, etc.)
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Even the negative threats drive us towards unity
The choice before the entire world at the present time is to avert or mitigate the disaster being called the "clash of
cultures" or the "clash of civilizations" that could bring all nations to simultaneous ruin. For
example, an ecological or economic disaster or bio-terrorism could
simultaneously threaten everyone on the planet.
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As the world gets smaller As the world gets smaller we must be reconciledwe must be reconciled
“… in the end [we must] reconcile ourselves to existence side by side...”
Kant ( (In 1795))
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World Citizenship as “consciousness”World Citizenship as “consciousness”
“The different peoples of the world are just beginning
to find each other. Whatever is best in any part is
now being brought out into the light for the good of
the whole. Whatever national geniuses have
discovered is now being made the common
possession of all nations.... Multiply present
conditions a hundred fold and then compute, if
possible, what the world mind will be when it has
come to its own inheritance” -- Bridgman (1905)
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World Citizenship as “consciousness”World Citizenship as “consciousness”“The supreme aim of education is to develop men
and women who can carry on effectively and nobly the work of the world.”
“... The phenomenal growth of a world consciousness is the distinctive feature of
the twentieth century; and contributing to this development is the whole category of human
activity. In the advancement of industry, education, religion, science, literature, art,
philanthropy and government, the inhabitants of the world, regardless of national boundaries, have intermingled their interests in the
pursuit of great achievements.” F.F. Andrews (1908)
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World Citizenship as “consciousness”World Citizenship as “consciousness”In 1908, F.F. Andrews continued….In 1908, F.F. Andrews continued….
““The teacher of the twentieth century is an international The teacher of the twentieth century is an international figure, and he can never perform his highest function until figure, and he can never perform his highest function until he is imbued with this he is imbued with this international consciousnessinternational consciousness. He . He should stand shoulder to shoulder with his fellow teachers should stand shoulder to shoulder with his fellow teachers in the world for the achievement of a higher civilization. in the world for the achievement of a higher civilization.
One generationOne generation of teaching the principles of of teaching the principles of justice, peace and justice, peace and international unityinternational unity would would
revolutionize the worldrevolutionize the world; these sentiments can be ; these sentiments can be taught in literature, geography, history, and, in taught in literature, geography, history, and, in
fact, in every exercise connected with the schoolfact, in every exercise connected with the school... ... To what nobler work can the teacher consecrate himself To what nobler work can the teacher consecrate himself
than to build up a new people than to build up a new people whose country is the world, whose country is the world, whose countrymen are all mankindwhose countrymen are all mankind!”!”
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World CitizenshipWorld Citizenship
Listen again to those key words and concepts ringing through her vision:
“international consciousness,” she said. “Teaching peace and unity,” she said,
could “revolutionize the world” within “one generation.”
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How do we get “world citizenship” in How do we get “world citizenship” in one generation?one generation?
The Civil Rights project at Harvard states that we have only half a generation before the United
States will have a thoroughly Balkanized society if the present
trends towards segregation and inequity continue.
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Diversity “united” or diversity Diversity “united” or diversity “segregated”? How will we choose?“segregated”? How will we choose?
Without “unity in diversity” as the Without “unity in diversity” as the watchword in our society (and schools), watchword in our society (and schools), could we not be could we not be facing the prospect
of increased of increased tensionstensions, , conflictconflict and and violenceviolence among our (U.S.) among our (U.S.) ethnically
segregated populations? ?
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The role of a scholar is “to bring a heart to heaven and earth, to bring
livelihood to the general population, to continue the lost teachings of past
sages, and to bring about peace to ten thousand generations.”
为天地立心,为生民立命,为为天地立心,为生民立命,为往圣继绝学,为万世开太平往圣继绝学,为万世开太平
— — Sung dynasty scholarSung dynasty scholar
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What is the present stateWhat is the present state of of civilizationcivilization
in relationship to in relationship to moral competencemoral competence??
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Science without the moral force of spiritual values can lose its ethical
compass.
It can become the means of human perversity and destruction.
Science without moral competence Science without moral competence can become destructivecan become destructive
Nagasaki:50,000 died
Hiroshima:92,000 died
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Moral development = VirtuesMoral development results from learning the social rules
and principles at the same time we transform ourselves into more loving human beings . . .
human beings who can sustain authentic relationships.
The basic measure of morality is simple: Either a person has acquired the capacity for self-sacrifice and love, which he
demonstrates through active, humble, reliable service towards others (with kindness, compassion, courtesy, etc.),
or he has not, in which case his behavior will reflect various pathologies that destroy human relationships – such as greed, untrustworthiness, jealousy, self-centeredness,
coldness, indifference, anger, or cruelty. (Partly derived from W. Hatcher– “Love, Power, and Justice”)
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Normallyinternalizethe valuesinto what we thinkwe knowas “right”
Principlesand rulesof society
Decide,Commit,
Plan
Education creates the possibility of transformation—expressed in less-selfish behavior (integrity over dichotomy)
Normsbecomevalues
Actionbecomes a
“conscious” choice
“Unconscious”socialization
processPersonality
&Behavior
ThinkKnowFeelEmotion+/-
Know
Subconsciousresonancewith rolemodels
PrejudiceEmotional
Attachmentto untruths
Empathy,
Volition,Will,
Intention
Activ
ew
ill
Dichotomy
Passiv
ere
acti
on
comes intoawareness
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Moral development = Virtues
Behavior and actions
reflect what we are,
and the degree of our moral development.
All these proper behaviors and attitudes can be learned.
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“Every child is potentially the light of the world – and at the same time its darkness…”
Therefore, EDUCATION is of the greatest importance.
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What is the relationship What is the relationship between MORALITY between MORALITY
and Citizenship?and Citizenship?Moral values determine quality of Moral values determine quality of relationship to others (family, friends).relationship to others (family, friends).
Citizenship is an extension of moral Citizenship is an extension of moral values to the whole society. It defines values to the whole society. It defines the quality of the the individual’s the quality of the the individual’s relationship to society.relationship to society.
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Developing shared valuesgenerates consensus of morality.
Citizenship is a formal, public identity that relies on a set of formal structures and institutions for
its maintenance and realization. To be a citizen is to accept a particular regime or
set of ‘universal’ rights and duties,to honor these, and to support or participate
in the institutions that uphold them.
Traditionally there are 3 Institutions (formal structures):
Religious institutions The state or government
The market place (commerce/trade)
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Developing shared valuesgenerates consensus of morality.
Today’s GLOBAL market & the SCIENTIFIC community represent new sets of formal structures, bound to define new levels
of “universal” human rights and duties
Citizenship is a formal, public identity that relies on a set of formal structures and institutions for
its maintenance and realization. To be a citizen is to accept a particular regime or
set of ‘universal’ rights and duties,to honor these, and to support or participate
in the institutions that uphold them.
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Global citizenship is Compromised by the Lack of any Institutional Authority
“The feasibility of citizenship becoming more global and inclusive is clearly complicated along a
number of dimensions. The most obvious challenges arise from the displacement of the
nation-state [by globalization and multi-nationals], the major institutional architecture within which citizenship has been realized.”
Amina Mama, “Citizenship and Culture” – society for International Development Lecture, The Royal Tropical
Institute of Social Studies (June, 2004)
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Principlesand rulesof societyNorms
becomevalues
ThinkKnowFeel
Know
The institutional foundation for norms at the global level is missing.
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Global citizenship is Compromised by the Lack of any Institutional Authority
In the context of the global market, who sets the criterion for the rights and duties of citizens?
Even if we could find universal agreement, what “institutional architecture” would ensure
the uphold of an agreed-upon regime of citizens’ rights & duties within globalization?
Does a system of international laws with the capacity to govern multinational enterprise imply the subordination of national sovereignty to a united system of federated nation-states?
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What is World Citizenship?What is World Citizenship?
What does it mean to love the What does it mean to love the whole world?whole world?
What do these have to do with What do these have to do with recognition of oneness?recognition of oneness?
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“The consciousness of World Citizenship, upon which
international moral action is based, is dependent on a more
mature and accurate perception of the world and one’s place within itand one’s place within it
––
a worldview that promotes unity and harmony among all peoples –
essentially derived from the recognition of the fundamental
oneness of humanity.”Greg Kagira-Watson (2003)
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““The consciousness of World The consciousness of World Citizenship, upon which international Citizenship, upon which international
moral action is based, is dependent on moral action is based, is dependent on a morea more mature and accurate perception mature and accurate perception of the worldof the world and one’s place within it and one’s place within it–– a worldview that promotes unity and a worldview that promotes unity and
harmony among all peoples – harmony among all peoples – essentially derived from theessentially derived from the recognition recognition
of the fundamentalof the fundamental oneness of oneness of humanityhumanity.”.”
Greg Kagira-Watson (2003)
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Inter-faith unity— a global challenge
“The unity of nations will never succeed
without a reconciliation
among the world’s great religions.
This is the next global challenge.
Man-made ideologies have perverted the teachings of religion and divided humanity.
Until humanity sees the essential unity of religion there will be no peace in the world.”—
Dr. Robert Muller (1999)– former Undersecretary General of the United Nations, Chancellor of the United Nations University for Peace.
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彖曰:鼎,象也。 以木巽火,亨饪也。 圣人亨以享上帝,而大亨以养圣 贤。 巽而耳目聪明,柔进而上行,得中而应乎刚,是以元亨。象曰:木上
有火,鼎;君子以正位凝命。 “The highest earthly values must be sacrificed to the divine. But the truly divine does not manifest itself apart from man. The supreme revelation of God appears in prophets. . .
To venerate them is true veneration of God.” Taken from the Chinese Book of Changes ( I-Ching )….
Ting (caldron) / Holding“Here we see civilizationcivilization as it
reaches its culmination in religionreligion.The ting serves in offering
sacrifice to God…”
易經
“The supreme revelation of God
appears in prophets...”I-Ching
“To venerate Prophets is true veneration of God.”
( I-Ching– The Ting 鼎 )
Divine Spiritis like the raysfrom the Sun,
reflected in theMirror of Mediator
The Prophets are the Mediators between The Creator
and Mankind
Prophetreflects
Heavenly qualities
The World of Humanity 地
The CreativePrinciple 鼎
天
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There is a thing, formless yet complete.Before heaven and earth it existed.Without sound, without substance,
it stands alone and unchanging.It is all-pervading and unfailing. One may think of it
as the mother of all beneath Heaven.We do not know its name, but we call it Tao.
Ancient Wisdom of the Tao Te Ching
6161“Lao Tzu is like a flying Dragon, un-trappable.”-Confucius
Circa:530 B.C.
Lao Tzudepicted
withhalo
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Lao Tzu Leaves on an Ox
Lao Tzu has Yin Xi appear to the Barbarian as the Buddha.
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To what nobler work can the teacher consecrate To what nobler work can the teacher consecrate himself than to build up a new people himself than to build up a new people whose whose
country is the world, whose countrymen are all country is the world, whose countrymen are all mankindmankind!” !” (F.F. Andrews– 1908)(F.F. Andrews– 1908)
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“. . .the biggest educational task of all”
“. . .the world community we must develop will never come into being or operate successfully unless
the bulk of the people feel themselves to be members of a world community
— that is, unless they develop a sense of world citizenship.
This is clearly the biggest educational task of all,
for millenniums of history have conditioned men to think in terms of smaller and more exclusive units,
while suspicion and hostility toward other groups lie deep in their patterns of thought.”
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“. . .the biggest educational task of all”
“. . .the world community we must develop will never come into being or operate successfully unless
the bulk of the people feel themselves to be members of a world community
— that is, unless they develop a sense of world citizenship.
This is clearly the biggest educational task of all..
for millenniums of history have conditioned men to think in terms of smaller and more exclusive units,
while suspicion and hostility toward other groups lie deep in their patterns of thought.”
<><><><><>
Edwin O. Reischauer, Harvard Professor and former U.S. Ambassador to Japan—
in his book (1973) “Toward the 21st Century: Education for a Changing World”
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World CitizenshipWorld Citizenship "... a "... a reorientationreorientation of education so as to give of education so as to give young people everywhereyoung people everywhere a sense of the a sense of the
shared interests and basic oneness of shared interests and basic oneness of mankindmankind
and to prepare them for effective participation as and to prepare them for effective participation as members of a world community is, I believe, members of a world community is, I believe, a a
clear necessityclear necessity for human survival for human survival in the twenty in the twenty first century.“first century.“
Edwin O. Reischauer, Harvard Professor and former U.S. Ambassador to Japan—
in his book (1973) “Toward the 21st Century: Education for a Changing World”
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Survival depends on Education moving more Survival depends on Education moving more rapidly… and in the right direction.rapidly… and in the right direction.
“...Before long, humanity will face many grave
difficulties that can only be solved on a global scale.
For this there must be a much higher degree of
understanding and a far greater capacity for
cooperation between disparate peoples and nations
than exist now.
Education, however, as it is presently conducted in this
country—and in every country in the world. . .
is not moving rapidly enough in the right direction to
produce the knowledge about the outside world and the
attitudes toward other peoples
that may be essential for human survival within a
generation or two.” Edwin O. Reischauer (1973)
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Recognition of “oneness of humanity”Recognition of “oneness of humanity”
The Purpose of the The Purpose of the Perception of OnenessPerception of Oneness
is is JUSTICEJUSTICE
State of ConsciousnessState of Consciousness::That no one should exalt himself That no one should exalt himself above another person. above another person.
= Fairness, equality, justice.= Fairness, equality, justice.
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Crisis of Segregation in U.S.Crisis of Segregation in U.S.America at the Crossroads
Society could Society could become thoroughlybecome thoroughly
““Balkanized” or Balkanized” or ghettoized ghettoized
(segregated)(segregated)
As the most As the most highly highly diverse diverse
nation in the nation in the world, isworld, is
faced with faced with two paths two paths
over the next over the next 40 years40 years
If inequities If inequities don’t changedon’t change
Society could Society could demonstrate that demonstrate that
“unity in diversity” is “unity in diversity” is truly possible.truly possible.
More possibilities of conflict and violence, or helping lead the world to Peace.
If we break the If we break the illusion of illusion of
“misperception”“misperception”
( Harvard Civil Rights Project 2003 report )