OrganicMacromolecule

s

Really

Really

Really

LARGE (macro)

molecules that contain Carbon

All of these large molecules are made from putting together smaller molecules known generically as monomers

Organic Macromolecules4 Classes

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

CARBOHYDRATES

1 sugar molecule – monosaccharide2 sugar molecules bonded together –

disaccharide3 + sugar molecules bonded together -

polysaccharide

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Monomer – monosaccharide (simple sugar)

Monosaccharides• Single ring of Carbon • Common examples: Glucose,

Fructose and Galactose• Glucose is the main sugar used

for energy in both plants and animals

• Fructose is the sweetest of the monosaccharides

Disaccharides

• Two sugar molecules joined together.–Sucrose=fructose and glucose

–Lactose=galactose and glucose

Polysaccharides

• Complex molecule of three or more sugars

Polysaccharides

• Glycogen, starch and cellulose are the three of the most important polysaccharides found in living things

GlycogenAnimals store glucose in the form of glycogen

StarchPlants store glucose in the form of starch

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulose

CelluloseFound in plant cell walls helps to give it strength

The primary functions of carbohydrate macromolecules are to:

provide and store energy.

Lipids

• Fatty compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

• Lipids do not dissolve in water –

Hydrophobic

• Lipids store energy

Monomer – fatty acid

Examples of lipids

1. TriglyceridesFatsOils

2. Phospholipids3. Waxes4. Steroids

Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3

fatty acids. H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH

2-CH2-CH

2-

CH3

=

Triglycerides• Two types oils and fats

–Fats are solids at room temperature

–Oils are liquids at room temperature

There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see on food labels:

1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedO

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH

2-CH2-CH

2-CH

3=

unsaturated

Phospholipids 2 long fatty

acid tails attached to a phosphate molecule

Put in a double layer, these make up the cell membrane of all living cells

Waxes

• Long fatty acid attached to a long alcohol–Protective coating in plants

–Protective barrier in us???

Steroids• Four carbon rings• Found in hormones, nerve tissue, toad venoms, and plant poisons

• Cholesterol

5 functions of lipids:1. Long term energy storage (fat)2. Protection against heat loss

(insulation)3. Protection against water loss & germs (oils & waxes)4. Chemical messengers

(hormones & steroids)5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Proteins

Skin and muscles cells are made up mostly of protein

Made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Monomer – amino acid

Amino acids (the building blocks of protein)

2 kinds of amino acids

- essential & non-essential amino acids- Essential amino acids cannot

be synthesized by our body & need to be obtained through our diet

• Dipeptide–Two amino acids joined together

• Polypeptide–Three or more amino acids joined together

Bonds that are formed between amino acids are called peptide bonds

7 functions of proteins:

1. Storage: albumin (egg white)

2. Transport: hemoglobin

3. Regulatory:hormones

4. Movement: muscles

5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails

6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

7. Defense: antibodies

A protein’s ability to carry out its job depends on its 3 dimensional structure

The sequence of the amino acids determines the shape of the protein

Four levels of protein structure:

A. Primary Structure (1°)B. Secondary Structure (2°)C. Tertiary Structure (3°)D. Quaternary Structure (4°)

A. Primary Structure (1°)

• Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

B. Secondary Structure (2°)

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure held together by hydrogen bonds.

B. Secondary Structure (2°)

Two examples:

Alpha HelixBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen Bonds

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheets

C. Tertiary Structure (3°)

• Secondary structures bend and fold into a more complex 3-D arrangement. Called ‘subunits’

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

D. Quaternary Structure (4°)

• Composed of 2 or more “subunits”.

3° subunits

Subunits

Enzymes: Special Proteins

EnzymesSpeed up and help chemical

reactions happen

Why is that important?

Life processes = chemical reactions

EnzymesSubstrate- goes into the reactionProduct- comes out of the reaction

Nucleic Acids

• Two types–Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA

–Ribonucleic Acid RNA

Monomer – nucleotide

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell activities by controlling protein synthesis

DNA - Stores information for almost all cell activities by coding for proteins

RNA – transfers information from DNA essential for making proteins

Both are made up of thousands of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

Phosphate Group

NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar(deoxyribose)

DNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A