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Name __________________________________________________ Ch. 5-6

BIOCHEMISTRY-ESSENTIAL VOCAB1. pH A measure of the amount of acid or base in a substance2. Acid A substance with a pH from 0-6.9, lower numbers are more acidic3. Base A substance with a pH from 7.1-14, higher numbers are more basic4. Neutral A substance with a pH of 7, water5. Inorganic Molecules that lack the combination of Carbon and Hydrogen6. Organic Molecules that contain both Carbon and Hydrogen7. Reactants Molecules at the beginning of a chemical reaction8. Products Molecules produced after a chemical reaction has occurred9. Concentration Gradient

The difference in molecule numbers between two areas, high to low, low to high

10. Diffusion The passive movement of molecules from high to low conc., no ATP11. Passive Transport The movement of molecules from high to low conc., no ATP12. Permeable The ability of molecules to move across/through a barrier13. Selectively Permeable The ability of only some molecules to move across/through a barrier14. Osmosis The movement of water molecules from high to low conc., no ATP15. Active Transport The movement of molecules from low to high conc., requires ATP16. Endocytosis The active movement of molecules into a cell, requires ATP17. Exocytosis The active movement of molecules out of a cell, requires ATP18. Carbohydrates Organic molecules used for energy, sugars/starches19. Monosaccharide Simplest carbohydrate, sugar, glucose20. Disaccharide A double carbohydrate, double sugar21. Polysaccharide A triple of larger carbohydrate, starch22. Sugar Simplest carbohydrate, glucose, C6H12O6

23. Starch A large carbohydrate24. Glucose Simplest carbohydrate, C6H12O6

25. Cellulose A large carbohydrate in plants, starch26. Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical process where smaller molecules are joined together to make a larger product, with the removal of water

27. Hydrolysis/Digestion A chemical process where a large molecule is separated to make smaller products, with the addition of water

28. Polymer A molecule with repeating units

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29. Monomer A molecule made of a single unit30. Lipid Organic molecules used for energy storage31. Fatty Acid A building block of a lipid32. Protein Organic molecules used for chemical reactions33. Amino Acids The building blocks of proteins34. Peptide Bond The bond holding amino acids together to make a protein35. Enzyme/Catalyst An example of a protein used in all chemical reactions36. Substrate The molecule the enzyme shape fits and causes a reaction to37. Active Site The part of the substrate with a specific shape that fits the enzyme38. Denaturation A process where enzymes lose their shape and cannot function

properly39. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules such as DNA & RNA40. Nucleotides The building blocks of nuclei acids41. DNA Nucleic acid containing heredity information for cell functions42. RNA Nucleic acid used to assembly amino acids and make proteins43. Nitrogen Bases The nitrogen molecules that pair up used to make DNA and RNA44. ATCG/AUCG The nitrogen bases in DNA, RNA45. Double Helix The double twisted ladder shape of DNA46. ATP A molecule of energy produced during cellular respiration

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Define acids and bases and relate their importance to biological systems.

2. Label the pH scale and identify acids, bases, neutral.

3. In a chemical equation label the reactants and the products.

Chapter 5 pH, Diffusion, and Biochemistry

What is pH A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is

Acid vs. Base Acids measure 0-6.9 on the pH scale (lower number more acidic)Bases measure 7.1-14 on the pH scale (higher number more basic)Neutral is 7 on the pH scale

Organic vs. InorganicOrganic molecules contain both Carbon & HydrogenExamples:

Inorganic molecules that lack both Carbon and HydrogenExamples:

Writing a chemical equation

_____CO2 + H2O_______ ______C6H12O6______ Reactants (raw materials) Products

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Describe the concentration gradient regarding diffusion.

2. Identify factors affecting diffusion.

3. Explain dynamic equilibrium in terms of diffusion in a cell.

Water and its importance Water is used to help transport materials (nutrients, wastes, gases) in cells of all organisms. Proper water regulation is necessary for homeostasis of all organisms.

What is diffusion?The passive movement of molecules from an area of high molecule concentration to an area of low molecule concentration.

No ATP is required,molecules will balance out evenly

Three factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

Molecule Concentration

Temperature

Pressure

Results of diffusion – dynamic equilibrium Molecules with eventually become evenly distributed in and outside the cell until they reach dynamic equilibriumDiffusion in living systems – cells Cells are constantly diffusing water, nutrients, gases, and wastes across their cell membranes.

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Explain in terms of osmosis what happens to cells when placed in distilled water.

2. Draw and label a plant cell before and after salt water had been added to it.

3. Explain the water concentration gradient in a cell that has been placed in salt water.

What is osmosis?The passive movement of water molecules from high to low concentration.

Cells in a balanced homeostatic environment:Molecules of water will move in and out of the cell at the same rate maintaining equilibrium.

Cells that gain water and swell (Distilled Water):

If 100% water is added to the environment around a cell it creates a high water concentration, so molecules will move into the cell and the cell will swell.

Draw and Label a Plant cell vs. Animal cell

Cells that lose water and shrink (Salt):

If a salt solution is added to the environment around a cell it creates a low water concentration, so molecules will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink.

Draw and Label a Plant cell vs. Animal cell

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Contrast passive and active transport.

2. Give examples of each above.

3. Why may a molecule not diffuse across a cell membrane?

What is passive transport?The movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration, no ATP used

Diffusion & Osmosis

What is facilitated diffusion?Molecules move across the cell membrane with the use of transport proteins

What is active transport?The movement of molecules across a membrane from low to high concentration, ATP is used, “pumping molecules out or in”

Endocytosis The active movement of molecules into a cell (engulfing)

Exocytosis The active movement of molecules out of a cell

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Identify the chemical makeup and give examples of carbohydrates.

2. Explain the role of enzymes in reactions.

3. Using shapes draw examples of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Label the reactants and the products.

Carbohydrates: composed of, ratio of :Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, & OxygenRatio of 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen……like water (H2O)

Function of Cellular energy

Monosaccharides; examples The simplest (mono=1) type of carbohydrate Examples: glucose, fructose, galactoseAll have chemical formula C6H12O6

Polysaccharides; examples The largest carbohydratesExamples: starch & celluloseC18H32O16

What is hydrolysis/digestion?Process that breaks apart a largemolecule into smaller molecules with the addition of water What is dehydration synthesis? Process that combines smaller molecules tomake a large molecule with the removal of water

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Identify the chemical makeup and give examples of lipids.

2. What are the building blocks of proteins called?

3. Draw a table similar to the one below and label the organic molecules and their building blocks.

Lipids; composed of, ratio of:Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, & OxygenGreater than 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen ratioLong chains of fatty acids and glycerol

Examples of Fats, oils, waxesCH3(CH2)10CO2H

Function of Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes

Proteins; composed of:Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen

Basic building blocks Amino acids (20 different types, different sequence and number of amino acids form to create 1000’s of unique proteins)

Function of Enzymes, structures in cells and tissues, carry out life functions

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Identify the chemical makeup and name the building blocks of proteins.

2. Name factors that the effect the rate of enzymes.

3. Label an enzyme reaction using substrate, products, and enzyme.

Amino acids determine shape of protein The different numbers and sequences of amino acids determine the specific shape of the protein. This specific shape determines the protein’s function. If the shape is altered the protein may not work.

Enzymes Types of proteins that change the rate of chemical reactions. Involved in all cell processes.

Factors effecting enzyme activity

Temperature

pH

Enzyme, substrate, and active site A specific shaped enzyme will fit the shape of a substrate (the molecule it reacts with) at the enzyme’s active site.

Lock and key model

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Name the two types of nucleic acids.

2. Compare and contrast RNA with DNA.

3. Give examples of complimentary base pairs in DNA and RNA.

Nucleic Acids; composed of Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus.Made of nucleotides (repeating units of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases).

Example – DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A nucleic acid that stores heredity instructions for all cell functions in the nucleus of the cell. A genetic code that determines traits of an organism.

Example – RNA Ribonucleic Acid

A nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making amino acids to form a protein. Found in the cytoplasm and ribosomes.

Base Pairing Rule

DNA Adenine to Thymine RNA Adenine to Uracil Cytosine to Guanine Cytosine to Guanine

SUMMARY:

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Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

CarbonHydrogenOxygen

2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen

CarbonHydrogenOxygen

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenPhosphorus

Simple sugarsMonosaccharides

Fatty acids & glycerol

Amino acids Nucleotides

Cell energy Stored energyCell membraneCushion

EnzymesAll cell functionsCell & tissue structures

Heredity info.

Protein synthesis

Saccharides Sugars, starches, glucose, cellulose

Fats, oils, waxes

EnzymesCatalysts

DNARNA