re-enchanting American Society

Re-enchanting American Societyby

Kylie Von SeggernA Design Thesis

Presented to the Faculty ofThe College of Architecture at the University of Nebraska

In Partial Fulfillment of RequirementsFor the Degree of Master of Architecture

Major: ArchitectureUnder the Supervision of Professor Peter Olshavsky

Lincoln, NebraskaMay 2013

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 2 Timeline 4 List of Philosophers and Sociologists 13 Strategies of re-enchantment 25 Precedent Study 33 Film 40 Program 42 Locations 53 Phone Applications 56 Citations

The intent of this thesis is to critically examine the theory of modernity and the use of architecture to re-enchant the American society.

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The advancement of science and technology of the Western world in the past 500 years has disenchanted the society and is currently in the state of modernity. No decisions are left up to the divine, everything is calculated with precise measurements and formulas to determine the outcome before it can be experienced. When the modern society emerged from the Medieval Ages, thus began a relentless search for answers and discarded the immense emphasis on the divine. Age-old stories and folklore were forgotten in favor of rational thinking as the only means of knowledge and truth.

For the past 200-plus years several philosophers, sociologists, and theorists have expressed the idea of modernity and the need for a re-enchantment of American [Western] society. While science and technology is an integral part of the modern world, the human spirit has lost the sense of mystery and discovery that results from storytelling. re-enchantment is not a regress to medieval times, but an embracement of modern technology by using architecture as a catalyst to enchant the American society.

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M o d e r n i t y

1450 1500

W e s t e r n A l c h e m y

1600

S c i e n t i f i c R e v o l u t i o n

Age of Modern Science

The Printing Press

1550 1650 1700

The Royal Dance Academy

T h e A g e o f E n l i g h t e n m e n t

Mechanical Calculator

Coffee House

First Free Mason Lodge

Academy of Science

Scientific and Literary Journals

Heliocentrism

Newton’s Law of Motion

Biology

Empiricism

Euclid’s ElementsGregorian Calendar

Law of Planetary Motion

Modern Algebra Meterology

Secularization

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Wa

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2012 20501750 1850

I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n

Steam-powered EngineIron making

Gas lighting

Textile Manufacturing Production of Sheet GlassAgriculture Threshing Machine

Nietszche declares “God is Dead”

1800 1900 1950 2000

Ford Assembly Line

Birth of the Internet

Wright Brother’s Flight

Commerical Radio

Invention of the Telephone

TelevisionMotion Pictures

Film Photography Digital Photography

Man on the MoonT e c h n o l o g i c a l R e v o l u t i o n

Steel Industry

Petroleum Refineries

New York Stock Exchange

Electricity

World Expo

Small Pox Vaccine

Rock n RollRhythm & BluesBig Band PolkaJazz DiscoFolk

Microprocessors Laptops

iPhone

Debating Societies

Walter BenjaminHenry David Thoreau

Guy DeBordMax Weber

Friedrich Nietzsche

Textile Loom

Performance Art

Karl Marx

Sigmund Freud

Modern Art

Flâneur

X-Ray

Isolation of DNA

Dérive

Situationist International

Fauvism CubismExpressionismFuturism Surrealism

BauhausPop Art Photorealism

Installation ArtNew Media ArtArt Nouveau

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Max Weberwas a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself.

“The fate of our times is characterized by rationalization and intellectualization and, above all, by the disenchantment of the world.”

Walter Benjamin was a German literary critic, philosopher, social critic, translator, radio broadcaster and essayist. Combining elements of German idealism or Romanticism, Historical Materialism and Jewish mysticism, Benjamin made enduring and influential contributions to aesthetic theory and Western Marxism, and is associated with the Frankfurt School.

“Memory is not an instrument for exploring the past but its theatre. It is the medium of past experience, as the ground is the medium in which dead cities lie interred.”

“The crowd is the veil through which the familiar city beckons to the flâneur as phantasmagoria-now a landscape, now a room.”

Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher, poet, composer, cultural critic, and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and aphorism.

“God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?”

Henry David Thoreauwas an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

“We must learn to reawaken and keep ourselves awake, not by mechanical aids, but by an infinite expectation of the dawn, which does not forsake us even in our soundest sleep...It is something to be able to paint a particular picture, or to carve a statue, and so to make a few objects beautiful; but it is far more glorious to carve and paint the very atmosphere and medium through which we look, which morally we can do. To affect the quality of the day, that is the highest of arts.”

Karl Marxwas a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. He is also considered one of the greatest economists in history.

“The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways: the point, however, is to change it.”

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Zygmunt Bauman has resided in England after being driven out of Poland by an anti-Semitic campaign, engineered by the Communist government he had previously supported. Professor of sociology at the University of Leeds (and since 1990 emeritus professor), Bauman has become best known for his analyses of the links between modernity and the Holocaust, and of postmodern consumerism.

“Post-modernity allows for mystery, accepts contingency, and respects ambiguity, and is therefore more realistic.”

Graham Wardis a priest of the Church of England and currently the Samuel Fergusson Professor of Philosophical Theology and Ethics and the Head of the School of Arts, Histories and Cultures at the University of Manchester. He was previously the Professor of Contextual Theology and Ethics (1998–2009) and Senior Fellow in Religion and Gender (1997–1998) at the university. Prior to this he was, successively, a chaplain and fellow at Exeter College, Oxford, a part-time lecturer at the University of Birmingham and the Dean and Director of Studies for Theology at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was ordained deacon in 1990 and priest in 1991.

“Overall the theology of tomorrow, the theology working within a re-enchanted world, will be more aware of the place it occupies.”

Chris Partridgeis an author, editor, professor at Lancaster University, and founding Co-director of the Centre for the Study of Religion and Popular Culture. According to Gordon Lynch, Partridge is a leading scholar of topics in popular culture.

“Re-enchantment is not a modern reconstruction of the enchanted landscape of the past, but a new growth in a secularized, globalized, technologically sophisticated, consumer-oriented landscape.”

Hannah Adrentwas a German American political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with “man in the singular.” She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact that “men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world.” Arendt’s work deals with the nature of power, and the subjects of politics, authority, and totalitarianism.

“Stories have the power to reveal meaning without committing the error of defining it”

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DISENCHANTMENT

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How has American Society become disenchanted?

Max Weber: Modernity is characterized by the “progressive disenchantment of the society.”

Result of: Industrial Revolution, Modern Science, Applied Mathematics Dissolution of stories and folklore in favor of rational thinking as the ONLY means of knowledge and truth as primary means privledged above all else.

Max Weber: The rejection of the Catholic theory – “sacramental magic as a road to salvation.”

Nietzsche: God is Dead.

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MODERNITY

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Max Weber: “It is the historical process by which the natural world and all areas of human experience become experienced and understood as less mysterious; defined, at least in principle, as knowable, predictable, and manipulable by humans; conquered by and incorporated into the interpretive schema of science and rational government.”

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re-enchantment

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Zygmunt Bauman: “Post-modernity allows for mystery, accepts contingency, and respects ambiguity, and is therefore more realistic.”

Graham Ward: “Overall the theology of tomorrow, the theology working within a re- enchanted world, will be more aware of the place it occupies.”

Chris Partridge: “Re-enchantment is not a modern reconstruction of the enchanted landscape of the past, but a new growth in a secularized, globalized, technologically sophisticated, consumer-oriented landscape.”

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One strategy to re-enchant the American society is the coupling of storytelling and architecture.

-Pilgrimage-Ghost Walk-Streetmuseum Application

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“Every morning brings us the news of the globe, and yet we are poor in noteworthy stories. This is because no event any longer comes to us without already being shot through with explanation. In other words, by now almost nothing that happens benefits storytelling; almost everything benefits information.” -Walter Benjamin

STORYTELLING

“At its core, storytelling is the art of using language, vocalization, and/or physical movement and gesture to reveal the elements and images of a story to a specific, live audience. A central, unique aspect of storytelling is its reliance on the audience to develop specific visual imagery and detail to complete and co-create the story.”

Using narrative to interpret the past and shape the future.

Stories have the power to “reveal meaning without committing the error of defining it”

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THE MEDIEVAL PILGRIM

A pilgrimage is taken in order to slow down the pace of daily life and begin a journey to change the person. Often viewed as a way to purify the soul, a pilgrimage can be viewed as a penance and a way to expel sins. The body moving through a path is motivated by the stories of the Bible and relics associated with each church.

“The religious pilgrimages that constellated the Middle Ages can be viewed as techniques of penitence intended to re-enchant the world. They were ways to live everyday experience in the light of a higher spiritual tension, in an age still very distant from the rationalization of life and in which religious meanings permeated quotidian reality.”

“Pilgrimage is like a rite of passage in that it thrusts the participant beyond the threshold of normal daily life into an altered spiritual state.”

THE CONTEMPORARY PILGRIM

The pilgrimage today is still led by stories of the past through relics and interest has spread amongst people to walking the pilgrimage as a fundraiser, culinary journey, challenge, spirituality, and a means to see the world.

The journey today has an expectation of what lies ahead.

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GHOST WALKS

Storytelling of events in historic (or everyday) places to create a sense of mystery and reveals enchantment. Walking tours are organized to entertain the spectator with stories and encourage to think outside of the rational world.

Participants are encouraged to imagine the stories and interact with their surroundings.

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AUGMENTED REALITY

“Streetmuseum gives you a unique perspective of old and new London whether you’re discovering the capital for the first time or revisiting favourite haunts. Hundreds of images from the Museum of London’s extensive collections showcase both everyday and momentous occasions in London’s history, from the Great Fire of 1666 to the swinging sixties.”

“Once you’ve got the hang of it, use Streetmuseum to create your own trails around London.”

Irene Cheng and Brett Snyder designed the Phantom City iPhone app to “transform the city into a living museum of speculative proposals for the city of New York.”

“We are also interested in how architects might capitalize on the ubiquity of personal digital devices to reach an audience beyond the world of design, to inspire a greater interest in urban and design issues in the general public.”

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HOW DOES re- enchantment HAPPEN?

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-Through the culture and identity of the city and its people-Storytelling through architecture-Embracing technology and using it to further the imagination

CUL•TURE

The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.

The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively:20th century popular culture a refined understanding or appreciation of thisThe customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group[with modifier] the attitudes and behavior characteristic of a particular social group

“Culture” in American anthropology has two meanings:

(1) the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively; and(2) the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively. Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society, its so-called material culture and everything else(3) the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term “culture”.

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PRECEDENT STUDY

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In order to revive the once prosperous Transilvania Fest, the decaying space was set up for a dinner party. Accompanied by a string quartet and a theatre play, the dinner party became more interactive. 1

TRANSILVANIA FESTATELIER MASS, BLAJ ROMANIA 2011

After a fire and many years of neglect, TransilvaniaFest has successfully reinstated this building’s original function as a performance hall, even if only temporarily. The main constraints of design were the extremely low budget and that all used materials had to be recycled at the end. So the focus was on the contrast between the interventions and the existing structure: new elements were raised and detached from the walls, this juxtaposition emphasized by the lighting.

Near the entrance a small exhibition was held with projects sent for the rehabilitation competition that ran in parallel with the Fest. The path leading to the open-air platform goes past the two kinetic installations that give depth and dynamism, and even interactivity to the event.

The complex object of the platform is made up of three parts: the folded „stage” - space for tables – the vertical element of the „tower”. The „stage” holds collateral events to the formal dinner, a quartet concert and a theatre play. The „tower” works as a periscope to catch a view of plants grown in the balcony and it gives the intervention a spatial quality. The three-parted object creates a new space for the dinner, calm and open to the sky. The projection over the ruined stage continues the same theme of abstract geometry and white light.

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The JNBY exhibit is an easily moveable performance space which inhabits under-used public spaces. Biologically friendly materials are used in the 6 inter-locking components. Unlike other exhibitions or installations, the public can stumble upon the performance and be invited in.2

JNBYHHD_FUN, SHANGHAI 2010

HHD_FUN architects, Beijing, presented a transformable temporary structure for the JNBY and COTTON USA fashion show, held in Shanghai, with an ability to take on numerous different forms. The structure hosted a list of events throughout December, including live music and corporate entertainment. Based on the formation of origami triangles, combined with the use of the latest parametric design tools and topological analysis, the unique structural design was formed. The structure can be assembled into one of many possible combinations with an ability to be easily transformed from one form to the next, or in a more fashion related term, from one pose to another. As well as being easily deconstructed for transportation or storage. The whole structure consists of 6 inter-locking components, sharing 3 varied designs. Each design was achieved from a process of continuous deformation and manipulation of one triangular surface, resulting in a shape which corresponds to the overall layout.

The archways, acting as an entrance or an interlocking face, have corresponding dimensions to other archways and so increasing the number of possible overall forms. Once fully constructed, the form can span a total sheltered area of 150m2. Within the structure soft furnishings are laid out in a manner influencing the flow of movement through the tent. Interactive installations and laser demonstrations were installed at particular areas of the tent to create the required upbeat atmosphere. The tent itself is created from a steel structure with a taut elastic waterproof material with translucent properties.

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The intersection of fashion and architecture is clearly show in the BOFFO storefront through the division of the space. Creation of viewports through the wall allows the user to specifically see clothing items or the mannequins lining the wall. A sense of mystery is created by seeing the mannequin legs and discovery is allowed by viewing through the view cones. 3

BOFFO BUILDING FASHIONTHE LAKE & STARS + SOFTLab, NEW YORK 2012

For their joint BOFFO expression, SOFTLab has designed an awesome kaleidoscope to highlight the collection of The Lake & Stars. Nikki Dekker and Maayan Zilberman’s ultra feminine collection embodies a broader view of lingerie as a fashion expression, and, when teamed with Michael Szivos’ edgy display, the line offers a sophisticated and contemporary aesthetic. The level of detail in the garments will be amplified and/or multiplied through a custom built kaleidoscopic view cones.

The view cones will be covered in a matte black tactile material that is soft to touch and absorbs any extra light, preferencing the vibrancy inside the viewing cones. The inside of the store will be completely clad in a white glossy skin so it receives as much light from the viewing cones as possible. We are working with Focus Lighting to shine focused light through the viewing cones to provide a multi-colored kaleidoscopic light in the space. As viewers move around outside the store and look through the viewing cones they will block the focused light causing the interior of the store to constantly shift in color and light. We are subverting the natural tendency of the window display by only showing glimpses of the piece and using the curiosity of visitors to activate the space. We are building a human scale kaleidoscope of light and color that changes based on how people move through the space. Rather than explicitly designing a color palette are specific form, we are designing an apparatus that will map how people shop and interact with the garments.

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It is imporant to create a space for a specific program but allow for greater flexibility. The pavilion appears permanent but it is able to travel. The interior configuration and material is not vital to the overall concept.4

ARCHITECTURE PAVILIONUBICUO DISEÑO + DERIVA COLECTIVO, NEW YORK 2012

Our intention was to forget about formal aspects of the skin of the pavilion, we were interested more in what could happen inside of that relatively small container (12.0 x 3.60 x 4.0 mts), in their surroundings and have a connection to its context.

Our idea was to create a versatile space, through various platforms consist of square PET bottles that are sold in our country (Mexico). These bottles have already a format to be assembled to each other, and because of the air contained and the compression of the same bottles we would have a solid platform and this would allow us to walk on and sit without any problem.

With this system we could create unlimited configurations and thereby achieve different purposes, either from a small auditorium, creating different topographies for exhibitions, creating places where you could sit down, see expositions of different types that may arise and thus have a non static space.

We were not given a particular site, the requirement was that it had to be on an open and flat place, that is why we decided to play and imagine how you could use the pavilion in several contexts in the world.

We begin to generate the images in contrasting social contexts, culturally and climatically, from an art exhibition in England to a film screening in Australia and many more places.

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HOW CAN FILM re-enchant?

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Design Arts: Advertising, Architecture, Fashion, Furniture, Graphic, Industrial, Information, Interior, JewerlyFilm: Animation, Documentary, Experimental, Film Criticism & Theory, Hollywood, Independent, International, TVLiterature: Comics, Digital, Fiction, Theory, NonFiction, Playwriting, PoetryMusic: Blues, Children’s, Classical, Country, Dance, Electronica, Folk, Hip Hop, Jazz, Opera, Pop, Rhythm & Blues, RockPerformance: Ballet, Comedy, Jazz & Tap, Modern & Contemporary, Popular, Theater, Theatrical Movement, WorldVisual: 20th Century, Criticism & Theory, Assemblage, Conceptual, Digital, Drawing, Fantasy, Installation, Mixed Media, Painting, Performance, Photography, Printmaking, Sculpture

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INTERACTIVE FILMS

[previous] Rocky Horror Picture Show is still in limited release nearly 37 years after its premiere, it has the longest-running theatrical release in film history. It gained notoriety as a midnight movie in 1977 when audiences began participating with the film in theatres. Rocky Horror is the first film from a major Hollywood studio to be in the midnight movie market. The motion picture has a large international cult following and is one of the most well-known and financially successful midnight movies of all time. In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant”.

[above]Song and dance with Grease encourages audience members to participate with the film.

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WHY DOES FILM MATTER?

Film explores stories to discover an alternate reality and (in special cases) leaves the viewer with a new experience.

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A combination of classic sing-a-long, dystopian, and silent films will be used to interact differently. Projections onto actors, involvement of live bands, and interaction from the audience allows the space to give the users a purpose, a reason to go and seek out the pop-up film houses inside the city. The use of film encourages the mind to think of alternate realities and rationale outside the science-driven world. By using extreme ends of the film spectrum - dystopia and musicals, dialogue is created between the audience and the screen.

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FILM AND ARCHITECTURE

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PROGRAM

Performance stageRiser seatingProjection platform and screenEnclosing structure and skin

All elements must be easily set up and moved on to the next location after one month of production.

Two executions - a pop up theatre and phone application

LOCATIONS

Cities chosen have prestigious backgrounds in industrial economies that have yet to revitalize the infrastructure.

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Los Angeles

San Francisco

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Boston

New York City

Pittsburgh

DetroitChicago

St Louis

New OrleansHouston

Miami

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ChicagoSite One: Bloomingdale TrailLocated north of Humboldt Park on N Humboldt Blvd and W Bloomingdale Ave1872: After the Great Chicago Fire, the City Council grants Chicago & Pacific Railroad permission to build on Bloomingdale Ave to serve a small manufacturing district across the city’s Northwest Side. Initially, the track is laid at street level.1893: City Council orders all tracks elevated.1990: Only one train per week passes through, at no more than 8 miles per hour. A few years later, freight service ceases completely.

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ChicagoSite Two: Pritzker ParkLocated inside the Loop on the corner of W Van Bruen St and S State StIn November 1991, a new kind of park was dedicated at the northwest corner of State and Van Buren Streets in the Loop. Pritzker Park, as it was called, was a project of the nonprofit Sculpture Chicago and the city’s Department of Planning. Pritzker Park 1.0 was destroyed in spring 2000. It had, ironically, become a haven for the homeless. The park has been criticized for having more concrete than landscaping, in order to accommodate a JCDecaux concession stand as well as a cafe with “moveable seating” , according to architecture writer Lynn Becker.

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PittsburghSite One: PPG PlazaLocated between Third and Fourth Ave east of Stanwix StDesigned by Phillip Johnson as part of his suite of several glass-turreted PPG buildings, it is a desolate space you are prone to cross quickly, in an effort to limit your time spent there. In the center of the square is a rather squat olbelisk, mounted on a stone plinth. Sitting in PPG Plaza is frowned upon, particularly on the plinth that dominates the center of the square. Rent-A-Cops will shoo away those who try. Occasionally some tables and chairs will be set up for the lunchtime crowd - but nothing permanent is intended.

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PittsburghSite Two: The Strip DistrictLocated off of the Allegheny River on the 16th St Bridge and Smallman StIn the early 19th century, the Strip District was home to many mills and factories as its location along the Allegheny River made for easy transportation of goods and shipping of raw materials. Today in the Strip District there are still several wholesalers and produce dealers, but some estimates say more than 80% of the produce industry left the areas, as have the manufacturing plants and mills. Today many of the abandoned warehouses have been renovated into small specialty shops, restaurants, nightclubs, and bars.

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St LouisSite One: Aloe PlazaLocated across the street from Union Station on Market StDevelopment of the Aloe Plaza was made possible by an $87 million bond issue in 1923. The funds were used for the widening of Olive Street and the clearance and development of land for several plazas in the area bounded by Market, Chestnut, 12th and 20th Streets.

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St Louis

Site Two: Kiener PlazaLocated west of the Gateway Arch on N Broadway St and Market StThere is fast moving traffic on three of the four sides of this plaza, and no human-scale buildings around. Fast food restaurants bound the north side of the park without sufficient trash receptacles, and the connection to historical sites is underemphazed.

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BostonSite One: City Hall PlazaLocated on Cambridge St off of Congress StBuilt by Kallmann, McKinnell and Knowles between 1963 and 1968, the design for Boston City Hall and its accompanying plaza won a national competition to replace a 90-acre “urban renewal” site with today’s Government Center. The buildings around it are uninteresting and devoid of activity and the streets around it, too wide; all of this contributes to a lack of access. The layout and changes in grade deny the natural paths that people want to take.

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BostonSite Two: Christian Science PlazaLocated at the intersection of Massachusetts Ave and Huntington Ave1960s shows the church plaza before the reflecting pool was installed. The area was a landscaped and gardened park with a wide pedestrian walkway leading to the church. The plaza and pool were originally designed by architects I.M. Pei & Partners and Araldo Cossutta, Associate Architects and built in 1972. Close to Fenway Park and Berkeley School of Music, the plaza is rarely used.

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Now Showing: Inception

Next Showing of The Sound of Music @ 7:30p

A house for film.

MAP

PAST LOCATIONS

FILMS

MEDIA STREAM

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Past Locations

CHICAGO

ST LOUISSite: Aloe Plaza

Showings: National Geographic’s Amazing Planet, The Pruitt-Igoe Myth, Metropolis, Rocky Horror

Picture Show, and Inception

PITTSBURGH

City Hall Plaza, Boston

Max Weber @maximilianwebHad a great time with @WaltBenjamin after work at @HouseofFilm watching Metropolis and the live band

Hannah Adrent @adrentstoriesPhoto from last night:

PHONE APPLICATION

The phone application utilizes the technology in our pockets to connect the citizen with the House of Film. Accessible from the main screen is a map, past events, films shown, and a media stream. The map shows the locations of all pop-up spots and includes the time and name of showings currently happening or times when events will be occurring. The past event page shows the locations and films shown in various cities. If a user is standing in a past location, they are able to access the media stream that will show a clip of the event along with interactions from the audience. Allowing the user to experience the past in the same location tells the story and creates a sense of mystery within the user.

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Using film to explore the re-enchantment of American society to invoke the imagination and encourage storytelling inside the city.

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Barrie, Thomas. Spiritual Path, Sacred Place. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1996.Berman, Morris. The Reenchantment of the World. New York: Cornell University Press, 1981.Bonet, Llorenc. Exhibition Design. Gloucester, MA: Rockport, 2006.Google Earth satellite images. Google Earth. 2012.Graham, Gordon. The Re-Enchantment of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Hermansen, Mari Hvattum and Christian. Tracing Modernity. New York: Routledge, 2004.Heynen, Hilde. Architecture and Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.Images. Flickr Creative Commons. 2012. www.flickr.com.Jones, Lindsay. The Hermeneutics of Sacred Architecture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.Landy, Joshua. The Re-Enchantment of the World: Secular Magic in a Rational Age. Stanford University Press, 2009.Salvadori, Renzo. Architect’s Guide to Rome. London: Butterworth Architecture, 1990.Seasoltz, R. Kevin. A Sense of the Sacred. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2005.Solnit, Rebecca. Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Viking, 2000.Tomasi, William H. Swator and Luigi. From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2002.