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Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife • What causes some species to become rare or extinct? • How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species differ from that of common species? • What are mandates/legislation for endangered species conservation?

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Page 1: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• What causes some species to become rare or extinct?

• How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species differ from that of common species?

• What are mandates/legislation for endangered species conservation?

Page 2: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• What is recovery planning & does it work?

• What are conflicts & issues regarding T&E laws and management?

• Who cares?

Page 3: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What do the terms mean?

• Endangered

• Threatened

• Vulnerable

• Species of (special) concern– Rare?

• FL– Federally listed– Threatened

Page 4: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Factors leading to extinction or endangered status– Natural causes– Overexploitation*– Habitat destruction, alteration, & fragmentation (#1)*– Introduced species*– Chains of extinction*

* The Evil Quartet

Page 5: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Natural causes of extinction or endangerment

Page 6: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Overexploitation(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 7: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Habitat (#1)– Loss, change, & fragmentation

• Toxic substances• Artificial structures

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 8: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Introduced (exotic) species

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 9: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Chains of extinction

Species #1 Species #2Species #3

Species #4

Page 10: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• What makes a species prone to rarity or extinction?– Restricted geographic range– Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations – Small local population– High genetic vulnerability– Species of importance to humans– Low reproductive potential

Page 11: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Restricted geographic range

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 12: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations– Range of tolerance & niche

– “Problem” behaviors(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 13: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Small local population– Large carnivores

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 14: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• High genetic vulnerability

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 15: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Species of importance to humans

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service) (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 16: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Low reproductive potential

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

(U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Page 17: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• What makes a species prone to rarity or extinction?– Restricted geographic range– Narrow habitat tolerance & specialized adaptations– Small local population– High genetic vulnerability– Species of importance to humans– Low reproductive potential

Are all needed to go extinct or become endangered?

Page 18: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeEndangered Species Organizations & Legislation

• State, federal, international, and private listings– Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

– Federal Register• Dept. of the Interior

– U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (& National Marine Fisheries Service)

– Red Data Books• International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (IUCN)– World Conservation Union

Page 19: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeEndangered Species Legislation

• Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966– Fish & wildlife and their habitat/ecosystems protected

• Lists, regulations, & recovery plans

– Research, land & water acquisition, and refuge system• 1964 Land & Water Conservation Fund

Page 20: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeEndangered Species Legislation

• Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969– All vertebrates & some invertebrates– International– Import regulations

– Led to Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES; not signed until 1973)

• Appendix I• Appendix II• Appendix III

Page 21: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeEndangered Species Legislation

• Endangered Species Act of 1973– Plants

• Only insect pests excluded– Separate populations & subspecies– Species that are similar in appearance

• Amended– 1978: Federal agencies & “God Squad”– 1982: Economics & experiments– 1988: Monitoring & public involvement– 1999: Safe Harbor– Today?

• Similar laws at state level

Page 22: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeEndangered Species Legislation

• Listing & delisting– Secretary of Interior

• Criteria– Habitat destruction– Overexploitation– Threatened eradication from disease or predation– Inadequate regulations for protection– Other factors affecting its continued existence

• Review list every 5 years• Emergency powers

• Candidate species – Category 1– Category 2– Category 3

Page 23: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeImplications of the Endangered Species Act

• Federal government– All federal agencies

• States

• Private Sector

Page 24: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeRecovery Planning

• Recovery teams

• Prepare recovery plans– Obtain all relevant information– Determine gaps in knowledge– Identify factors leading to decline– Set recovery goals (population size & distribution)

• Delisting can occur when goals are reached

Page 25: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeRecovery Plans based on MVP’s & PVA’s

• Red-cockaded woodpeckers– 500 breeding adults in at least 250 clans

• Gray wolves– 100 wolves in WI & MI for 5 consecutive years

• Whooping Crane– 1000 birds in the Wood Buffalo breeding

population for at least 10 years– 2 additional self-sustaining populations of at

least 25 breeding pairs

Page 26: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeRecovery Planning

• With limited $, which species do we focus on and save?– U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service & NOAA

• Who will benefit most? – “Warm & fuzzy” & most support

– Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

– Triage Approach• Difficulty, benefits, & uniqueness

Page 27: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Conflicts

• Private landowners & businesses

• National interests

Page 28: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife Incentives for non-federal landowners

• Safe Harbor Policy

Page 29: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeManagement

• Proximate vs. ultimate factors

– Protection of critical habitat– Improving reproduction & recruitment– Improving survival– Avoiding genetic problems

Page 30: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered WildlifeManagement

• Different than non-endangered species?– More intense & artificial

• Food, cover, water, & space

• Species v. community management

Page 31: Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife What causes some species to become rare or extinct? How does management of rare, threatened, & endangered species

Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Wildlife

• Who cares?


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