AMERICAN GOVERNMENT: INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIESQuestions will be completed for each chapter. Each question must have an abbreviated version of the question and the answer beginning on the line underneath the question. Answers should not be in complete sentences but one word answers are not accepted.  Assignment deadlines are the beginning of the class period. All work is individual and will reflect the individual’s reading of the text and answering the questions.  Homework may be turned into the McCanless AP Gov Google Classroom site or handwritten. There will be an assigned due date and there will be a 20% grade deduction for late papers for each day late (therefore a 2 day late paper gets a 60). Vocabulary is exceptionally important.  Each chapter will have vocabulary quizzes.   If the definition to the vocabulary words are not in the book, you can find them at the following siteshttp://www.cengage.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=9780495503224&discipline_number=20

or http://definitions.uslegal.com/

CHAPTER 1: THE STUDY OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT1. aristocracy2. authoritarianism3. authority4. bureaucratic view5. capitalism6. class view7. communism8. consent of the people9. conservatism10. constitutional democracy11. cross-cutting cleavages12. democracy13. democratic republic14. demographics15. direct democracy16. dominant culture17. elite18. ethnicity19. ethnocentrism20. fascism21. GDP22. gender gap23. government24. Hispanic25. ideology26. indirect democracy27. initiative28. institution29. legislature30. legitimacy

31. liberalism32. libertarianism33. liberty34. limited government35. majoritarianism36. majority37. majority rule38. order39. pluralism40. pluralist view41. plurality42. political culture43. political predisposition44. political socialization45. politics46. popular sovereignty47. power48. power elite view or elite theory49. property50. race51. recall52. referendum53. reinforcing cleavages54. representative democracy55. social capital56. socialism57. socioeconomic status58. theocracy59. totalitarian regime60. universal suffrage

1. Why do “politics” exist?2. Explain the difference between “power” and “authority.”3. What are the two arguments for democracy?4. What is the source of legitimate authority in the United States? Why?5. List the 2 types of democracy and explain an advantage of each (cannot be opposites)6. Is Representative Democracy best? What does the author say?

7. Who were the two main men who influenced the Framers of the Constitution?8. List the 4 views of how political power is distributed.9. What are the 4 ways to describe political elites?10. What do political scientists do? (Blue box on page 11.)11. Is democracy driven by self –interest?12. How has the belief in what government should do changed over time? In the 1920s? From the 1930s to

the 1970s? In the 1980s?13. How has the belief in what government should do in foreign affairs changed over time?

CHAPTER 2: THE CONSTITUTION---due date---Tuesday, September 8 th ---vocabulary and questions —20 PT TEST ON THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10TH

1. Amendment2. Anti-Federalists3. Articles of Confederation4. Bicameral5. Bill of Attainder6. Bill of Rights7. Checks and Balances8. Coalition9. Concurrent Powers10. Confederation11. Constitutional Convention12. Delegated Powers13. Electoral College14. Enumerated Powers15. Ex Post Facto Law16. Executive Agreement17. Expressed Powers18. Faction19. Federal System20. Federalism21. Federalist22. Great Compromise

23. Habeas Corpus24. Ideology25. Implied Powers26. Judicial Review27. Line-Item Veto28. Madisonian Model29. Natural Rights30. New Jersey Plan31. Political Socialization32. Ratification33. Representative Assembly34. Republic35. Reserved Powers36. Separation of Powers37. Shays’s Rebellion38. Social Contract39. State40. Supremacy Doctrine41. Unalienable42. Unicameral Legislature43. Virginia Plan

1. What was the goal of the American Revolution?2. What did the American colonists seek to protect when they signed the Declaration of Independence?

What liberties were included?3. Describe the English constitution.4. What liberties did the colonists want to protect?5. In John Adam’s opinion, what was the “real Revolution” about?6. What does legitimate government require to be legitimate?7. By 1776, how many states had written constitutions? How many within a few years? What did these

constitutions include?8. What document governed the US during the war? Describe the document. 9. What effect did Shay’s Rebellion have on the Constitutional Convention?10. Describe the Convention. How many attended? When did they meet? What about old Ben Franklin?11. The Great Compromise was also called the ________________________________________________.12. Under the original Constitution, how were the US Senators chosen?13. How is the President chosen in the Constitution?14. What were the two principals that the American version of representative democracy was based?15. How are the powers in this country divided?16. Describe how Congress can check the president. Describe how the president can check Congress.

Describe how Congress can check the courts. Describe how the courts can check Congress. Describe how the president can check the courts. Describe how the courts can check the president.

17. What did Madison believe would harness people being self-interested? What did he mean by “ambition must be made to counteract ambition” so that “the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights?”

18. Why did the framers believe that separation of powers would work? Why federalism? Why would this work in America? How would factions work?

19. What question was debated in the states when the Constitution was presented to them for ratification?

20. According to the text, the Federalists should have called “nationalists?” The Anti-federalists, “states’ righters?”

21. What did the Anti-federalists believe?22. What did Madison argue in Federalists 51? According to Madison, how should government be

designed?23. Why did the Federalists eventually prevail?24. Who wrote the Federalists Papers? (In the purple.)25. What liberties were listed in the Constitution before the Bill of Rights was added?26. Why did the Federalists believe the Bill of Rights was not needed? (3 reasons.)27. When was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? What did they limit?28. Why didn’t the framers end slavery in the Constitution?29. What 3 places in the Constitution deals with slavery?30. Which group argued for religious freedom, the Federalists or Anti-federalists? Explain.31. Where women left out of the Constitution?32. According to some critics, why is the problem of governing the federal courts?

Chapter 3: FEDERALISM—chapter 3 work is due next Thursday, September 17 th . You will have a quiz on chapter 3 on Monday, September 21st

1. Block Grants2. Categorical Grants3. Centralists4. Commerce Clause5. Condition of Aid6. Confederal System7. Cooperative Federalism8. Decentralists9. Devolution10. Dual Federalism11. Enumerated Powers12. Extradition13. Federal Mandate14. Federal System15. Federalism16. Full Faith and Credit Clause17. GrantsiIn-Aid18. Implied Powers

19. Inherent Powers20. Initiative21. Interstate Compact22. Mandates23. National Supremacy24. Necessary and Proper Clause25. Nullification26. Police Power27. Preempt28. Recall29. Referendum30. Reserved Powers31. Revenue Sharing32. Sovereignty33. Supremacy Clause34. Unitary System35. Waiver

1. Why did the Anti-federalists oppose the Constitution? How have the Anti-federalists concerns come true?

2. What contributed to the changes in role of the federal government from the 1700s until now?3. Explain Kelo v. City of New London (2005).4. Why does federalism matter?5. Since the ratification of the Constitution, what has been the primary source of political conflict? Give

some examples.6. What did the founding fathers believe about federalism? What was their fear?7. Explain the 10th Amendment.8. What were Hamilton’s thoughts on the national government? Jefferson’s? Madison’s?9. What two questions were answered in McCulloch v. Maryland? How did the Supreme Court answer

these questions?10. Who regulates interstate commerce? Intrastate commerce?11. By the 1940’s what did the Supreme Court permit the federal government to regulate? What about

today?12. How has the courts strengthened states’ rights?13. Describe the 4 “Landmark Cases” described in the box on page 58.14. Name 3 countries that are federal systems. Name 3 that are unitary systems.15. According to David Truman, what is the basic fact of federalism?16. On who or what does the federal government spend a lot money?17. Who does most people trust more, the federal government or their state government? Which do you

trust more?18. What is the most obvious effect of federalism?19. In what do the states play a key role?20. List some programs that benefit from grant-in-aid.21. Why was federal money so attractive to state officials? List 4 reasons.22. What changed occurred in federal grants in the 1960s?23. Describe how federal grants have changed over the years.24. Why are categorical grants unpopular? Why were block grants more popular?

25. Why was the goal of “no strings” nor the one of fiscal relief attained? List 4 reasons.26. How do federal grants create rivalry among the states? Does the federal government favor one region

over the other? How does the results of census effect block grants?27. Why should states be concerned when they became more dependent on federal aid?28. Describe the two types of federal control on state government activities.29. How have federal courts help fuel the growth of mandates?30. How did President Reagan try to reverse the trend of money with strings? President Clinton?31. Today, how do most Americans feel about shifting responsibility to the states?32. Did devolution really occur?33. Why do members of Congress pass laws that create so many problems for, and stimulate so many

complaints from, mayors and governors? List 2 reasons.34. Why do Congressmen not always listen to their states?

CHAPTER 4: AMERICAN POLITICAL CULTURE

1. Agenda setting2. Centralists3. Civic Competence4. Civic Duty5. Class Consciousness6. Consensus7. Devolution8. Divisive opinion9. Enumerated or delegated powers10. Federal mandate11. Generational effect12. Implied Powers13. Lifestyle effect14. Media

15. Opinion leader16. Opinion poll17. Orthodox18. Peer group19. Political culture20. Political Trust21. Progressive22. Push polling23. Reserved powers24. Sampling error25. Civil Society26. Socioeconomic Status27. Supremacy Clause28. Watergate break-in

1. What issues divide Americans in the 21st century?2. What do the political parties and interests groups agree on?3. List and describe 5 important elements in the American view of the political system.4. What do a vast majority of Americans believe? How do we know that the American people share these

beliefs?5. How would race relations in the country be difference if instead of an abstract belief, we had a

widespread belief of equality?6. How do Americans feel about economic systems?7. How do Americans feel about economic equality? What will they tolerate? What will they support?8. How do liberal political groups feel?9. How do Americans feel about public policies like welfare? Quotas?10. How do Americans feel about government regulating businesses? Helping the poor?11. How do Americans feel about “civic duty?” “Civic competence?”12. How does religion affect politics? How does it affect rulings from the Supreme Court?13. List at least 2 reasons why Americans tend to distrust government or authority.14. How did the Protestant church shape American political culture?15. How are all aspects of culture, including political, transmitted from generation to generation?16. Most Americans still believe that the key to success lies in what?17. Why is there so much cultural conflict in American politics?18. Describe the difference between the orthodox and the progressive.19. List some topics fought over in the cultural war.

CHAPTER 5: CIVIL LIBERTIES

1. Actual Malice2. Arraignment3. Bills of Attainder4. Civil Liberties5. Clear and Present Danger Test6. Commercial Speech7. Defamation of Character8. Due Process Clause9. Due Process of Law10. Establishment Clause11. Ex Post Facto Laws12. Exclusionary Rule13. Fighting Words14. Free Exercise Clause15. Freedom of Expression16. Freedom of Religion17. Gag Order18. Good Faith Exception19. Hate Speech20. Incorporation Theory

21. Inevitable Discovery22. Libel23. Non-protected Speech24. Obscenity25. Political Speech26. Prior Restraint27. Privacy Rights28. Probable Cause29. Procedural Due Process30. Public Figure31. Public Safety Exception32. Search Warrant33. Sedition34. Selective Incorporation35. Slander36. Substantive Due Process37. Symbolic Speech38. Wall of Separation39. Writ of Habeas Corpus

1. Define civil liberties (102) Explain why the author thinks that the Constitution and Bill of Rights contain a list of “competing rights and liberties.”

2. List 3 ways that war has restricted the liberty of some minority. Why as this allowed?3. How do ethnic, religious, and cultural differences create cultural conflict? List an example from each

category as discussed in the text.4. Federal rights that are deemed so “fundamental” that they ought to govern the states are allowed because

of which amendment? What are the two clauses of that amendment? 5. How did the Gitlow case change constitutional history? How did the 1969 Brandenburg case change the

“clear and present danger” test?6. List the four forms of speech that are not automatically granted full constitutional protection.7. McCain Feingold imposed campaign finance restrictions on corporations and labor unions. How did

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission change McCain Feingold?8. Do young people have the same rights as adults? Explain your answer by providing an example.9. The free exercise clause does not protect citizens from public policy. Describe two public policies that

religion does not permit exemption.10. What principle has the Supreme Court “more or less consistently” adopted when ruling on cases based

on the establishment clause? 11. What does the author consider to be the most important establishment clause decision in recent times?12. The three pronged test for government involvement in religious activities is called the Lemon Test (not

in the text.) List the 3 parts of the test.13. Why are the rules governing church-state relations hard to summarize? 14. What protection is offered by the exclusionary rule?15. What circumstances allow a person be searched? List three.16. The Constitution protects you only against searches by the government. Where can you expect to have a

“reasonable expectation of privacy” where the government cannot search? Where can the government search?

17. How does Miranda protect the accused?18. List 3 ways has the Miranda ruling been (occasionally) modified.

19. Explain 3 ways do courts resolve political conflicts that differently from executives and legislatures.

CHAPTER 6: CIVIL RIGHTS

1. Affirmative Action2. Busing3. Civil Disobedience4. Civil Law5. Civil Rights6. Class Action Suit7. Criminal Law8. De Facto Segregation9. De Jure Segregation10. Equality of Opportunity11. Equality of Resultes12. Feminism13. Gender Discrimination14. Grandfather Clause15. intermediate Scrutiny16. Literacy Test

17. Majority18. Mandatory Retirement19. Necessaries20. Police Powers21. Poll Tax22. Rational Basis23. Reverse Discrimination24. SCLC25. Separate But Equal Doctrine26. Sexual Harassment27..Strict Scrutiny28. Subpoena29. Suffrage30. Three Strikes31. White Primary32. Zero-Tolerance Policies

1. What does the text say the “pertinent question regarding civil rights” is?2. Describe the significance of the 14th Amendment to the civil rights movement.3. Why did African Americans choose to fight the battle for civil rights in the courts? 4. Describe the legal arguments used to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson.5. How was the decision in the Brown case implemented?6. Describe how Brown decision was made and why it was a surprise to legal scholars.7. Provide an example that illustrates the difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation.8. Why was the Swann case important to the process of school desegregation? Explain.9. Explain how civil disobedience was used in the civil rights movement.10. List the 4 developments that made it possible to get Congress to pass civil rights laws.11. Did a filibuster almost kill the Civil Rights bill in June of 1964? Explain.12. Define racial profiling.13. List two differences between African American and the Women’s Equal Rights movements14. How did the women’s rights movement originate.15. Complete the following chart:

Standard Definition Example Application Rational BasisReasonableness

Age, race, gender

Intermediate scrutiny genderStrict scrutiny Race, ethnicity, religion

16. What are the provisions of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1972? (146)17. Why don’t women have to register for the draft?18. List the two forms of sexual harassment.19. Since “privacy” is not mentioned in the Constitution, how did the court justify “finding it”?20. List 2 ways the provisions of Roe v. Wade have been limited by “pro life” legislation.21. Explain the difference between the concepts of equality of results and equality of opportunity. Provide

an example in your explanation.22. Why do some people think affirmative action is ‘reverse discrimination’?23. Bakke was completely overturned by the provisions of a case not in your text. Using www.oyez.org,

explain how Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014) does this.24. Why do the rulings on affirmative action “still generate a great deal of passion”?

25. How did the court use the right to privacy in Lawrence v. Texas?26. Can private groups exclude homosexuals from their membership? What case decided this?

CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC OPINION

1. Public Opinion2. Poll3. Random Sample4. Sampling Error5. Exit Polls6. Political Socialization

7. Elite8. Gender Gap9. Political Ideology10. Political Elites11. Norm

1. What did the founding fathers believe about the average citizen?2. What did Abraham Lincoln mean when he said we have a government, “of the people, by the people,

and for the people?”3. Should government leaders do what the people want? Why or why not?4. The Framers of the Constitution did not try to create a government that would do from day to day “what

the people want.” They created a government for what purpose?5. List 2 ways to achieve this goal.6. How did the size and diversity of our country effect public opinion? What is a faction? What did the

Framers hope would protect liberty?7. How much confidence should we place in surveys that presumably tell us “what the American people

think” about legislation and other issues, and how should we assess “public opinion”? 8. What did the first major academic studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, show?

Has it changed?9. How does polling work? What are the keys to good polling?10. Why is a random sample of person polled so important? What is stratified?11. Give an example of a sampling error.12. What went wrong in the 2008 Presidential Primary polling?13. What is “opinion saliency”? “Opinion stability”? “Opinion-policy congruence”?14. Does the government attend more to the elite views or popular views?15. Where do the great majority of people acquire their political views?16. How does the family influence our political beliefs? Genetics?17. Where does ½ of our political views come from? The other half?18. What effects our party affiliation?19. Describe the role of the dinner table in political views.20. How does religion effect political beliefs?21. Name to issues in which religion influences public opinion.22. Which political party do women tend to identify with most?23. Which groups votes at a higher rate, men or women?24. How do women and men differ on political issues?25. How does cleavages in public opinion effect political views?26. How does social class affect political views in the US? In Europe?27. In recent years, what issues have shaped our political views?28. How does race and ethnicity affect political views?29. Which groups is now the largest minority group in the US?30. How does geographic region affect political views?31. What are the two way in which political scientists measure political ideology?32. Take the Typology test at http://typology.people-press.org/typoogy. Describe your results.33. What do we call political elites in the US?34. What are some limit elites influence the public?

Chapter 8: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

1. Political Participation2. Voting-Age Population (VAP)3. Voting-Eligible Population (VEP)4. Registered Voters5. Literacy Test

6. Poll Tax7. Grandfather Clause8. White Primary9. Australian Ballot10. Activist

1. List 4 extension to voter participation.2. What was the percent of eligible voter voting in presidential elections between 1860-1900?  Now?3. Why would 18-24 year olds expect to vote at higher rates, name 3?4. Explain the difference between - VAP and VEP.5. What trends can you see in presidential versus midterm elections in chart 8.3?6. What are the 3 most cited reasons that people give for not voting?7. What is absentee voting?8. 80 million voter age adults do not vote.  Why?   40 million________________ and 40

million___________________.9. What is the motor-voter law?  What was the purpose?   Was it effective?10. What are he the 2 most effective ways to increase voter registration?11. What is the argument that says our low voter turn-out is a sign of political 'good health'?12. Make a timeline from the Constitution through 1971 showing when different groups received the right to

vote?13. What are 3 discriminatory practices used to disenfranchise African Americans?14. What was the 'grandfather clause'?15. In every presidential election from 1996-2004, what percentage has the under 30 vote accounted for?16. Before the Australian Ballots were put in place, what were weaknesses in ballots and elections?17. What are the most common and least common ways of political participation?18. List and briefly describe the 6 kinds of political participation groups.19. What role does religion play in affecting political participation?

(NEED 9 and 10)

CHAPTER 11: INTEREST GROUPS

1. 5272. Amicus Curiae Brief3. Boycott4. Bundling5. Climate Control6. Conflict of Interest7. Direct Technique8. Earmark9. First Amendment (speech/expression and

petition)10. Free Rider Problem11. Grassroots12. Ideological Interest Groups13. Incentive14. Indirect Technique15. Interest Group16. Iron Triangle17. Issue Advocacy

18. Issue Network19. Labor Movement20. Latent interests21. Lobby22. Lobbyist23. Material Incentive24. PAC (Political Action Committee)25. Political Cue26. Procurement27. Public Interest28. Public Opinion29. Purposive Incentive30. Ratings31. Revolving Door32. Service Sector33. Social Movement34. Socioeconomic Status35. Solidary Incentive

1. According to the text, when was "The great era" for organizing interest groups in our history?2. What are interest groups and how do they attempt to influence public policy?3. What is the goal of PACs?4. Compare the number of lobbyists now versus 30 years ago?5. List the 4 factors that explain the growth of interest groups and give an example:6. What is the difference between institutional interest groups and membership interest groups?7. According to p275, what are the top 5 biggest spending interest groups for 2010?8. Who is referred to as a "nation of joiners" and why?  Is this trend growing or waning?9. What is the "free rider problem"?10. What is attractive about joining an interest groups for a solidary incentive?  A material incentive? A purposive incentive?11. Why is it theorized that public-interest lobbies are most effective with a "hostile" administration?12. Compare the membership of the powerful lobbies written about on p279.13. List a timeline of key events in each of the movements detailed - environmental, feminist, union.14. What is the Glass-Steagall Act and what did it do?15. What is the Dodd-Frank Act and what did it do?16. Why is it so important for lobbyist to supply credible information?17. How could a politician use political cues?18. What are two reasons that earmarks increased so much since the 1970s?19. Compare the lobbyists' insider strategy versus outsider strategy.20. Define and explain the following kinds of PACs- Leadership PAC, Super PAC, and Connected PAC.21. What was the result of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission of 2010?22. What measures are taken to prevent the influence through the "revolving door" practice?23. How does Congress regulate Interest Groups since the 2007 legislation?24. What is a consequence of a non-profit organization/interest group participating in too much lobbying?

CHAPTER 12: THE MEDIA

1. Adversarial Press2. Agenda Setting3. Background4. Bias5. Blogs6. Deregulation7. Electronic Media8. Equal Time Rule9. FCC10. Feature Stories11. Gatekeeper12. Horse-Race Journalism13. Insider Stories14. Issue Framing15. Libel16. Loaded Language17. Managed News18. Market

19. Media Access20. Media Framing21. Narrowcasting22. Near v. Minnesota, (1931)23. Podcasting24. Press Secretary25. Prior Restraint26. Public Agenda27. Right of Reply Rule28. Routine Stories29. Selective Attentiveness30. Slander31. Sound Bite32. Spin33. Spin Doctor34. Trial Balloon35. White House Press Corps36. Yellow Journalism

1. Since 2008, what are the breakdowns of where American get their news?2. Compare the U.S. and Great Britain in their restrictions/freedom of the press.  Why do you think there are these differences?3. In America we have low government interaction on privately owned media outlets, but they have limitations, what are two potential limits?4. Explain and give an example of each of the 5 journalistic periods.5. Why is news in America so locally focused?6. Explain and give an example of each role of the national media: gatekeeper, scorekeeper, and watchdog.7. The courts have set out restrictions on published material, what are these?8. The FCC used to require the "fairness doctrine" - what did that require?9. Why are Senate candidates more likely to buy TV time than House candidates?10. What makes radio talk shows different than most other media?11. The Press is closer and more involved with the President than with other countries' heads of state.  Why and when did this start?12. The text calls the Senate an "incubator for presidential candidates  - why and why is the press responsible?13. In the U.S. Government, why do we have so many leaks to the press?14. What is meant by "sensationalism" in media?  Why has it grown?15. List four ways that reporters and public officials can communicate.

CHAPTER 13 CONGRESS

1. AMENDMENTS: 17, 272. Appropriation3. Bicameral Legislature4. Casework5. Caucus6. Christmas Tree Bill7. Closed Rule8. Cloture9. Coattails10. Concurrent Resolution11. Conference Committee12. Congressional Budget Office13. Conservative Coalition14. Constituent15. Continuing Resolution16. Delegate17. Direct Primary18. Discharge Petition19. Divided Government20. Division Vote21. Double Tracking22. Earmarking23. Enumerate Power24. Executive Budget25. Filibuster26. First Budget Resolution27. Fiscal Year (FY)28. Franking Privilege29. Gerrymandering30. Hold31. Instructed delegate32. Joint Committee33. Joint Resolution34. Justiciable Question35. Logrolling36. Majority Leader37. Majority Minority District38. Malapportionment

39. Marginal Districts40. Minority Leader41. Office of Management and Budget42. Ombudsperson43. Open Rule44. Override45. Oversight46. Party Polarization47. Party Vote48. Pork Barrel Legislation49. President Pro Tempore50. Quorum51. Reapportionment52. Redistricting53. Restrictive Rule54. Riders55. Roll-Call56. Rules Committee57. Safe Districts58. Safe Seat59. Select Committee60. Senate Minority Leader61. Senatorial Courtesy62. Seniority System63. Shaw v. Reno, 199364. Simple Resolution65. Sophomore Surge66. Speaker of the House67. Standing Committee68. Teller Vote69. Trustee70. Unified Government71. Veto72. Voice Vote73. Vote74. Ways and Means Committee75. Whip

1. Label each of the following statements as powers or descriptions of Congress or a Parliament:2. Tends to be made up of people loyal to the national party leadership3. Tends to be made up of people who think of themselves as independent representatives of their districts

or states who, while willing to support their party on many matters, expect to vote as their beliefs and interests require

4. Members of the party in power must vote together on issues; a person can lose the chance to run for reelection if they stray from the party vote

5. Political parties do not control nominations for office6. Voters in districts choose not between 2-3 individuals running for office, but instead choose between 2-3

national parties

7. The principle work of this body is representation and action, most of which takes place in committees8. Are poorly paid, have not offices of their own and virtually no staff9. This is an assembly of party representatives who choose a government and discuss major national issues.

Their principle daily work is debate.10. Is a body of people who represent states and districts rather than worrying if the chief executive

succeeds with proposed programsEVOLUTION OF CONGRESS

11. Why did the framers want a congress instead of a Parliament?12. What was the original intention of Rule 22 in the Senate and how has that been changed?  (outside the

text, what is the “nuclear option” and how is it used today?)13. Who currently serves in Congress?  Find online the demographics for the 113th Congress that include:

race, gender, average age, incumbency.14. How does incumbency influence reelection?15. Why have congressional seats become less marginal and more safe seats?  Explain the reasons.16. List 3 incumbency disadvantages that occurred in the 1990’s.17. List and define the three theories about how members of Congress behave.  Provide an example of each

theory.18. Make a chart and fill in the details:

PARTY LEADERS IN CONGRESSPosition Define the responsibilities

President Pro TemSenate Majority LeaderSenate Minority LeaderSenate Whips (each party has one)Senate Policy CommitteeSenate Democrat Steering CommitteeSenate Republican Committee on CommitteesSpeaker of the House Formal Powers

Informal Powers

Rules Committee

Majority Leader

Minority LeaderWhip

19. How does party membership influence voting in the House? the Senate?  Does it make a difference? Explain.

20. How does a caucus differ from a committee?  List 2 important caucuses in each chamber and explain what they do.

21. COMMITTEES22. List and define the 3 kinds of committees.  Explain their purposes and responsibilities.23. What is the party ratio on committees?24. How have committee chairs been selected in the past?  What is the current procedure?  Why does this

matter?25. Describe the major function of a legislator’s staff.  What else do they do?26. Describe the legislative function of staff members.

27. Are staff members neutral or partisan advocates?  Explain.28. What is the purpose of staff agencies? List and explain the purpose of the three most important staff

agencies.29. Who may introduce a bill to Congress?30. List and define the purpose of the three types of resolutions used in Congress.31. How are bills assigned to committee in each house of Congress?32. Bills that do not raise revenue may originate in either chamber.  In which chamber are appropriations

bills (bills that direct the spending of money) and bills that raise revenue (altering tax laws) required to originate?

33. Where do most bills die?34. What is the purpose of committee hearings?  What is often the result of committee hearings?35. How can a stalled bill be forced out of committee?  36. Describe the powers of the House Rules Committee.  Is the Rules Committee necessary?  37. Do bills in the Senate need a committee hearing before being debated? Explain.38. How has double tracking greatly influenced the bill process in the Senate?39. List the 4 types of voting methods used in Congress and explain the purpose of the vote.  List the only

two voting methods used in the Senate.40. Describe the significance of conference committees.  Which chamber’s version is most often passed?41. What method of voting is used for an override vote?42. List the five concerns political scientists have when considering the legislative productivity of Congress.43. How does pork barrel legislation help constituents? Is all pork bad? Explain.44. Why do members of Congress like the franking privilege?45. What 4 types of laws are mentioned that Congress (only since 1995) has to obey?46. How does Congress get a pay raise?

CHAPTER 14 THE PRESIDENCY

1. Ad Hoc Structure2. AMENDMENTS related to the President:

12, 20, 22, 23, 253. Amnesty4. Bully Pulpit5. Cabinet6. Chief of State7. Chief of Staff8. Circular Structure9. Clemency10. Divided Government11. Electoral College12. Emergency Power13. Executive Agreement14. Executive Office of the President (EOP)15. Executive Orders16. Executive Privilege17. Expressed Power18. Federal Register19. Gridlock

20. Impeachment21. Inherent Power22. Kitchen Cabinet23. Legislative Veto24. Line-Item Veto25. National Security Council (NSC)26. Office of Management and Budget (OMB)27. Pardon28. Patronage29. Pocket Veto30. POTUS31. Pyramid Structure32. Reprieve33. Signing Statement34. Statutory Power35. Unified Government36. Veto Message37. War Powers Resolution38. Washington Community 39. White House Offic3

1. Complete the chart which compares the chief executive in a presidential system to a chief executive in a parliamentary system.

PRESIDENT

PRIME MINISTER

How electedTerm of officeWho are they accountable to?Outsider or insider?Who chooses the cabinet?Is there a guarantee of a majority in the legislature?Power to decide war

2. Can divided government pass significant legislation?  Provide two examples to support your answer.3. Why is gridlock a necessary consequence of a system of representative government?4. The formal powers of the president alone (as contained in the Constitution) are listed on page 370.  Which one do you think is the most important?  Explain 2 reasons for your answer.5. The President shares treaty making power with the Senate.  Provide two examples found in page 369 that illustrate when the Senate has refused to sign a negotiated treaty.   6. What does the author of the text say is the greatest source of presidential power?7. How did the creation and influence of political parties influence the Framer’s plan for electing the president?8. The public views the office of the president as the central figure of national government. Why does the textbook author think this is inaccurate?9. Who are the three audiences of the president? List and explain.10. True or False- If it is false, correct the statement.

a. The influence of presidential coattails has increased in recent years.

b. A president’s personal popularity may have a significant effect on how much of his program Congress passes, even if it does not affect the reelection chances of those members of Congress.

c. Presidential “victories” are easy to measure because the statistics clearly indicate where and how he is successful.

d. President George W. Bush enjoyed the highest presidential approval rating ever recorded shortly after his 2000 election.

e. A president’s popularity tends to be highest in the months right after his election, a period called the “honeymoon.”

f. In every off-year election the president has gained many seats in both houses of Congress.g. One of the most important powers of the president is his ability to say no.

11. What are the two blocking actions the president may use to force Congress to bargain with him over the substance of policies?12. When can a pocket veto be used?13. Does the president have an unlimited ability to keep all matters in his office secret?  Explain how the “privilege of confidentiality” has changed over the years.14. What is the difference between a signing statement and a veto message? (provide more than the definitions)15. How does personality and presidential character influence the presidency?16. Copy and complete the chart:

METHOD ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES PRES USING METHOD

PYRAMIDCIRCULARAD HOC

17. List the 5 principle offices that are part of the Executive Office of the President.  Explain why the OMB is considered the most important. 18. What is the purpose of the president’s cabinet?19. What does the text say is the difference between an “executive” and “independent agency”?20. Are cabinet members chosen for political reasons, expertise, or both?  Explain.21. Why does the President have a limited right of removal for “independent” or “quazi- independent” agencies?22. List the four sources a president draws upon to develop a program.23. List the two ways for a president to develop a program.24. List 5 constraints on a president’s ability to develop a program.25. Does a president have the ability to reorganize his personal White House staff? Executive Office, departments, or agencies?  Explain.26. What is the main responsibility of the Vice President?27.  Why was the 25th Amendment necessary? 28. Describe the purpose of an Independent Counsel.  Why does the author remain concerned about the loss of this office?29. Unlike what the Founders of the Constitution thought, why is impeachment used infrequently?

CHAPTER 15 THE BUREAUCRACY

1. Acquisitive Model2. Administrative Agency3. Appropriation4. Authorizing Legislation5. Bureaucracy6. Cabinet Department7. Capture8. Civil Service Commission9. Committee Clearance10. Competitive Service11. Discretionary Authority12. Enabling Legislation13. Freedom of Information Act14. Government by Proxy15. Government Corporation16. Government in the Sunshine Act17. Independent Executive Agency18. Independent Regulatory Agency19. Iron Triangle

20. Issue Network21. Laissez-faire22. Legislative Veto23. Line Organization24. Merit System25. Monopolistic Model26. Name Request Job27. Negotiated 28. Oversight29. Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)30. POTUS31. Privatization32. Red Tape33. Spoils System34. Sunset Legislation35. Trust Funds36. Weberian Model37. Whistleblower

1. List the 3 distinct features of American bureaucracy.2. List 2 disadvantages and 4 advantages of government by proxy. 3. Is the role of an agency to serve or to regulate?  Explain.4. What is the greatest power of the bureaucracy? List the 3 areas where administrative agencies have

substantial authority.5. Describe the authority of the Office of Personnel Management in hiring government employees.6. Does the buddy system used for hiring employees circumvent the merit system?  Explain.7. Has the Whistle Blower Protection Act increased bureaucratic sabotage? Explain8. Which of the “Rules” of Politics (423) makes the most sense to you? Explain.9. List the constraints on a government agency (be sure to include the one listed the top of p. 424)10. Explain 2 reasons why iron triangles are much less common today.11. Describe the significance of issue networks.12. How does Congressional supervision of the bureaucracy take place?  List 3 ways.13. Why does Congress use a legislative veto, even though it is unconstitutional?14. List the most common areas of congressional oversight and explain why oversight is used.15. List and define the 5 major problems of bureaucracy.  16. Can bureaucracy be reformed?  Discuss two reasons why reforming the bureaucracy is “easier said than

done.”

CHAPTER 16 THE JUDICIARY

1. Activist Approach2. Adversary System3. Affirm4. Amicus Curiac Brief5. Appellant Court6. Appellate Jurisdiction7. Broad Construction8. Case Law9. Civil Law10. Class-Action Suit11. Common Law12. Concurrent Jurisdiction13. Concurring14. Concurring Opinion.15. Constitutional Court16. Court of Appeals17. Criminal Law18. Dissenting Opinion19. District Court20. Diversity Cases21. Diversity of Citizenship22. Exclusive Jurisdiction23. Federal Question Cases24. Fee Shifting25. General Jurisdiction26. Grand Jury27. Habeas Corpus28. In Forma Pauperis29. Judicial Activism30. Judicial Implementation 31. Judicial Restraint

32. Judicial Review33. Jurisdiction34. Legislative Courts35. Limited Jurisdiction36. Litigate37. Litmus Test38. Majority Opinion39. Marbury v. Madison 180340. Opinion of the Court41. Oral Argument42. Original Jurisdiction43. Per Curiam Opinion44. Petit Jury45. Plaintiff46. Plea Bargain47. Political Question48. Precedent49. Public Defender50. Remand51. Remedy52. Reverse53. Rule of Four54. Senatorial Courtesy55. Sovereign Immunity56. Standing57. Stare Decisis58. Strict Construction59. Trial Court60. Unanimous Opinion61. Writ of Certiorari62. Writ of Habeas Corpus

1. How has the federal judiciary played an increasingly important role in making public policy?2. Explain the difference between the judicial restraint and activist approach.3. Why are Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland landmark cases?4. Explain the relationship of the Supreme Court and property rights.5. Which federal court is the only court required by the Constitution?6. How are federal judges selected?  What are their general characteristics?7. How does the “litmus test” affect the selection of federal judges? Which issue is considered most

significant?8. What determines where a person who has broken both federal and state laws will be tried?9. Where are the “vast majority” of federal cases heard?10. Is the SCOTUS required to hear every case appealed?  Explain.11. Explain the financing of a SCOTUS case.12. List the three standards required for a case to “stand” before the court.13. How do most cases ‘come’ to the Supreme Court?14. Explain the significance of the white and red lights in the Supreme Court.15. Who is the solicitor general and what are the responsibilities of the job this person holds?16. Why are amicus curiae briefs considered to be a lobbying effort?

17. Explain what happens on Fridays at the SCOTUS.  [Know the two main blocs of the court listed on p. 457.]

18. List the two main reasons why precedent is important.19. Summarize the four measures of judicial power used by the SCOTUS to make policy.20. List 3 reasons why people criticize judicial activism.21. Why are there so many activist courts?  Explain 2 significant reasons.22. How has ‘vague language’ of the Constitution influenced the job of the SCOTUS?23. What is the most significant restraint on the courts?24. Explain 3 ways that Congress can limit the power of the courts.25. How does public opinion affect the court?26. Explain 2 reasons for increased activism in the courts.