quarantine protocols for export of fruit and vegetables

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

SEMINAR I

QUARANTINE PROTOCOLS FOR EXPORT OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES

WELCOME

Department of Agricultural Engineering, GKVK, Bangalore

Speaker:Nanje Gowda.N.ASr.M.Tech (PAK-9303)

Seminar teacher:Dr.B.Ranganna

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IndexINTRODUCTIONImportance of QuarantineInternational Trade & PolicyINTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE STANDARDSDifferent Quarantine TreatmentsCONCLUSION

United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

History“Quarantine “ is derived from the Italian word Quarantum,

which means forty days period In 1374 when plague swept through Europe, the

government of Venice instituted 30 days isolation for ships and people prior to entering the city of Dubrovnik

Newcomers had to spend 30 days in a restricted location to check the symptoms of disease and later isolation was prolonged to 40 days and was called “quarantine”

Quarantine



1st quarantine work started in 1879 in Fiji & in 1900’s The Agricultural Quarantine started again in Fiji

Quarantine is a strategy of control and prevent the entry & spread of pests and diseases. It covers all regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or plant pests & pathogens entering from a site, area, country or group of countries

Isolation means separation of products which are infected or contaminated from others, so that such infection or contamination do not spread further

Quarantine Protocols



Importance of quarantine in export promotion

To prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive to crops by regulating/restricting the import of plants/plant products

To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners

To inspect goods coming from other country & to check for exotic pests, diseases and weeds




Contd… Inspection of imported agricultural commodities for preventing

entry of exotic pests and diseases Inspection of agricultural commodities meant for export as per

the requirements of importing countries under International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

Detection of exotic pests and diseases already introduced for controlling/containing them by adopting domestic quarantine regulations

Undertaking Post Entry Quarantine Inspection in respect of identified planting materials

Conducting the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) to finalise phytosanitary requirements for import of plant/plant material


International Standards, Trade & Policy

International standardsWorld Trade organisation(WTO)MRL’s Established by CODEXSanitary and Phytosanitary measures(SPS)Phytosanitary certification(PC)Pest risk analysis(PRA)North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

National standardsPost entry quarantine(PEQ)



Located in Geneva, SwitzerlandCame into existence on 1stJanuary, 1995 replacing GATT 1948 (General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs)Currently WTO has 153 countries (on 23 July 2008)The WTO reiterates the objectives of GATT

1. To set and enforce rules for international trade2. To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further

trade liberalization

International Standards, Trade & Policy



3. To increase the transparency of decision-making processes

4. To resolve trade disputes5. To cooperate with other major international

economic institutions involved in global economic management

6. To help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system

Contd…



Pesticides MRL (ppm)

Products Pesticides MRL (ppm)

Products

Acephate 1.00 F/V Carbaryl 1.001.50

F/VFood grains

& milled grains

Endosulfan (α&β)

1.000.20

F/VFood

grains

Triclofan 0.100.05

Fruits, oilseed milk

Methyl Bromide

20.075.0200

FruitsTomatoRadish

Monocrotophos

0.0250.20

Food grains,Citrus fruits& other veg

Dimethoate /rogar

1.00 F/V Phorate 0.100.05

TomatoF/V &

oilseedsMalathion 3.00

4.00Veg

Fruits & F.grains

Profenofos 0.05 Veg

MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm



Chemicals MRL

mg/kgProducts Antibiotics MRL

PpmProducts

Pyrethrins 1.00 F/V Oxytetra cycline

0.10 Milk

Melathin 3.00 4.00

VegFruits

Tetra cycline 0.10 Milk

DDT 3.500.001

F/VCarbonate

d water

Ampicillin

Cephalaxin

0.40

0.10

Milk

Milk Hydrogen Phosphide

0.01 Dried F & V Oxolinic acid 0.00 Milk

Ethephon 2.00MangoTomatoP.Apple

Benzyl Penicillin

4.00 Milk

Hydrogen cyanide

37.53.00

Food grain Milled grain

Oxacilin β-lactum

3.00 Milk

MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm



SPS Measures-1995Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures are various regulations imposed by government or applied by industries to ensure

Food safety of both raw and processed Protect plant and animal health

These measures may include prescribed product standards, labelling and packaging requirements, quarantine treatment, processing and production standards, and testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures

Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries



ObjectivePresents future requirements for post entry quarantine (PEQ) and testing for the quarantine pathogens associatedTo promote a rationalized, modern and harmonized quarantine or SPS system with the dual functions of border protection and trade/export facilitation

SPS measures are applied in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China & Australia for import of..

Fruits•Palm fruits•Mango•Apple

Spices•Black pepper

Vegetables•Onion•Tomato•Cabbage•Potato•Carrot•Broccoli

Contd…



Phytosanitary certificate These are documents issued by an official of an exporting

country, or country of re-export, attesting to the freedom from pests and admissibility into the destination country for specific plants or plant productsPhytosanitary certificate performs the following tasks at the port of entryIdentify type of plants or plant productsIdentify area where plants or plant products were grownDetermine if the plants or plant products were treated in country of origin and if so, identify the treatmentDetermine if quarantine requirements are metConfirm that plant products meet specific certification requirements

Contd…



Pest Risk AnalysisPRA is a process of investigation, evaluation of information

and decision making with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or determined that this pest is a quarantine pest

Purpose of Pest Risk Analysis1. To estimate the likelihood of entry, establishment, spread of pest

and its impact 2. To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that could be

caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities

3. To justify Phytosanitary measures on traded plant products


Components of PRA



North American Plant Protection OrganizationNAPPO is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by NAFTA & created under the authority of the IPPC of the FAO of the United NationsNAPPO countries formalized this relationship in a cooperative agreement between Canada, United States and Mexico in 1976Steps for Certifying a Commodity

1. Determine certification eligibility2. Determine country’s import requirements3. Inspect the commodity4. Completion of export certificate5. Collect user fee




International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

It is the phytosanitary standard setting organization named in WTO-SPS Agreements & Implemented by the FAO in 1952

PurposeTo prevent the introduction and spread of pests(article-1 of IPPC)To provide an appropriate measures to control the introduced pests




IPPC Standards1. ISPM 1: Principles of Plant

Quarantine as related to International Trade

2. ISPM 2: Guidelines for PRA3. ISPM 7: Export Certification

System4. ISPM 11: PRA For Quarantine

Pests5. ISPM 12: Guidelines for

Phytosanitary certificates

Key Obligations

1. To setup & administer a National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)

2. Official IPPC contact points3. Conduct treatments & certify

exports4. Regulate import5. Cooperate internationally

• Share information on pests & regulation

6. Develop & take into account Phytosanitary standards

Contd…



Post Entry Quarantine"Post-entry Quarantine" means growing of plants in isolation

for any specified period in a glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by the Plant Protection Adviser

Purpose1. To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by all the

inspection authorities notified by the Ministry of Agriculture2. To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive pests that affects

plants and other plant material 3. Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide residue

The Standard operating procedure for export inspection under PEQ can seen below…




Fruits/veg Insect/pest/bacteria

Fruits/veg Insects/pest/bacteria

Citrus Citrus blackflyCitrus whitefly Citrus cankerCitrus scab

Citrus greening

Apple Apple maggotOlive fruit flyCodling moth

Oriental fruit moth

Banana Banana weevil , Borer ,

Banana aphid , Panama disease

Cherry, Blue berry

Olive fruit flyCherry fruit flyCodling moth

Western cherry fruit fly

Potato Late blight, Potato ring rot, Wart, Nematode ,Colorado,

Potato beetle

Mango West Indian fruit flyMealy bug

Mango seed weevil

Grapes Powdery mildew Papaya Fruit fly

List of Quarantine Insects & Pests



Chemical Treatments FumigationMethyl Bromide Fumigation + Refrigeration of FruitsCold Treatment + Fumigation of FruitsControlled Atmosphere High-Temperature Treatments (CATTS)

Physical TreatmentsWater TreatmentHigh Temperature Forced AirVapour HeatCold TreatmentIrradiationRadio frequency heatingQuick FreezeRe-export

Different Quarantine Treatments



Fumigation is the act of releasing/application of toxic chemicals in a gaseous state in a gas tight enclosure to kill insect and other pestsUsed to prevent transfer of exotic pest & insects during processing of goods to be imported or exportedChemicals are applied as aerosols, smoke, mist, and fog

ExamplesMethyl bromide -most widely used fumigants although its use

was restricted by the Montreal Protocol due to its role in ozone depletion

PhosphineFormaldehydeHydrogen cyanide1,3-dichloropropeneMethyl isocyanate

Different Quarantine TreatmentsFumigation



MB is most effective in treating some of pests & insects like mites & ticks, nematodes, snails & slugs, fungi

Over 95% of consumption of methyl bromide for treatment of commodities likeExport logs and sawn timberWooden packaging materials, dunnage and palletsExport of fruit and vegetablesSome export grains, pulses and oilseeds, and derived productsDried food stuffs Fruits treated with

methyl bromide

Contd…..



Methyl bromide is one of ozone-depleting gas as a result of this property, MB is particular concern in two Multilateral Agreements

The Montreal ProtocolInternational Plant Protection Convention

MB-Treatments: Citrus spp- MB @ 32 g/m³ for 2 hrs at 21°c is

used against Fruit flies like Mediterranean fruit fly, Natal fruit fly, Queens land fruit fly

Mango, Guava & Kiwi-MB @ 32 g/m³ for 3½ hrs at 21°c or above used against Jackbeardsley mealy bug & citrus mealy bug

Methyl bromide fumigation under as a quarantine

treatment

Contd…..



• Grapes• Leafy vegetables• Avocado • Macadamia • Okra• Citrus • Almond • Asparagus

• Stone fruit • Walnut • Corn• Pome fruit • Cut flowers • Root crops• Ornamentals beans/lentils• Kiwi & gauva

Produce will be treated with methyl bromide to control pests before 21 days prior to export to meet the official requirements of the import and export of

different countries

Commodities suitable forMethyl Bromide Fumigation



Soapy Water and Wax Cherimoya, Limes &

Passion fruit from Chile Spider mite in grapes

Warm Soapy Water and brushing Durian and other large

fruits such as breadfruit for external feeders

To kill aphids eggs & larvae

Physical TreatmentWater Treatments-Non-heated

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Maintaining the product (fruit & vegetables) at a specific temperature for a specified time; designed to kill plant pests without destroying or devaluing the infested commodityGoal:Heat the fruit fast for a short time without damaging quality, yet controlling target pestConsiderations:Type of productHeating MethodTreatment Time & Temperature

Physical TreatmentHeat Treatments



Temperature varies between 40°c to 60°cTime varies between 30sec to <10minPurpose is to reduce damage caused by

Fungi in Apple & Peaches Mealy bugs in Litchi & Limes Protecting F & V against oxidation and fungal infection

For export of mangoes from Brazil, it is recommended that dipping is performed at 12 cm depth in water at 46.1 °c for 7-9 min (Gorgatti Neto, et al.,1994)

Physical TreatmentHot Water Treatment



The temperature-ramp up time -heating time relations varies with the commodity and the pest involvedTreatment temp varies from 35°c to 50 °cTemperature of the innermost fruit pulp must not exceed >47.5 °c during a ramp up time of 4hrsTime varies from 20min to 30minTreatment is mainly aimed against fruit flies in most of the fruits

Physical TreatmentVapour Heat Treatment



Air temperature varies from 43° to 49°cTime varies from 2min to 20minRH varies from 30-80% A venturi exhaust fan is used which forces the air at rate of 20.67 m 3 /minCommodity like papaya, mango, starfruit, lychee, eggplant, pepper, cucumber etc..This method is used for disinfesting fruits from flies like mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, oriental fruit fly in papaya and mango seed weevil in mango

Physical TreatmentForced Hot Air Treatment



Temperature varies from 0°c to 21°c & RH varies from 75% to 95%Starting with low temp of 0°c for beetroot, carrot and little high temp of 13°c to 21°c for tomatoOther products like Cabbage, Orange, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pears, Pumpkin, SpinachUsed against fruit fly like Caribbean fruit fly by exposing fruits at 0°c to 2.22°cTo control other pests and plant pathogens quick freezing at -17°c or below can also be done

Physical TreatmentCold Treatment



CATTS combines forced moist or vapour hot air with controlled atmosphere (i.e. low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)Air speed equivalent to 1.3-2.0 m/sGases composition equivalent to 1% O₂ and 15% CO₂ & RH of up to 90%Treatment temp is 47°c for 4hr, with core temp ≤46.5°c for 25 min & ramp up temp of 12°c/hrTreatment is done in a chamber similar to a vapour heat or forced hot air chamber with facility of introducing N₂ & Co₂Developed to control western cherry fruit fly & codling moth in sweet cherries and Mexican & West Indian fruit fly in mangoes

Controlled Atmosphere Temperature Treatment Systems (CATTS)



Product Pest Ramp up

Rate (per

hour)

Final chamber temp

Total treatment time

Core temp

Time at core temp

Cherry Codling moth &Western Cherry

Fruit Fly

none 45 °c 45 min 42 °c within 9min

44.5°c within 22-24min

Apple Codling moth & Oriental

fruit moth

12 °C 46 °c 3 hr 44.6 °cwithin 2.5 hr

15min

Nectarine

& Peach

Codling moth &Oriental

fruit moth

12 °C 46°c 3 hr 43 °c within2.5 hr

30 min

Contd…



Food is exposed to ionizing radiations like gamma-ray, X-ray, and electron beams in order to sterilize or kill insects and microbial pests by damaging their DNAIrradiation doses that will result in a 1-log reduction in bacterial pathogens are in the range of 0.2–0.8 kGyRadiation kills microorganisms by raising food temperature quicklyU.S Food & Drug Administration has approved all types of irradiated fresh F&V, can be treated up to a maximum dose of 1 kGy Irradiated products

Note: Gy=Gray or 100 rad/kg kGy=1000 Gray

Physical TreatmentIrradiation


Plant Protection and QuarantineRadiation doses approved for insects and insect

groups by the USDA-APHIS



RF energy refers to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with low frequency ranging from 30 MHz to 300 MHzFruits will be heated in a 12 kw and 27.12 MHz batch type RF heating system which generates internal heat by agitating molecules in the fruit with a very rapid change in charge within the electrical fieldRF heating is used for disinfestations of fruits like Orange, apple, grapefruit, peach, cherry and avocado Used to kill insects like codling moth in pome & stone fruits before shipment to trading partnersHolding fruits at 48 °c for 6.6 minutes shall provide control of the Mexican fruit fly and maintain fruit quality. (Dentener et al.,1996; Paull and Armstrong, 1994)

Physical Treatment Radio Frequency Heating



Chemically-Based AlternativesNew Fumigants & New TechniquesMating DisruptionEmissions Control

Non-Chemical/Physical Alternatives Irradiation Heat/Cold Physical Control Combination of Compression/Vacuum technique RF Energy

Approaches for the Future



Fumigant AlternativesNewly Developed Fumigants

COS – Carbonyl Sulfide O₃ – OzoneCH₃I – Methyl Iodide C₂N₂ – Cyanogen

Modified Existing Fumigants SO₂F₂ – Profume C ₂ H₅COOH – Ethyl FormateC₃ H₆O – Propylene Oxide PH₃ – ECO₂ Fume

Contd…



Natural Pathways1. Winds, storms2. Air and convection currents3. Surface drainage4. Natural seed dispersal5. Fliers (insects and mites)6. Migratory species (locusts)7. Self locomotion (zoospores)8. Vectors (insects, nematodes)9. Other carriers (birds and

other higher animals)

Path ways for entry of pests and pathogens

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Artificial Pathways1. Cargo (agricultural and non

agricultural)2. Mail baggage3. Common carriers (ships,

vehicles, airplanes)4. Dunnage, crates, packing

materials5. Smuggling6. Farm practices (irrigation, used

farm equipment)

Contd….

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Quarantine is an important protocol for international food trading ...To prevent dumping of low quality goods in the countryIncreasing competence of the manufacturers to compete in the international marketProtecting the nation from introduction & spread of exotic pests and diseasesOverall safety and welfare of nation’s economy and mankindIf Quarantine regulations were made mandatory in past, today India would have been free from important diseases like leaf rust of coffee(Srilanka), late blight of potato(UK), Bunchy top of banana(Srilanka), onion smut of onion(Europe) etc

Conclusion

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• For entry into USA, the mangoes must be treated in India with irradiation by receiving a minimum absorbed dosage of 400 Grays

• Each consignment of mangoes must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of India

• The phytosanitary certificate must also bear the following two additional declarations confirming that:(1) The mangoes will be subjected to post-harvest mitigation options described as above(2) The mangoes will be inspected during pre-clearance activities and should be free from fungi like Cytosphaera mangiferae, Macrophoma mangiferae, and Xanthomonas campestris(bacteria)

Guidelines for export of mangoes from INDIAN to USA



FunctionsIt oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreementsIt provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes

Salient features of WTO Agreement on Agriculture

Market Access Special Safeguard Domestic Support Export subsidies

Contd…



International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) aims at “securing common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control”

The Montreal Protocol aims “to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control total global emissions of substances that deplete ozone.

Different Quarantine TreatmentsMethyl Bromide Standards



Montreal ProtocolIn 1987 - 27 nations (including U.S.) signed to initiate protocols on substances that deplete the ozone layer in Montreal, known as “MP”MP controls many ozone depleting substances (ODS) like: CFCs, Halons,) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) HCFCs, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride..MP aims to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete ozone & return the ozone layer to pre-1980 levels by 2050 to 2075




Strategic goalsBuild partnerships with other relevant organizationsto provide a forum for public and private sectors in Canada, the United States and Mexico to collaborate in the development of science-based standardsTo rapidly develop NAPPO regional standards and NAPPO positions on international standards and decisions of other international organizationsTo develop regional phytosanitary standards for safe movement/import of commodities such as potatoes, grapevines and citrus into Canada, United States & Mexico



Plant Protection and QuarantineContd…


Plant Protection and QuarantineList of F,V&S and countries from where import is

prohibited along with justifications

• Radio frequency production• RF power is produced when electricity is applied to an RF generator whose signal is

amplified and delivered to a parallel electrode system (RF cavity), in which a selected material is placed to apply heat...

• Approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Mediterranean fruit fly, Melon fly, and Oriental fruit fly is 210–250 Gy



Fruits(cherry) stored at room temp are subjected to RF heating in a fruit moverFruits was conducted(heated) in a 12 kW, 27.12 MHz batch type RF heating systemA batch of fruits was placed in a tap water filled fruit mover system between 200 mm RF electrodes gapFruits are kept in motion by means of water jet nozzles mounted on the periphery of fruit mover

Water temperature during RF heating is controlled , RF input power was switched off when the water temperature reached 50 °c.

Contd…



It is effective against most insect and mite pests at dose levels that do not affect the quality of most commoditiesIncrease shelf life by slowing ripening of fresh Fruits and VegetablesA generic dose of 150 Gy has been proposed for tephritid fruit flies & 250–300 Gy for sweet potato pests

Irradiation Effects

quarantine protocols for export of fruit and vegetables

Education