In dear memory of the nationalleader of Azerbaijani people

HEYDAR ALIYEV

Published by the decisionof the Academic Council of the Institute of History

of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

,

, ,

2005

YAGUB MAHMUDOV, KARIM SHUKUROV

GARABAGHReal history, facts, documents

AHSIL PUBLISHING HOUSEU 2005

84.2 21

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Senior Advisor: a oghlu

Advisors: vaz oghlu sh

Farhad Hussein oghlu Vahabov

Publisher: Bahruz asan oghlu Akhundov

Translated intoEnglish by: Baylar Islamkhan oghlu Hajiyev

G 21 Yagub ikayil oghlu Mahmudov, Karim aram oghlu ShukurovGarabagh: Real history, facts, documents. Baku, , 2005. 380 page.

This book briefly describes the history of Garabagh an integral part of Azerbaijan.It is based on the original sources and is intended for the general public. The book reflectsthe entire history of Garabagh from ancient times to present and can be a researchdirectory for those who want to become acquainted with this issue based on historicaltruths, established facts and documents.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced in any form or photocopied withoutpermission of the authors and the publisher.

4702060204 2005 84.2 053ISBN 9952-423-00-4

, 2005

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, - - . . - - . 1905- . - (19141918) - , , -- -. , , , . - , - . - .

, . - - , - , 1918- 29-

PREFACE

In the current period, humanity has faced a new, morepainful evil along with the traditional problems. This evil isnamed terrorism. Today, terrorism has become the most dif-ficult problem facing the entire world. The appalling acts of ter-ror of recent years showed that this disaster is of the same deg-ree of dangerousness for all the countries and peoples, even forthe major powers. Azerbaijan has a straightforward and res-olute attitude towards this evil: we are against any kind of vio-lent acts terror, genocide, separatist extremism, ethnic con-flicts and unfair bloodshed. The Azerbaijan Republic is one ofthe first countries to join the anti-terrorist alliance.

Our people are well aware of the heart-breaking tragediescaused by terror, genocide and separatist extremism. TheAzerbaijani people are one of the peoples having most suf-fered terror, genocide and forced deportations. Our peoplehave been living a history full of tragedies for 200 years. Thisbloody history began at the beginning of the XIX century withthe massive replacement by tsarist Russia of Armenians fromIran and Turkey to our lands.

Our people, who created an ancient and rich culture forcenturies due to mutual impact of different civilizations,nations, languages and religions at the juncture of North andSouth, East and West, adhered to the traditions of its specifictolerance, forbearance, humanism and mercy in regard otherpeoples and cultures, and provided a place for the immigrantArmenians also. Every condition was created for the socioeco-nomic and cultural progress of the Armenians in our country.

However, soon the Armenian chauvinist-terrorist circlespoisoned with the illusion of "Great Armenia" wanted to cre-ate their own state in the Azerbaijan lands, where they hadmoved and lived, relying on their foreign supporters. Firstly,the "Armenian district" was created for the removed Arme-nians in Azerbaijan territories. This was followed by "clear-ance" of the West Azerbaijan lands from the local residents ofthese lands, Azerbaijanis, by the armed Armenian terrorist-bandit groups provided with all kinds of support from abroad.In 1905, a horrible genocide was committed againstAzerbaijani people. During the First World War (1914 1918),the ArmenianDashnak armed groups receiving assistancefrom bigger states again implemented terrible genocide againstthe local TurkishMoslem population throughout Azerbaijanin accordance with a plan prepared in advance. Hundreds ofthousands of Azerbaijanis, including the children, women andthe old were killed. Our numerous settlements and historicalmonuments were razed to the ground. Our compatriots havingsurvived the genocides scattered about the entire world.

Despite of all these, our merciful people made a new com-promise. In order to achieve peace in the Southern Caucasusand put an end to the bloody massacres committed by theArmenianDashnak terrorist groups, the Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic in 29 May 1918 conceded the city of Iravan, which

GARABAGH 7

. -, 1918- . -, , .

- -. - , , . 1988- - . , ( -) .

, , - - - . - . , - , 20 - . - , . - - . - , , - - .

, - , , - , -. , . - .

, -, , - . . - , . -, , . - , . , - , , , -, , , , .

,-

had been the capital of a former Azerbaijan state the Iravankhanate. Thus, in 1918, the Republic of Armenia was createdin Azerbaijan lands in the territory of the former Iravankhanate. This meant actually the creation of an Armenianstate in the Azerbaijan lands, which contained the territory ofIravan city and its suburbs.

Yet, the Armenian chauvinist-extremist circles were notsatisfied with this either. They made use of their supporters inthe SovietBolshevik regime and realized over again terriblegenocide and deportations against the entire Azerbaijani pop-ulation of the West Azerbaijan. In 1988, the ethnic clearancein West Azerbaijan was completed. Today, Azerbaijanis donot live in the West Azerbaijan (presently, the Republic ofArmenia) that was once populated mostly by Azerbaijanisand belonged to Azerbaijanis historically.

In the modern circumstances, when our world moves to-ward mutual understanding, friendship, global stability andtranquility in relation to globalization and integration, Arme-nia and the Armenian separatist-terrorist circles supported byit have created a new center of tension in the South Caucasus.Armenia made use of the circumstances that emerged in theperiod when the Soviet Union collapsed and began an unde-clared war against Azerbaijan. Armenian armed forces attack-ing our lands occupied more than 20 percent of the Azerbaijanterritory, including Daghlig Garabagh and the adjacentregions. Over one million Azerbaijanis became displaced fromtheir own places in their own motherland thus becoming inter-nally displaced persons and refugees. Armenia created a sepa-ratist-terrorist regime in the occupied Azerbaijan lands namedas ''Daghlig Garabagh Republic", which is not recognized inthe world. The territory of this uncontrolled terrorist regimehas presently turned into an international den of criminality,where narcotics are cultivated and transited to Europe, moneylaundering and other illicit operations are realized.

Notwithstanding the international law on inviolability ofterritorial integrity of the world community countries, the rel-evant United Nations Organization's resolutions concerningthis conflict, European Council Parliamentary Assembly's, aswell as other international organizations' resolutions,Armenia does not withdraw its military forces from the occu-pied Azerbaijan territories. On the contrary, it spreads falseinformation about the occupied territories saying ostensiblythey are its historical lands. It does not even refrain from put-ting new territorial claims against Azerbaijan.

I think that this book introduced to the readers will createa real picture about both the historical roots of this problemand the real history of Garabagh in everybody who wants tobecome acquainted with the ArmeniaAzerbaijan, DaghligGarabagh conflict. The book, titled "Garabagh", which coversthe brief history of Garabagh from ancient times up to thepresent, is a real history based on irrefutable archive documentsand other original sources. This history is not the history ofinventions, but of the truth. The archive documents, maps andphoto-materials added to the book increase the book's valueeven more. Based on real facts, the book "Garabagh" drawsattention to how big a tragedy terror is for humanity in thecurrent world and calls all the people to unite and fight active-ly against this common evil. I believe that this book is writtenwith good intentions and will increase the readers' hate to ter-ror, genocide, separatist extremism, in general, acts of allkinds of violence and savagery, as well as to those who com-mit these evils. This book will strengthen in people the hope ofvictory of humanism, charity and friendship ideals over evil.

Mrs. Mehriban ALIYEVA,UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador

8 GARABAGH

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, - . ( -) , , -, .3 -, , , , , . .4 , .

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1. GARABAGH: ETYMOLOGY,TERRITORY AND FRONTIERS

Garabagh is one of the ancient historic provinces ofAzerbaijan. Being an integral part of Azerbaijan, the nameGarabagh is derived from the combination of two words inthe Azerbaijani language, "qara" (big) and "" (garden).The combination of words "big" and "garden" has thedeepest historical background as it goes with the Azerbai-jani people itself. It is incontestable that such a combina-tion of words is linked to the description of the country ofAzerbaijan in every corner of the world. Having named"Garabagh" as a part of its native lands by the Azerbaijanipeople, this name has been used as a historical and geo-graphical term beginning with initial sources 1300 yearsago (from the VII century!)1. Previously Garabagh denom-inated a specific place, subsequently it encompassed a vastgeographical territory in Azerbaijan. This case is specific toAzerbaijan: city of Nakhchivan region of Nakhchivan, cityof Shaki region of Shaki, city of Ganja region of Ganja,city of Lankaran region of Lankaran etc.2

The historical formation of the word "Garabagh" asthe name of a specific Azerbaijani province or regionenables us to substantiate scientifically its etymology.There is a reason for such a deduction because the word"qara" (black) in the Azerbaijani language (as in otherTurkic languages also) means not only a color, but alsohas other meanings such as "dense", "thick", "big","dark" etc.3 In this regard, the name of "Garabagh"enjoys the following meanings: "black garden" i.e. "biggarden", "dense garden", "giant garden" or "scenic gar-den" etc.4 So, the word "Garabagh" belongs to theAzerbaijani people as it goes with Garabagh itself.

As we are trying to describe Garabagh, such a questionarises from the above: where is Garabagh located andwhich Azerbaijani territories does it cover? An answer tothis question is very topical for the time being and has acentral importance to understanding "the DaghligGarabagh* problem". First, we have to address the veryfirst sources in order to get an answer. While describingthis issue in his "History of Garabagh" (1847), Mirza JamalJavanshir**, vezir of the Garabagh khanate a part of theAzerbaijani State, has written the following: "As it is writ-ten in the ancient historical books, (It is italicized by us Y.M., K.Sh.) the frontiers of the Garabagh province are asfollows: the southern frontier begins from Khudafarinbridge and goes till the Synyg bridge the Araz (Araxes)River. Currently, (the Synyg Bridge) is located betweenthe districts of Gazakh, Shamshaddil and Damirchi-Hassanly, and the officials of the Russian State call it inRussian the Krasny Most which means Red Bridge. Theeastern frontier lies across the Kur River and merges withthe Araz (Araxes) River near Javad village and then falls to

GARABAGH 11

* (17751853) .

* Daghlig Garabagh is an Azerbaijani word. In the international massmedia it is used as: Nagorno-Karabakh. The word Nagorno in Russianmeans mountainous. Further we will use the term Daghlig Garabagh** Mirza Jamal Javanshir (17751853) famous Azerbaijani historian.One of the authors of "the Garabaghnamer"

- ( ) ( ) . .

The jaw bone of Azykhanthropus (Azykh man), as well as the

labour instruments found in the historical monument of world

importance, the Azykh cave-camp (Palaeolithic period) of

Azerbaijan. It is presently in the territory of the Fizuli region in

Azerbaijan occupied by Armenians.

12 GARABAGH

. () . , .5

, 1) , , , - ; 2) , -, , . - . , - , -, , -, . , - , . : -, , ! : , ( )! (), , , ! , , , .

2.

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the Caspian Sea. On the northern frontier, the boundary ofGarabagh with Yelizavetpol (Ganja) is defined by the Go-ran River as it crosses with the Kur River and then, theKur River bypasses many places and joins the Araz (Ara-xes) River. The western frontier is formed by the high Ga-rabagh Mountains called Kushbak, Salvarty and Arikly."5

This was written during the first days after the Russianoccupation and colonization, and such an exact descriptionof the Garabagh territory and frontiers can be explained bythe following reasons: 1) on the one hand, this fact is writ-ten by a statesman who was dealing directly with the gover-nance of Garabagh; in other words, this fact is an officialdescription based upon official documents; those are thewords told by a statesman serving the interests of Russia;2) on the other hand, this fact is not only based upon thereality and experience, but proved by the original sources.It is not by accident that Mirza Jamal refers to the ancienthistorical books in order to prove his just vision of the issue.As it is seen, there was in history the whole notion of thename "Garabagh", rather than "Daghlig (Mountainous)Garabagh", the geographical entity of all times covering theentire territory of Garabagh its mountains and plains. Inother words, the notion of "Daghlig Garabagh" is a kind of"byproduct" and a name applied to one part of Garabaghin accordance with separatist dreams. Simple logic provesit: if there is Daghlig (mountainous) Garabagh, so it derives tosay that there is also the plain Garabagh! The incontestablereality is: today there is Daghlig (mountainous) Garabaghand also Aran (plain) Garabagh in Azerbaijan! Either plainGarabagh, or mountainous Garabagh, were in historical timesthe motherland and cradle of the Azerbaijani people, whichdefinitely called this region "qara" (big) and "bgh" (garden)!Hundreds of ancient and the most extraordinary folkloricarts and pearls of music of the Azerbaijani people were espe-cially created in Garabagh, they are linked to Garabagh.

2. GARABAGH FROM THE ANCIENT TIMES TO THE KHANATESPERIOD

2.1. Up to the Arabian caliphate

Garabagh is not only a region of Azerbaijan, it is oneof the regions of the world that has an ancient history. Theancient settlements of homo sapiens were revealed in thecave of Azykh, which is also located in these territories.This settlement of human beings proves that Garabagh isone of the cradles of civilization that emerged in the regionfrom the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Africa. TheAzerbaijani scientist M.Huseynov, who studied the Azykhcave, has written: "The stony implements studied in theAzykh cave and the cultural creations show its proximitywith the cultural complex Oldoway* in Eastern Africa. At

* (Oldoway) . 2 . .

* Oldoway Canyon in Nothern Tanzania. The archaeologists foundhere the remains of two million year old human being.

GARABAGH 13

- . - (.. - ).

14 GARABAGH

Khojaly-Gadabay cultural monuments. The Last Bronze - Early Iron Ages (XIII-VII c. BC).

GARABAGH 15

, , - ( ..,..) - 1 200 - .6

1968- * . 350400 . ** .7 - . (..), (.. ) - .8 (.. ) - . (-)*** . - .9

,- . (.. -) . **** . , . ,, () . , : - . - - .10 (..672550) . - . (.. 550330) .

the same time, there are different methods in manufactu-ring these labor implements. This fact enables us to namethose implements as the cultural samples of the Guruchayculture extracted from the inner layers of the Azykh cave(It is italicized by us Y.M., K.Sh.) And the age of theGuruchay culture can be very ancient, even dating back toone million two hundred thousand years".6

The jaw-bone of a man named "the human being ofAzykh Azykhanthropus" was discovered in the Ashol*layer of the Azykh cave in 1968. The Azykh man is belie-ved to have lived 350,000400,000 years ago. TheMoustier Culture** is represented mainly by the Taghlarcave.7 The archaeological studies carried out in Garabaghcan determine an ample development which had takenplace in the Mesolithe and Eneolithe stages of the StoneAge. Wide scale changes had taken place in Garabaghduring the eneolithe (VIIV millenniums B.C.), bronzeand early iron stages (end of IV millennium beginning ofI millennium).8 The Khojaly-Gadabay culture was welldeveloped in the late bronze and early iron ages (XIIIVII centuries B.C.). The agate bead of this epoch with thecuneiform engraving linked to Adadnirarius, ruler ofAshshur (Assyria)***, was discovered at the archaeologi-cal monument located in a graveyard near Khojaly. Suchdiscoveries of artifacts prove the existence of economicand cultural links of this region with the Near East.9

Parallel to the economic and social life and develop-ment, the ethnic and political processes were also underway. The powerful State of Manna (IXVI centuries B.C.)had emerged in the South of Azerbaijan. The State ofManna had succeeded in maintaining its independence inits wars with Assyria and Urartu****. The land of Nor-thern Azerbaijan, including the territory of Garabagh itself,did not fall under the control of Urartu. In this historicalperiod of time, the ethnos known as Armenians did not existin the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) at all. Very renow-ned researchers, authors of joint monographic writings, areof the same opinion while describing the political history ofTranscaucasia: the main part of the State of Urartu waslocated out of the Soviet frontiers. During the Antiquity andthe Medieval Age, the areas of dense population of Arme-nians were located far away from the modern Armenia SSRborders.10 The situation changed with the emergence of theState of Midiya (672550 B.C.), which ended the existenceof the State of Urartu. Midiya had conquered southern-

16 GARABAGH

* (Saint-Acheul). ** (Le Moustier). *** () . .. . ..605- . .. 13071275- .****.. . .. - .

* Suburbs of Amyen city in France (Saint-Acheul). The first Paleolithisstage in Europe and Asia ** The name of the cave in France (Le Moustier). Middle Paleolithic stage*** Assyria was an ancient state in Northern Mesopotamia. The sec-ond half on VIII, the first half on VII centuries B.C. became verypowerful state. In 605 B.C. Midiya and Babil routed it. AdadnirariusI reigned in 13071275 years B.C.**** The ancient state exsisted in IX-VI centuries B.C.Midiya con-quered it in VI century B.C.

(... - .. ):

1,4,5,6 - , ; 2 - ( ),; 3 - ( ), ; 7 - , .

Coins minted in the Albanian state of Azerbaijan (III-I c. BC):

1,4,5,6 - Tetradrachmas, silver; 2 - Drachmas (first mint),silver; 3 - Drachma (last mint), silver; 7 - Aureus, gold.

GARABAGH 17

1 4

5

6

7

2

3

(..336323) . , , - , . ( - , - . - .., ..). .. - ( 1). - .. . ,1200 - . - . . , - (, , *, .) - 6 ( 2).

, , , . (-

) .. . - . - . .. 66- , . .

eastern territory of Transcaucasia. This rule had persistedduring the period of the Achemenides (550330 B.C.)

After Alexander the Great (336323 B.C.) had con-quered the State of the Achemenides, the political proces-ses in the Northern Azerbaijan had entered into a newphase. As a result of these processes and after the shortrule of Alexander the Great and his death, his Empire col-lapsed into many parts. Subsequently, the State of Atropa-tena and the State of Albania were respectively formed inthe South and North of Azerbaijan. (Recently, historiansof Azerbaijan have given a great tribute to the studies of thisperiod by their own scientific research works which wereostensibly falsified by the Armenian authors. The scientistsof Azerbaijan have enriched the studies on Atropatena andthe State of the Albania by their new research works. We donot judge it necessary to name all their works in this book Y.M., K.Sh.). From the IV century B.C. and after, the Stateof Atropatena had the lands in the North of Azerbaijan tooand in this period of time, a part of the territories ofGarabagh was subordinated to the State of Azerbaijan.(Map 1). Having emerged parallel to the State of Atropa-tena, the State of Albania, which existed approximatelyfrom the IV century B.C. till the VIII century AD playeda great role in the history of Azerbaijan during this 1200year period. Albania has enlarged its borders which coveredthe whole territory of Garabagh, and this State strived hardto preserve Garabagh within its own borders and succeededin doing so, except in some cases. Six maps of F.Mamedovaconcerning the State of Albania, including its integral part asGarabagh, the territory of the historical provinces (Saka-sena, Otena Uti, Orkhistena Arsakh*, Araxena etc.) andthe historical dynamics of its borders are incontestably testi-fying to this idea. (One of those maps is given here Map 2).

Garabagh belonged to the Azerbaijan State ofAlbania : the ethnos that had lived in this area uti, sov-day, gargar and others were Alban tribes.

The first arrival of Armenians to the region of the SouthCaucasus (Transcaucasia) refers to circa after II millenniumB.C. As they entered this region, their aggressive activitieswere initiated against the regional states and peoples. Inthis epoch the Armenians named the tiny Armenian King-dom located at the eastern part of Small Asia "the GreatArmenia" and attempted to call all lands that were settledby Armenian nomads as purely Armenian territories. Asthe Roman Empire had routed Tigran the Second in

18 GARABAGH

* , (, -, // .) ., , (, ) , , . , .. // . , 1983,. 150; . // , . , 2002, . 41

*Arsakh, as other toponyms (Sakasena, Sakan, Saki//Shaki etc.)belonging to Albanian period are closely connected with one of theancient Turkic tribes: saks. Arsakh, Arsak are derived from the combi-nation of two words, "ar" and "sak"which in old Turkic languagesmeant: "brave", "man", "a brave sak", or "sak man of courage" or"a sak man". See also Seyidov M.A. Notes on the etymology ofthe toponymy: GarabaghArsagArtsag// The problems of Azerbai-jani philology. Baku 1983, p.150; Jafarov J. The etymology of theword: Arsag.//Garabagh yesterday, today and tomorrow. Baku, 2002,p. 41

1,2,3,4 - , ;5 - ().

1,2,3,4 - Archeological materials in one of the most ancientcities of Garabagh, the city of Barda called The mother ofArran; 5 - View of Beylagan, a famous Middle Ages city ofGarabagh (picture).

GARABAGH 19

1 3

4

5

2

- - . . , - , -.11

- - -- . , . - , (.) . (14531478) ( 1470- --) , , , - -.12

2.2. .

- - . , - , - , -: - , - . , . , . .* .13

66 B.C., this legend of "the Great Armenia" became fullyconcocted because they became as the vassals of Rome.This order lasted till the IV century A.D.. Armeniansclaim that the historical lands of the State of Albania arean integral part of Armenia. This has neither scientific norhistorical grounds. In contradistinction to this the Azer-baijanAlbanian State had continued to have an inde-pendent policy, and the historical provinces of Garabaghwere a part of that State. Researcher has written: "Thestudy of sources and the realities of IIV centuries ensureus to say that the Southern frontier of the State of Albanialay alongside the Araz (Araxes) River".11

The inclusion of Garabagh to Azerbaijan and theexistence of various Turkic ethnos in this territory fromvery ancient times are also proved by the legendary epicof Azerbaijan and all Turkic peoples "Kitabi-DadaGorgud", being an oral folkloric monument of literature.The epic of Dada Gorgud was widely disseminated dur-ing the VIVII centuries in Garabagh, as well as in allAzerbaijan territories, including the lake of Goycha. Asconfirmed in this valuable heroic saga, some Oghuzheroes, have visited and met even with the prophet Mo-hammad himself. The famous Oghuznamer ("Kitabi-Di-yarbekriyyer" written by Abu Bakr Tehrani in 1470) writ-ten by the order of Uzun Hassan (14531478), ruler of theAghgoyunlu state mentions that summer pastures at theGoycha Sea and Garabagh belonged to the ancient Oghuzturks and Oghuz Khagan, the founder of Oghuz Turks,was buried near the Goycha Sea. Bayandur Khagan livedin Garabagh and had summer houses on the Goycha Seaand was buried there, too.12

2.2. Garabagh during the Arabian caliphate.On Grigorianization and Armenianization in Arsakh

The main changes in the history of Garabagh startwith the invasions by the Arabian caliphate and in theresult of this occupation the collapse of the State ofAlbania. Until the Arabian occupation, the territory ofGarabagh was of one ethnic origin, that is theAzerbaijanAlban origin. However, the tragic policyadministered in Azerbaijan by the Arabian caliphate atthat time, which led to the provision of religious do-minance of Armenians in the mountainous part of theregion, gradually showed up as well in the ethnic field:the process of Grigorianization, and later Armenianiza-tion of the population of Arsakh the historical regionof the State of Albania started. The academician ZiyaBunyadov* has investigated particularly the reasons andthe course of the process of Grigorianization andArmenianization of this region of Azerbaijan, the essence

20 GARABAGH

* (19231997) , - * Ziya Bunyadov (1923-1997) Orientalist, academician of theAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

1 - . 1238- . ; 2 - . -. , .

1 - The world-famous Azerbaijan Albanian GanjasarMonastery. 1238. Located in the Vangli village of theKalbajar region occupied by Armenians; 2 - The world-famous Azerbaijan Albanian Khudavang Monastery. XIII-XVIIcenturies. Located on the bank of the Tartar river, Kalbajarregion.

GARABAGH 21

1

2

, , . . . ..* VII - ( VIII ) , , : - . - . ..- - , XII .14

( . .. -!) , , , - , , -, .

- - .15 , - - . XII , 1166- . XII XIII ..** - 16. , , . , , , , - .

IXXIII , - . -.17 *** (12151261) . ,

of the Armenian-Caliphate cooperation and other issues,as well as their reflection in the historical literature.13 Cer-tainly, the process of Armenianization was to take moretime than that of Grigorianization and in fact it did.Therefore, Z.Bunyadov protests against the followingwords of the academician S.T.Yeremyan* "The Albanchurch was considered as a part of the Armenian churchsince the VII century (resolutely since the beginning of theVIII century) and at that time the districts of Sunik, Ar-sakh, Uti and others in the Arran region were Armenia-nized" and writes: "It is noteworthy that two differentnotions Armenianization and Grigorianization aremixed. Here one can speak only about Grigorianiza-tion of the Arran population through the help of theArmenian Church. S.T.Yeremyan's point of view regard-ing this is not right. Since the districts of Sunik and mostof Arsakh in the Arran region were Armenianized only inthe early XII century".14

This idea (as well as S.T.Yeremyan's conclusion!)confirms once again that the people living in this part ofGarabagh were not originally Armenians; on the contrary,they were local AzerbaijanAlban tribes which were laterArmenianized, or rather first Grigorianized and thenArmenianized.

Odontologic research, which provides informationabout the ethnogeny of the population, as well as itsmutual relationships, and based on modern scientificachievements also proves this.15 Not accidentally, fol-lowing the destruction of the Arabian caliphate, theprincipalities of Sunik and ArsakhKhachin were estab-lished in part of Albania. "In the late XII century, theprincipality of Sunik fell and its reigning dynasty endedwith the death of prince Grigor and Smbat in 1166. TheKhachin principality created in the territory of Arsakhin the late XII, early XIII centuries was "a part ofancient Albania",16 citing I.A.Orbeli**. Thus, not acci-dentally there was not a single Armenian state amongthe surviving local states in the territory of the Arabiancaliphate, when the latter collapsed. This proves thatunlike Azerbaijan and Georgia, Armenians do not havea history of statehood in the Southern Caucasus at all.

This period of time, i.e. IX the beginning of XIII cen-turies, particularly the period of the reign of Sajis-Atabays-Shirvanshahs was a time when Azerbaijan wasbecoming very mighty in the Southern Caucasus. Thestates of Sajis and Atabays actually united the historicallands of Azerbaijan politically.17 The Khachin principali-ty created in the territory of former Albania reached itshighest rate of progress during the reign of Hasan Jalal(12151261), who belonged to the Mehrani*** dynasty.

22 GARABAGH

*.. (1908) , - **.. (18871961) , - , - - , .*** (510705- )

* Suren Tigranovich Yeremyan (1908) Historian, academician of theArmenian AS** Iosif Abgafovich Orbeli (18871961) Orientalist, academician ofthe USSR AS, academician and the first president of the Armenian AS,once director of the Hermitage.*** Ruler dynasty in Azerbaijan Albania (510705)

, , , . , . 18.

2.3.

( 40- )

(12201222) (12251231) .

- (12311239) - (12391256), () - (12561357) . 19. , , - . . : -* - 1284- . - .20 XIIIXIV - .. , - . , ( ** ***) , ( **** *****) .21 XIIIXIV ( 3).

XV (14101467) (14681501) . - . () * .

Not accidentally the narrative and epigraphic monumentsof the time mention the title "the ruler of Albania" side byside with the titles "the duke (prince) of Khachin coun-tries", "the majestic duke (prince) of the Khachin and Ar-sakh countries", etc. In other words, all the titles of HasanJalal belong to the Azerbaijan-Alban history. One of themost important examples of Alban architecture, the Gan-jasar monastery, was built during his period of reign18.

2.3. Garabagh as one of the centers of politicallife in Azerbaijan

(13th -40's of 18th century)

After putting an end to the Atabays state that wasweakened due to the first attack of Mongolians (12201222), Kharazmshah Jalaladdin reigned in Azerbaijan(12251231), that included Garabagh.

Garabagh, as well as other Azerbaijan territories, fellunder the dominion of the Supreme Mongolian Khanate(12391256), and further the Hulakus (Elkhanis) State(12561357) after the second attack of Mongolians,which completed the occupation of Azerbaijan(12311239). There is much broader information and abetter investigation about the history of Garabagh dur-ing this period.19 In that period the word-combination"gara" and "bagh" Garabagh was already used todescribe a specific geographic territory. V.Piriyev writes:"The name Arran Garabagh was first mentioned in rela-tion with an explanation of the events of 1284 AD in thebook "Jameh at-tavarikh" by Rashidaddin"*. At thattime, Garabagh was a single territory within Arran andconsisted of mountainous, as well as foothill territories.20

Garabagh plays an important role in the political historyof the Hulakus state in the XIIIXIV centuries. V.Piriyevremarks, "The fact that the Mongolian rulers constantlyspent the winter in Garabagh led to several governmen-tal events which took place here. From this point of view,it is worth noting that two Mongolian rulers (Gazankhan** and Arpa khan***) came to the throne inGarabagh and another two rulers (Argun khan**** andAbu Said*****) died in Garabagh".21 In the XIIIXIVcenturies also, Garabagh was a territory of Azerbaijanwith a population consisting of Azerbaijanis (Map 3).

In the XV century, Garabagh was a part of the Azer-baijan Garagoyunlu (14101467) and Aghgoyunlu (14681501) states. However, during the reign of the Garago-yunlu dynasty, an event happened that would be remar-kable in the further history of Garabagh. In the XV century,

GARABAGH 23

* - (12471318) , 12981317- .** (12951304)*** (13351336)**** (12841291)***** (13161335)

* Fazlullah Rashidaddin (12471318) famous historian, vizier of theHulakus state in 12981317** Gazan khan (12951304)*** Arpa khan (13351336)****Argun khan (12841291)***** Abu Said (13161335)

(-, , , , ) -22 (1501)

. XVI - . , - . - . , . - 4 , . ** - - . 1593- , 7 , 36 .23 1,3 , , - .24 - .

- , - .

- ( 4). - . , 1727- 122 . 80,3 (66%) , 37,8 (31%) , 3,7 (3,1%) .25 26 ( 1). , III (17361747) - - - , - . , . , -, - . . -

24 GARABAGH

the ruler of the Garagoyunlu state, Jahan shah, provid-ed the generation of the former Alban ruler, Hasan Jalal(Jalalis), with the title of malik*. Later on, Jalalis weredivided into five Alban principalities-malikliks (Gulus-tan, Jaraberd, Khachin, Varander and Dizag)22

The creation of the Azerbaijan Safavi State (1501)was the basis of the centralization process of allAzerbaijan territories. In the mid 16th century, the cen-tralization of Azerbaijan lands as a unified state wascompleted. Thus, the Azerbaijan Safavi state became amighty state of the region, second only to the OttomanEmpire. In such a case, it was impossible for Armeniansto have any ethnic-political advantages at that time. Onthe contrary, in that period the ethnic and political bor-ders of Azerbaijan became clearer. Safavis established 4baylarbayliks in Azerbaijan, one of which was theGarabagh or Ganja Baylarbaylik. Detailed notebooks**written by ottomans in these territories create a clearidea of the administrative-territorial division of thatbaylarbaylik. In accordance with information from1593, the Ganja-Garabagh province consisted of 7 san-jags and 36 nahiyyas.23 1.3 thousand place-names inthese territories registered in the detailed notebooksnearly all of them belonged to Azerbaijanis.24 None ofthem ever belonged to Armenians.

Following the weakening of the Safavi state (1736),the territories of Azerbaijan became a field of warsbetween Iran, Russia and the Ottoman states.

In that period, the lands of GanjaGarabagh werewithin the Ottoman Empire (Map 4). The Ottomannotebooks compiled at that time prove as well thatAzerbaijanis were the main population of the region. Incompliance with calculations, in 1727, the Ganja-Garabagh population totaled 122,000 people. Eightythousand three hundred of them (66%) were Azerbaijaniturks, thirty seven thousand eight hundred (31%) were Grigoryanized Albans, three thousand seven hundred(3.1%) were Kurds.25 In this period, grigorianizedAlbans, assisted by Russia, became more active politi-cally26 (Document 1). On the other hand, Nadir shahAfshar (17361747), who overthrew the last Safavi rulerAbbas the Third, and came to power, took heavy meas-ures of punishment against the Turkic-Moslem popula-tion of the Ganja-Garabagh baylarbaylik, which refusedto recognize him as a legitimate ruler. This factorstrengthened the position of the Alban maliks ofGarabagh and stimulated their separatism. AfterNadir's death, his state fell into parts and local states-khanates were created in Azerbaijan. In other words,Azerbaijan restored its independence once again in theform of its khanates. Two separate khanates, Ganja and

* ** , -

* Malik in Azerbaijani it means owner of estate** The registration notebook in Ottoman Empire where the incomeand taxes are recorded

1. .2. .

: 3. ; 4. ;5. .

1. The founder of Garabagh khanate Panah khan.2. Panah khans tombstone.State symbols of Garabagh khanate:3. Silver coin.4. Panah Khans scalper.5. Silver keys of Shusha fortress.

GARABAGH 25

1

2 5

3 4

.27

3.

3.1.

- - ., . : , , , - , , . - , , , - (III 30- - .., ..) . -* , - . - . , 17371738- . . [] . , , - , , . - .28

, . - - ( 5).

Garabagh, were established in the territory of theformer GanjaGarabagh district. Let us look individu-ally at the Garabagh khanate, for the territorial claimsof Armenians against Azerbaijan are linked mainly withit.27

3. GARABAGH KHANATE

3.1. Restoration of the Azerbaijan statehoodtradition in Garabagh

The founder of the Garabagh khanate, one of thenewly-independent Azerbaijan states following thedownfall of Nadir shah Afshar's empire, was Panahalibay Javanshir, one of the distinguished statesmen ofAzerbaijan. He was born in the village of Sarijali, Gara-bagh. Vizier of the Garabagh khanate and historianMirza Jamal writes: "After gaining rule over Gara-bagh, Ganja, Tiflis and Shirvan districts, the deceasedNadir shah would call all the brave and laboriouspeople he had met and knew in the districts and vil-lages, employ them to high positions and provide themwith salary, respect and career. Among them was Panahkhan, who was known as Panahali bay Sarijali Javan-shir, who was distinguished in every field, for bravery inwars and fights, particularly in the wars of the deceasedNadir with the troops of Rome (means the wars againstthe Ottoman Empire in 1730's Y.M., K.Sh.)". Howe-ver, after the Mughan congress*, Nadir began to punishsternly the people of Garabagh who did not want toaccept his power and to exile the Turkish-Moslem pop-ulation of this district to Afghanistan and Khorasan.Panahali bay's brother, Fazlali khan was executed forrejecting this measure. Seeing this, Panahali bay madeuse of the fact that the Shah was in Khorasan, and heran to the Garabagh district with several of his relativesand kindred in 17371738. When the shah received thenews about his escape, he sent heralds to catch him onthe way. However, they failed. Nadir sent resolutedecrees to the viceroy of Azerbaijan, rulers of Ganja,Tiflis and Shirvan demanding to catch and bring to himPanah khan wherever they might find him. Panah khan'sfamily and other relatives were punished and given a fineby the shah's order, but it was in vain.28

Thus, even when Nadir was alive, Panahali bayrefused to obey him and tried to rule his native landGarabagh independently. Consequently, followingNadir shah's death, an independent Azerbaijan state Garabagh khanate, was created in the lands ofGarabagh (Map 5).

26 GARABAGH

* 1736- . - .

* Mughan congress took place in March, 1736. Here Nadir conducted"shah elections" in order to legalize his power.

. - . -- - . , 15 .

,, , , , , , - . - . - , .

1748- . , - . , -, .29

- . : 1161, 1745- (1748- .., ..) ( ) , - - , .30

, . , .31

- . 1748- : . ( , ). - , , . * : ( .., ..) - -

Now, after the Garabagh khanate was announced asan independent state, the main task was to achieve itsstrengthening. One of the first steps taken by Panahkhan in this field was to bring back the Turkish-Moslempopulation of Garabagh, whom Nadir had exiled. Thereturn of the internally displaced persons and their set-tlement in their native lands strengthened the Garabaghkhanate. The future khan of Garabagh, 15-year oldIbrahimkhalil, was also among those coming back first.

When the Garabagh khanate was created, the citiesof Tabriz, Ardabil, Ganja, Shamakhi, Baku, Nakh-chivan, Shaki and Darband were not yet establishedhere, whereas the presence of such socioeconomic cen-ters was of great importance for the further developmentof the khanates. New defensive installations, as well asthe building of new cities, should be regarded as valu-able military-political and construction achievements ofPanah khan.

One of the first steps taken in this direction was thebuilding of the Bayat castle in 1748, the name of whichwas linked with an ancient AzerbaijanTurkish tribe Bayats. "Khan gathered his entire family, relatives andall the family-members of the region's elders. The peopleliving nearby, even many men and artisans of Tabrizand Ardabil districts hearing about Panah khan'sprogress, his behavior and love, moved here with theirfamilies and settled in the Bayat castle".29

Panah khan's activity in the field of independent statebuilding resulted in the state's official recognition. MirzaJamal writes: "In the Moslem year of 1161, Christianyear of 1745 (1748 in fact Y.M., K.Sh.), the decreesigned by Adil shah on providing Panah khan with thetitle of khan and his appointment to the position of theruler of Garabagh, as well as precious gifts, a horse withgolden saddle and a sword adorned with jewelry reachedthe Bayat castle, where they were living at that time,through a close relative of the Vicegerent Amir Aslan".30

Adil shah's decree was in fact a tardy document. Thetrue "power" had been gained before the shah's decreeand was regardless of him.31

The unsuccessful attack of the Shaki khanate on Ga-rabagh played an important role in Panah khan's recog-nition as the "Ruler of Garabagh". The khan of Shaki,Haji Chalabi stated after his unsuccessful Bayat incur-sion in 1748: "So far Panah khan was a silver withoutcoin, we came, minted this coin with his name and cameback" (in other words, "Panahali khan had declared him-self khan, and I confirmed his position with my defeat").These words of Haji Chalabi khan, which became a say-ing among people, had in fact a much stronger effectthan Adil shah's decree. Ahmad bay Javanshir* writes:

GARABAGH 27

* (18281903) ,

* Ahmad bay Javanshir (18281903) historian, one of the authors of"Garabaghname"

.32 , , -

. - . - * : . -, , (, ..,..) . 1165- (1751- .., ..) .33

3.2.

-. - - . , - - . . ** :

, - -.34 : - . . *** , - .

. - . - . **** -. .

. -. () (- ). , -. , , . ( - .., ..)

"After this victory (Bayat fight Y.M., K.Sh.), the leg-end about the bravery of Panah khan, which becamewide-spread everywhere, subjected all the Moslem tribesliving in Garabagh at that time to him without wars".32

At the same time, the Bayat fight exposed that thiscastle was not going to stand future historical tests.Therefore, a new castle had to be built. Mirza Adigirzalbay* writes: "Panah khan built a castle in Tarnakut,which was known as Shahbulag. He ordered to buildmosques, houses, charsu (square, bazaar square Y.M.,K.Sh.) and bathhouses with stone and lime. He finishedall of these in 1165 (1751 Y.M., K.Sh.) and made thatplace his abode".33

3.2. Kurakchay treaty

As Panah khan strengthened, the destructive activityof feudals-maliks, who supported a scattered type ofstate increased also. Preventing this became a vital jobfrom the military-political point of view. Otherwise, theterritorial-administrative unity of khanate could be lost.Original sources confirm as well this historical truth.

Mir Mehdi Khazani** was very correct in writing:"The five mahals (regions) in Garabagh were togethercalled the Region of Khamsa before, but now they allhave different names"34 Mirza Adigirzal bay wroteabout the feudal malikliks: "One of these mahals isDizag. Their malik is Malik Yegan. He ran away fromLori***, sat on the throne of malik during the reign ofNadir shah at his order and gained respect.

The second mahal is Varander. Their maliks weremaliks of the Shahnazarly dynasty. They belong to amore ancient generation and enjoy greater trust. Thenoblemen of Goycha**** were their ancestors. Laterthey escaped from Goycha, came to Garabagh andbecame drunk with power after drinking the bowl of theposition of malik in Varander mahal.

The third mahal is Khachin. Their malik is HasanJalalyan's son. (They) made the bride of power beautifuland (became rulers). After this family was deprived of therank of malik, this mahal had no independent malik.Finally, the deceased Panah khan Javanshir's "Sun ofstatehood" and "flag of majesty" raised on the horizon of

28 GARABAGH

* (17801848) . -, . ** (18191894) . - *** () . . . 1921- - .**** . . - 1510- . . . - - . 1930- , .

* Mirza Adigirzal bay (17801848) historian. He served first in thelaw-court of the khan of Garabagh, then in the Russian army. One ofthe authors of "Garabaghname"** Mir Mehdi Khazani (18191894) historian. One of the authors of"Garabaghnamer"*** Lori one of the settlements in Azerbaijan. Destroyed in the XIVcentury. Called also Tashir. It was officially annexed to the ArmenianSSR in 1921**** Goycha name of a place in Western Azerbaijan, believed to takeits name from that of Goycha lake mentioned firstly in relation withevents of the V century. Shah Ismayil's decree in 1510 mentions theGoycha mahal. It was one of the mahals of the Iravan khanate, whenthe latter was created. After the Russian invasion, it became a part ofthe Yeni Bayazid area. During the Soviet period it was given toArmenia which has been formed as a state in the historical Azerbaijanilands. In 1930, the name of Azerbaijani word "Goycha" was changedinto "Sevan" by Armenians

-. .

. . * . , , . ( - .., ..) , .

. -. . . . - 35 ( 3.1.).

, ,

. , . - , , . , ,

power and lighted all parts of the Garabagh district withsplendor and luxury. At the order of officials of this eter-nal state Malik Mirza khan from Khinziristan (modernname Khindiristan Y.M., K.Sh.) minted the coin ofthe rank of malik with his name. Further, his sonAllahverdi and grandson Malik Gahraman raised theflag of maliklik to the skies.

The fourth mahal is Chilerbird. Their malik is MalikAllahgulu. They are originally from Maghaviz*. Theycame and became maliks in Chilerbird and settled in areally strong country in the middle of the Tartar River.They made the Chermukh castle (short name ofChilerbird Y.M., K.Sh.), which had very difficult roadstheir abode, shelter and habitation. They appropriatedChilerbird independently and gained great fameNadirshahgave him the rank and robe of sultan

The fifth mahal is Talish. Their malik is Malik Usub.They sprang up from Shirvan. For some time they livedin the village of Talish. Many of them became maliksmore than once. Further, Malik Usub occupied theGulustan castle and settled there"35 (Table 3.1).

Thus, except for Khachin, other malikliks and thegenerations they belonged to were not originally fromGarabagh and had come to this land from other places.They were not Armenians, but representatives of theformer Alban generations. Therefore, the fact thatArmenian nationalists in order to justify the territorialclaims against Azerbaijan consider those malikliks as a

GARABAGH 29

* Maghaviz, Magovuz settlement built by the people coming from the"Maku" district of Iravan province in the XVII century. Its name wascreated by adding the name of the "Uz" tribe to the word "Maku".During the power of czarist Russia, it was a part of the Zangazur uezd,Yelizavetpol (Ganja) gubernia. During the Soviet power, it was withinthe Gafan region of Armenian SSR. Armenians have also changed thishistorical name. Its name was changed into "Kakhnout" by the decreeof the Armenian SSR Supreme Soviet Presidium in June 29, 1949

* , - . . () . - - . . 1949- 29 , -.

Garabagh malikliks

3.1 Table 3.1

1603

1637 ()

( )

()

Nameof the

maliklik When

Immigration to Garabagh

From where

Varander 1603 Goycha mahal

1637 Zangazur (Sunik)

Created in the XVIII century

Local

Early XVIII century Lori district

Early XVIII centuryShirvan (Nij village,Gabala sultanate)

Chilerbird

Khachin

Dizag

Gulustan(Talish)

. - , - . , , XVII - . - .36 - . - . , .

. , - - .

. , , -. : - -, - , . - , - . , , - . . , (- ) -.37 .

, - . - - .

1781- . , - .

continuance of the "Armenian statehood" is radicallywrong, or rather scientific falsification. On the otherhand, the immigrant maliks failed to create even a smallstate union after gaining power over the mahals in Gara-bagh. They could not rise above the level of the heads ofmahals, who lived in an isolated condition and oftenfought against each other. There is no root of theirs inGarabagh in the period before the XVII century. "Maliksrepresented the forces which wanted strengthening of thefeudal disorderliness in Garabagh".36 The separatist-cen-trifugal activity of maliks hindered the centralizationwork going on in the khanate and the entire country.Their participation in the alien forces' attacks onGarabagh struck a hard blow to the independence of theGarabagh khanate. Therefore, the measures taken inorder to eliminate the separatist trends of malikliks werenot ethnic conflict, but a fight against the attempts uponthe independence of the Garabagh khanate.

The first among the Khamsa maliks to recognize theindependence of Panah khan's power was MalikShahnazar. This was achieved through marriage diplo-macy. In other words Ibrahimkhalil khan married MalikShahnazar's daughter Hurzat.

The malik of Khachin Ulubab recognized Panahkhan's power after he was defeated in Balligaya.Nevertheless, the hostile policy of Dizag, Chilerbird andTalish maliks went on for several years. Ahmad bayJavanshir writes: "After the fierce resistance of the malikof Tugh or Dizag, Malik Yegan, together with his sonsand relatives, who kept the money of treasure, gatheredfrom neighboring provinces, where some of them werekilled, and some adopted Islam Malik of Chilerbird,Allahgulu Sultan first accepted his power, but later hewas killed on Panah khan's order after being accused oftreason. His brother, Malik Hatam went into alliancewith the fifth malik of Talish, Malik Usub and defendedtheir settlements from attacks by Panah khan's forcesfor a long time, but retreated to the impregnableJermukh castle after being defeated in the Mardakerd vil-lage. After staying in the castle for about a year, he hadto look for a shelter in foreign countries. However, hispolitical activity did not end with this. That is, later on,both he and his sons (son of the first Malik Majnun)were constantly attacking Garabagh"37 The achieve-ments of Panah khan in subordinating the maliks, wascontinued by his son Ibrahim khan.

The Maliks of Garabagh, Yesay from Dizag, Majnunfrom Chilerbird and Baylaryan from Gulustan refused tosubordinate themselves to Ibrahim khan. However,Malik Shahnazar from Varander and Mirza khan fromKhachin accepted his power and joined the patrioticalliance of forces he had created.

The allies encircled the Tugh castle in 1781. MalikYesay surrendered and Malik Bahtam came to power

30 GARABAGH

. -

1783- -. - , , - . - . ( .., ..) .

, -. - .

. II (17441798) - . - . 17871791- - . - .

1795- (17421797) - . 33 . , . . - 38 . II - (17641796) . - . 1797- , , .

XVIII I , - , 1801- , - (1803) (1804) .

- .. (18021806) - 39. ( 2) , . , -, , .

here. However, soon he also appeared to be treach-erous.

From 1783 Russia began to intervene as well in thestruggle between separatist maliks and Ibrahim khan.Intending to occupy the South Caucasus, Russia tried tocreate a "Christian state" in the Azerbaijan territory, orrather its supporter here with the help of those maliks.Ibrahim khan managed to gather the hostile maliks inShusha with the help of his high diplomatic skill. Basedon documents, he proved that (Italicized by us Y.M.,K.Sh.) they betrayed the Garabagh khanate and arrestedthem.

Malik Majnun and Abov were put into the Shushajail; Malik Bahtam was given to the khan of Ardabil forhis faults. The ally of the maliks, Catholicos of GanjasarMonastery Johannes and his brother were arrested andput in jail as well.

However, the maliks managed to escape from theShusha jail. They came to Tiflis and began to prepare thecoup-d'etat against the Garabagh khanate with the helpof the Georgian tzar Irakli the Second (17441798) andthe Russian colonel Burnashov. The enemies, beginning a"crusade" against the Garabagh khanate, approachedGanja. However, this "crusade" failed due to the start ofthe RussianTurkish war in 17871791. Ibrahim khanmanaged to preserve the integrity of the independentGarabagh khanate.

Agha Mahammad Gajar (17421797), who came topower in Iran in the summer of 1795, attacked Gara-bagh. The 33-day siege of Shusha was unsuccessful. AfterShusha, he attacked Tiflis. Agha Mahammad Gajar hadto retreat after the attack of Russian troops commandedby V.Zubov.38 When the Russian tzarina Catherine theSecond (17641796) died, V.Zubov was called back fromAzerbaijan. In 1797, Agha Mahammad Gajar attackedGarabagh once again and captured Shusha, but then hewas killed there.

In late 18th and early 19th centuries, the invasiveactivity of Russia in South Caucasus, includingAzerbaijan increased. In 1801, Georgia was annexedto the Russian Empire. The Jar-Balakan area (1803)and Ganja khanate (1804) of Azerbaijan were occu-pied.

Under such circumstances, Ibrahim khan concludedan agreement with the commander of Russian troopsP.D.Sisianov in Kurakchay.39 Pursuant to the Kurakchaytreaty (Document 2), the Garabagh khanate wasannexed to Russia specially as a Moslem-Azerbaijan ter-ritory. The Kurakchay treaty, which reflects a historicalreality, is at the same time a reliable document provingthat Garabagh, as well as its mountainous part, belongsto the Azerbaijani people.

GARABAGH 31

4.

4.1. .

1805- ( 6). 17 - . 1806- .40 - (18061822) . -, , , - - . - , , , -- * ( ) - ( 7). - - .. (17821829) - - . 1830- -** 1840- 10 - . - ( ) ( 8). - .

1846- - (1859- ) ( 9). 1867- -, ( 10). , - . - . - .41

-, -

4. GARABAGH UNDER THERUSSIAN EMPIRE

4.1. The czarist regime in Garabagh.Massive resettlement of Armenians

to Garabagh

By the Kurakchay treaty of 1805 the Garabaghkhanate in fact was annexed to Russia (p 6). Keepingthe Khan Dominion another 17 years conveyed a strate-gic purpose. Ibrahim khan's execution in 1806 demon-strated Russia's rejection of every law.40 Under this condi-tion of dominion of Mehdigulu khan (18061822), theson of Ibrahim khan was not stable. Under this condi-tion the czar strengthened the occupying regime and inorder to firmly establish the khanate territory tried toweaken the economic condition of the ruling Moslemstrata, and vice versa to raise Grigorianized andArmenianized Albans whom he considered supportive tohis superior position. After the abolition of the khanate,curfew administrative rule (as in the other territoriesof North Azerbaijan) was established here as well and itincluded the Military-Moslem district* (Center Shusha)(Map 7). At that time lieutenant-general V.G.Madatov(17821829), who had taken part in annexation opera-tions of the Russian army and who was Armenian byorigin, established an Armenian-Russian annexationregime in the true sense of the word. As a result of theinfluence of the 1830 uprisings**, the czar carried outadministrative- military reform on April 10, 1840. Inaccordance with this reform the Garabagh region hadbeen changed to the Shusha uezd and put under theCaspian province's supervision (Center Shamakhi)(Map 8). With that the Garabagh notion had lost its polit-ical meaning and stayed only as a geographical notion.

During the administrative territorial division of 1846,the Shusha uezd had been put under the newly estab-lished Shamakhi province's (since 1859 Baku) supervi-sion (Map 9). In 1867 when the Yelizavetpol guberniahad been established, the Shusha uezd was put under it'ssupervision. The territory of Shusha uezd was dividedand three additional uezds: Zangazur, Javanshir andJabrail were created here (Map 10). By that the Shushauezd also lost its administrative-political ruling. Suchadministrative territorial division had been carried outfor that specific purpose. These reforms gave a wide-spread opportunity to Armenians to be represented inthe ruling system.41

32 GARABAGH

* - - .** (1828) - - . 1830- -, 1831- , 1837- -, 1838- .

* A new district which has been named "MilitaryMoslem district"once again confirms that Garabagh belongs to Azerbaijani people.** After Turkmanchay treaty (1828) the czarist Russia an unbearablemilitary-colonial regime established in Azerbaijan. That's why theanticolonial uprising took place in 1830 in JarBalakan, in 1831 inLankaran, in 1837 in Guba, in 1838 in Shaki.

.1828- ( 3) - . - V -. , , , , , . , .42 , -, . - - - ( - ..).

1829- - - .43 ( 4).

-

- .. (18161827) 44 . - (18051822) , (1593- ) , . , 20.095 15.729- (1.111- ,14.618- ), 4366- ,

Czarism occupying North Azerbaijan territories atthe same time carried out the Armenianization policy ofthe territories. Since the Turkmanchay treaty of 1828(Document 3) this event had become more regular andpurposeful. The resettlement of the Armenians from Iranto North Azerbaijan was confirmed by the XV article ofthis treaty. Due to this article the shah gives officials andinhabitants a year to move from Iran province to Russiawith their families freely from that day, to carry posses-sions and sell immovable property without fixing customsand tax prices to their properties and goods for salewithout laying obstacles of governmental and local author-ities. As far as the immovable property concerned 5 yearperiod is determined for its selling or for decision to betaken on it.42

This article has been purposefully included in theTurkmanchay treaty ensuring that Armenians couldmassively and freely move from Iran to NorthAzerbaijan including Garabagh. ''Legal-political'' guar-antee and organizational measures have been takenrelated to the resettlement of Armenians.

By the Adirna treaty of 1829, resettlement ofArmenians from the Ottoman Empire to the recentlyoccupied North Azerbaijan territories began to becarried out43. One of the principal directions in theresettlement of Armenians was Garabagh lands (Docu-ment 4).

During the abolition of the Garabagh khanate theethnic composition of its population was reflected in a"Description" which was compiled by instruction of thecommander-in-chief of the Russian army in CaucasusA.P.Yermolov (18161827).44 If we compare statistics(since 1593) we can see that despite the Armenianizationpolicy carried out in Garabagh the Azerbaijanis formeda majority of the population again. According to the"Description" from 20,095 families in Garabagh province15,729 were Azerbaijanis (1.111 in the city, 14.618 in thevillage), 4366 were Armenians (421 in the city, 3.945 in

GARABAGH 33

, - . , - , - .

..

Your majesty, do not allow Armeniansto settle in the central lands of Russia byany means. They are such a race, whichhaving lived there for several decades,would start declaring all over the world, thatthese places were their primordial lands.

A.S.QriboyedovAbstract from the letter to Russian emperor

(421- , 3.945- ).45 , . - (, .) .46 ( - , 80- . .., ..) , 18281830- , 2 , , 40, 90 -.47 - 200 . .

4.2. -

- , , :

1. () () ;

2. -, ;

3. , - ;

4. -- - -, -. ;

5. -. , - .

- .

, - . -

the village)45. It should be noted that a majority ofthese Armenians were Grigorianized and Armenianizedformer Albans. As a result of mass resettlement ofArmenians to Garabagh there appeared new Armenianvillages (Maraghaly, Janyatag, etc.).46 (Some time laterArmenians erected monuments in Garabagh "in honour"of their resettlement, but in 80s of XX century during ter-ritorial claims they falsified them. Y.M., K.Sh.) Duringonly two (182830) years 40000 Armenians from Iran,90000 Armenians from the Ottoman Empire were reset-tled to North Azerbaijan as well as in Garabagh.47 Officialinformation put their number at over 200000 together withunofficial Armenian immigrants. After resettlement theArmenians' number in the ethnic composition ofGarabagh started growing.

4.2. Completion of Grigorianization andArmenianization of Azerbaijan-Alban

population of Garabagh

As was mentiond above the grigorianization andarmenianization of Alban population of Daghlig Gara-bagh was a long process:

1. The aborigines of Garabagh as the population ofother North Azerbaijan lands (Albania) have been Albantribes;

2. At the beginning of the 4th century in someplaces of Albania, including here, Christianity wasspread;

3. During the Arabian caliphate's occupation andrule in VIIIX centuries the Islamic religion was spreadin the country, but Albans living in the mountainous partof Garabagh remained Christians;

4. ArmenianGrigorian missionaries immigrated tothe South Caucasus and used favarable conditions estab-lished as a result of the Arabian caliphate's occupationand began to grigorianize and then armenianizeChristianAlban population of the mountainous part ofGarabagh. The historical process of armenianizationlasted longer than grigorianization;

5. The Christian population in the mountainous partof Garabagh called themselves Albans in the letter toPeter the first. This proves that, they didn't yet considerthemselves Armenians at the beginning of XVIII century.

From the beginning of XVIII century during thearmenianization process of Albans a fundamentalchange took place.

Intervention by Russia in the region, resettlement ofArmenians from other countries to South Caucasus,including Azerbaijan strengthened here the Armenianfactor. This policy was the turning point in the history ofgrigorianized Albans living in the mountainous part of

34 GARABAGH

1. (, , ) ( . ). 1828- .2. 150 . (), 1978- .3. (150 ) . (),1988- .

1. Replacement of Armenians from Iran to the NorthAzerbaijan territories (Nakhchivan, Iravan, Garabagh) (pictureby the Russian painter V.Mashkov). 1828. 2. The monument laid by Armenians on the occasion of the150th anniversary of their replacement from Iran to NorthAzerbaijan. Aghdere (Mardakert), 1978. 3. View of that monument after the part of it showing the dateof replacement (150 years) was pulled down by theArmenian separatists. Aghdere (Mardakert), 1988.

GARABAGH 35

1

2

3

. - .

(18041813, 18261828) (18061812, 18281829) -, 1828- 1829- - , - - . 1836- - .* - , !

, - .

4.3. ,

I 30- , . . (1911) , 1,3 . 1 .- .48 -, 1916- ( ) 51 %- -, 46%- ( - .., ..) .49

( - ) . , - - .

Garabagh. Their armenianization process entered thelast stage.

During the RussiaTurkey wars (18041813, 18261828) and RussianIran wars (18061812, 18281829),especially after 1828 Turkmanchay and 1829 Adirnatreaties massive resettlement of Armenians from Iranand Ottomon States to other regions of Azerbaijanincluding Garabagh ended the armenianization processof the grigorianized aborigines Albans. In 1836 Albancatholicism was annulled.* Only after this it is possible touse the word "armenian" in connection with the Albanpopulation, and it can be used tentatively!

Despite all this, Daghlig Garabagh Armenianscompared to other Armenians have always histori-cally kept their specific features connected with theirAlban roots.

4.3. Beginning of Armenian genosideagainst Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan

including Garabagh

After the 1830's the Armenians' mass resettlement toNorth Azerbaijan lands, as well as to Garabagh con-tinued. Russian scholar in Caucasian StudiesN.Shavrov wrote that (1911) more than 1 millionArmenians out of 1,3 mln. in Caucasus were immigrants.48

Despite this since 1916, 51% of the population againwas Azerbaijani and 46% was Armenian (together withlocal Alban origin Armenians Y.M., K.Sh.) inGarabagh (within the khanate borders).49 Settlementof Armenians in the mountainous part of Garabagh

near the aborigines (grigorianized and armenianizedAlbans) who practiced the same religion became wide-spread. This was done in order to provide compact liv-ing of immigrant Armenians and carried a strategic aim.

The strengthening of the administrative-managementsystem of Armenians, and the mechanical increasing of

36 GARABAGH

1 300 1 . - .

.N. :

.

.. 1911, . 64

1 million out of 1.3 millionArmenians, living in Transcaucasia, areimmigrants. We have moved them to thisarea.

N.N.Shavrov"New threat to Russian business in Transcaucasia:

forthcoming sale of Mugan to foreigners".

St. Petersburg. 1911, page 64

* :. 111 (159-160- ).

* For additional information about Alban and Grigorian churches seepage 111 (159-160 notes).

. 1883-1884- . (1817-1910). .

Girvhar Agha Mosque. 1883-1884. Architect KarbalayiSafikhan Garabaghi (1817-1910). Shusha city.

GARABAGH 37

, -:1. (1717-1797); 2. (1832-1897); 3. (1833-1918); 4. (1784-1857); 5. H(1870-1933); 6. (1863-1920); 7. (1873-1955); 8. (1854-1926); 9. (1887-1943). 10. (1900-1983); 11. (1901-1983); 12. (1914-1996).

Distinguished poets, writers and literary criticsfrom Garabagh: 1. Mullah Panah Vagif (1717-1797); 2. KhurshudbanuNatavan (1832-1897); 3. Mir Mirhsun Navvub (1833-1918); 4.Gassim bay Zakir (1784-1857); 5. Abdurrahim bayHagverdiyev (1870-1933); 6. Firidun bay Kocharli (1863-1920); 7. Hamida khanum Javanshir (1873-1955); 8. Najafbay Vazirov (1854-1926); 9. Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (1887-1943); 10. Suleyman Rahimov (1900-1983); 11. Ali Valiyev(1901-1983); 12 Ilyas Afandiyev (1914-1996)

38 GARABAGH

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

:

1. (1885-1948); 2. - (1884-1950); 3. (1922-1984) ; 4. - (1919-1974); 5. (1912-1984); 6. - (1924-2000); 7. (1897-1961); 8. (1915-1989); 9. (1846-1902); 10. (1901-1979); 11. (1889-1965); 12. (1938).

The world-famous composers and singers fromKarabakh:

1. Uzeyir bay Hajibayli (1885-1948); 2. Zulfugar bay Hajibayli(1884-1950); 3. Fikrat Amirov (1922-1984); 4. SoltanHajibayli (1919-1974); 5. Niyazi (1912-1984); 6. SuleymanAlasgarov (1924-2000); 7. Bulbul (1897-1961); 8. RashidBehbudov (1915-1989); 9. Sadigjan (1846-1902); 10. KhanShushinski (1901-1979); 11. Seyid Shushinski (1889-1965);12. Arif Babayev (1938).

GARABAGH 39

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

- -, - - .50, - .

- , - 1872- - -; - 5%, 50% - . 167 55 . - - .51 , , - . - , - .

, -, -, -- - . , , . 1890- - .52

1905- . - .53 19051906- . - - . 1915- , - , . (1917, ), - (1917, )

their number by way of resettlement was followedby the strengthening of their economic potential as wellas.50 As a result of comprehensive supporting and favorab-le conditions established by czarism Armenians becamestronger in the economic life of Garabagh.

As a result of a supportive and purposeful policy ofthe Russian empire enhanced economic potential hadbeen achieved by Armenians. In North Azerbaijan, thediscriminatory policy of czarism during the abolishmentof the commitment system upon oil-bearing lands in1872, began to draw great attention in Baku. As a resultAzerbaijanis received only 5%, but Armenians receivedmore than 50% of land areas. 55 big and middle compa-nies out of 167 operating in Baku belonged toArmenians, etc. A comprehensive program for increas-ing the cultural-educational level of Armenians was alsoestablished at this time.51 Despite this Garabagh and itscenter, Shusha city, still remained one of the administra-tive-political and cultural centers of the Azerbaijanipeople. Despite all these obstacles and counteractionof czarist ruling and its colonial policy servants,Garabagh, was being developed as an Azerbaijanland.

So, for a short time Armenians massively settled inNorth Azerbaijan as well as in the Caucasus whileobtaining widespread opportunities provided by czaristRussia for administrative- political, socio-administrativeand cultural development. Thus they began clearly fight-ing for the realization of a "Great Armenia" idea inAzerbaijan lands. One of the main parts of this idea wasto annihilate the local Azerbaijani population ofGarabagh, Iravan, Nakhchivan and other Azerbaijanlands and capture the lands where the Azerbaijanis wereliving. As Armenians' revolts rose against the Ottomanstate starting in 1890 had not been successful the centerof this fight became North Azerbaijan.52

Beginning in 1905 Armenians committed massgenocide against the Azerbaijani people. The genocidepolicy of Armenians against Azerbaijanis in Garabaghwas more tragic.53 Even the 19051906 annihilation car-ried out by Armenians didn't satisfy them. They triedtheir best to use the historic condition caused by theFirst World War to establish mythic a "Great Armenia"state. Failing in new revolts against the Ottoman state in1915 Armenians gathered their forces in the SouthCaucasus and began to continue their genocide againstAzerbaijanis. Because of anarchy in the Caucasus withthe overthrowing of czarist government (1917,February), then the seizing of power by Bolsheviks inRussia (1917, October) during this long-term his-toric period Armenian armed groups serving in theRussian army joined with Bolsheviks and began a newperiod of more terrible annihilation against Azerbai-janis. New mass genocides, beginning with the March

40 GARABAGH

:

1. (). .2. . .

Garabagh carpets and rugs famous in the world for theirartistic features and beauty:

1. Garabagh carpet (fragment). XVI c. 2. Garabagh carpet. XVII c.

GARABAGH 41

1

2

3. . .4. (fraqment). .

3. Garabagh carpet. c.4. Garabagh carpet (fragment). I c.

42 GARABAGH

3

4

5. . (1897- ).6. . (1912- ).

5. Chalaby carpet. . (1897). 6. Gasimushaghi carpet. . (1912).

GARABAGH 43

5

6

3. . .4. (fraqment). .

3. Garabagh carpet. c.4. Garabagh carpet (fragment). I c.

42 GARABAGH

3

4

5. . (1897- ).6. . (1912- ).

5. Chalaby carpet. . (1897). 6. Gasimushaghi carpet. . (1912).

GARABAGH 43

5

6

- - , . 1918- - - .54 - . - - - .

5. (19181920- )

1918- 28- 120 . - (1813) (1828) - - . : - , -.55 -- ( 11). , - , - . () . . - ..- (18621934) 1918- 18- : 5, 10 , 4 , , . , , - , - . , -

46 GARABAGH

genocide of 1918 in Baku dealt a heavy blow to theAzerbaijani people.54 By establishing the AzerbaijanPeoples Republic a new period began in Azerbaijan his-tory. The Azerbaijan Peoples Republic averted completeannihilation of the Azerbaijan people by armedArmenian band of robbers and dashnak-bolshevikregime in North Azerbaijan.

5. GARABAGH IN THE PERIODOF THE AZERBAIJAN PEOPLES REPUBLIC (19181920)

On May 28, 1918, after Russian bondage continuingapproximately 120 years, Azerbaijan established a newindependent state in North Azerbaijan. In itsIndependence declaration the Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic (APR) declared its legal inheritance of NorthAzerbaijan lands occupied by Russia according to theGulustan (1813) and Turkmanchay (1828) Treaties. Thefirst article of Independence declaration said: "Sincetoday peoples of Azerbaijan have sovereign rights,Azerbaijan consisting of East and South Transcaucasusis a full-rights independent state".55 The AzerbaijanPeoples Republic also published a map of its territo-ry and well-founded from a legal-political aspect (Map11). It goes without saying Garabagh as an integralpart of Azerbaijan together with other North Azerbaijanlands belonged to the territory of Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic. But at that time the recently declaredArmenian (Ararat) republic was also laying a ground-less claim to Garabagh. The Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic rejected this claim. Chairman of Parliamentof the Azerbaijan Peoples Republic A.M.Topchubashov(18621934) announced at the negotiations held onNovember 18, 1918 with the Minister of Foreign Affairsof the Ottoman State: "The Garabagh issue is throwninto the middle is not an issue of 5 or 10 villages, thedispute is on the whole 4 sanjags Shusha, Javanshir,Jabrayil and Zangazur. It is a territory of suchkhanate where the number of Armenians and Azerbai-janis isn't equal, and there isn't any basis to speak aboutthe absolute majority of Armenians and also they are notlocal inhabitants of this territory. They are resettledhere after war with Russia from Turkey Finally,Armenians in Garabagh do not live densely but alongsideMoslems. Despite this we are supporters of a peacefulsolution of this issue".56

Armenians continued annihilations that had takenplace before also during the Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic period. Taking into consideration the situa-tion in January, 1919 the Azerbaijan governmentestablished Garabagh general governorship which

:1. . ; 2. . ; 3.. ; 4-5. . . .

Garabagh dresses:1. Women's dress. XIX c.; 2. Men's dress. XIX c.; 3.Chapkan. XIX c.; 4-5. Arkhalig. Women's outdoor-clothes.XIX c.

GARABAGH 47

1 2

3 4

5

1. (). ; 2. . ; 3.. ; 4. . .

1. Bahari (fragment). XIX c.; 2. Veil. XIX c.; 3. Socks. XIX c.;4. Shoe. XIX c.

48 GARABAGH

1 2

3 4

, . , .56

- . , 1919- - , , - -. . - . () . - , - .57 - , , . - .

1919- 1920- - .58

. . 1918- - - . - , . , .59

. 1918- , 1919- .

. . 20 - 1922- -, : ... - (.. - .., ..) (.. .., ..) - , -, . , , ,

contained the Shusha, Javanshir, Jabrayil and Zangazuruezds. Kh.Sultanov was appointed to this post. Ministerof Foreign Affairs of Armenia (Ararat Republic) S.Tig-ranyan protested against establishing Garabagh gover-nor-general administration but in response the Azerbai-jan Peoples Republic government called it groundlessand these territories were stated as an integral part ofAzerbaijan.57 Territorial claims of Armenians from oneside, worsening the relations first with English, thenwith Americans on the other side, made the Garabaghgovernor-general work in a tense situation.

At the end of 1919 in spring of 1920 Armenian-dashnak armed band of robbers committed an attackand massive massacre against the peaceful Azerbaijanipopulation in Zangazur.58

Armenians didn't act peacefully in Javanshir uezd(district) as well. Their attacks on the foothill villagesof the uezd (district) became an ordinary event.Armenian bands of robbers committed violent actsagainst the Azerbaijani population in the flat part ofthis district in the spring-summer months of 1918."Armenians, blocking the Tartar River's way, turneda jet of water in another direction and thus the low-lying lands of the uezd (district) were waterless andthey did great damage to them. There was even a short-age of drinkable water in low-lying lands".59

Armenian bands of robbers also attacked the peace-ful population in other uezds (districts) of Garabagh, inJabrayil. In December, 1918 Armenians' attacks onAzerbaijani villages of Jabrayil uezd (district) becamewider and at the beginning of 1919 they had a moreruinous character.

Armenians' savageries were more extreme in theShusha uezd (district) and in the political center ofGarabagh in Shusha city. On December 20, 1922S.Shaduns, the former responsible representative of theTranscaucasian Country Committee (CCC) in Daghlig-Garabagh despite forging some truths confessed that theentire Garabagh was included in Azerbaijan PeoplesRepublic's territory. He wrote: ... (.. .., ..) (.. - .., ..)- , , . - , , , . -, , , , . -, -

GARABAGH 49

:

1. . . ; 2. .. ; 3-4. . . ; 5. . . .

Jewelry and artistic craftsmanship item:

1. Aynali (Mirror) belt. Silver. Late XIX c.; 2. Aynali belt.Silver. Early XX c.; 3-4. Belt. Silver. Early XX c.; 5. Bracelet.Silver. Early XX c.

50 GARABAGH

1 2

3

5

4

1. . . ; 2. . . ; 3. . . ; 4-5. . . .

1. Koran container. Gold. Early XX c.; 2. Thong. Gold. EarlyXX c.; 3. Thong. Silver. Early XX c.; 4-5. Swords. Silver.Early XX c.

GARABAGH 51

1 2

3 4

5

. , , , , . --, , .

, , , - ...*.60

1920- 22- . - . - , - . - . - - 1920- .

6. 19201980-

6.1.

, - . . - -

, .

- , , , - ...*60

During Azerbaijan Peoples Republic times one of themost traitorous armed revolts of the Armenians hap-pened in Shusha on March 22, 1920 on Novruz Holi-day. This separate revolt rose by the order of bolshevickswho were planning to occupy Azerbaijan. At that timedespite repulsing a revolt of Armenian separatists in mostplaces armenians were able to seize the Asgaran fortress.Military-political measures taken by the AzerbaijanPeoples Republic completely restored Azerbaijan's sov-ereign rights in Garabagh. Seperatist revolts and atroci-ties committed by Armenians against Azerbaijanisin Garabagh was high treason against Azerbaijan. It wasa stab in the back and weakened the Nothern borders ofour country on the eve of the April 1920 occupation ofBolsheviks and put the existence of independent Azer-baijan State Azerbaijan Peoples Republic underdanger.

6. GARABAGH IN 19201980

6.1. The distribution of the Garabagh territoryby the Soviet government

The borders of czarist Russia began to be restored asSoviet power strengthened in Russia. Units of theEleventh Red Army strengthening on the northern bor-ders of the Azerbaijan Peoples Republic were given theappropriate orders and commands to complete the planof occupying Azerbaijan. The forces within theAzerbaijan Parliament defending the soviet state, as wellas the March Rebellion of Armenian-Dashnak sepa-ratists in Garabagh sped up the collapse of the Azerbai-jan Peoples Republic. The Azerbaijan Peoples Republic

52 GARABAGH

* : ... ( .., ..) - ( .., ..) - ... - , - , - .

, ( .., ..) ( .., ..) ....

* Traslation: still before establishing Musavat Power (it has to beAzerbaijan Peoples Republic Y.M., K.Sh.) a Garabagh governor-gen-eral was appointed by the Turkish government (it has to beAzerbaijan Peoples Republic Y.M., K.Sh.) and at that time dash-naks created a new term Daghlig-Garabagh. ...''Dashnaksutyun'' partynot being satisfied with the terrible slaughters in Turkish Armenia,handed over Shusha to the Turks and went to the mountains whereonly Armenians were settled. And that very time here socia-democratswho called themselves during that period internationalists organizedthe Daghlig-Garabagh government.

"Dashnaksutyun" party was able to evade fighting with theTurks then very soon at the insistence of these same villagers ofDaghlig Garabagh, this part, (i.e. mountainous part of Garabagh Y.M., K.Sh.) was united with the plain part and all Garabaghcame under the Musavat government. (It is italicized by us Y.M.,K.Sh.).

. 23 -, ., .

6.1.1. :19201923-

: . - - .

() - . -. , ..- .. : . , , , - .61 , -, , - , - . - (19181920) - . . , - .62

, . - , - - . . .. , ... 1923- .63 (): -

, . - , , - - ( : 6.1).

that existed for 23 months was overthrown by the bayo-nets of the Eleventh Red Army, and soviet power wasestablished in North Azerbaijan. Thus, a new stage of theevents relating to Garabagh began.

6.1.1. Granting autonomy to Daghlig Garabagh:19201923

Daghlig Garabagh: geography and the notion of"Daghlig Garabagh". Before explaining this problem, letus first look at the geography of Daghlig Garabagh andthe notion of "Daghlig Garabagh".

According to its relief, Garabagh is divided into twoparts: lowlands (plain) and mountainous. This reality isalso confirmed in science. For example, A.M.Skibitski,son of the famous researcher in Caucasian StudiesM.A.Skibitski writes in his article titled "Caucasian cri-sis": "The entire mountainous part of the Garabaghkhanate was called Daghlig Garabagh at that time. Therange of Garabagh Mountains in the east and the landsbetween the Zangazur Mountains in the west, as well asthe Garabagh plateau separating the Upper Garabaghand the lowland Lower Garabagh, belonged to that ter-ritory".61 As it is known, the notion of "Garabagh" hadlost its previous administrative-political meaning sincethe territory of Garabagh, or rather the lands of theformer Garabagh khanate suffered different administra-tive divisions during the reign of czarist Russia.However, in the period of Azerbaijan Peoples Republic(19181920), the notion of "Garabagh" was againrestored to its previous meaning. As is seen from theabove-mentioned words of S.Shaduns, the term DaghligGarabagh had been created by Dashnaks at that verytime.62

From then on, the notion of "Daghlig Garabagh"began to have not only geographic, but also politicalimportance. Following the Bolsheviks' coming to powerin Azerbaijan, this notion began to have an administra-tive-political meaning and turned into one of the mainnotions in relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia, aswell as in the political vocabulary of Russia which inter-vened into these relations. Meanwhile, the geographicrange of Daghlig Garabagh changed as well. Again, asA.M.Skibitski wrote " The Garabagh plateau wasgranted autonomy in 1923 and was named AutonomousDaghlig Garabagh Oblast (Province) or simply DaghligGarabagh, within the new borders of Azerbaijan".63

Daghlig Garabagh Autonomous Oblast (DGAO): his-tory of creation, chronology of its main events and conclu-sions deriving from this. In order to define the principalissues regarding the creation of the Daghlig GarabaghAutonomous Oblast, or rather to imagine this processdistinctly, let us look through the main events chrono-logically in accordance with their geographic location(See chronological table: Table 6.1)

GARABAGH 53

54 GARABAGH

6.1

(19201924- )

()

;

()

1920- 28 -

30 -

30

1

1921- 27 () . -

19 - . . - -

20 () - - -

1922- 15 () -

1923- 1 - () . -

4 - . - -

7 - - . ( )

16 () - .

21 - . .

1924- 26

1920- 28 ..- , -

,

26 . -

5

15 .

-

1921- 1 ()

1922- - . -

1923- - -

18 -

.

1920- 29

28 - . -

1921- 12 -

16 - - 1921- 5

1920- 7 . -

1923- 23-24 (-) -. -

1920- 3 -

4 -

5 - -

4 - -

1922- 20 -

30 17

- - . .

14 - -

1923- 10 - -

27-28 - - () - -