psyco 105: individual and social behaviour lecture 1: the ways and means of psychology
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PSYCO 105: Individual and Social Behaviour
Lecture 1: The Ways and Means of Psychology
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What is psychology? Psychology is the scientific study
of the mind and behaviour The scientific study of the causes
of behaviour; also the application of the findings of psychological research to the solution of problems (Carlson et al., 2000)
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Fields of Psychology Biological Foundations Individual and Social Behaviour Applied Psychology
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Biological Foundations Physiological Psychology Psychophysiology Comparative Psychology Behaviour Analysis Behaviour Genetics Cognitive Psychology Experimental Neuropsychology
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Individual and Social Behaviour Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Personality Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Clinical Psychology
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Applied Psychology Organizational Psychology Educational Psychology Health Psychology Community Psychology Engineering Psychology (Human
Factors)
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Ways of Knowing Tenacity (Faith) Authority Consensus Reason Observation
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Goals of Psychology
To “understand” human behaviour Describe Explain Predict Control
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Research Strategies Experimentation Correlational Studies Descriptive Studies
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Experimentation Independent
VariableThe factor that is
systematically manipulated so that the researcher can examine its effect on a dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
The variable (usually a behaviour) that is affected by the independent variable.
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Research Settings Laboratory Studies Field Studies
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Data Collection Methods Self-Report
Questionnaires Interviews
Observational Methods Naturalistic Observation Participant Observation Tests
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Ethics Informed Consent Risks and Benefits Deception Privacy, Confidentiality, and
Anonymity Special Groups
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Informed Consent A description of the study should be
provided in advance, including mention of: the purpose of the research; expected benefits of the research; methods (tasks to be performed); any effects, risks or inconveniences of the procedure; rights of the participant; and any possible alternative procedures.
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Risks and Benefits The onus is on the researcher to
avid or minimize risks to the subjects, both in carrying out the research and in publication of the results.
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Deception Deception is a situation in which
subjects have essential information withheld and/or are intentionally misled about procedures and purposes. A thorough debriefing is particularly important in studies involving deception.
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Privacy, Confidentiality and Anonymity Personal information given by the
subject will be confidential. Wherever possible, the researcher will take steps to ensure the anonymity of the subjects.
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Vulnerable Groups Special care must be taken with
vulnerable groups to ensure ethical treatment (e.g., prisoners, people with mental disabilities, other cultures, etc.)
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Bias in Psychological Research Random Error
Causes random variability in DV Systematic Error or Bias
Causes nonrandom variability in DV other than that caused by the IV.
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Types of Bias Sample Bias Measurement Bias Observer’s (Researcher’s) Bias Subject’s Bias
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Sample and Measurement Biases Sample Biases
Random assignment
Measurement Biases Validity Reliability
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Observer’s and Subject’s Biases Observer-
Expectancy Effects Single-blind
studies
Subject-Expectancy Effects Double-blind
studies Placebo
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Descriptive Statistics Central Tendency
Mean Median
Variability Standard deviation
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Assessing Relations Correlation Coefficient
A measurement of the degree to which two variables are related.
Scatterplot A graphic representation of a
correlation; one value is plotted against the horizontal axis and the other against the vertical axis.
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Inferential Statistics Statistical Significance
The likelihood that an observed relation or difference between two variables is not due to chance factors