Psychology and BuddhismFrom Individual to Global Community

International and Cultural Psychology SeriesSeries Editor: Anthony Marsella, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

ASIAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTHAssessment Theories and MethodsEdited by Karen S. Kurasaki, Sumie Okazaki, and Stanley Sue

THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY ACROSS CULTURESEdited by Robert R. McCrae and Jüri Allik

PSYCHOLOGY AND BUDDHISMFrom Individual to Global CommunityEdited by Kathleen H. Dockett, G. Rita Dudley-Grant, and C. Peter Bankart

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of eachnew volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For furtherinformation please contact the publisher.

Psychology and BuddhismFrom Individual to Global Community

Edited by

Kathleen H. DockettUniversity of the District of Columbia

Washington, D.C.

G. Rita Dudley-GrantVirgin Islands Behavioral Sciences

Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands

C. Peter BankartWabash College

Crawfordsville, Indiana

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New York

To my husband Ron Dockett and my Buddhist mentorsfor their wisdom and compassion

KHD

To my husband Richard, my daughter Megan,my parents George, Gertrude, and Ariel,

and my Sensei, Daisaku Ikeda, for their supportGRD-G

To Soong and Rog Elliott for 40 years of friendshipCPB

Contributors

C. Peter Bankart, Ph.D., is professor of psychology and director of the StudentCounseling Service at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He is authorof Talking Cures: A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies (1997), andnumerous publications that explore the integration of Eastern thought withWestern psychotherapeutics. He has taught on the faculty of the InternationalDivision of Waseda University in Tokyo.

David W. Chappell, Ph.D., is professor of religion at the newly establishedSoka University of America in Aliso Viejo, California. His publications includeBuddhist Peacework (1999), T’ien-t’ai Buddhism: An Outline of the FourfoldTeachings (1983) and Buddhist and Taoist Studies, 2 vols. (1977, 1987). He wasfounding Director of the Buddhist Studies Program, and former Graduate Chairof the Department of Religion, University of Hawaii.

Kathleen H. Dockett, Ed.D., is professor of psychology and former Chairperson ofthe Department of Psychology and Counseling at the University of the District ofColumbia. She is author of Resources for Stress Resistance: Parallels in Psychologyand Buddhism (1993). A community psychologist, her research and presentations atAPA meetings focus on Buddhism as a resource for the promotion of personal andsocietal well-being and its application to diversity and ethnic conflict.

G. Rita Dudley-Grant, Ph.D., MPH, ABPP, is a licensed clinical psychologistand director of Program Development at the Virgin Islands Behavioral Servicesin St. Croix. She is an APA Fellow, a member of the Board of ProfessionalAffairs, past chair of the Committee on International Psychology, and past presi-dent of the Virgin Islands Psychological Association. She has presented on andbeen instrumental in a series of American Psychological Association programsexamining the intersection of Buddhism and psychology.

vii

Richard P. Hayes, Ph.D., is associate professor of Buddhist Studies and Sanskritat McGill University, where he is Buddhist chaplain for the McGill ChaplaincyService. His principal research interests are Indian Buddhist philosophy andSanskrit poetry. A collection of his essays on Buddhism appears in Land of NoBuddha (1998).

Leonard A. Jason, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at DePaul University andthe director of the Center for Community Research. He received the 1997Distinguished Contributions to Theory and Research Award from the Society forCommunity Research and Action. He is the author of Community Building:Values for a Sustainable Future (1997), which integrated Eastern and Westernthought and religions and the practice of community psychology.

Belinda Siew Luan Khong, LLB, Ph.D., is a lecturer in psychology at MacquarieUniversity, Sydney, Australia, and a practicing psychologist. Her recent doctoraldissertation examined the concept of responsibility in Daseinsanalysis,Heidegger’s philosophy, and Buddhist psychology. Her publications include com-parative analysis of Jungian psychology and Taoist philosophy, and Existential andBuddhist psychology.

John Moritsugu, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at Pacific LutheranUniversity and a licensed clinical psychologist. He has co-edited texts on preven-tive psychology and written on minority status stress. A Fellow of the AmericanPsychological Association, he has been co-president of the Society for thePsychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues, Division 45 of the APA, andpresident of the Washington State Psychological Association.

Doris North-Schulte, M.A., is director of Educational Programming at WBEZChicago Public Radio where she researches and develops multicultural andhumanistic curriculum for elementary, middle, and high schools. She is anindependent researcher, trainer, and lecturer on Buddhism and diversity.

Edward S. Ragsdale, Ph.D., a psychotherapist in New York City for the last16 years, recently moved his practice to the Los Angeles area. He retains interestin systematic issues in psychology (e.g., the problem of value, the mind–bodyrelation), and has made numerous presentations on these topics at APA meetingsand elsewhere.

Polly Young-Eisendrath, Ph.D., is clinical associate professor of psychiatry atthe University of Vermont Medical College in Burlington, Vermont. A psycholo-gist and Jungian psychoanalyst, she practices in central Vermont. Her most recentbooks include Women and Desire (1999), The Cambridge Companion to Jung(1997), and Awakening and Insight (2002).

viii Contributors

Shuichi Yamamoto, Sc.D., is professor of geochemistry and environmentaleducation at Soka University and researcher of Buddhism and environmentalproblems at the Institution of Oriental Philosophy in Tokyo, Japan. He is co-author of Deep Ocean Circulation (1993), Dynamics and Characterization ofMarine Organic Matter (2000), Role of Religion in Society (1998) and author ofEnvironmental Ethics (1996), and Environmental Education (1998).

Contributors ix

Acknowledgments

This book is the product of many years of collaboration among a truly diversegroup of scholars and professionals from around the world, each of whose con-tribution was essential to the task. The friendships that have resulted from thiscollaboration are the best rewards for all our labor we could have imagined. Thebook’s coeditors working at vast and inconvenient distances from each other dis-covered that their shared commitment to the Buddha nature made workingtogether a joyful and productive learning experience.

We want especially to express our deep appreciation for the inspiration andencouragement of our series editor, Anthony Marsella. Tony’s indefatigable com-mitment and optimism never wavered even as we sometimes struggled with thecompletion of what we humorously dubbed the “elephant birth” of this volume.Our thanks too to the help and support of a large group of colleagues who helpedby their careful and constructive reading of various drafts of the contents of thisvolume: Brenda Bankart, Steve Morillo, David Blix, Dan Fisher, George Howard,Greg Martin, Guy McCloskey, Bill Aiken, Barbara Davis, Cora Christian, andLenard Lexier.

Thanks too to the library staffs at Dartmouth College and Wabash College fortheir extensive help in tracking down elusive sources, and to the Department ofPsychology at Dartmouth for extending to Peter the benefits of Visiting Researcherstatus. Thanks too to the Faculty Development fund of Wabash College that gener-ously supported Peter’s participation in this project. Appreciation also goes toKathleen’s graduate assistants, Benjamin Siankam and Addis Berek, for editing themanuscript for APA reference citation style. Thanks to Virgin Islands BehavioralServices for the support of Rita’s involvement in this book and to the University ofthe Virgin Islands in their assistance in various aspects of her research.

Numerous people at Kluwer International, on both sides of the Atlantic,helped with the production of this book. Thanks to you all, but especiallyChristiane Roll, Marianna Pascale, Susan Vorstenbosch, Sharon Panulla, SarahWilliams, and Herman Makler.

xi

Contents

Introduction 1

G. Rita Dudley-Grant, C. Peter Bankart, and Kathleen H. Dockett

I. FOUNDATIONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

On the Path of the Buddha: A Psychologists’ Guide

to the History of BuddhismC. Peter Bankart, Kathleen H. Dockett, andG. Rita Dudley-Grant

13

45

71

Five Manifestations of the Buddha in the West:

A Brief HistoryC. Peter Bankart

Value and Meaning in Gestalt Psychology and

Mahayana BuddhismEdward S. Ragsdale

II. HEALING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY:ALTERNATIVES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY

Buddhism, Psychology, and Addiction Theory inPsychotherapyG. Rita Dudley-Grant

105

xiii

xiv Contents

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Suffering from Biobabble: Searching fora Science of SubjectivityPolly Young-Eisendrath

Role of Responsibility in Daseinanalysis and BuddhismBelinda Siew Luan Khong

Classical Buddhist Model of a Healthy Mind

Richard P. Hayes

III. EMPOWERMENT, RESPONSIBILITY, ANDTHE CHALLENGES OF CHANGE

125

139

161

173

197

215

239

259

Buddhist Empowerment: Individual, Organizational, andSocietal Transformation

Kathleen H. Dockett

The Role of Religion and Spirituality inCommunity BuildingLeonard A. Jason and John Moritsugu

10.

11.

12.

Transcending Self and Other: MahayanaPrinciples of IntegrationKathleen H. Dockett and Doris North-Schulte

Environmental Problems and Buddhist Ethics: From thePerspective of the Consciousness-Only DoctrineShuichi Yamamoto

Buddhist Social PrinciplesDavid W. Chappell

Contents xv

IV. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: GLOBAL IMPACT

13. On the Path to Peace and Wholeness: Conclusion toPsychology and BuddhismG. Rita Dudley-Grant, C. Peter Bankart, andKathleen H. Dockett

277

287

289

293

About the Editors

Author Index

Subject Index