Psych Final Psych Final ReviewReview

20142014

All students are permitted to use this All students are permitted to use this review on the academic psych exam. You review on the academic psych exam. You

may add your own handwritten notes to the may add your own handwritten notes to the pages of this study guide. pages of this study guide.

Any photocopied guides or additional pages Any photocopied guides or additional pages will be invalid for use during the exam.will be invalid for use during the exam.

Unit 1: Intro to PsychUnit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives:Objectives:

Define psychologyDefine psychology Study of behaviors and mental processesStudy of behaviors and mental processes

History of psychologyHistory of psychology Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology- Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology-

Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt to …to …

Major schools of psychologyMajor schools of psychology Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic- Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic-

Cognitive- BiologicalCognitive- Biological Why psych a scienceWhy psych a science

Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. AppliedApplied

Modern Schools of Modern Schools of ThoughtThought

BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson Observable Observable

behaviors/ behaviors/ consequencesconsequences

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Hidden conflict Hidden conflict

drives behaviordrives behavior CognitiveCognitive

Jean PiagetJean Piaget Org, remember, Org, remember,

use knowledgeuse knowledge

HumanisticHumanistic Maslow and RogersMaslow and Rogers Hierarchy of needs Hierarchy of needs

guides behaviorguides behavior (Neuro)Biological(Neuro)Biological

NewNew NS, Hormones, NS, Hormones,

Genes influence Genes influence behaviorbehavior

SocioculturalSociocultural How society & How society &

culture impact dvptculture impact dvpt

Psych As SciencePsych As Science

Basic- study to know more, Applied- use Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what we know to solve problemswhat we know to solve problems

Scientific MethodScientific Method Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze,

Theory, RetestTheory, Retest Research MethodsResearch Methods

Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, TestsTests

Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, BlindsBlinds

Correlational MethodCorrelational Method

Unit 2: Biological BasisUnit 2: Biological Basis Objectives:Objectives:

Techniques for studying the brain.Techniques for studying the brain. Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning- Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning-

Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI) Nervous System- neuron and neural Nervous System- neuron and neural

communication.communication. Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction TimeTypes, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy Diagram-Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts) CNS, PNS (and parts)

Function and location of parts of the brain.- Function and location of parts of the brain.- DiagramDiagram

Function and Function and locationlocation of lobes and of lobes and hemispheres.hemispheres.

Glandular SystemGlandular System Endocrine System Endocrine System DiagramDiagram Function of major endocrine glands & hormonesFunction of major endocrine glands & hormones

Nervous SystemNervous System Brain CellsBrain Cells

Glial Cells/ NeuronsGlial Cells/ Neurons NeuronsNeurons

Sensory, Motor, Sensory, Motor, InterneuronInterneuron

Parts of NeuronParts of Neuron Body (soma)- Body (soma)-

Dendrites- Axon Dendrites- Axon (myelin sheath)- End (myelin sheath)- End Bulbs- SynapseBulbs- Synapse

CommunicationCommunication Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters

(excite/inhibit)(excite/inhibit) Reaction Time/ Reaction Time/

DiscriminationDiscrimination

NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Brain and Spinal CordBrain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous

SystemSystem Somatic and AutonomicSomatic and Autonomic

Sympathetic and Sympathetic and ParasympatheticParasympathetic

BrainBrain Right vs. Left HemispheresRight vs. Left Hemispheres LobesLobes

Frontal, Parietal, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Temporal, Occipital

FissuresFissures Motor/Sensory/Auditory/Motor/Sensory/Auditory/

Visual CortexVisual Cortex Broca/Wernicke’s AreasBroca/Wernicke’s Areas

The BrainThe Brain

Unit 3: States of Unit 3: States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

Objectives:Objectives: Define consciousness, id various states.Define consciousness, id various states.

Awareness of self and environmentAwareness of self and environment Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- AlteredConscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered

Describe state of sleepDescribe state of sleep Explain theories on sleepExplain theories on sleep Explain theories on dreamingExplain theories on dreaming Describe meditation and hypnosis.Describe meditation and hypnosis.

Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?) (Uses?)(Characteristics?) (Uses?)

Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquilityMeditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility Identify types and effects of drugs and alcoholIdentify types and effects of drugs and alcohol

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams

TheoriesTheories Evolutionary- Evolutionary-

RecuperativeRecuperative CircadianCircadian

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep CycleCycle Awake- nREM 1-3, Awake- nREM 1-3,

REMREM Different brain wavesDifferent brain waves 5-6/night5-6/night

Dream TheoryDream Theory Cultural, Cultural,

Psychoanalytic, Psychoanalytic, Activation-Synthesis, Activation-Synthesis, Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia, Insomnia,

Narcolepsy, Apnea, Narcolepsy, Apnea, Walking/Talking/ Walking/Talking/ Wetting, TerrorsWetting, Terrors

Unit 4: PersonalityUnit 4: Personality

ObjectivesObjectives Define personalityDefine personality Describe personality assessments & usesDescribe personality assessments & uses Compare & contrast the major theories of Compare & contrast the major theories of

personality (personality (Personality results from…Personality results from… Psychoanalytic- Psychoanalytic- unconscious motives and the importance unconscious motives and the importance

of early childhood experiences of early childhood experiences Neo-Freudian – see above with slight modificationsNeo-Freudian – see above with slight modifications Behavioral – Behavioral – interaction between the individual and the interaction between the individual and the

environmentenvironment Social-Cognitive – Social-Cognitive – environmental conditions, cognitive environmental conditions, cognitive

factors, and behaviorfactors, and behavior Humanistic – Humanistic – inherent desire to reach our true potential. inherent desire to reach our true potential. Trait - Trait - consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.

Personality TheoriesPersonality Theories PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive UrgesUrges

Id-Ego-SuperegoId-Ego-Superego Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal, Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal,

Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages)Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages) Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Neo-FreudianNeo-Freudian Jung –Collective Unconscious Jung –Collective Unconscious

(Archetypes)(Archetypes) Horney – Security, Womb EnvyHorney – Security, Womb Envy Adler – Inferiority Complex & Adler – Inferiority Complex &

Birth OrderBirth Order Erikson – Psychosocial CrisesErikson – Psychosocial Crises

Behavioral Behavioral Skinner – learned via Skinner – learned via

reinforcement/punishmentreinforcement/punishment

Social-CognitiveSocial-Cognitive Bandura – Self-efficacyBandura – Self-efficacy Rotter – Locus of ControlRotter – Locus of Control

HumanisticHumanistic Maslow – Self-actualization Maslow – Self-actualization Rogers – Self concept (real vs Rogers – Self concept (real vs

ideal), UPR, Fully Functioning ideal), UPR, Fully Functioning

TraitTrait Cattell – 16 PFCattell – 16 PF McCrae/Costa Big 5 - OCEANMcCrae/Costa Big 5 - OCEAN

Personality TestsPersonality Tests PersonalityPersonality

Unique pattern of Unique pattern of thought, feeling, thought, feeling, behaviorbehavior

Humors – Phrenology – Humors – Phrenology – Modern TheoriesModern Theories

AssessmentsAssessments Objective (Self-Report): Objective (Self-Report):

MMPI-2, 16PF, NEOMMPI-2, 16PF, NEO Projective: Projective: Rorschach, Rorschach,

TATTAT Test Reliability & Test Reliability &

ValidityValidity

UsesUses Diagnose disordersDiagnose disorders HiringHiring ResearchResearch Predict BehaviorPredict Behavior

Unit 5: StressUnit 5: Stress

StressorsStressors Physical vs Physical vs

PsychologicalPsychological Daily –LCUs – Daily –LCUs –

CatastropheCatastrophe

Hans Selye – GAS Hans Selye – GAS TheoryTheory Alarm-Resistance-Alarm-Resistance-

ExhaustionExhaustion

Physical Reactions to Physical Reactions to StressStress Headaches, Insomnia, High Headaches, Insomnia, High

Blood Pressure, IllnessBlood Pressure, Illness

Psychological Reactions Psychological Reactions to Stressto Stress Depression, AnxietyDepression, Anxiety

Coping SkillsCoping Skills Locus of Control, Exercise, Locus of Control, Exercise,

Sleep, Diet, Support Sleep, Diet, Support System, OutletsSystem, Outlets

Unit 6: Abnormal Unit 6: Abnormal PsychologyPsychology

Objectives:Objectives: Define abnormalDefine abnormal Explain medical model and DSMExplain medical model and DSM Differentiate between the 15 major Differentiate between the 15 major

DSM disordersDSM disorders Explain possible treatments and types Explain possible treatments and types

of therapyof therapy

Mental IllnessMental Illness AbnormalAbnormal

Deviation, Maladjustment, Deviation, Maladjustment, DistressDistress

Impairs daily functioningImpairs daily functioning

Asylum ReformAsylum Reform Dorothea DixDorothea Dix

Medical ModelMedical Model Diagnose symptoms- TreatDiagnose symptoms- Treat DSM-VDSM-V Criticisms?Criticisms?

Legal InsanityLegal Insanity

Major Mental DiagnosesMajor Mental Diagnoses Mood, Anxiety (& Mood, Anxiety (&

Subtypes),Subtypes), Somatoform, Dissociative,Somatoform, Dissociative, SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Personality, Impulse ControlPersonality, Impulse Control Others…Eating, SleepingOthers…Eating, Sleeping

TreatmentTreatment In-Out PatientIn-Out Patient Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs)Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs) Psychotherapies (Types)Psychotherapies (Types) Combined TherapyCombined Therapy Therapists & Counselors, Therapists & Counselors,

SettingsSettings

Perspectives of DisordersPerspectives of DisordersIllness is the result of….

Can be treated by…

Psychoanalytic

Unconscious conflicts over aggressive & sexual impulses.

Psychotherapy (“talking cure”)

Behavioral Reinforcement of inappropriate or extinction of appropriate behaviors.

Behavior Therapy: Apply principles of learning to change/modify behavior

Cognitive Irrational or maladaptive thought processes

Cognitive Therapy: Change thought processes

Psychosocial Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Medication, Behavioral , Cognitive Therapies

Neurobiology Genetic abnormalities in brain structure & biochemistry.

Medication

Unit 7: LearningUnit 7: Learning

Objectives:Objectives: Describe components of classical Describe components of classical

conditioning.conditioning. See next pageSee next page

Describe components of operant conditioning.Describe components of operant conditioning. See next pageSee next page

Describe observational/ social learning Describe observational/ social learning theory.theory.

Bandura’sBandura’s BoBo Doll & ModelingBoBo Doll & Modeling Attention- Retention- Imitation- MotivationAttention- Retention- Imitation- Motivation Vicarious Living- DisinhibitionVicarious Living- Disinhibition

ConditioningConditioning ClassicalClassical

Pavlov- BehaviorsPavlov- Behaviors NS- UCS- UCR- CS- NS- UCS- UCR- CS-

CRCR Principles of CCPrinciples of CC

Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Extinc- RecovExtinc- Recov

Watson- EmotionsWatson- Emotions Baby AlbertBaby Albert

Fixing FearsFixing Fears Counter- Counter-

Desensitization- Desensitization- FloodingFlooding

OperantOperant Thorndike’s Law of Thorndike’s Law of

EffectEffect BF SkinnerBF Skinner Behavior/ConsequenceBehavior/Consequence

(+/-) Reinforcement –(+/-) Reinforcement –Punishment- Omission Punishment- Omission TrainingTraining

Primary/Secondary Primary/Secondary ReinforcersReinforcers

Continuous/Partial Continuous/Partial ReinforcementReinforcement

Ratio- IntervalRatio- Interval Fixed-VariableFixed-Variable

Shaping, ChainingShaping, Chaining

Unit 8: Social PsychUnit 8: Social Psych

Social ThinkingSocial Thinking Attribution: Attribution:

Disposition/Situation, Disposition/Situation, FAE, Self-Serving BiasFAE, Self-Serving Bias

Attitude FormationAttitude Formation Attitude Change:Attitude Change:

Persuasion – Persuasion – Central/PeripheralCentral/Peripheral

Foot In Door/Door In FaceFoot In Door/Door In Face Festinger’s Cognitive Festinger’s Cognitive

DissonanceDissonance

Social InfluenceSocial Influence Asch’s Conformity Asch’s Conformity

StudyStudy

BehaviorBehavior Social Facilitation – Social Facilitation –

Inhibition – LoafingInhibition – Loafing Bystander Effect Bystander Effect

(Kitty G)(Kitty G) Zimbardo – Role & Zimbardo – Role &

DeindividuationDeindividuation Milgram - ObedienceMilgram - Obedience

Social PsychSocial Psych

Social RelationsSocial Relations Groups: In/OutGroups: In/Out

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism StereotypesStereotypes PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination

ConflictConflict Causes/ResolutionCauses/Resolution

Interpersonal AttractionInterpersonal Attraction Proximity, Attractiveness Proximity, Attractiveness

(Halo Effect), Similarity(Halo Effect), Similarity

Romantic LoveRomantic Love Hatfield: Passionate, Hatfield: Passionate,

CompanionateCompanionate Sternberg: Triarchic TheorySternberg: Triarchic Theory

Passion, Commitment, Passion, Commitment, IntimacyIntimacy

Gender differences in Gender differences in dating & matingdating & mating