ap psych visual review
TRANSCRIPT
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Experimental Design
Control group = no treatment
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*IQ tests: mean =100
Standard deviation = 15
Z score
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Milgram Experiment
*unethical- coercion
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Zimbardo’s (Stanford) Prison Experiment
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*Asch experiment
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Social Loafing
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Group Polarization
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Mere Exposure Effect
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Low-ball technique
• Ask your friend for a ride. Then you tell them after they agree that the place is a half hour away.
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Foot-in-the-door technique
“Can I copy the homework from last night?”
“Sure.”
Later on…
“Can you write this paper for me?”
“Okay.”
Start with a small request to increase the chances someone will comply to a larger request later.
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*medulla
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The Neuron
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Endocrine System
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Sensory Adaptation
• Decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli due to prolonged exposure (uncontrollable; based on receptor cells)
ex. going “nose blind”
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Sensory Habituation
• Tendency of the brain to stop responding to unchanging stimuli (intentionally blocking out; conscious)
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Signal Detection Theory
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Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Theory
(*explains afterimage)
Color Vision
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Gestalt Principles (explain visual perception)
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Parts of the Ear
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Properties of Sound
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The Senses
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**Stages 3+4 are now combined into 1 stage. So it goes stage 1, 2, 3 and REM.
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Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
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Watson’s Little Albert
Experiment(Classical
Conditioning)
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Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
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Bandura’s Observational Learning/Social Learning Theory
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Memory
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Interference (memory)
Can’t remember new stuff b/c old stuff gets in the way
Can’t remember old stuff b/c new stuff gets in the way
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Problem Solving (cognition)
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Representativeness Heuristic
• Overestimate probability/judge based on our prototype
Ex. You think it’s likely to have an older, male history teacher because that’s the prototype (when really, most teachers in our SS dept. are young and many are female)
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Availability heuristic
• Overestimate probability or judge things based on information that is available/shown to you
Ex. Ms. Sturgess hears about a plane crash on the news and thinks her chances of getting in a plane crash are higher now
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Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot
Thematic Apperception Test
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Reliability and ValidityNot near target; test doesn’t cover what it’s supposed to, but it’s consistent
In target every time; test is consistent and covers what it’s supposed to
Not consistent; not in target
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
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Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence
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Drive Reduction Theory
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Arousal Theory (Motivation)
• Seeking to increase or decrease stimulation
– Ex. Being on your phone when bored in class
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Incentive Theory• Motivation through rewards (extrinsic or
intrinsic)
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Theories of Emotion
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Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome (responses to stress)
Fight or flight kicks in
Bodily responses level off/plateau
Bodily sources become depleted from prolonged stress
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Inverted U Hypothesis
A certain amount of arousal/stress is needed for us to perform well. Too much stress though will impair performance.
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Mary Ainsworth
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
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No object permanence
No conservation
egocentrism
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Piaget’s Assimilation + Accommodation
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Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
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Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Big Five Personality Traits(McCrae and Costa)
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Rotter’s Locus of Control
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Freud’s Components of Personality
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Defense Mechanisms
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Schizophrenia
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Somatoform Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
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Systematic Desensitization
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Psychopharmacology
Antianxiety Antidepressants
Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizers
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Insight Therapy (“talk therapy”)
Psychoanalysis
• Dream analysis
• Free association
• interpretation
Client-centered/person centered (Carl Rogers)