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!�&��$�(��*�+�� (Wojna peloponeska 1,1)6��E2OA,<#�E=. M%/%,< 2;-&=&#= <%)#$ 1-%L=&# & -E<#,*E)>;==&# 2><#E)1/&;-%K @E&CDC&-;2%>,&1;2><#2>;-%/<;=#M%/%=&%E+;>$1A;-%K=&#<MC/=#-=&;E@&/;).,<N�,#%1);>%�,<%E1&$&#?E,%?#D;L.,&%�;@;'&,<=;J,&*&E);>.,<=.,*;>%< specyfikiliterackiej &,#'14,#'O-5?#D;/<&#A%�

� &'#-2><#E<A;J,& nie doceniano Kronikarza i jego dzieA%, 2><.2&E1?N, &$zaledwie marginalne znaczenie7� ; ).'# ,<%E.-E2OA,<#E=# EN /'% =&,* ?#E<,<#M%>/<&#?M#<-<D'C/=#� S2;Ae,<#PE)-;, któreL.-&=%M;L=N,<#JK-;M#, historiijako dziedziny naukowej, widzi w Kronikarzu i jego pisarstwie wszystko, <-.�?N)@&#$ `prawdziwej’ historii. �<. )%@&# 2;/#?J,&# trafnie ujmuje );� < ,<.$$%$./;,<.=&#=&%-�E&C/<#�>;=&@Y�<.�>;=&@%><=%2>%-/C=&#?#E)=&@&$-&C,#? =&L @;2&E)N ! 2'%D&%);>#$ ! +%=)%E)N !$&/>%E<.E)N ! #D<#D#)N ! kolejnym‘biblijnym’ teologiem? A $;L# jednak jest przede wszystkim historykiem, 2;�E&%/%?N,.$-A%E=N ';D&@C & uzasadnione cele� L.?N,.$-*&E);>.,<=.$@;=)#@�J,&#E-;&,* czasów, a zarazem w J-&#,&#E)%>;L.)=.$&-J-&ecie ‘biblijnym’?

Moja@E&NL@%An Ancient Israelite Historian, tak jak i inne moje;2>%,;-%=&%=% )#$%)�E&CD&�>;=&@� ?#E) 2>OMN;//%=&% E2>%-&#/'&-;J,& )#$11><#@%?N,#$11)-;>;-&&?#D;%1);>;-&�Konkluzja, do jakiej /;,*;/<Cbrzmi, L# zasadniczo2;/-<D'C/#$ '&)#>%,@&$�>;=&@&=&# EN%=& m&/>%E<#$�%=&@;$#=)%><#$�%=& )#;';�D&N��%/=e z tych ;@>#J'#P nie ;//%?#-2#A=&,*%>%@)#>1@E&CD&��%)#$�>;=&@%><%=&#$;L=%1-%L%K%=&<%$&/>%E<.E)C�%=&<%#D<#D#)C, ani za teologa.

�;2>%-/%�$;L=%D;;2%)><.K-&#';$%#).@&#)@%$&(midraszysty, egzegety,teologa, historyka itp. �E;M&J,&#1-%L%$ ‘Kronikarza’ po prostu za historyka,przy czym moja charakterystyka;2&#>%E&C=%?#/.=.$?#D;1)-;><#, jakim dys-ponujemy – na KE&C/<#�>;=&@��#/A1D$=&#/#+&=&,?%�@)óra trafia w sedno spra-wy & ;@>#J'% gatunek literacki K��&�� <%-&#>% E&C ?#/=.$EA;-&# –‘historiografia’ albo,M.1?NK><#,< bardziej precyzyjnie – KE&CD%=%'#L./; ‘sa-kralno-dydaktycznego’ pisarstwa historycznego o tyle,L# zawarta w niej ‘filozo-fia historii’ ?#E)DAO-=&# )#;';D&,<=%�% ?#?,#'/./%@).,<=y. Znaczy to, L# autorjest przede wszystkim ‘historykiem’��@%L/.$>%<&#KE&CD&?%@;,%A;J,&=&#=%�'#L. @'%E.+&@;-%K jako ‘fikcji historycznej’ czy ‘literatury fantastycznej’, jakchcieliby ni#@)O><.-E2OA,<#J=& 1,<#=&� =&# 2;/#?$1?N,y zarazem L%/=#D; %1�)#=).,<=#D;-.E&A@1&=)#'#@)1%'=#D;�%M.?N<>;<1$&#K8.

6 Tukidydes, Wojna peloponeska�)A1$��1$%=&#,@&�;2>%,��1>%E&#-&,<��>;,A%-(�%�@A%/�%>;/;-. &$��EE;'&PE@&,*� �88��;M� )%@L#(F#>;/;)� Dzieje� )A1$� & ;2>%,� ��F%$$#>��%>E<%-%(�<.)#'=&@�878��;/%)@;-#;/=&#E&#=&%'&)#>%)1>;-#-(��%'&$&�An Ancient IsraeliteHistorian�E��82><.2��%>);>O-=&#L=%/$&#=&K�L#-;/>OL=&#=&1;/�%)#1E<%��%>@%&%=%��-%=D#'&%-#/A1DJ-��1@%E<%-#-2>;-%/<#=&12;/%?#,#'1)-;>14�@��"5�

7 Zob. I. Kalimi, Retelling of Chronicles in Jewish Tradition: A Historical Journey, (WinonaLake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2009).

8�<,<#DOA;-%%>D1$#=)%,?%&;/=&#E&#=&%'&)#>%)1>;-#-(��%'&$&�An Ancient Israelite Hi-storian, s. 35-36.

10 ��

�&# <=%,<. );;,<.-&J,&#� L#�>;=&@& =&# <%-&#>%?N #'#$#=)O- +&@,.?=.,*�� )%@=%2><y@A%/;'M><.$&% &';JK<A;)%<D>;$%/<;=%2><#<�%-&/%=%M1/;-CJ-&N).=& 4�Krn 22,14; 29,1-9)9, =&#-&%>.D;/=&#-&#'@% '&,<#M=;JK wojsk izrael-skich i judejskich (2Krn�:� 5�?%@)#L'&,<M%?#P,O-2;?$%=.,*2><#<1/#?,<.�@O-4 Krn 6�6��75EN nierealistyczne. Jednak tego rodzaju wyolbrzymienia'&,<M$;L=% bez trudu ;/=%'#]K-,%A#?�&M'&& H#M>%?E@&#?� =&#-.AN,<%?N, =%j-,<#�J=&#?E<.,*M&M'&?=.,*@E&ND*&E);>.,<=.,*;>%<--&#'1E)%>;L.)=.,*/;@1$#=�)%,*�'&E@&ego Wschodu i b%E#=1�;><%H>O/<&#$=ego. G>12C)%@&,*-.;'M><.�$&#P odnajdujemy w semicki,* ]>O/A%,*2&E%=.,* & obejmuje ona =%E)C21?N,#przypadki:

(1) oD>;$=%'&,<#M=;JK�<>%#'&)O--,<%E%,*�.?J,&%&-C/>O-@&2><#<21�E).=&C4Wj 12,37-38; Lb 11,21; 26,51);

(2) w&#'@%'&,<M%L;Anierzy izraelskich i judejskich wymieniona w 2Sm 24,9;

(3) w&#'@&#M;D%,)-%�%';$;=%-#/A1D>#'%,?&-��rl 9-10;

(4) niewiarygodnie wielkie straty po stronie nieprzyjaciela odnotowanew asyryjskich inE@>.2,?%,*�=2�/;).,<N,.,*@>O'%�%'$%=asara III (876�6 "2�=�#�5% ;/=;E<N,.,* E&C /; strat anty-asyryjskiej koalicji pod Karkar (853 r. 2�=�#�5��#/A1D inskrypcji na monolicie z Kurh (linie 8��V 5 ,%A@;-&)# E)raty koalicjianty-asyryjskiej pod Karkar w.=&;EA.�"�VVVL;A=&#><.I,; ?#E)-.E;@N '&,<MN-@%L/.,*;@;'&,<=;J,&%,*�#/=%@'&,<M%ta wzrasta w @;'#?=.,*=%E)C21?N,.,*2;E;M&#opisach bitwy: na Czarnym Obelisku (linie 54-66): 20.500^-#/A1D in-skrypcji na tzw. bykach z Kalchu (�&$>1/5?#E));?1L 7�000; a na steli Salma-nasara III (828r. p.n.e.) 29.000$CL,<.<=10.

Zjawisko wy;'M><.$&%=&% ;/=%?/1?#$. )%@L# - =&#E#$&,@&$, to znaczygreckim, hellePskim & ><.$E@&$2&J$&#==&,)-&# *&E);>.,<=.$. Oto 2><.@A%/y:

(1) W podanym przez Herodota (Dzieje 7,186) opisie bitwy pod Termopila-mi (centralna Grecja; 480 r. p.n.e.), król perski Kserkses Wielki (Kserkses I lubAhaszwerosz; 486-465 r. p.n.e.), -.>1E<.A=%-.2>%-C< 5.283.220 L;A=&#><%$&2><#,&-<?#/=;,<;=.$E&A;$D>#,@&,*$&%E)�2%PE)-'&,<N,.$;@;A; 7.000 mCL�,<.<= (-'&,<%?N, - ); :VV EpartaPE@&,* hoplitów; Dzieje 7,224), 2;/ -;/<N

8Q�#&';J,&=&#EN$;L'&-#&=<;E)%?N-L%/=#?2>;2;>,?&/;><#,<.-&E)#D;@;E<)1H-&N�).=&��<#,<.-&E)%-%>);JK)#D;<A;)%&E>#M>%-.=;E&M'&E@;2&CK$&'&%>/O-/;'%>O-=%=%E<#2&#�=&N/<#�%?#D;-%>);JK=%M.-,<%M.A%?#E<,<#-&C@E<%S^<;M��1>)&E%=/��%/E#=��*�# �,�� -.��#!!�� /�#� �� 4��^ �/&=M1>D*( ��a��'%>@��8�V5�E� 76�

10 Zob. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, red. J.B. Pritchard, (3rdedn. with Supplement; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), s. 279a, 279b; The Context ofScripture: Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions and Archival Documents from theBiblical World, red. W.W. Hallo et al.,4�#&/#=(��>&''� VV 5�)��E� ��"�<-A� �"�

��F��F�� H_F��

�#;=&/%E%�@>O'%�2%>).�Tymczasem niektórzy-E2OA,<#J=& historycy szacujN�L#-&#'@;JK2#>E@&,*E&A'N/;-.,*2;/�#>$;2&'%$&M.A%;-&#'#$=&#?E<%��;2%>�,&1;/%=#/;).,<N,#2#>E@&#D; E.E)#$1-;?E@;-#D;� </;'=;J,& ';D&E).,<=.,*�<%;2%)><#=&%/;E)C2=#D;-</A1L )>%E.2><#$%>E<1-;?E@ &)2��2><.?$1?N;=&�L#'&,<M%L;A=&#><.-%*%A%E&C;/�0.000 do 300.00011.

(2) Ksenofont (Wyprawa Cyrusa 1,7)12 2;/%?#� L# - M&)-&# 2;/ �1=%@EN(Babilonia, =%-E,*;/=&$ M><#D1 �1+>%)1- "V� >� 2�=�#�5� DAO-=% @>Olewskaarmia króla Persji, Artakserksesa II (404-359>�2�=�#�5'&,<.A%�.200.000 L;A=&#�><.�2;/,<%ED/. ?#D;M>%)�%<%>azem przeciwnik, Cyrus �A;/E<.�/.E2;=;-%A-;?E@&#$ E@A%/%?N,ym E&C$&C/<. &==.$& <# 100.VVVM%>M%><.P,O-� Najpraw-dopodobniej królewska armia Artakserksesa II w rze,<.-&E);J,&'&,<.A%"VV�000,a�.>1E%�A;/E<#D;<%'#/-&#�:�VVVM%>M%><.P,O-�<D;/=&#<>#'%,?ND>#,@&#D;2&E%><%��'1)%>,*% (0��, Artakserkses; 13,6)13 i greckiego historyka DiodoraSycylijskiego (Bibliotheke 14,19)14.

(3) �#/Aug greckiego historyka Polibiusza (Dzieje 11,3), straty armii Hanniba-la (dowodzonej przez jego brata, Hazdrubala) w bitwie na/�#)%1>1E#$ 4 V9 >�2�=�#�5�-.=&;EA.;@;A;�V.000 ludzi15. �O]=&#?� rzymski historyk, Tytus Liwiusz(lub Livy; Ab Urbe Condita Libri 27,49)16,-.;'M><.$&AE)>%).F%==&M%'%- )#?M&)-&#/;56.000L;A=&#><..

Wyolbrzymienia $&%A.2><.21E<,<%'=/=&#JK2>#E)&L@>O'%� 2><.E2;><.K$1 ,*-%A. & E2>%-&K� L# <-.,&CE)-; E)%=&# E&C ?#E<,<# M%>/<&#? E2#@)%@1'%>=#��-&C@E<;J,&�?#J'&=&#-#-E<.E)@&,*-.L#?;2&E%=.,*2><.2%/@%,*�wyolbrzy-mienie liczb2><#<E)%>;L.)=.,**&E);>y@O-!2&E%><.�E@A%=&%=%E/;<%@-#E)&;=;�-%=&%&,*</;'=;J,&;,#=.><#,<.-&E);J,&��&#@-#E)&o=1?#$.=%);$&%E)I).'@;<2;-;/12><#E%/<;=.,* '&,<MI )#D;� L# ;2&E.-%=#2><#<=&,*DAO-=#-./%�><#=&#-;DO'#$&%A;$&#?E,#�Podobnie, wA%J,&-;JK)%=&#$%L%/=#D;-2A.-1=%<%E%/=iczy charakter – gatunek literacki – �E&CD&Kronik, jak i innych semic-kich i niesemickich /<&#A*&E);>.,<=.,*2><.-;A%=.,*2;-.L#?�

11�;M�=%2><.@A%/��#''.�Persian Propaganda – A Neglected Factor in Xerxes’ Invasionof Greece and Herodotus, „Iranica Antiqua”:64 VV:5�E��9:� �8�<-A�E��86��88&<%$&#E<,<;=.)%$2><#D'N/>OL=;>;/=.,*E)%=;-&E@;>%z odniesienia literaturowe.

12 Ksenofont, Wyprawa Cyrusa�)A1$��%/./%��%>E<%-%(�<.)#'=&@� VV:�13 Plutarch, 0��!&1'��)A1$��>;L#@��>;,Aaw: Ossolineum, 1996.14 Zob. C.H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily (LCL; London: William Heinemann / Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), t. VI, s. 62-65.15 Zob., Polibiusz, Dzieje� )A1$� &;2>��F%$$#>��>;,A%-(�%@A%/�%>;/;-.&$��EE;'&P�

E@&,*��879�16 Zob. Tytus Liwiusz, ��2��!�� 1��!��3� ��&��445,44655� )A1$� & ;2>%,�

��>;L#@��>;,A%-(�%@A%/�%>;/;-.&$��EE;'&Pskich, 1974.

12 ��

�>;=&@&<%-&#>%?N )#L fikcyjne modlitwy i mowy, przypisane przez Kronika-rza>OL=.$@>O';$ i prorokom, które nie $&%A.$&#?E,%-><#,<.-&E);J,&42><.�=%?$=&#?=&#-+;>$&#&)>#J,&2;/%=#?-�E&C/<#5�=%2><.@A%/($;-.&$;/'&�)-%�%-&/% (1Krn 21,7-16; 28,2-10; 29,1-5.10-19), mowa Abiasza (2Krn 13,4-12), modlitwa Jozafata (2Krn 20,5-12) i mowa Ezechiasza (2Krn 29,5-11;30,6-9). �;)#?@%)#D;>&&=%'#L.)%@L#<%'&,<.K'&E). (�� / �� 1A;L;=#2><#<�>;�=&@%><% a przypisane królowi Chiramowi (2Krn 2,10); prorokowi Eliaszowi(2Krn 21,12-15); i królowi Ezechiaszowi (2Krn 30,6-9). Wszystki#)#)#@E).2;�?%-&%?N E&C-=&#2%>%'#'=#? ,<CJ,&�>;=&@ 4)<-� ‘dodatkach’)17. Jednak tego ro-dzaju ‘fikcyjne’#'#$#=).$;L=%<A%)-;J,&N;/=%'#]Ki-#-,<#J=&#?E<.,*@E&C�D%,* *&E);>.,<=.,*� )%@&,* ?%@ �E&CD% �%$1#'% ,<. �>O'#-E@%� =% 2><.@A%/(modlitwa Anny (1Sm 2,1-10); mowa 2;L#D=%'=a Samuela (1Sm 12,1-25), takzwany testament Dawida (1Krl 2,2-10), oraz modlitwa Salomona (1Krl 8,12-53)18. Metoda )% ?#E) )#L /;M><# <=%=% < historiografii @'%E.,<=#?� *#''#PE@&#?&><.$E@&#?�?%@;2><.@A%/$;L=%2;/%K=&ektóre $;-.-/<&#A%,*F#>;/;)%(np.Dzieje 5.106-107; 5,109; 7,220; 7,237), Tukidydesa (np. Wojna peloponeska,1,22; 1,140-145; 2,35-46; 2,60-64; 3,37-40)19, Ksenofonta (np. Wyprawa Cyrusa1,7), Polibiusza (np. Dzieje 11.4-6), 1 �E&CD%Machabejska (2,48-69) i Józefa Fla-wiusza (np. �� 1�� 7,332-388)20. Czy jakikolwiek 2;-%L=. uczonykwestionuje 2><.=%'#L=;JK).,*/<&#A/;E2#,.+&,<=#D;D%)1=@1'&)#>%,@&#D;�?%�@&$M.A;2&E%>E)-;*&E);>.,<ne?

Co oczywiste, KE&CD%�>;=&@<%-&#>%równi#Lszereg-N)@O- teologicznych.Na przy@A%/��>;=&@%><<%@A%/%�;LN-A%/<C =%/'1/]$&i &=D#>#=,?C w ich dz&%�A%=&# 4=2� 1Krn 10,13-14; 29,11; 2Krn 1,7-13; 20,6; 25,9; 36,17-21)21. Jednakpodobne #'#$#=). 2;?%-&%?N E&C )%@L#-�E&C/<#�>O'ów (np. 1Krl 3,5-15; 8;2Krl 17,18-23; 23,26-27) ;>%<->OL=.,*]>O/A%,*2;,*o/<N,.,*<#E)%>;L.)=.,*/;@1$#=)O-M'&E@;-E,*;/=&,*� )%@&,* ?%@ �=E@>.2,?%�;%M&,@% 4stela Meszy),historyczne teksty egipskie, królewskie inskrypcje asyryjskie i Cylinder Cyrusa.�;L#-A%/%=&# '1/<@&$';E#$?#E) )%@L#,#,*N/<&#A@'%E.,<=.,*�-.E)C21?#=%

�9�;M�)%@L# �>=:��7� �4Q/;/%)#@S5�18 F&E);>&% /#1)#>;=;$&E).,<=% <%-&#>% )#L -&#'# &==.,* 2><.@A%/O-( 2><#-%L%?N,% ,<CJK

�E&CD&�;-)O><;=#D;�>%-%-2>;-%/<;=%?#E)?%@;@;P,;-%$;-%�;?L#E<%4<;M�<-A%E<,<%�-)��7^:��6^: �""�"95^;< "�� 6^�/< ��7^ �>'�9�9� :�

19�1@&/./#E>;<-%L%)1$;-.<%-%>)#-@E&C/<#.20 Zob. Józef Flawiusz, ��1��)A1$��%/;L.,@&��%>E<%-%(�.)$� VV9�21�/=&#E&#=&%/;'&)#>%)1>.2;$;,=&,<#?/;).,<N,#?<%@>#E1)#;';D&,<=.,*2#>E2#@).--�E&C�

/<#�>;=&@�-(��alimi, The Books of Chronicles: A Classified Bibliography 4�&$;>�&M'#�&M'&;�D>%2* �^ #>1E%'#$( �&$;>� �88V5� E� 8��V7 2;<.,?# 797�9 �^ ;>%< - 2O]=&#?E<#? 21M'&@%,?&(��;*=E);=#�1 and 2 Chronicles: Volume 1: 1 Chronicles1 – 2 Chronicles 9: Israel’s Place Amongthe Nations („Journal for the Study of the Old Testament” Supplement Series, 253; Sheffield: Shef-field Academic Press, 1997), s. 10-16; S.S. Tuell, First and Second Chronicles (Interpretation;Louisville, KT: Westminster / John Knox Press, 2001), s. 12-14.

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2><.@A%/1F#>;/;)% (Dzieje 4,205).�2><#,&#L=&@)=&#;@>#J'% podstawowegorysu literackiego tych utworów EAowem ‘teologia’22.

Jako historyk, który pragnie ?%E=;1@%<%K&1$;L'&-&K,<.)#'=&@;$/;E)C2/;]>O/#A-ykorzystanych w KsiC/<#��>;=&@%><&=)#>2>#)1?#)#<=&,*�@)O>#-.$%�D%?N;M?%J=&#=&% 4<2#rE2#@).-.@%=;=&,<=#?$;L=%M.=%<-%K );<?%-&E@; &=�)#>2>#)%,?N `-#-=N)><M&M'&?=NZ5��%E)C21?#-&C, EA;-% ><%/@;1L.-%=#� 2;);,<�=.$&(2;>O-=%?$.=%2><.@A%/�Krl 9,5: � �� 4b/;EA�Q?%@2;-&#/< &% �A #$!;M & #,% A #$”), z 2Krn 7,18: �� (= „jak <%2#-=&A#$- p r z y -m i e r z u”); 2Krl 21,8: � �� (= „=&# 1,<.=&C 2;�=;-=&#�<>%#'a - . D = % P , % $ & z ziemi”), z 2Krn 33,8: � �� (= „nie -.E &#/ 'C ponownie Izraela z ziemi”). Parafrazuje nie-jednoznaczne zwroty, takie jak: �� („�/.1EA.E<.E<E<#'#E)@>;@O---&#><,*;A@%,*@><#-O-M%'E%$;-.,*�-)#�/. E 2 & # E < E & C”; 2Sm 5,24), i pisze: �� („�@;>; ).'@; 1EAyE<.E< ;/DA;E @>;@O- --&#><,*;A@%,* /><#-M%'E%$;-.,*� ruszaj do walki”; 1Krn 14,15). Niekiedy, aby wykorzystane ]>O�/A%E)%A.E&C<>;<1$&%A#/'%;/M&;>,O-, Kronikarz pomija w nich niejasne idio-my & -.>%L#nia, ?%@ =% 2><.@A%/ - ;2;-&%/%=&1 ; </;M.,&1 #>;<;'&$. 42;�>O-=%jmy np. 1Krn 11,4.6 z 2Sm 5,6.8). Niektóre teksty harmonizuje�%M.1A%�)-&K&,*<>;<1$&#=&# przez n&#-.@E<)%A,;=.ch odbiorców23, a niekiedy )A1$%,<.�,;E&C</%><.A; &/'%,<#D; (np. 1Krn 10,13-14; 2Krn 24,24; 25,16)24. Jednak tehistoryczno-egzegetyczne zabiegi�>;=&@%><%=&# EN na ).'# >;<'#DA#� %M. &E);)C�E&CD&-<&C)#??%@;,%A;JK;@>#J'&K$&%=#$ ‘komentarza’25.

Dopowiedzmy od razu� L#M#<-N)2&#=&%-.E)C21?N-�E&C/<#�>;=&@#'#�$#=ty midraszu. Znajdujemy tam n%2><.@A%/@&'@%-.?%J=&#P/;).,<N,.,*2;�,*;/<#=&% >OL=.,* =%<- - ;2%>,&1 ; 2;/;M&#PE)-; M><$&#=&% /%=ej nazwyi hebrajskiego rdzenia lub EA;-%4D>%EAO-5�=2�� (Szelomo – Szalem[= ,%A.]; 1Krn 28,9; 29,19) i � �� (Szelomo – Szalom [= pokój]; 1Krn22,9)26. #/=%@L#1-<D'C/=&-E<.-E<.E)@&#-A%J,&-;J,& )#@E)1�MAC/#$?#E)<%�@'%E.+&@;-a=&#,%A#?�E&CD&�>;=&@?%@;midraszu27.

22�;M�E<,<#DOA;-#;$O-&#=&#&;/=&#E&#=&%/;]>O/#A2;/E)%-;-.,*&2;M;,<=.,*(I. Kali-mi, An Ancient Israelite Historian�E� 9� 8�<-A�2><.2�50.

23�<,<#DOA;-#;$O-&#=&#-( I. Kalimi, The Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chro-nicles (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005), s. 154-156.

24�;>O-=%?$.)C$#);/C<$#);/NF#>;/;)%�Dzieje��D/<&#-.?%J=&%;=�&L?#/=.$<?#D;,#'O-?#E)/;,&#,„powodu, dlaczego oni [tzn. Grecy i cudzoziemcy, I.K.]);,<.'&<#E;MN-;?=.”.

25�<,<#DOA;-#;$O-&#=&#-( I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian�E� :� 9�&)%$L#2;�/%=.,*;/=&#E&#=&%,*/;'&)#>%)1>.2><#/$&;)1�

26 Zob. 1Krn 2,7; 10,13; 2Krn 19,5-8; 20,12; 32,2-7; oraz I. Kalimi, „Utilization of Pun/Paro-nomasia in the Chronistic Writing,” An Ancient Israelite Historian, s. 67-81, <-A%E<,<% E� 99�6�;>%<2;/%=%)%$M&M'&;D>%+&%&E<,<#DOAo-#;$O-&#=&#&=)#>#E1?N,#?=%E@-#E)&&�

27 Zob. I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian�E� V� :&2;/%=#)%$/%'E<#;/=;J=&@&/;'&)#>%)1>.�

14 ��

�;&=)#>#E1?N,#�2;>O-=.-%'=#,#,*.2;?%-&%?NE&C)%@L#-#-,<#J=&#?E<.,*M&M'&?=.,*@E&CD%,**&E);>.,<=.,*&-2&E$%,*F#>;/;)%�=%2><.@A%/( Od Per-sesa otrzymali Persowie��$��& (Dzieje 7,61); �� (Medowie) nazywanibyli przez wszystkich Ariami, kiedy jednak Kolchijka Medea�� z Aten dotych Ariów, zmienili i oni��$��& (Dzieje 7,62). �&$;);�=&@)2><#,&#L=&#nazywa Herodota `%=).@-%>.E)NZ, lecz ‘ojcem historii’28.

Ponadto, Kronikarz nie jest po prostu ‘@;2&E)N’ czy ‘plagiatorem’�?%@=%<.�-%?ND;=&e@)O><.1,<#=&^@&$J,@);2>%,;-%A$#);/N`wytnij – wklej’��#;@>#�J'#=&% EN =%2>%-/C=&#E2>a-&#/'&-#-<D'C/#$�>;=&@%><%� #E) ;=M;-&#$ >%�,<#?)-O>,<.$%>).E)N�wytrawnym historykiem ��$��!��1��!�� ,�!�� !7�� !"��' ��"��'�"�� !��, �� $�"� �� '��1� �� "�� 1a�$��1�!��!��$��!�� 29.

OkreJ'#=&# 2><#<#$=&# omawianego tu /<&#A% ?%@; `historiografii’, a jegoautora jako ‘historyka’ nie jest równoznaczne z pozytywnN odpowiedziN na pyta-nia o -&%>.D;/=;JK historycznN Kronik30. Uznanie narratora/autora za historykan&#<%'#L. )#L-.AN,<=&#;/ )#D;�,<. on sam 2;E)><#D%A siebie jako @;D;J, ktorelacjonuje-./%><#=&% < 2><#E<A;J,&��@>#J'#=&# );-.=&@% < %=%'&<. &E);)=.,*@>.)#>&O-�=%@)O>#/;/%)@;-;<->%,%$1-%DC� %@)O>#-.>%]=&#/;,*;/<N/;DA;E1 w samej KE&C/<#. Kronikarz wybiera ma)#>&%A<-,<#J=&#?E<.,*2&E$`bi-blijnych’ i dokonuje jego oceny31. �;><N/@1?# )#=$%)#>&%A =% =;-; & >#/%D1?#-@;'#?=;J,&�@;=)#@J,&#&+;>$&#, ?%@&#1<=%?#<%-A%J,&-#��;@A%/%E)%>%P�M.wyra<&K swojN ‘filozofiC’ historii (lub, jak kto -;'&�E-;?N ‘teologiC’ historii, np.2Krn 13) przez dobór odpowiednich J>;/@ów kompozycyjnych (mowy, modli-)-.� '&E).5� =&#@&#/.-.?%J=&%� ,; E&C </%><.A; &- )#= E2;EOM )-;><./<&#A; '&�)#>%ckie, które /;M><#-2%E;-1?#E&C-2O]=;M&M'&?=#2&E$%*&E);>.,<=#32.

�;/@>#J'%$�L#wszystkie te cechy nie,<.=&N%1);$%).,<=&#�E&CD&�>;=&@wiarygodnym/<&#A#$*&E);>.,<=.$-<=%,<#=&1;DO'=.$4)?� ‘*&E);>&N’-E#=�

6�%>); ;/=;);-%K2;/;M&#PE)-% 4-.;'M><.$&%=&# '&,<M� 2><.2&E.-%=&#$O- &)2�5$&C/<.F#>;/;)#$%E)%>;L.)=.$&*&E);>.@%$&L./;-E@&$&��%'#L.$&$;);2%$&C)%K�L#<?#/=#?E)>;=.-,<#E=#L./;-E@&#2&E$%*&E);>.,<=#4=2�@;/#@E.��!�5&*&E);>&%/#1)#>;=;$&E).,<=%<;E)%�A.1@;P,<;=#=%/A1D;2><#/F#>;/;)#$4=2��E&CD%�>O'#-E@%;@�2;A;-.U�-�2�=�#�^<;M�)%@�L#2;=&L#?�2><.2��"5^</>1D&#? ?#/=%@E)>;=.��>;=&@&<;E)%A.=%2&E%=#2;F#>;/;,&# 4;@�"VV�:97>�2�=�#�5��%$.-&C,-E<#'@&#2>%-;2><.21E<,<%K�L#�>;=&@%><2><#?NA$#);/.-,<#J=&#?�E<.,*1)-;>O-*#M>%?E@&,*4`M&M'&?=.,*Z5�%=&#�L#1'#DA-2A.-;$D>#,@&$�

29 Zob. I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 18-403 i wnioski na s. 407-409(cytat pochodzi ze s. 407).

30�%D%/=&#=&#);;$%-&%$-/%'E<.$+>%D$#=,&#)#?,<CJ,&=&=&#?E<#D;%>).@1A1�31�&C,#?E<,<#DOAO-=%)#=)#$%)/%'#?-=&=&#?E<.$%>).@1'#�32�E<.E)@&#)#@>.)#>&%<;E)%A.-.E<,<#DO'=&;=#-(��%'&$&�An Ancient Israelite Historian,

s. 29-39.

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E&# )#D;� ,; +%@).,<=&# E&C-./a><.A;5 %=& ?#j autora ‘naukowym historykiem’.�;/E1$;-1?N,$;?N%>D1$#=)%,?C2;-&#/<&%AM.$�L#specyfika Kronikarza jakohistoryka polega na ?#D;;/$&#==;J,& od%1);>%4%1);>O-5�E&CD&�>O'O-, Tuki-dydesa (ok. 460-396 r. p.n.e.) czy greckiego historyka Rzymu, Polibiusza (ok.208-118 r. p.n.e.). 8�'��!��!�Kronikarza, jak i wielu innych greckich, *#'�'#PE@&,*&><.$E@&,**&E);>.@O->OL=.,*,<%EO-&$&#?E,, takich jak Herodot (ok.484-425 r. p.n.e.) i Tytus Liwiusz (59 r. p.n.e. – 17 r. n.e.), =&# M.A% /;@A%/=%%=%'&<%`/;@1$#=)O-Z i precyzyjny opis przeE<A.,*</%><#P�

W#-E)C2&#/;E-;?#?@E&NL@& pt. Geschichte der romanischen und germani-schen Völker von 1494 bis 1535, Leopold Ranke (1795-1886) stwierdza: 9��, �� /�� $��$�� "��1��'�,��:�� '��' ��+3��"� �� & [wie es eigentlich gewesen]33. �#'#$�>;=&@%�><%=&#M.A;;2&E%=&#2><#E<A;J,& zgodnie z tym� `?%@M.A;=%2>%-/CZ, bez �$,�� 1��'��. Tego rodzajukryteria i im podobne standardy pisania historii, które ;/D>.-%A./;$&=1?N,N>;'C- @;=,#2,?%,* =&#@)O>.,* dawnych historyków (np. Tukidydes i Polibiusz),a 2><#-%L%?N<-A%E<,<%-,<%E%,*=;-;L.t=.,*�=&#M.A./'%�>;=&@%><%2&#>-�E<;2'%=;-#&MAC/#$?#E);,#=&%KD; )N$&%>N. �><#,&-=&#��>;=&@%><-.@;><.�E)1?# -,<#J=&#?E<# )#@E).!]>O/A% /; )#D;� M. 2><#@%<%K =%?-%L=&#?E<#� -#/A1Dniego, 2;1,<#=&%;/=;E<N,#E&C/;2>%@).@&L.,&%E2;A#,<=#D;�2;'&).,<=#D;�$;�>%'=#D;&>#'&D&jnego. �E@%<1?#E-.$;/M&;>,;$/>;DC2;E)C2;-%=&%,/%?Nc im‘historyczne’ opisy postaci waL=.,*-L.,&1=%>;/1�@)O>#rzetelnie strzegA. (np.Dawid, Salomon, Ezechiasz i Ozeasz) – MN/] )#L =&# 2><#E)><#D%A. (np. Saul,Joram, Joasz w drugim okresie swojego panowania i Achaz) – przykazaP�&C�,&;@E&CD1�%@; )%@&#�2;E)%,& )#$;DNE)%=;-&K2><.@A%//'%;/M&;>,O--E2OA�,<eE=.,*�>;=&@%><;-&�%'#)%@L#/'%2><.E<A.,*,<.)#'=&@O-�Zatem, historia estmagistra vitae34, a Kro=&@%><2;/#?$1?#E&C<%/%=&%�@)O>#2;)#$<;E)%A; porzu-cone przez Ranke’go i jego kontynuatorów -,<%E%,*-E2OA,<#E=.,*35. To zna-czy, oEN/<% 2><#E<A;JK & 1E&A1?# =%1,<%K o niej ku po1�� '��,��. �&#>;-%=&#E&C)#D;>;/<%?1)>;E@N nie jest 2;-;/;-%=#-.AN,znie -<D'C�

33 „Man hat der Historie das Amt, die Vergangenheit zu richten, die Mitwelt zum Nutzen zubelehren, beigemessen: so hoher Ämter unterwindet sich gegenwärtiger Versuch nicht: er will bloßsagen, wie es eigentlich gewesen”4)Au$%,<#=&#=%%=D&#'E@&&2;/@>#J'#=&%$;?#��^)A1maczeniecytatu z niemieckiego na polski: Maria Wojtczak); zob. L. Ranke, Geschichte der romanischen undgermanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1535 (Leipzig and Berlin: Reimer, 1824), s. v-vi.

34 Zob. I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 140-158, 310-311, 339-340.35�#;2;'/�%=@#�%1);>7");$O-�-@)O>.,*2;/#?$;-%A,%A#E2#@)>1$)#$%)O-*&E);>.,<�

=.,*4*&E);>&%J-&%)%�*&E);>&%�&#$&#,&)/�5�?1L<%L.,&%1<=%-%=.M.A<%=%?-&C@E<#D;*&E);>.@%-�1>;2&#��2;>O-=%=&1<&==.$&*&E);>.@%$&�?#D;-2A.-M.A2><#$;L=.��#/A1DEAO-M>.).?�E@&#D;*&E);>.@%��;;,*%�M.A;=Q�;#)*#$-J>O/*&E);>.@O-�%$.-E<.E,. ?#E)#J$. ?#D;1,<=&%$&”.

16 ��

/%$&‘teologicznymi’ &/;@)>.=N��>;=&@%><2>%-/;2;/;M=EA1D1?#E&C=&$&�L#M. po1,<.K E2;A#,<=;JK o -A%Jciw.$2;E)C2;-%=&1 (np. byciu 2;EA1E<=.$�;D1&2><#E)><#D%niu#D;2><.@%<%P5, aby </;A%A%2><#)>-%K?%@;$%A%-E2O'�=;)%;);,<;=%2><#<=&#L.,<'&-.,* sNsiadów. Zarazem �>;=&@%><1-E2OA,<#J=&%?C<.@ & E).' E)%>E<.,* )#@E)O-� <$&#=&%2><. ).$,<CJ,&;-; ich )>#JK & <%-%>)#-=&#? informacje oraz dostosow1?#&,*>#'&D&?=#2><#EA%=&# i-.?%J=&%, dlaczegowydarzenia <%&E)=&%A.-)%@&$,%=&#&==.$@E<)%A,&#�

�&%>.D;/=;JK�E&CD&�>;=&@ ?%@; ]>O/A% *&E);>.,<=#D; /'% ;@>#E1 sprzedniewoli babi';PE@iej jest @-#E)&N<12#A=&#;/>CM=N;/kwestii jej gatunku literac-kiego. Problem wiarygodnoJ,&�>;=&@=-&=&#=><1);-%K=%;,#=C��'�� literackich utworu jako historiografii. �%-#)?#J'&@);J1-%L%�E&CDC<%`EA%�MN*&E);>&C’4)<=�2;/%?N,N=&#/;@A%/=#&=+;>$%,?#), nadal pozostaje ona /<&#A#$*&E);>&;D>%+&,<=.m2;/-<D'C/#$<%$.EA1&'&)#>%,@&#?E2#,.+&@&. N&@)=&#2><#�,<.�L#F#>;/;)zamieszcza wiele nierzetelny,*/%=.,*'&,<M;-.,*�$O-&;2;�-&#J,&-E-;&,* Dziejach, %'# )#L=&@)=&# kwestionuje� L# ?#E) );/<&#Ao histo-ryczne, a%1);>%=%'#L.1-aL%K<%*&E);>.@%�NawetE%$F#>;/;)2;/@>#J'%2><#�,&#L: ;��!��&��"��&��"��!��!��$,�� !��$��&��!�� Dziejów (Dzieje7,152; por. 2.123).

Twierdzenie�L# Kronikarz jako historyk jest �� 36 ?#E)=&#J,&EA#� BACdem jest )%@L#2;/-%L%nie historycznej-&%>.D;/=;Jci Kronik jako,%A;J,& i przypisanie im miana midraszu37, komentarza, teologii, literatury fanta-stycznej itp. i automatyczne, niejako z definicji, negowanie jakiejkolwiek histo-ryczn#?-&%>.D;/=;J,& KE&CD&� �;/>OL=&#=&1 od takiego stanowiska, moja kla-syfikacja Kronik – ,*;,&%L nie ;@>#J'% KE&CD& %1);$%).,<=&# ?%@;D;/=#D; <%�1+%=&%/<&#A%*&E);>.,<=#D;�2;<;E)%-&%/1LNE-;M;/C badania@%L/#D;fragmen-tu z osobna�L#M.2><#@;=%KE&C�,<.$;L=%<=%'#]Ktam jakiekolwiek wiarygod-ne informacje38. �%L/.1>ywek wyodrCM=&;=.-�>;=&@ach =%'#L.-&C, bardzo

36 �%@1-%L%��;>>#.�The Composition and Historical Value of Ezra-Nehemiah (BZAW2; Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung, 1896), s. 52.

37�#A=#1<%E%/=&#=&# dlaczego 1'&1E�#''*%1E#=$.'&A E&C-E-;?#?,*%>%@)#>.E).,#�E&#D&�>;=&@ & ?#? %1);>%� -( I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian� E� V� :��O-&N, =%?@>O,#?�2&#>-E<;2'%=;-.$<%$&%>#$�#''*%1E#=%M.A;/%);-%=&#�;/#@E1�%2A%PE@&#D;4�5=%;@>#E2;=&#-;'&M%M&';PE@&#?�2><.?#/=;,<#E=.$1$&#E<,<#=&1�;/#@E1�#1)#>;=;$&,<=#D;4�5-;@>#�E&#$;=%>,*&&��>#<1')%,&#�2><.?$1?#;=�L#�E&CD&�%$1#'%&�>O'#-E@&#<%-&#>%?N-,<#J=&#?E<#]>O/A%�@)O>#<;E)%A.E2'#,&;=#>%<#$&<>#/%D;-%=#2><#<�#1)#>;=;$&E)C<D;/=&#<)#;';D&,<=.�$&-y).,<=.$&&/1,*#$�E&CD&�;-)O><;=#D;�>%-%��>;=&@%><L.?N,.E#)@&'%)2O]=&#?�-.@;�><.E)%A�E&CD&�%$1#'% &�>O'#-E@&# ?%@;E1>;-.$%)#>&%A�@)O>.;2>%,;-%A=%E2;EOM$&/>%E<1�<D;/=&#<#-E@%<%=&%$&�;/#@E1�%2A%PE@&eD;��&'#-&C,�>;=&@&>#2>#<#=)1?N?1/%&<$&�./O--;DO'#�@)O><.2;>1E<%?NE&C-E+#><#$&/>%E<1�;).'#�E&CD&�%$1#'%��>O'#-E@&#>#2>#<#=)1?N�2;/@%L/.$-<D'C/#$�E)%>;L.)=#D;�<>%#'%& ?#D;`><#,<.-&E)N!2>%-/<&-NZ@;=)y=1%,?C� );<=%�,<. ,*><#J,&?%PE)-; & ,*><#J,&?%=� �<.)#'=&@O- <%&=)#>#E;-%=.,* @-#E)&N 2><.?$;-%=&% 2><#<

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wnikliwie przebadaK &;,#=&K w>OL=.,* aspektach (tekstualnym, literackim, fi-lologicznym, teologicznym i historycznym). �%L/.2><.2adek trzeba 2;)>%@);�-%K&=/.-&/1%'=&#�-;2%>,&1;=%?'#2E<N-&#/<C&/;DACM=N analizC wzajemnie2;-&N<%=.,*$%)#>&%AO-M&M'&?=.,*&2;<%M&M'&?=.,*4#2&D>%+&,<=.,*&%>,*#;';�D&,<=.,*5�

W rzeczy samej, genealogie i opisowe,<CJ,&�E&CD&<%-&#>%?N szereg wiary-godnych da=.,**&E);>.,<=.,*/;).,<N,.,*;@>#E1 s2><#/&2;=&#-;'&M%M&';P�E@&#?��);@&'@%2><.@A%/O-:

(1) 1Krn 3,17-18 (‘dodatek’) wymienia siedmiu synów króla Jechoniasza,uprowadzonego do niewoli. �%=#J-&%/,<N,#;).$�L##,*;=&%E<$&%A,;=%?�$=&#?2&C,&;>;/<&#,&-.,<.)%K$;L=%)%@L#</;@1$#=)1%/$&=&E)>%,?&M%M&';P�E@&#?<�:>;@12%=;-%=&%�aM1,*;/;=;<;>%��478 !8�>�2�=�#�5�D/<&#;/=;);�-%=;� L# /;E)%>,<;=; L.-=;JK 12>;-a/<;=#$1/;=&#-;'& & 1-&C<ionemu Je-choniaszowi i jego ��&�� synom39.

(2) �$&C ‘Anani’�@)O>#<%$.@%'&E)C2;);$@O-�%-&/%-�Krn 3,24 =&#?#E)&$&#=&#$ <$.J';=.$� '#,< *&E);>.,<=.$� =%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#? ?#E) ); )% E%$%;E;M%�@)O>%-E2o$=&%=%?#E)-2%2&>1E%,*<�'#+%=).=.2;,*;/<N,.,*<�">;@12%=;-%=&%�%>&1E<%��@>O'%�#>E?&4"V9>�2�=�#�5��#/A1D)#D;<%2&E1�L./;-�E,.=%?#$=&,.-.E);E;-%'&'&E)/;�%D;*&�2#>E@&#D;<%><N/,.Yehud (Judy)�/;%>,.@%2A%=% Jochanana (II) oraz do Ostana, brata Ananiego40.

(3) �>;=&@%><-.$&#=&%I-)#@E)%,*�@)O>#=&#$%?N2%>%'#'&nigdzie w Bi-blii H#M>%?E@&#?I2'#$&C;=%<-&#`Meunici’��/=;J=#+>%D$#=).1$&#E<,<;=#EN - @;=)#@J,&# U�� -� 2�=�#�( - ,<%E%,* @>O'O- Judy, Ozeasza (783-742 r.p.n.e.; 2Krn 26,7) i Ezechiasza (716/5-687/6 r. p.n.e.; 1Krn 4,41)41. ‘Meunici’�@)O><.<%$&#E<@&-%'&2OA=;,=.�.=%? & <%,*;/=&�#D#-�=&#<;E)%'&-.$.J'#=&2><#< Kronikarza, lecz byli historycznym plemieniem nomadów�2;J-&%/,<onymw Inskrypcji �;/E1$;-1?N,#?<�%'chu (ND 400, wiersze 22-23) Tiglatpilesara III,króla Asyrii (744-727 r. p.n.e.)42.

�#''*%uE#=%$#);/;';D&&*&E);>&&<%2>;2;=;-%=#?2><#<�%=@#ZD;�;/E.A%$/;$;?#?@E&NL@&�D/<&#-.%@,#=);-%A#$)#=21=@)(An Ancient Israelite Historian, s. 22, przyp. 17.

38 Zob. I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian, s. 32-33.39 Zob. E.F. Weidner, „Jojachin, König von Juda, in babylonischen Keilschrifttexten,” Mélan-

ges syriens offerts à M. René Dussaud (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1939), t. 2, s. 923-935; Pritchard,Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament�E�:V6M��/=;J=&#/;-.?%J=&#=&%>OL�=&,-'&,<M&#E.=O-$&C/<.�E&CDN�>;=&@%/;@1$#=)#$M%M&';PE@&$<;M�I. Kalimi, Retelling ofChronicles in Jewish Tradition – A Historical Journey, rozdz. �:�2><.@A� �

40�%A;J,&;-#;$O-&#=&#)#?@-#E)&&-(��%'&$&�An Ancient Israelite Historian, s. 59-61.41 �#1=&,& EN 2>%-/;2;/;M=&# -.$&#=&#=& )%@L# - �>= V�� 4;/,<.)%=# <% �TT ?%@;(

�� [�]�� [=Meunici], zamiast TM: �� [= Ammonici]); i w 26,8 (odczytane za LXX:�� [�]��, w miejsce TM: ��).

42 Zob. H. Tadmor, „The Me’unites in the Book of Chronicles in the Light of an AssyrianDocument,” w: B. Uffenheimer (red.), Bible and Jewish History: Studies in Bible and Jewish Hi-

18 ��

(4) Informacja w 2Krn 32,30 (‘dodatek’, por. 2Krl 20,20)�L#@>O'�<#,*&%E<��!��$��1��< '��wód w Gichonie, a przepr��! ku zachodniejstronie Miasta Dawidowego (por. 2Krn 32,2-4; ‘dodatek’), ?#E) 2;J-&%/,<;=%2><#<&E)=&#?N,.akwedukt oraz &=E@>.2,?C<=%?/1?N,NE&C2><.-#?J,&1/;@%=%A1�<@)O>#?-.=&@%, L# kanaA Si';#<;E)%A<M1/;-%=y na krótko przed wkroczeniemSennacheryba, króla Asyrii do Judy (701 r. p.n.e.)43.

(5) �&C@E<;JK %>,*#;';DO- 1<=%?#� L# @>O'�%=%EE#E <M1/;-%A-%>;-=.$1><#-=C)>zny w Jerozolimie, jak podaje 2Krn 33,14 (‘dodatek’)44.

��$� ��.&/�0

%@;*&E);>.@��>;=&@%><;,#=&% E-;?# ]>O/A%��%E)C21?N,#2><.@A%/.;M?%�J=&%?NE2#,.+&@C1?Ccia historii w Kronikach:

(1) �&#/.�>;=&@%>< ,<.)%A$%)#>&%A ]>O/A;-.- 1Sm 31, 2>%-/;2;/;M=&#<%/%-%AEobie pytanie, dlaczego Saul<;E)%A2;<M%-&;=.-A%/<.@>O'#-E@&#?=%/�<>%#'#$ & /'%,<#D;;= & ?#D; E.=;-&# <D&=C'& w bitwie z Filistynami. �,#=&%A-&C,<?#/=#?E)>;=.,<.=.�%ula, z drugiej <%J2;<M%-&#=&#D;)>;=1&)>%D&,<=NJ$&#>K� W oparciu o swoje rozumienie poprzednich tekstów z 1�$&<D;/=&#<#E-;&$-&/<#=&#$J-&%)% (lub, jak kto woli, ‘fi';<;+&N*&E);>&&’� @)O>% <2#-=;�J,&NM.A%=%)1>. teologicznej – kryteria nagrody i kary) do/%A /; ]>O/A% @>O)@&-=&;E#@(��$��Saul �� , ��&��&,��!�;��"��"�1��;�� "�1�� '��!� ��"�� &�Jahwe7�=�� >;��?"�1��$�"� �� '�� >��?� � ��"� �� 5�� (1Krn 10,13-14,‘dodatek’ do 1Sm 31)45. Mimo,&Lnapis%=#?#E)�L# ��&��&� Saul Jahwe,

story Dedicated to the Memory of Jacob Liver (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1972), s. 222-230 (hebr.); R. Borger, H. Tadmor, „Zwei Beiträge zur alttestamentlichen Wissenschaft aufgroundder Inschriften Tiglatpilesers III,” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 94 (1982)�E� ""� 7��<-A� 7V� 7�^��2*Z%'�The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Cre-scent 9th-5th Centuries B.C. (Jerusalem: Magnes Press / Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), s. 65-71; H. Tad-mor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III King of Assyria: Critical Edition, with Introduction,Translations and Commentary (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994),s. 178-179.

43�/=;J=&#/;&=E@>.2,?&<�&';#�<;M�Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to theOld Testament, s. 321b; F.W. Dobbs-Allsopp, J.J.M. Roberts, C.L. Seow, R.E. Whitaker, HebrewInscriptions: Texts from the Biblical Period of the Monarchy with Concordance (New Haven andLondon: Yale University Press, 2005), s. 499-506.

44�/=;J=&#/;E<,<#DOAO-<;M� I. Himbaza, „Le mur de Manassé (2 Chr xxxiii 14) entre ar-chéologues et théologiens,” Vetus Testamentum, 57 (2007), s. 283-294. �%>);)%@L#=%/$&#=&K�L#/1L# +>%D$#=).��>=� ��"�=%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#?;2&#>%?N E&C=% ><#,<.-&E).$E2&E&# 4E2&E%,*5�/;@)O>#D;�>;=&@%><$&%A/;E)C2�

45�/=;J=&#/;).,*-#>E#)O-<�>=�<;M�I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History inChronicles, s. 139-140, 209-210, 339.

�8F��F�� H_F��

lecz Jahwe mu nie odpowiedzi��@ (1Sm 28,6; <;M�)%@L#-#>E#) 15), �>;=&@%><2&E<#�L#�%1'nie ��&�Jahwe. Jego zdaniem,?#J'&�%==&#;/2;-&%/%A�%1�';-&� znaczy );� L# )%@=%2>%-/C�%1'=&# >%/<&A E&C�%=%� 2;=&#-%L b�� ;��!"��' ��8��$" ��!"��' ��$�8�� (Ps 145,18)46.

(2) �>;=&@%><,<.)%A-materiale ]>O/A;-.$: Zostawili tam [Filistyni] ��1�'�"�a Dawid i jego ludzie zabrali je (2Sm 5,21). Dla Kronikarza jest><#,<N=&#$;L'&-N (lub, jak kto woli – historycznN =&#J,&EA;J,&N5� L#M. �%-&/� @>O'-.M>%=.2><#<�;D% (2Sm 5,2 / 1Krn 11,2; 1Krn 28,4 – ‘dodatek’);>%<;?,&#,& <%A;L.,&#' @>O'#E)-% �<>%#'%=&# <=%A 2><#2&EO-�;>.( ��$��'��:��&�� $��$�� "��>�' ��,��$��&?�� (Pwt 7,25 <;M�)%@L#-#>E#) 5; 12,3). �'%�>;=&@%><%?#E))%@L#=&#/;2><.?C,&%, b.�%-&/<=%A�>%-;�%$&$;);-;'%A?#<lekce-%L.K z powo-du LN/<.<%D%>=&C,&%A12O-��>;=&@%><<$&#=iA-&C,)>#JK]>O/A%<D;/=&#<#E-;�?N;,#=N*&E);>.,<=N-&#'@&#?2;E)%,&�<>%#'%&=%2&E%A�?%@2;E)N2&A�%-&/([Fili-styni] porzucili tam �� 1��"� �� spal�� (1Krn14,12). In=.$&EAo-.��%-&/<=%A�>%-;&2;E)N2&A zgodnie z przepisem47.

(3) �>;=&@%><,<.)%A]>O/A;/;).,<N,#$&%E)�@)O>#�%';$;=/%AChiramowiw zamian za /;E)%>,<;=#$%)#>&%A.=%M1/;-CJ-&N).=&&2%A%,1 (1Krl 9,10-13).�.)%AE%$E&#M&#�,<.M.A;2>%-/;2;/;M=#�L#M.�%';$;=�=%?M;D%)E<.@>O'&<>%�#'E@&-/<&#?%,*48�)#=�@)O>#$1�%=<A;L.A;M&#)=&,C(A nadto dam c��"�� "��&� takie ��&"�1��1�� '�'��&��&�!'�� $� '�� p o w s z y s t k i e d n i t w o j e (1Krl 3,13)49, =%2>%-/C=&# M.A-E)%=&#<%2A%,&K<%$%)#>&%A.=%M.)#;/�*i>%$%Y�<.$;L'&-#?#E)�L#by wy-brany przez Boga król Salomon (1Krn 28,5-6; 29,1 – ‘dodatki’)50,2><#@%<%A,<CJK

46�;M�)%@L#�</6� M( „>C@%�;D%=%E<#D;,<1-% A%E@%-&#=%/-E<.E)@&$&�@)O><./;�&#D; E&C <->%,%?N�%E>;D&D=&#-#D;@&#>1?#E&C2><#,&--E<.E)@&$�@)O><.;/�&#D;;/,*;�/<N” (por. werset 31). OdnoJ=&#/;)#?@;=,#2,?&�>;=&@%><%�<;M��>= 6�8^ �>=�7� ^;>%<E<,<#�DOA;-#;mówienie w: I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chronicles, s. 327-329.

47�<,<#DOA;-#;$O-&#=&#-(��%'&$&�Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chronicles,s. 154-156.

48 Zob. 2Krn 8,17-18 / 1Krl 9,26-28; 2Krn 9,9-11.17-21 / 1Krl 10,10-12.18-22.49�2%>%'#'=.$ )#@J,&#�>;=&@%><-<$%,=&% )C�;LN;M&#)=&,C� <$&#=&%?N, & >;<M1/;-1?N,

-,<#J=&#?E<. )#@E)( „;M/%>1?C ,&C M;D%,)-#$� E@%>M%$& & ,*-%AN� ?%@&,* nie mieli królowie2 > < # / ) ; M N &=&#MC/N$&#'& p o t o b i e” (2Krn 1,12). Zob. I. Kalimi, Reshaping of AncientIsraelite History in Chronicles, s. 40-42, 223, 312-313.

50 ��>= 6��=%-&N<1?#/;�>;>octwa Natana w 1Krn 17,11-13 / 2Sm 9�� "��;M1 ).,*$&#?E,%,*�>;=&@%><2>%-/;2;/;M=&#;2%>A swoje stwierdzenie na 1Krl 2,15b: „/'%$=&#4b�/;�=&%E<%5M.A%-A%/<%@>O'#-E@%^%'#=%@;D;&==#D;2><#E<A%-A%/<%@>O'#-E@%&/;E)%A%E&C$#$1M>%)1 cb�%';$;=;-&d^ D/.L <-;'& �%=%$1 2><y2%/A%”. �@;>; @>O' �%';$;= <;E)%A-.M>%=.2><#<�%=%=%=%E)C2,C E-#D;;?,% & M1/;-=&,<#D; J-&N).=&�-.@'u,<% ); 2>%-/;2;/;M&#PE)-;2><#,&-E)%-=#?*&E);>&&<��>'�� )OLE2><#,&-&AM.E&C)#$1�@;D;�%=E%$-.M>%AY�%)#$�>;�=&@%><,%A@;-&,$&?%)C*&E);>&C�

20 ��

�&#$&�M&#,%=#?;M,#$1-A%/,.-<%$&%=<%<A;); &/>#w=;Y�'%�>;=&@%><%;/2;-&#/]=% )#2.)%=&%M.A%</#,./;-%=&#=#D%).-=%� Nie dopusz,<%A$;L'&�-;J,&�L#�%==&#/;)><.$%A;M&#)=&,./%=#?�%';$;=;-&�%2><.=%?$=iej nie/;�)><.$%A?#?-2#A=&��%@-#E)&;=;-%A-&C,2>%-/;2;/;M&#PE)-;&=+;>$%,?&<%-%>�)#?-�E&C/<#�>O'ów &,%A@;-&,&# ?N;/><1,&A��);E;-=&#/; )#D;�>;=&@%><;/�->O,&A,%AN*iE);>&C&=%2&E%A((��"�w c��' ��,��!��$��&�;��'��" ��1�!��"��' ��#�� !��!��"� ��!��!�5� �� (2Krn 8,1-2)51.

�DO'=&# M&;>N,� /;@;=%=a przez Kronikarza #-%'1%,?%-,<#J=&#?E<.,* )#@�E)O-E2>%-&%�L#/;E)><#Da on potrzebC 2;/%=&%-.?%J=&#=&%?%@&#D;J*&E);>.,<�=#D; -./%><#=&% 42&#>-E<. < ;$ó-&;=.,* )1 2><.@A%/O-5^ %'M; >;<-&@A%=&%E2><#,<=;J,&$&C/<.-,<#J=&#?E<.$]>O/A#$%�;>N4/>1D&2><.@A%/5^%'M;<%2;�M&#L#=&%-#-=C)><=#?E2><#,<=;J,&4)><#,&2><.@A%/5��><.?C,/#jJ,&%�@)O>#�D;2>OM@% <;E)%A% zaprezentowana 2;-.L#?� E)%-&%�>;=&@%><%- &==.$� /1L;korzystniejszym J-&#)'#��&# +%AE<;-%A-./%><#P� '#,< >%,<#?;,#=&%A ?#< &==#?2#>E2#@).-.� posia/%?N,#? -A%E=N logi@C i sposób uzasadniania. Nie znac<. );?#/=%@� L#$.�-E2OA,<#J=& *&E);>.,.�$1E&$. %@,#2);-%K$#);/.�>;=&@%><%&1<=%-%K?#<%12>%-=&;=#�

��$�� 1 � )��%�� &��2��*��3-*��&�.��4�- +��5��1&-��-0 +��5

Pisanie historii – jakiejkolwiek historii – nie jest równoznaczne <#<-.@A.$;2&E#$2><eE<A.,*</%><#P�&=E).)1,?&�postaci &)2��><#,&-=&#�;<=%,<%)%@L#pa-trzenie na2><#E<A;JK z punktu widzenia historyka: jego-A%E=ego czasu, miejsca�;@;'&,<=;J,& E2;A#,<=.,*� >#'&D&?=.,*� @1ltur;-.,* & 2;'&).,<=.,*� �%@ -&C,`przeszA;JK’ nigdy nie jest tylko ‘2><#E<A;J,&N’ &2>%-/C$ówiN,, nigdy nie jestmartwa. P;/'#D%,&NDA#$1@E<)%A);-%=&1&2><#@E<)%A,%=&1�-<%'#L=;J,&;/$&#?�E,%�,<%E1&>OL=;>;/=.,*;@;'&,<=;J,& pracy historyka.�%@L#*&E);>.@I@%L/.*&E);>.@I jest wytworem historii, w której wzrasta, L.?# i tworzy, w nie mniej-szym stopniu =&L *&E);>&%, która stanowi =#1)>%'=. 2><#/$&;) M%/%P� -&#/<.& 2&E%>E)-% historyka� �%)#$ @%L/# >;<1$&#=&# -./%><#P *&E);>.,<=.,* E%$;w sobie jest ?1L*&E);>.,<=#�D/.LE)%=;-&E-;&E)#2;AN,<#=&#)ematu historycz-nego i subiektywnych warunków pracy historyka – �� $�� oli I;>%<?#D;;E;M;-;J,&�

�&'@% >;</<&%AO-$;?#?@E&NL@& An Ancient Israelite Historian 2;J-&C,&A#$wykazaniu�L#�>;=&@%><M.A1-%>1=@;-%=.E-;&$,<%E#$, miejscem i kontek-

51 Obszerniej na ten temat w: I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 40-42.

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stami historycznymi.�A%J=&#?%@;)%@& – ��!1��!��!��'� – Kronikarz wybiera z -,<#J=&#jszych tekstów i -N)@O-/;).,<N,.,*2><#E<A;J,&�<>%#'%)#�@)O>#$%?N;/=&#E&#=&#/;E2>%--%L=.,*/'%=&#D;E%$#�D;& jego odbiorców. Ocenia te teksty i -N)@&�;2;-&%/%?N,*&E);>&C<2#>E2#@).�-.E-;?#D;@;=)#@E)1E2;A#,<=;�*&E);>.,<=#D; & ?#D;=;>$�<1-<D'C/=&#=&#$'&)#>%ckich i religijnych standardów, oraz E2>%-L.-;)=.,*/'% ?#D;2;@;'#=&%��==.$&EA;-.��E&CD%�>;=&@ przede wszystkim przedstawia 2;D'N/.%1);>%=%2><#E<A;JK�1?$;-%=N2><#<=&#D;-)%@&E2;EOM�%M.$&%A%<%E);E;-%=&#/;?#D;,<%E1 &2;@;'#=&%�=%);$&%E)$=&#?-%L=# ?#E)/o@A%/=#2><#/E)%-&#=&#,<%EO-&2;@;'#P�;@)O>.,*?#E)$;-%�

Faktem jest,L# przesA%=&#�>;=&@%><%</#,./;-%=&#>OL=&E&C;/2><#EA%=&%-,<#J=&#jE<.,* /<&#A M&M'&?=;�*&E);>.,<=.,*� D/.L E@&#>;-%=# M.A; /; &=negoczasu, miejsca i odbiorców. �;E)%A; /;E);E;-%=#/;-E2OA,<#E=.,*$1 ';@%'�=.,*&=;-.,*;@;'&,<=;J,&*&E);>.,<=.,*�Na'#L.-&C,;,#=&K/<&#A;�>;=&@%�><%?%@;<=%,<N,.-@A%/-/&%'#@).@C$&C/<.*&E);>.@&#$okresu�>1D&#?H-&N�).=&% historykiem okresu sprzed niewoli M%M&';PE@iej, przez ponowne opowie-/<#=&# *&E);>&& �<>%#'&)O-� <-A%E<,<% 1/#?,<.@O-� < ,<%EO-�%-&/% & /.=%E)&&�%-&/;wej. Taka dialektyka2><.=;E&<E;MN;,#=C*&E);>&& �<>%#'%<2#>E2#@).�-. *&E);>.@% #2;@& �>1D&#j Wspólnoty (= gmina jerozolimska po powrociez wygnania). P;=&LE<#2><.@A%/.&'1E)>1?N$;?N)#<C(

(1) �>;=&@%><E@12&%E&C-E-;&$/<&#'#=%pokoleniu Judy, na dziejach dy-nastii Dawi/;-#?�2><.2&E1?N, E<,<#DO'=# znaczenie Jerozolimie� J-&N).=& ?#>;�<;'&$E@&#?�sprawowanemu w niej kultowi oraz tym, którzy go sprawowali��;L�=%2><.21E<,<%K�L# skupienie uwagi Kronikarza na tych zagadnieniach wyrastaz funkc?&� ?%@&# 2#A=&A. - ?#D; -A%E=.,* ,<%E%,*� �==.$& EA;-.� E)%>% E&C on1-./%)=&KJ-&C);JK&=%/><C/=;JK-E2OA,<#E=#?$1J-&N).=&&E-;?#D;$&%E)%I#>;<;'&$.�oraz swojej judzkiej wspólnoty w Yehud Medinta (= Prowincja Judy)i jej przywódców – Ananiego (potomek Dawida) oraz %>,.@%2A%=a. �>;=&@%><;2&E1?# %>,.@%2A%=% - @>O'#E)-&# 1/. <D;/=&# < wizerunkiem t#? &=E).)1,?&- ?#D;-A%E=.,* ,<%E%,*- Yehud Medinta52. �;=&#-%L; '#-&)ach pisze /1L;&2;,*'#bnie53�2>%-/;2;/;M=&#M.A?#/=.$<=&,*�

(2) �>;=&@%><;2&E1?##>;<;'&$C jako miejsce, gdzie Dawid i jego synowiemieszkali prawie nieprzerwanie od zdobycia miasta przez Dawida, przypuszczal-nie do czasów Kronikarza za panowania perskiego (koniec V – 2&#>-E<#K-&#>K�-&#,<#�U-�2�=�#�5��./%?#E&C�L#DAO-=.$,#'#$�>;=&@%><%M.A;2><#/E)%�-&#=&# #>;<;'&$. ?%@; miasta ostatecznego i niemal nieprzerwanego <%$&#E<�@%=&%2;);$@O-�%-&/%��;-&C,#?�-ykorzystuje spis$&#E<@%P,O-#>;<;'&�

52 Zob. I. Kalimi, Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 140-142, 182-185.53 Zob. np. 1Krn 15,11-24; 23-26; 16,4 („dodatki”); i por. 2Krn 34,30 z paralelnym tekstem

w 2Krl 23,2.

22 ��

$.2;=&#-;'&M%M&';PE@&#?<�#* 11 jako zwiePczenie genealogicznego i etno-graficznego wprowadzenia do swojego /<&#A% (1Krn 1-9), ,*;,&%L D#=#%';D&#1>.-%?NE&C=%>;/<&#�%1'%(1Krn 8,29-38 – ‘dodatek’) &)>%D&,<=#?J$&#>,&�%1�'%&?#D;E.=O-(1Krn 10 / 1Sm 31)54. Obraz, jaki-.A%=&%E&C<��>=8�ukazuje#>;<;'&$C<%$&#E<@anN dobrowolnie przez ,%Aego Izraela��&%E);E)%=;-&A;,#=�)>1$,%A#D;=%>;/1�<%>O-=;2OA=;,=.,*,?%@&2;A1/=&;-.,*2'#$&;=�Ponadto,przez wprowadzenie licznych<$&%=-)#@J,&#�E&CD& Samuela i jedyny w swo-im rodzaju opis zdobycia miasta, Kronikarz najprawdopodobniej E)%>% E&C 2;/�M1/;-%K>#21)%,?C -E2OA,<esnej sobie Jerozolimy – miasta wyludnionego i pro-wincjonalnego (Neh 11,3-19 / 1Krn 9,2-17) – i 1,<.=&K?Natrakcyjnym&2;LN/%�=.$ ;J>;/@&#$ ,%A#D; =%>;/1 dla potencjalnych repatriantów� �==.$& EA;-.��>;=&@%><2>%-/;2;/;M=&#1E&A1?#<%,*C,&K-E2OA,<eE=.,*$&#E<@%P,O-YehudMedinta� ?%@ & �./O- < /&%E2;>. 4<-A%E<,<% #D&2E@&,* & M%Mi';PE@&,* Gola =wysiedlonych5�L#M.E2>;-%/<&'&E&C/;#>;<;'&$.&<%$&#E<@%'&-=&#?=%E)%A#��;@%<1?#-&C,�?%@-%L=#?#E));$&%E); dla religii;>%<L#2;);$@;-&#?#/.=#?prawowitej dynastii niemal<%-E<#M.'&&=%/%'EN4�=%=&�-.$&#=&;=.=%siód-mym miejscu w 1Krn 3,24 i na papirusach z Elefantyny)55 – E)%A.$&$&#E<@%P�,%$&#>;<;'&$.��&#<%2;$&=%?$.�L#<%'#/-&#@&'@%'%)-,<#J=&#?�#*#$&%E<z$1E&Aniektórych �./O-z prowincji /;;E&#/'#=&%E&C--.'1/=&;=ej Jerozo-limie56.

(3) �%E2>%-N >OL=.,*<%M&#DO- '&)#>%,@&,*��>;=&@%><E)%>%E&C1-./%)=&K=%/<-.,<%?=NJ-&C);JKJ-&N).=&�?#?lokalizacji�E2><C)O- iEA1D, przypuszczalniepo to, by 2;/@>#J'&KJ-&C);JK &<=%,<#=&#-E2OA,<#E=#?$1=&#-&#'@&#?�=&#<M.);@%<%A#? i skromnie -.2;E%Lo=#? J-&N).=&� �N,<. umiejscowienie J-&N).=&< ;+&%>N �<%%@% (Aqedah; Rdz 22,1-19), o czym nie wspomina paralelny tekstz KE&CD&�>O'O-(2Krn 3,1 – ‘dodatek’ do 1Krl 6). �.>%]=#;/=&#E&#=&%/;;2;�-&#J,&; Aqedah, E2&E&# '1/=;J,& &@'#2&E@1�>%1=% (2Sm 24 / 1Krn 21,1-22,1)2>%-/;2;/;M=&#$&%A.=%,#'12><./%=&#J-&N).=&�;>;M%M#'%E<,<eDO'=#?J-&#)�=;J,&�D/.L=&#/;>O-=.-%A%J-&N).=&�%';$;=%%=&-&#'@;J,&N�%=&M;D%c)-#$�%=&-.2;E%L#=&#$/; E2>%-;-%=&% @1')157��;L=% )#L <-E<#'@&$ 2>%-/;2;�/oM&#PE)-#$ -&/<&#K - ).$ 1@>.)N 2;'#$&@C -.$&#><;=N przeciw J-&C)emu

54�M.E)-;><.K'&)#>%,@NAN,<=;JK$&C/<.D#=#%';D&N>;/1�%1'%%;2;-&#J,&N;J$&#>,&�%1�'%��>;=&@%><2;-)%><% )C D#=#%';D&C )%@L#-��>=8�:8�"" 42;=;-=#2;-)O><#=&# / Wiederauf-nahme); zob. I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian, s. 92.

55�;M�)%@L#-.L#?�,<CJK��2><.@A%/ -=&=&#?E<.$%>).@1'#�56 Zob. I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian�E�67��V6�� 7��"��%>);/;/%K�L#-+%@�

).,<=%E.)1%,?%#>;<o'&$.=&#-&#'#E&C<$&#=&A%2><#<)#E);'%)�;/,<%E1-,<#J=&#?E<#D;2>;>;,�)-%�<%,*C).�%,*%>&%E<%�/;).,<N,#D;$&%E)%4�%65�

57 Obszerniejsze omówienie w: I. Kalimi, „The Land / Mount Moriah, and the Site of the Je-rusalem Temple in Biblical Historical Writing,” Early Jewish Exegesis and Theological Controver-sy: Studies in Scriptures in the Shadow of Internal and External Controversies 4�F ^�EE#=��;.%'U%=�;>,1$� VV 5�E�8�: <-A%E<,<% 7�:��

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miejscu Samarytan na górze Garizim, o to, które miejsce kultu jest -.M>%=#&=%?J-&C)E<#58.

(4) �;/>OL=&#=&1 ;/ swego wzorca, tj. historii deuteronomistycznej 4 �>' "�6��95��>;=&@%><2;/@>#J'%�L#�%M1,*;/;=;<;>��-.-&O<A=%,<.=&%J-&N).=�=#<%2%=;-%=&% ;?%@&$% 4789 >�2�=�#�5 & L#=&# dozn%A.;=# uszczerbku (2Krn36,10). Podobnie postN2&;=;)#L<2;<;E)%A.$&=%,<.=&%$&J-&N).==.$&2O]=&#?�@&#/.�%M1,*;/onozor znisz,<.A J-&N).=&C & #>;<;'&$C (587/6 r. p.n.e.; 2Krn36,18 – ‘dodatek’). �==.$&EA;-.�-E<.E)@&# J-&C)#=%,<.=&%M.A.-�%M&';=&#,<#@%?N,%L�ODE@&#>1?#=%=&#E-N1-%DC&E2>;-%/<&?#<2;->;)#$� I tak&><#�,<.-&J,&# M.A M&#D -./%><#P, kiedy SzeE<M%EE%> 2><.2>;-%/<&A 2;->%,%?N,.,*-.D=%P,O-/;�.?;=1&2><.=&OEA<#E;MNna��)��$��;��"��' �� ,�� ;� ��! (Ezd 1,7; <;M� )%@L# 5,13-15; 6,5). �O�-&N, ?#E<,<# &=%,<#?��>;=&@%>< ,*,&%A- )#= E2;EOM-.>%<&K$.J'� L# =%,<.=&%J-&N).=&�;>;M%M#'%�%-&C,?#D;-A%E=#?�-E2OA,<#E=#?$1J-&N).=&� );)#E%$#�?%@&#<=%?/;-%A.E&C-J-&N).=&�%';$;=%�#E));=%?-.>%]=&#?2;'#$&@%<).$&�@)O><.=#Dowali<=%,<#=&#1M;D&#?J-&N).=&�;>;M%M#'%&=-%L%li jej, ,;<=%�'%<A;-.>%<-�E&C/<#�DD#1E<%&&==.,*2&E$%,*<;@>#E1�>1D&#?H-&N).=&59.

(5) Jak odno);-%=; ?1L- '&)#>%)1><#2><#/$&;)1��>;=&@%><;,enia postaciepoki monarchicznej (takie jak Dawid i Salomon) oraz ich czyny, jak gdyby?1L-;-.,*/%-=.,*,<%E%,*&E)=&%A./<&#A%�euteronomisty i K%2A%PE@&e, tak jakza jego czasów, w epoce perskiej60.

(6) �>;=&@%><2;$&?%;E)%)=&N,<CJK#/.@)1�.>1E%��/#,./;-%AE&C<%@;P�,<.KE-;?#/<&#A;-#<-%=&#$/;2;->;)1/;<&#$&�<>%#'%, �� niechaj wraca.Takie zak;P,<#=&# -./%?# E&C 2>%@).,<=N `E.?;=&E).,<=N’ <%,*C)N /; powrotu<&E)=&#?N,.,*-E2O'=;)Lydowskich Gola do Yehud Medinta61.

58 Zob. I. Kalimi, „The Affiliation of Abraham and the Aqedah with Zion / Gerizim in Jewishand Samaritan Sources,” Early Jewish Exegesis and Theological Controversy, s. 33-58; I. Kalimi,J.D. Purvis, The Hiding of the Temple Vessels in Jewish and Samaritan Literature, „Catholic Bibli-cal Quarterly” 56 (1994), s. 679-685.

59�><#,*;-%=&#=%,<.PJ-&N).==.,*-�%M&';=&#�,;2;/@>#J'%<%>O-=;�>;=&@%><?%@&�<�/>%E< 4��5$;L=%2><e,&-E)%-&K )>%/.,?;$;M#,=.$- '&)#>%)1><# L./;-E@&#? & E%$%>.)%PE@&#?�@)O>#1)><.$1?N�L#,<CJK-.2;E%L#=&%J-&N).=&�<=%,<.=&%$&-AN,<=&#�<;E)%A%1@>.)%-<&#$&%L/; ,<%EO- #E,*%);';D&,<=.,*� @&#/. =% =;-; <;E)%=&# 2><.->O,;=# E2>%-;-%=&# @1')1� Zob.I. Kalimi, „The Affiliation of Abraham and the Aqedah with Zion / Gerizim,” Early Jewish Exege-sis and Theological Controversy�E�::�76^)#D;L�„The Twilight of Jerusalem: King Jehoiachin andthe Temple’s Vessels in the Deuteronomistic and Chronistic History,” An Ancient Israelite Histo-rian, s. 115-123.

60 Zob.2><.@A%/.-(��%'&$&�Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 142-147, 149-156.61 Zob. I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite Historian�E��7 ��77��N)#L&==#2><.@A%/.2;)-&#>�

/<%?N,#$O?21=@)-&/<e=&%�<;M�)#D;L�Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History, s. 140-158, 182-185, 279-280, 289-290, 312 przyp. :6�:�"2><.2�""^ )#D;L, „The Land / Mount Moriah”, EarlyJewish Exegesis and Theological Controversy� E� 8�: <-A� 7�:��;M� )%@L# )#D;L� An AncientIsraelite Historian, s. 85-157.

24 ��

�;/E1$;-1?N,2;-.LE<#=%'#L.2;-&#/<&#K� L#-#/A1D=%E<#? <=%?;$;J,&]>O/#A��>;=i@&EN2&#>-E<.$)#D;>;/<%?1/<&#A#$-J>;/@;-.$;@>#E&#�>1�D&#?H-&N).=&62. �./%?#E&C�&L1)-O>)#=;/2;-&%/%A=%-&#'@&#<%2;)><#M;-%=&#O-,<#E=#D;2;@;'#=&%� z uwagi na rozwój norm E2;A#,<=ych, religijnych� ?C<.�@;-ych i literackich,<-A%E<,<%;/,<%E1�E&CD&�%$1#'%&�>O'ó--&#'#2;@;�'#P-E)#,<��);E;-=&#/;)#D;��>;=&@&&�>;=&@%><>#2>#<#=)1?N<%E%/C�L# Q@%L�/#2;@;'#=&#$%E-;?N-A%E=N*&E);>&;D>%+&C&-A%E=#D;historyka”. �2;=&#-%Lveritas filia temporis63, �>;=&@& EN Q-A%J,&-.$S utworem, „prawdziwym” dlaswego czasu, miejsca i odbiorców.

6

�&=&#?E<. %>).@1A E)a=;-& 2>OMC 1@%<%=&% �E&CD& �>;=&@ - J-&#)'# M%/%P*&E);>.,<=.,*, aby oddaKE2>%-&#/'&-;JK/<&#A1&?#D;%1);>;-&��>;-%/<&);/;-=&;E@1�L# zasadniczo K��&�� 2;/-<D'C/#$ gatunku literackiegojest *&E);>&;D>%+&N (% /;@A%/=&# $O-&N,� ‘sakralno-dydaktycznym’ pisarstwemhistorycznym), tzn. L#<%-%>)%-�E&C/<# ‘filozofia historii’ ?#E)DAO-=&#)#;';�D&,<=%, a jej cel jest /./%@).,<=.��.E)C2;-%=&#-.;'M>zymionych liczb, fikcyj-nych mów i modlitw, refleksji teologicznej�-#-=C)><=ej interpretacji i elemen-tów midraszu, nie 2;/-%L%2;-.LE<#?/#+&=&,?&�

%@;*&E);>.@��>;=&@%><;,#=&%]>O/A% naE-O?-A%E=.�E2#,.+&,<=.E2;EOM& robi to<D;/=&#<-A%E=.$&=;>$%$&*&E);>.,<=.$&�@1'turowymi i religijnymi.Celem Kronikarza nie jest proste opisanie minionych</%><#P�&=E).)1,?&&posta-ci, '#,< )%@L#;D'N/%=&# historii przez pryzmat @;=@>#)=#D;@;=)#@E)1-A%E=#D;,<%E1�$&#?E,%;>%<E.)1%,?&E2;A#,<=#?�>#'&D&?=#?�@1lturowej i politycznej. �'%�)#D; )#L� ?%@;@);J�@); ?#E)1-%>1=@;-%=. E-;&$,<%E#$�$&#?E,#$ &@;=)#@�E)#$ *&E);>.,<=.$� �>;=&@%>< -.M&#>% < -,<#J=&#?E<.,* )#@E)O- & -N)@O-< 2><#E<A;J,& �<>%#'%� )#� @)O>#$%?N <-&N<#@ <# E2>%-%$&-%L=.$& /'% =&#D;& ?#D;;/M&;>,O-��;@;=1?#;,eny owych tekstów i -N)@O-, o/)-%><%?N,2><#�E<A;JK<2#>E2#@).-.-A%E=#D;@;=)#@E)1 E2;A#,z=;�*&E);>.,<=#D; &;M;-&N<1�?N,.,*w nim norm oraz standardów literackich i L.-;)=.,* kwestii religijnych.�E&CDC =%'#L. >;<1$&#K zatem - J-&#)'# @;=)#@E)1 *&E);>.,<=#D;� - @)O>.$�>;=ikarz 2;/#?$1?#E&C;2>%,;-%=&%]>O/#A�

�;/#?J,&#<aprezentowane w niniejszym artykule ukazuje Kronikarza w zde-cydowanie innym i o wiele korzystniejszym J-&#)'#, %=&L#'&-&C@E<;JK dotych-

62 #E)#$ </%=&%� L# /#1)#>;=;$&E).,<=# /<&#A; *&E);>.,<=# 2;/'#D%A; 2;/-O?=#? >#/%@,?&(--&C@E<;J,&E2&E%=#<;E)%A;-#2;,#$;=%>,*&,<=#?42>%-/;2;/;M=&#<%,<%EO-;<?%E<%5�%1@;P�,<;=#-;@>#E&#=&#-;'&M%M&';PE@&#?�;@�77V>�2�=�#��<,<#DOA;-#;/=&#E&#=&%-(I. Kalimi, ‘TheLand / Mount Moriah’. Early Jewish Exegesis and Theological Controversy, s. 23-24 przyp. 40.

63�/=;J=&#/;)#D;2;-&#/<#=&%<;M�&=E2&>1?N,.%>).@1A(��;;'ey, ‘Veritas filia Temporis’:Experience and Belief in Early Modern Culture, „Journal of the History of Ideas” 60 (1999),s. 487-504.

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The purpose of this article is to express, expand and sharpen views concerning history,historiography, historical evaluation and reliability, and the main literary nature of the book ofChronicles as a whole in its own historical context. These are vital issues that have directimplications for understanding the book, its content, its purpose, and credibility as a source for thehistory of Israel in the monarchic period, and for the development of Judaism in the Second Templeera. In order to accomplish this task, some common features of the Chronicler’s writing and therelated ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman historical writings are provided. Furthermore, thepresumed Chronicler’s lines of thought and his evaluations of sources are scrutinized andexemplified, and the historical trustworthiness of some details, which appear only in Chronicles, isexamined in order to demonstrate that the book contains some potential reliable data.

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5 Por. D.A. Garrett, dz. cyt., s. 75. Zawarte w w. 2 terminy paralelne ��, „serce” oraz ��Q1,*;S;/=;E<N/;2#r,#2,?& '1/<@&#D;;>D%=&<$1�<%>O-=;<#-=C)><=#? ?%@ &-#-=C)><=#?�2;>� C. Toy,A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, ICC, T & T Clark, Edinburgh1977, s. 33.

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7 � E%$#? �E&C/<# �><.EAO- 2;>� ��V��^ �:�"^ :� "�:V�:"^ "��^ �� 6^ 8�� ^ �6� ^�8��8� �^ V��^ � 9^ :� ��7��9��6^ "��"^ 7� �^ 27,22; 30,17.32.

8�D<#D#,&<->%,%?N1-%DC=%2;/;M&#PE)-%E)>1@)1>.<#D&2E@&$& &=E)>1@,?%$&$N/>;J,&;�-.$&�2;>��%.%)<�/<�,.)��E� 15-17.

9�#;';D&,<=&#;/2;-&%/% );#<1E;-#?2><.2;-&#J,&;E@%>M&# &2#>'#-�)�:�"7�"��;>�)%@L#��'fD#>�Sprüche Salomos, Neukirchener Vg, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1984, s. 25.

10�;>�)%@L#-�/<"8� �^�M "�"��^�-): ��^;< "� 9^F&��V� 7� �^6� ^ :�� ^::�:^�E7� ^�8��7^107,11; 138,4; 141,6; Prz 1,2; 4,10; 7,1; 8,8; 15,26; 16,24; 22,21.

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;>%<9��%L/.< ).,*-#>E#)O-E)%=;-&%/$;=&,?C E@&#>;-a=N/; E.=%2><#<;?,%�=%1,<.,&#'%��&#>-E<.<-.$&#=&;=.,*,.)%)O--@;=)#@J,&#-��%@,#=�)1?# 2><#/#-E<.E)@&$$N/>;JK 4��5 E.=%;>%< I =%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#? I ?#D;$;>%'=N2>%-;JK4�� !��)13?%@;E@1)#@2;EA1,*1/%=#D;EA;-;$;?,%14. Z koleiw. 22 rzuca decydu?N,#J-&%)A;=%>;<1$&#=&#-#>E#)1 V��@1)@&#$2;EA1E<#P�E)-%?#E)L.,&#4��"#��)15 oraz lekarstwo (�$ !��5/'%,&%A%��;E)%)=&$<-.$&#=&;�=.,*)#@E)O-2><.?C,&#EAO-;?,;wE@&,*D-%>%=)1?#>;<-O?L.,&%-#-=C)><=#�D;2;AN,<;=.</A1D&$L.,&#$/;,<#E=.$�2#A=.$�;L#D;MA;D;EA%-&#PE)-%4-� 516.

Z kolei �� E)%=;-& < 2#-=;J,&N 1J,&J'#=&# 2&#>-E<#D; ><#,<;-=&@%� #E);=,<CE).-)>%/.,?&/#1)#>;=;$&E).,<=#?�--#>E&#�M=&#;<=%,<%?#/=%@2><#�2&EO-�;>.17� '#,<-A%E=# EAo-% =%1,<.,&#'%� -.>%L%?N,# =%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#?'1/<@&#/;J-&%/,<#=&#�<@)O>#D;M&#><#E&C$N/>;JK,<A;-&#@%/;?><%A#D;18��&#$;L=%?#/=%@2;$&?%K+%@)1�L#--&#'1)#@E)%,*MiM'&?=.,*)#>$&=)#=</>%/<%E#=E/.E@1>E12><#A;L;=#D;$%?N,#D;$;, >;<@%<1 & LN/a?N,#D;2;/2;><N/@;�-%=&%E&C1,<=&%��#/A1D-#>E#)1 ��;?,&#,+1=/1?#E-O?%1);>.)#)=&#=%-A%�E=#?2;<.,?&2%)>&%>,*%'=#?->;/<&=&# '1M)>%/.,?&� '#,<=%E%$.$�;D1��>#�<1')%,&#� 2;EA1E<#PE)-; '1M =EA1E<#PE)-;� 2>;-%/<N /; L.,&% '1M J$&#>,&�@)O>.$ <%><N/<% ?#/.=&# =%?-.Lszy, Boski �A%/,%19� �;'% <%>O-=; ;?,% ?%@&-;'%E2;A#,<=;J,&2;E&%/%E-O?%1);>.)#)<%wE<#-<D;/<&#<;E)%)#,<=N-;'N�;D%�� )#? >%,?& ��2;E&%/%-%>);JK )>-%AN�@)O>%-.@>%,<%2;<%E2#,.+&,<=N& ?#/=;E)@;-NE.)1%,?C20.

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13 Termin ten pochodzi od czasownika g �%��-E)#$&#*&2`&'Q2>;-%/<&K�-&#JKS�@)O>#EN<M.)=&#2>#,.<.?=# M. ;/EA;=&A. E#=E-� �V� �%>%'#'# <%-%>)#- &==.,* )#@E)%,* @E&CD&-E@%<1?N =%QJ,&#L@& 2>%-;J,&S- <=%,<#=&1$;>%'=.$-;'=.$;/ =&#D;/<&-;J,&� 2;>� ��:^ :�� 2;>��%')@#�/<�,.)��E� 287.

14�N/>;JK)%@%?#E)/%>#$E%$#D;�;D%4 ��5�?#E))%@L#,#==&#?E<%;/ wszystkich dóbr ma-terialnych (Prz 4,7; 8,11).

15�1,*;/<&=%?2#-=&#?;L.,&#�;L#>;<@-&)%?N,#-,<A;-&#@1E)><#DN,.$ojcowskich EAOw,por. 4,23; 5,6; 6,23; 8,35.

16 W t%@&$<=%,<#=&1-.E)C21?#;=;$�&=�-�><:� �� ^"��:^6�:7^��7^ �� ^ �"��%�@&# L.,&#� @)O># =&# MC/<&# =&D/. <=&E<,<;=# 2><#< J$&#>K� ;/=%'#]K$;L=%$�&=�-"� ^ �� :^�V��9^��8^� � 6^�:��"^�7�:�^�8� :^ �"�2;>��%')@#�/<�,.)��E� 104-107.

17 �;>� <-A%E<,<% - �-) "� �"V^ 7��V� 8�:�^ �� 9� 7^ 9�8��^ 6�� ^ �V��:^��6.13.22.27.28; 13,5.19; 15,5; 17,20; 19,9; 26,13.17.18; 27,1.10; 28,1.9.13.15.45; 30,8.10.11.16;31,5.

18 Por. R.E. Murphy, Proverbs, WBC 22, Thomas Nelson Publ., Nashville 1998, wyd. kompu-terowe.

19 Por. Prz 3,1-2; 4,4; 6,20.23; 10,8; 13,13-14; 19,16.20 Por. B.K. Waltke, dz. cyt., s. 220; TDOT VIII, s. 508-509.21 Szerzej, por. TDOT VIII, s. 18-19.

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22�O-&;).$)%@L#@�� 7�Q�&#$;L=%=%1,<.KE&C?#]/<&K=%>;-#><#=%-#)-O-,<%E�D/.2;<=%E&C?#D;M1/;-C&<%'#).?#D;+1=@,?;=;-%=&%S�2;>�M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge:Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, Harper Torchbooks, New York 1962, s. 173-184.

23 Por. B.K. Waltke, dz. cyt., s. 399.24 Por. np. Hi 22,24; 28,12-19; Ps 19,10-11; 119,72.127; Prz 3,13-14; 8,18-19; 16,16; Syr 7,19;

29,11; 41,12; 51,28;25�;>��.>6� ^:��7��%@L#-&#'#)#@E)O-2>;>;,@&,*$O-&;<A;,&#&E>#M><#�@)O>#EA1LN/;

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);-#?/;@;=1?##<1E-2><.2;-&#J,&;E&#-,.-�)�:�:�8�#J'&$C/><#,-�><8�8$%@&#>;-%KE&C).'@;/;1,zniów, którzy skorzyE)%?N<?#D;=%1@&�EA;-;�;L#E&%=#?#E)M#<;2%$&C)%=&%�M#</M%A;J,&;+%@)�L#<=%@;$&)%?#D;-&C@E<;JK=&#-./%;,<#@&-%=#D;2';=1��N/>;JK?#/=%@2><.�2;-&#J,& )@-& - +%@,&#� L# 2%/AE<. =% D'#MC L.<=N-./% 2';= 2><#-.LE<%?N,. <&%>=; E)>%,;=#-2;><#><1,%=&%�,;;E)%)#,<=&#<->O,&E&C-A%J,&,&#';-&��;<%).$�OD?#E))%@=&#<$&#>=&#*;?�=.�L#<&%>=;EA;-%2%/AE<.=%-#)-J>;/;-&E@;=&#1>;/<%?=#�=&#-2A.=&#<=%,<N,;=%#D;<%�E;M=;JK�2;>�C.L. Blomberg, Matthew. An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scriptu-re, NIV NAC 22, Broadman Press, Nashville 1992, s. 214-215.

27#D;$N/>;JKE#>,%2><#,&-E)%-&%E&C)1$N/>;J,&,<A;-&#@%-$.J':�9�

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29�<A;-&#@$N/>.-#-A%E=.$$=&#$%=&12><#2#A=&;=. ?#E) +%AE<.-N$N/>;J,&N�@)O>%=<-%'%<%D;J,&K2>%-/<&-1,<%?N,#?$N/>;J,&��'%)#D;</NL%/; >1&=.-A%E=#D;L.,&% (Oz4,14), por. B.K. Waltke, dz. cyt., s. 459.

30�<A;L#=&1��* �� !�#, por. Rdz 20,11; Wj 20,20; 2Sm 23,3; Ne 5,9.15.31 Por. R.N. Whybray, Wisdom in Proverbs. The Concept of Wisdom in Proverbs 1-9, SBT 45,

London 1965, s. 73-77. �;<% �E&CDN �><.EAO- <->;) O- <%$&#E<,<%?N )%@L# �E �8��V^ :"�� ^��V^�<::��

32 Por. A. Lelièvre, A. Maillot, Commentarie des Proverbes III, s. 188.33�;=%'#L.>;<1$&#K-E#=E&#=%1@&/%-%=#?2><#<H-&C)#D;�2;>�J. Becker, Gottesfurcht im

Alten Testament, AnBib 24, Institut Pontifical Biblique, Rome 1965, s. 220.

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34 Por. A. Lelièvre, A. Maillot, dz. cyt., s. 209.35 Por. L. Derousseaux, La crainte de Dieu dans l’Ancien Testament, Cerf, Paris 1970, s. 324.36 Por. A. Lelièvre, A. Maillot, Commentarie des Proverbes II, s. 31.37�;>�)%$L#�E��V"�38 Por. A. Lelièvre, A. Maillot, dz. cyt., s. 146-147.39�2A��9;2&E1?#$;L'&-;JK<DA%/<#=&%-&=2;2><#</;@;=%=&#>.)1%'=.,*;+&%>&;M><C/O-�

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34 ��

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43 W ten sposób m.in. D.A. Garrett, Hosea, Joel. An Exegetical and Theological Exposition ofHoly Scripture, NIV NAC 19A, Broadman & Holman Publ., Nashville 1997, s. 110.

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44 Por. E. Jacob, C.A. Keller, S. Amsler, Osée, Joël, Amos, Abdias, Jonas, CAT XIa, Labor etFides, Genève 1965, s. 40.

45 Por. D. Stuart, Hosea – Jonah, WBC 31, Word Books Publ., Waco 1987, s. 75.46 Por. tu klaE.,<=#)#@E).(�/<"�7��^�<�� V^�$7� �� 9^�&��6^�E7��9^�)8��:^

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19,25; 20,24; 21,29; 23,1; 24,12; 26,13; 28,2.5.7.11; 29,7.19.

36 ��

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�&#>-E<.<-.$&#=&;=.,*,.)%)O-<=%?/1?#E&C-@;=)#@J,&#-��MC/N�,.,*-2>o-%/<#=&#$--&#'@N$;-C2#>E;=&+&@;-%=#?�N/>;J,&52, przy ,<.$-#-2>;-%/<e=&1).$$;L=%-.>OL=&K-� ��7(<%<=%,<#=&#)A%&%/>#E%)O--;�A%=&%�N/>;J,&�;>%<-��(-e<-%=&#/;2;EA1,*1->%<<$;).-%,?N��erset�$O-&<%)#$;E2>%-%,*2;/=&;EA.,*&2>a-.,*�,;E)%=;-&K$%1<%E%/=&#=&#EA1,*%=&%��#>E#) 9 /;/%?# /; )#D;2>%-/C & =&#=%-&JK 2><e->;)=;J,&��#>E 6E)-&#>/<%E2>%-&#/'&-;JK@%L/#D;EA;-%�M#</;$&#E<@&+%AE<1&2><#->;)=oJ,&��erset �V<%,*C,%/;</;M.-%=&%@%>=;J,&&1$&#?C)=;J,&�@)O>#-&C,#?EN-%>)#=&LE>eM>;&<A;);��&/%K)1-&C,E-;&E).$#'%=L<%>O-=;2ozytywnych jak i ne-gatywnych nasta-&#P�N/>;J,&�2><.,<.$<%>O-=;?#/=#?%@&/>1D&#EA1LN><#�,<.-&E)#$1 /;M>1 EA1,*%,<%53. Wreszcie w. �� %@,#=)1?# =%?-.LE<N -%>);JK$N/>;J,&� 2><#@>%,<%?N,N @'#?=;). & 2#>A.� ; ,<.$ M.A% ?1L $;-% 2;-.L#?54��).$@;=)#@J,&#DAO-=.-� 8;2&E1?#);�,;$;L=%M.=a<-%K>#%@,?NEA1,*%�,<%=%)%@<%,*-%'%=#2><.$&;).��#@E);<=%?$&%�&L,%A%�N/>;JK?#E)/;E)C2=%/'%,<Aowieka rozumnego (��-��5&<2>;E);)N$;L#M.K2><.?C)%2><#<).,*�@)O�><.2;E&#/'&-&#/<C4)'� �� 5�,<.'&-.@%<%'&2;E)%-C%@).-=N-?#?=%M.-%�=&155.�->;)O-;<=%,<%$;L=;JK2;,&ND=&C,&%<%E;MN).,*�@)O><.<#<>;<1$&#�=&#$2;E<1@&-%'&�N/>;J,&�?#?=%1,<%=&12;/2;><N/@;-%'&E-#L.,&#&/'%)#D;2;E&#/'&;E;M&E)N�/1,*;-N&$;>%'=N<=%?o$;JK)#D;�,;@;$1=&@1?#<-A%E<,<%�>%-;&�>;>;,.56.

�%E)C2=. )#@E)� $&%=;-&,&# �>< �V��:� ?#E) ,<CJ,&N -&#'@&#? @;'#@,?& )<-��><.EAO-�a';$;=% 4�V�� 5 & <=%?/1?# E&C-@;=)#@J,&#$O-2><#,&-E)%�-&%?N,.,* ,<A;-&#@% >;<1m=#D;DA12,;-&2;2><#< &,*2;E)C2;-%=&#-M;D%,�)-&#&$;-&#4�V��M��5��@%<1?N,#+#@).$O--A%E=.,*'1M&==.,*4-� ��"5��1);> %@,#=)1?# -.>%]=&# E@1)@& $O- <%>O-=; '1/<& $N/>.,* ?%@ & DA12,O-

51 �<%E;-=&@ O- -.E)C21?# - E%$#? �>< ?#E<,<# -( 1,13.28; 3,4.13; 4,22; 6,31.33; 7,15;8,9.12.17.35; 10,13; 16,20.31; 17,20; 18,22; 19,8; 20,6; 21,21; 24,14; 25,16; 28,23 oraz 31,10.

52 Por. M. Gilbert, Le discours de la Sagesse en Proverbes, 8, w: La Sagesse de l’Ancien Te-stament. M. Gilbert (red.), BETL 51, University Press, Leuven 1979, s. 202–218.

53 Por. M. Gilbert, Les cinq livres des Sages: Les Proverbes de Salomon, Le live de Job, Qo-hélet ou l’Ecclésiaste, Le livre de Ben Sira, La Sagesse de Salomon, Lire la Bible 129, Cerf, Paris2003, s. 43-51.

54�%@&2;/<&%A2>;2;=1?#��%')@#�/<�,.)��E�:8 �:8:<-.AN,<#=&#$E%$#D;-��,;?#/=%@'#L.2;<%D>%=&,%$&<%&=)#>#E;-%P=&=&#?E<#D;%>).@1A1�

55 Por. R.E. Murphy, Proverbs, WBC 22, Thomas Nelson Publ., Nashville 1998, wyd. kompu-terowe.

56 Za tak&$<%-CL;=.$>;<1$&#=&#$$N/>;J,&;2;-&%/%E&C$�&=��Uh',*#<��h=/#<�Pano-rama des recherches actuelles sur la Sagesse dans l’Ancien Testament, w: ACFEB, La Sagessebiblique de l’Ancien au Nouveau Testament, LD 160, Cerf, Paris 1995, s. 136 (139-139).

:9��B��H��G��e�4 ��75

-E#>&&2%>%'#'&<$O-%=).)#).,<=.,*4-� 11-14)57. Wersety �:��"=%<%E%/<&#2%�>%'#'&<$1 E.=;=&$&,<=#D;2;-&N<%=# EN-E2O'=.$ )#$%)#$Q$N/>;J,&S 4��,w. �:%5IQ$N/><.�$C/>,.S4��., w. �"%5;>%<$#);=&$&NQ-%>D&S4-� 13a) –„usta” (w. �"M5��AO-=.&=)#>#E1?N,.=%E-��:%1@%<1?#�L#]>O/A#$;2%=;-%�=&%$;-.?#E),*%>%@)#>E%$#?;E;M.�@)O>%<%1-%L%&>;<1$&#E.)1%,?C;>%<?#?>#<1')%).��#$;DN;@%<%KE&C<%>O-=;2ozy).-=#?%@&=#D%).-=#��2&#>-E<.$2><.2%/@1$;L=%-&C,-.DA;E&KE-N$;-C�2;/,<%ED/.-/>1D&$=%'#L.@%�)#D;>.,<=&#<%$&',<#K��%@E)C2;-%=&#$;L=%-A%J=&#=%<-%K$N/>;J,&N'1M>;<)>;2=;J,&N��A;E<;=%$;-%?%@;$N/>;JK-.2A.-%-E2;EOM?%E=.<A%E@&�%?�-.LE<#D;/<&C@&-&#>=#$1=%1,<%=&1��;<-%'% );E%$#$1DA;E<N,#$1$;).-;�-%K-AaE=#<%,*;-%=&#�<%JEA1,*%,<;$I1,<.KE&C58. Przeciwnie, ci, którz.2>%@�).@1?N<A#<%,*;-a=&#�2.,*C&2;/E)C2-$;-&#�E)%?NE&CDA12,%$&&);=&#<%'#L�=&#;/)#D;�&'#-&#/<. M. 2;E&%/ali. Jest to bowiem wysoce nieroztropne59.

�-): ��V E)%=;-& ,<CJK2;#).,@&#? 2&#J=&�;?L#E<% 4-��":5� @)O>#? @;=�tekstem bliLE<.$ EN-� 9��"� ;2;-&%/%?N,# ;�;L.,* MA;D;EA%-&#PE)-%,* /'%�<>%#'%-,<%E%,*2><eE<A.,*��)%@-�9<%,*C,%/;2><.-;A%=&%2%$&C,&;?,O-�=%;,<=.,* J-&%/@O-,1/O-</<&aA%=.,*-2><#E<A;J,&��#>E.6�8-.$&#=&%?NE<,<#DO'=&#<%2;-&#/]>;</<&%A1<&#$&�/;@)O>#?=%>%<&#?#E<,<#</NL%?N�=%2;�E<,<#DO'=#2;@;'#=&%&1E)%=;-&#=&#�<>%#'%'1/#$%*-#��ersety �V��$O-&N<@;'#& ;-E2%=&%A#? ;2&#,# =%/;/=%'#<&;=.$=%21E).=& '1/#$� =%-<O> ;>A%,*>;=&N,#D;E-#2&E@'C)%��ersety � ��:1@%<1?N?#/.=;JK%*-#;M/%><%?N,#D;E-O?'1/2;L.-&#=&#$<2';=O-<&#$&�/;@)O>#?-#E<'&��%J-� �"@;P,<.E#>&CMA;D;EA%-&#PE)-�-E2;$&=%?N, ;M+&);JK 2;L.-&#=&% & 2;,<1,&# 2#A=#D;M#<2&#�,<#PE)-%-�&#$&�M&#,%=#?60. Czasownik �� w wersie �V;/=;E&/;�.=%?1�@1@)O>#$1�OD2><.2>;-%/<&AE-O?'1/&2;/@)O>.$<;E)%A;<%-%>)#2><.$&#�><#��)#=E2;EOM,%A%E2;A#,<=;JK�<>%#'%E)%A%E&C,%A@;-i,&#<%'#L=%;//<&%�A%P%*-#�% )%@L#2;/2;><N/@;-%=%#D;2><.@%<%=&;$61. Trzeba jed=%@2;/�@>#J'&K�L#)#>$&=)#=$%<%E-O?2;/$&;)�;D%�=&#,<A;-&#@%�,;-.>%]=&#>OL�=&D;;/DAO-=#D;)#@E)1�>< �7��E2O'=;)%)#$%).,<=%1-&/%,<=&%E&C?#/=%@>O-=&#$;,=;<+%@,&#�L#<=%'#<&#=&#'1/12><#<�;D%<%;-;,;-%A;<-&N<%=&#$

57�1D#>1?#$.E&C)12;/<&%A#$$%)#>&%A1-D��%')@#�/<�,.)��E�"7��"�V��1>2*.2>;2;=1?# =&#,; &==.2;/<&%A AN,<N,.-� �:��7- ?#/=N ,%A;JK� '#,<- E2;EOM=&#2><#@;=1?N,.��%L=&#?E<#-./%?#E&CM.K>;z>OL=&#=&#)>#J,&;-#�;//<&#'%?N,#-��7;/�:��"�2;>�Wisdom Lite-rature, s. 68.

58 Por. B.K. Waltke, dz. cyt., s. 462.59 Por. D.A. Garrett, dz. cyt., s. 107. �>%@E#>,%;<=%,<%)1M>%@,*%>%@)#>1</;'=#D;2%=;-%K

=%/-A%J,&,&e'#$�E)N/@&? ?%@;@%>%'1M=%><C/<&#;2%$&C)%=&%�<%)#$2><.-;A%=&#/;2;EA1E<#P�E)-%4�><�:� "^�"�:^ �6��7^ :��:��"^ 8��75�2;>�T. Longman III, dz. cyt., s. 235.

60 Por. P. Winter, Der Begriff ‘Söhne Gottes’ im Moseslied Dt 32,1-43, ZAW 67/1955,s. 40-48.

61 Por. E.H. Merrill, Deuternonomy. An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scrip-ture, NIV NAC 4, Broadman & Holman Publ, Nashville 1994, s. 414.

38 ��

E&C%*-#<#D;E2;A#,<=oJ,&N;>%<#D;%@).-=.$/<&%A%=&#$=%><#,</;M>%#D;-.M>%P,O-��*;/<&-&C, ; )>;E@'i-N;2&#@C� E)><#L#=&#� ?%@ ]>#=&,. ;@%�)<=�<$;L'&-;J,&N >#%@,?&=%=%?$=&#?E<#=%-#)<aD>;L#=&#62��E@%<1?# );� ?%@-%>);J,&;-.-;,<%,*%*-#?#E)#D;'1/��;/;M=&#�,*;,&%L-;/->;)=.$@&#�>1=@1$;L#E2#A=&%KE-N>;'C��-/<&%A%=&1$A;/#D;%/#2)%$N/>;J,&(2o<=%�=&#�;D%/;$%D%E&CE)%A#?2;E)%-.%@).-=#D;)>-%=&%&2;/#?$;-%=&%/<&%A%P�@)O>#@%L/#D;/=&%MC/N?#2;DACM&%K�

�>#E<,&#��>= 6�8%=%'#L./;M'&LE<#D;@;=)#@E)1-� ��V2><#@%<1?N,.,*&=E)>1@,?# ;/,*;/<N,#D;�%-&/% /'%�%';$;=%� =%E)C2,. )>;=1��ersety 8��V$;DNM.K1<=%=#<a nie,;;//<&#';=#;/@;=)#@E)1+%@)#$E@&#>;-%=&%E&C�%�-&/%M#<2;J>#/=&; &-.AN,<=&#/;�a';$;=%�2;/,<%ED/. ?#D; J-&)%2#A=& ?1L>;'C-.AN,<=&#$&',<N,.,*J-&%/@O-��-#>E&#8%�%-&/=%@%<1?#E.=;-&1<=%�=&#%*-#<%?#/.=#D;�;D%�<>%#'%�EA1L#=&#�1,%A.$E#>,#$&1$.EA#$�M;�-&#$ %*-# 2><#=&@% E#>,% '1/<@&# & 2;<=% /;DACM=&# -E<#'@&# &,* )%?=&@&��/;$.J'# =%'#L. ;/,<.)%K ); ?%@; ;E)><#L#=&# 2><#/-E<#'@N /-1'&,;-;J,&N&;MA1/N��#>E#)8ME)%=;-&</%=&#-%>1=@;-#�1@%<1?N,#@;=&#,<=;JK2;E<1@&�-%=&%�;D%2><#<=;-#D;@>O'%��OD2;<-;'& E&C;/=%'#]K 4��-��#5 ).'@;--.�2%/@1E<,<#>#D;2;E<1@&-%=&%�;�<%J;/><1,&-2><.2%/@1=&#-&#>=;J,&��&�/%K)1@'%E.,<=.$;/#'-<%?#$=;J,&>#'%,?&%*-#I'1/4@>O'5=%<%E%/<&#2>;�2;>,?;=%'=;J,&2;E)C2;-%=&%63��%';$;=$1E& );E;M&#-<&NK/;E#>,% ).$M%>�/<&#?� L# <;E)%A-.M>%=. =% M1/;-=&,<#D; J-&N).=& �%=% 4-� 10)64�� )#@J,&#-%>); 2;/@>#J'&K� &L ,#'#$ E<1@%=&%�;D%2><#< ,<A;-&#@%$%M.KI 2;/;M=&#/;�>< �7I2;<=%=&#�;4'%�)65.

�;/E1$;-1?N, #D<#D#<C 2;-.LE<.,* ,.)%)O- $;L=% <%1-%L.K� L# ;M%DAO-=#,<asowniki: �+� oraz ��, stojN-;M#,E&#M&#->#'%,?&D;);-;J,&&<.E@1��); ,<A;-&#@ >;<1$=.-.@%<1?# 2;E)%-C;)-%>)N =% 2><.?C,&#$N/>;J,& & 2;�1,<#=&%�,;E@1)@1?#;M/%><#=&#$D;2;)><#M=N=%1@N��<A;-&#@)%@&,<.=&@;�=&#,<=.$-%>1=#@%@,#2)%,?&2>;2;=;-%=.,*-%>)oJ,&�<%J�OD1/<&#'%$1)#D;�/;,<#D;/NL.��;/;M=&#?#E)-�>< �7�,;;E)%)#,<=&#E@1)@1?#,;>%<-&C@E<.$&,*C)=&#?E<.$=%M.-%=&#$$N/>;J,&�M.;E)%)#,<=&# E)%K E&C2>%-/<&-.$$C�/>,#$&/;>;E=NK/;>;'&=%1,<.,&#'%�

62 Por. R. Meyer, The Apple of the Eye, w: Mélanges Dominique Barthélemy, P. Casetti,O. Keel, A. Schenker (red.), Fribourg/Göttingen, 1981, s. 289-307.

63 �<,<#DOA. 2;>� G.N. Knoppers, I Chronicles 10-29. A New Translation with Introductionand Commentary, AB 12 A, Doubleday, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – Auckland 2004,s. 930.

64 Por. F. Michaeli, Les Livres des Chroniques, d’Esdras et de Néhémie, CAT XVI, Delachauxet Niestlé, Neuchâtel 1967, s. 139.

65�<%E;-=&@ )#==%'#L. ?#/=%@ >;<1$&#K=&# ?%@;2#A=&C2;<=%=&%�;D%� '#,<1<=%=&# #D;%1);>.)#)1&2><.?C,&#/;-&%/;$;J,& #D;-A%/<)-%=%/=%>;/#$->%$%,*<%-%>)#D;)>%@)%)1I2><.$&#><%��)#=E2;EOM<&#$E@&@>O';D>%=&,<%E-N>;'C/;2><#/E)%-&,&#'E)-%�;L#D;-;M#,'1/1�2;>� H.B. Huffmon, The Treaty Background of Hebrew Yada‘, BASOR 181/1966, s. 31-37.

:8��B��H��G��e�4 ��75

Omówiony ,.)%)DAO-=.E)%=;-&<=&@;$N,<CJK;D>;$=#D;M;D%,)-%$N�/>;J,&�?%@&#<%-&#>%�E&CD%�><.EAO-��&#,*?#/=%@<%,*C,&@%L/#D;,<.)#'=&@%/; ,&#>2'&-#D; & -.)>-aA#D; </;M.-%=&% ?#?� �&D/. =&#-.,<#>2&# E&C ]>O/A;�;L#?=%1@&<%J=&#<%'#L=&#/;-&#@1�E)%)1E1E2;A#,<=#D;'1M<%$;L=;J,&1,<#P;)-%>). =% ?#? )>#JK� 2>%D=N,.-,&#'%K- L.,&# ?#? 2;1,<#=&%$;L# M#< @;P,%-<>%E)%K-/;M>1&2;$=%L%K-%>);JKE-#D;,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%�

��&/�*

AB – The Anchor Bible

ACFEB – Association Catholique Française pour l’Étude de la Bible

BASOR – Bulletin of the American Schools Oriental Research

BCOT – Baker Commentary on the Old Testament

BETL – Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium

CAT – Commentaire de l’Ancien Testament

CBQMS – Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series

FAT – Forschungen zum Alten Testament

FOTL – The Form of the Old Testament Literature

ICC – International Critical Commentary

JBL – Journal of Biblical Literature

JNES – Journal of Near Eastern Studies

JSOT – Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

KÄT – Kleine ägyptische Texte

LD – Lectio Divina

NAC – The New American Commentary

NICOT – New International Commentary on the Old Testament

NIV – New International Version (of the Holy Bible)

PR – Powiernik Rodzin

RW KUL – Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL

SBT – Studies in Biblical Theology

TDOT – Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament

WBC – Word Biblical Commentary

ZAW – Zeitschrift für alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

40 ��

&:�!�:

La combinaison de deux versets proposés dans l’article est une inclusion sémitique fondée surdeux verbes hébreux : �+� et ��. Le premier montre une attitude d’un jeune adèpte de la sagesse,prêt à l’acquérir. Deuxième montre le gain tiré du fait qu’il s’est montré apt à l’instruction venuedu père ou de l’instituteur. Il est important de souligner que le but principal de toutes les instructionsest la possession de la crainte de Dieu et sa connaissance. A ce but mènent les conseils de l’hommesage au sujet de la vie quotidienne. Ainsi l’auteur inspiré convaincs que l’acquis de la sagesse de lavie est une étape nécéssaire du chemin de la connaissance de Dieu. Il comble ses élus de toutesagesse, non seulement spirituelle mais aussi ordinaire, acquise par expérience. Il surgit alors unimportant engrenage entre sagesse de Dieu comme une grâce donnée, et une sagesse comme efforthumain.

1��B�7Sagesse – Dieu – élève – instituteur – instruction – Livre des Proverbes

��7Wisdom – God – learner – teacher – instruction – Book of Proverbs

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� &=E2&>%,?&$;L'&-;J,&N &=)#>2>#)%,?&�E&CD& �%2A%PE@&#? -*#>$#=#1).,#E.$M;'&, przedstawiam %=%'&<C2;<-%'%?N,N na ;/,<.)%=&# ?#?2><#EA%=&%-2#>�E2#@).-&#ukazanego w niej modelu religi?=;J,&��&;>N,2;/1-%DC)#@E)-?#D;;E)%)#,<=#?-#>E?&1�2>OM1?C;/,<.)%K<%$.EA instytucji�@)O>%M.A%;/2;-&#/<&%'�=%<%wybór takiego -A%J=&#4%=&#&==#D;5$%)#>&%A1�-)%@&#?oto+;>$&#�%@)O�>%2><#< )#= )#@E)$&%A%%$M&,?#@E<)%A);-%KL.,&# >#'&D&?=#E2;A#,<=oJ,&. Frag-mentary,<=;JK2><#2&EO-;>%<&,*2;<.,?%-)#@J,&#E1D#>1?#�L#=%'#L.;/,<.�).-%K ?#=&# ).'@;I '1M=%-#)� =&# ).'#I=%2A%E<,<.]=&#/;EA;-=#?� %'#=%/#-E<.E)@;=%2A%Ez,<.]=&#$#)%+;>.,<=#? & ).2&,<=#?�

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�E&CD%�%2A%PE@%2 stanowi <#-E<#,*$&%> ;>.D&=%'=. /;@1$#=) 2&J$&#=�=&,)-% E)a>;L.)=#D; �<>%#'% i judaizmu. Jej znaczenie 1?%-=&% E&C2;2><#< dwaspecyficzne elementy struktury & )>#J,&: 1* usytuowana jest centralnie zarównow ,%A.$�&C,&;@E&CD1� jak i w centrum )#D;�,;;@>#J'&K$;L=%$&%=#$ wyda-

)*+$#,��-%��./0-#�.%*1*&-�+$%.*2�34�� 3556

1�;EA1L.A%$E&C)#@E)#$(��.'@;-�Tora. ��(�&��$��C�1��>%@O- VV�4>#�2>&=)/-1?Czycznego wydania z 1895 r.).

2 � ).$ 21=@,&# 2><.)%,<%$ ).'@; @&'@% 2><.@A%/O-� -.<=%,<%?N,.,* /-% DAO-=# =1>).- &=)#>2>#)%,?& )#? �E&CD&� F&E);>&C /;).,*,<%E;-#D; /;>;M@1 - tej dziedzinie przedstawia:J.E. Hartley, Leviticus, („Word Biblical Commentary”, vol. 4), Dallas 2002, XLIII-LV.

42 ��

rzenia na Synaju3; 2* +;>$% '&)#>%,@% 1@%<1?# ?N jako instrukcjC od Boga dlaswego ludu, przekazanN z nowo zbudowanego sanktuarium4.

�E)>1@)1><#'&)#>%,@&#?1/#><%2><#/#-E<.E)@&$-.>OL=&#=&#?#?-1@A%/<&#�&C,&o@E&CD1�<%>O-=;;/E)>;=.+;>$.�?%@&)>#J,&��E&CD%</%E&CM.K-.AN,<;�=N < ,&ND1=%>>%,.jnego – w2>%-/<&# EA;-%-2>;-%/<#=&% E1D#>1?N J,&EA# 2;�-&N<%=&# <�E&CDN�.?J,&%, )%@� L#�E&CD%�%2A%PE@% E)%=;-& ?#? @;=).=1%,?C�%'#>O-=&#L�E&CD%�&,<M>;<2;,<.=%E&C-)%@&E2;EOM�L#$;L=%-=&#?-&/<&#K,&ND /%'E<.�E&CD&�.?J,&%� T>#J,&N�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#? EN nieomal wyAN,<=&#przepisy rytualne5� ;@>#J'%?N,e <%E%/. 2;E)C2;-%=&%--.M>%=.,* E.)1%,?%,*��><#2iE.)#=<-%'%?N?#/=%@=%>;<2;<=%=&#?#/=;'&)#D;E.E)#$1-2#>E2#@�).-&# '#D&E'%,.?=#?� 2;=&#-%L /;).@%?N ).'@; =&#@)O>.,* #'#$#=)O- L.,&% kul-tow#D;&E2;A#,<=#D;�)>%@)1?N,-.>.w@;-;)%@L#)#2;/?C)#.

W judaizmie rabinicznym �E&CD%)% jest traktowana ze szczególnym respek-tem i czaE%$&M.-%;@>#J'%=%?%@; tora par excellence. �%/%=&%#D<#D#)O-L.�/;-E@&,*�2;,<N-E<.;/E)%>;L.)=;J,&/;,<%EO--E2OA,<#E=.,*,DAO-=&#@;=�,#=)>1?N E&C =%;/,<.)%=&1 rationale przepisów i zawartej tam teologi& ;>%< =%<-&N<@1<)>%/.,?N)%'$1/.,<=N��)#D;2;-;/1&=)#>2>#)%,?%�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?<%<-.,<%? 2;'#D%A% =% 1E)%'#=&1 ,<%E1 2;-E)%-%=&% )#@E)1� 2;DACM&%=&1 <>;<1�$&#=&%&=)#=,?&2>%-;/%-,.;>%<<-&N<@O-@;=@>#)=.,*2><#2&EOw z podobny-mi regulacjami w innych tekstach Biblii Hebrajskiej6. � 2;,<N)@O- )>%/.,?&,*><#J,i?%PE@&#?�E&CD%�%2A%PE@%-<M1/<%A% <%&=)#>#E;-%=&e jedynie jako ze-staw nieaktualnych ?1L2><#2&EO->.)1%'=.,*�<-&N<%=.,*<@1')#$J-&N).==.$orazL.,&#$>#'&D&?=.$ historycznego Izraela7. �#D<#D#<&#=;-;L.)=#j, -.>;�

3�2#,.+&,<=N-A%J,&-;J,&N>#);>.@&*#M>%?E@&#? ?#E),*&%E).,<=%M1/;-%)#@E)1�2;<-%'%?N,%=%1$&#E<,<#=&#-E%$.$,#=)>1$)>#J,&=%?&E);)=&#?E<#?��,*&%E).,<=#?M1/;-&#�;>.(��)%=#@,( �� QH'NE@&# �)1/&% F&E);>.,<=;��#;';D&,<=#S� "V4 VV95� s. 5-23; A. Tronina, %��&��%��+��4Q�;-.�;$#=)%><�&M'&?=.S�)��5��<CE);,*;-% VV�4)C2;<.,?C/%'#?,.)1?C?%@;��5

4�;<2;,<.=%E&C</%=&#$(*��C�1��:� ��D��E�� ,�� D��)i�@;=).=11?N,.$)>#JK;E)%)=&#D;>;</<&%A1�E&CD&�.?J,&%�

5�;$#=)%);><. <-.@'#-.>OL=&%?N ).'@;/-%2%EE1E.=%>>%,.?=#( �V�� ;>%< "��V�� :��-%L%$�L#=%'#L./;)#D;/;/%K?#E<,<#�V�� V�F%>)'#.1-%L%=%-#)�L#>;</<&%A.6^8 &��E)%=;-&Nmixture of narrative and regulations, dz. cyt., XXXI.

6�#<%D%/=&#=&%?#/=;<=%,<=&#&-.,<#>21?N,;2;/#?$1?N-E-;&,*@;$#=)%><%,*(��#R&�=#� In the Presence of the Lord. A Study of Cult and some Cultic Terms in Ancient Israel, Leiden1974; B. Levine, Leviticus. The JPS Torah Commentary (Jewish Publication Society III), Philadel-phia 1989; J. Milgrom, Leviticus. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, (AnchorBible, vol. ��5��88�� VV��%12;,<N)@O-E);&/<&#A;(Y. Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel.From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile, T.M. Greenberg, New York 1956.

7�>O)@&#;M?%J=&#=&#<%E%/&=)#>2>#)%,?&L./;-E@&#?&-,<#E=;�,*><#J,&?%PE@&#?(��E�"7�7V��%?-%L=&#?E<#=1>).-E2OA,<#E=#? &=)#>2>#)%,?&;$%-&%?N( ��%))E� Ritual and Rhetoric inLeviticus: From Sacrifice to Scripture, Cambridge 2007, s. 3-37; A. Tronina, ��+��%��&,�$�%��+��$, „Roczniki Teologiczne”, 2003, z. 1, s. 15-27; A. Tronina, � ��%��&��%�,��+��, w: ;&��7�F�� !��, Kielce 2005, s. 62-69.

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EA#?-J-&#,&#,*><#J,&?%PE@&$&ugruntowanej na racjonalistycznym >;<1$&#=&1J-&%)%�<;E)%A%2;)>%@);-%=%?%@;J-&%/#,)-;<%$&#><,*A#D;>.)1%A1, );)#L zain-teresowanie wzbudzaA% raczej -J>O/*&E);>.@O-=&L)#;';DO-8.

�%/%=&% =%/ �E&CDN �%2A%PE@N - 2#>E2#@).-&# E.=,*>;=&,<=#? >;<2;,<NARolf Rendtorff9��#-<D'C/1=%2&;=&#>Eki charakter tego studium, Rendtorff 1@%�<%A?#/.=&#$;L'&-;JK holistycznego2;/#?J,&a do %=%'&<.)#?�E&CD&�/;-;/<N,�L#<#-<D'C/1=%?#D;+>%D$#=)a>.,<=;JK, ukazany tam system ofiarniczy -L%�/#= E2;EOM =&#$;L# M.K )>%@);-%=. ?%@; &nE)>1@)%L/'% ofiarników. Ten nurtw badaniach kontynuowali m.in. Rolf Knierim i Ernst Blum10.

�><#A;$->#,#2,?&&&=)#>2>#)%,?&�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?/;@;=%AE&C<%E2>%-N%=)>;2o';D%��%>.�;1D'%E� @)O>% <%2>;2;=;-%A% ;/,<.)%=&# )#D; /<&#A% ?%@;E.$M;'111��;1D'%E<->O,&A%1-%DC=%<-&N<#@2;$&C/<.2><#E)><#=&NE%@>%'=N�)#@E)#$E%@>%'=.$%/<&#A#$'&)#>%,@&$��><.-;A1?N,4=&#><%/@&#-E)%>;L.)=;�J,&52><.@A%/.@;$2;<.,?&)#@E)O--+;>$&#2><.2;$&=%?N,#?@E<)%A)2><#/$&;�)1� E)%=;-&N,#D; ?#D; )#$%) DAO-=.� 2;E)%-&A% *&2;)#<C� L#�E&CD%�%2A%PE@%E-;&$1@A%/#$$%%$M&,?#;/<-&#>,&#/'&K%>,*&)#@)1>CE%=@)1%>&1$ Izraela�=%�-&N<1?N,N)%@L#/;*&#>%>,*&&J-&C);J,&-2><#E)><#=&DO>.�.=%?�-,<%E&#;M?%�-&#=&%��;1D'%E/<&#'&<%)#$�E&CDC=%)><.,<CJ,&4E)%=;-&N?#>;</<&%A.(��9[�6� "[ 7� 95�;/2;-&%/%?N,#)><#$E)>#+;$J-&C);J,&J-&N).=&– dziedziniec4$&#?E,#/;E)C2=#-E<.E)@&$�<>%#'&);$5�2><#/E&;=#@J-&N).=&4$&#?E,#/;E)C2�=#).'@;@%2A%=;$5&J-&C)#J-&C).,* (miejE,#/;E)C2=#).'@;%>,.@%2A%=;-&512.W tej perspektywie podkreJ'%?#/=;JK�E&CD&&?#/=;'i);JK?#?)>#J,&� Od tej pory�E&CD%�%2A%PE@%,<CE); jest analizowa=%2;/@N)#$E)>1@)1>.'&)e>%,@&#?��<&C�@& )#$1 =&# ).'@; /;E)><#L;=; ?#? =&#<-.@'# 2><#$.J'%=N retorykC� %'# )%@L#1?%-=&A;E&C-&#'#=;-.,*@;=,#2,?& &=)#>2>#)acyjnych13.

8�%>); ?#E<,<#/;/%K�L#-<-&N<@1< ).$)>#JK )#?�E&CD&M.A%;,#=&%=% ?%@; przejaw ry-tualizmu��%,&NL.A%=%).$=&#).'@;#$;,?;=%'=%;,#=%�#''*%1E#=%�@)O>.2><#,&-E)%-&%A ��&� �'�4/1,*;-N5� ��anów4>.)1%'&<$5�%'#)%@L#I?%@$O-&�evine – �� ,��&�� '�.

9 R. Rendtorff, Leviticus. (Biblischer Kommentar. Altes Testament 3/1), Neukirchen-Vluyn1985.

10 R. Knierim, The Composition of the Pentateuch, SBL 24 (1985), s. 393–415; Criticism ofLiterary Features, Form, Tradition, and Redaction, w: The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpre-ters. Ed. D. Knight and G. Tucker, Philadelphia 1985, s. 123–65; Text and Concept in Leviticus 1.1-9. A Case in Exegetical Method (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2), Tübingen 1992; E. Blum,Studien zur Komposition des Pentateuch, BZAW 189, Berlin 1990.

11�%@&# ;/,<.)%=&#�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#? 2><#/E)%-&A%-/-u pozycjach: M. Douglas, PoeticStructure in Leviticus, w: Pomegranates and Golden Bells, red. D. Wright, D. Freedman, A. Hu-rvitz, Eisenbrauns 1995 oraz: Leviticus as Literature, Oxford 1999.

12 Douglas, Leviticus…, s. 75.13�;@;=%=#?2><#<�%>.�;1D'%E &=)#>2>#)%,?&�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?2;J-&C,;=;@;=+#>#=,?C�

@)O>#?$%)#>&%A. ;21M'&@;-%=;-( Reading Leviticus. A Conversation with Mary Douglas, red.J. �� %-.#>� 4��12 95� �*#++&#'/ �88�� % 2; ?#? J$&#>,& 2;J-&C,;=; ?#? /<&#A1 <=%,<=N

44 ��

�#;';D&,<=.E#=E1@>.).<%;2&E%$&>.)1%AO-1@%<%A�'+>#/�%>3�%=%'&<1?N,E)>1@)u>C)#@E)1;>%<-A%J,&-;J,&D>%$%).,<=#�2A��914. Ten nurt>;<-&=NAm.in.James Watts, opiE1?N,E)>1@)1>C >#);>.,<=N )#D; +>%D$#=)1�%2;)#$,%A#?�E&C�D&15. �%@L# =%?=;-E<. 2;'E@& @;$#=)%>< /;�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#? 4��5 @A%/<&#�� &� �� $� ��a�� !�&�� ,!��$16, ukaz1?N,2;-&N<%=&%2;$&C/<.)>#J,&N�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?%/;J-&%/�,<#=&%$& +1=/%).-=.$& ,*><#J,&?%PE)-%��%L=.=1>)-M%/aniach wyznaczajN@;$#=)%><#;/-;A1?N,# E&C/;-A%J,&-;J,& ?C<.@%�E&CD&�;2&#>%?N,# E&C;=%?�=;-E<# M%/%=&% < /<&#/<&=. ?C<.@;<=%-E)-% & )A1$%,<#=&% )#@E)O- '1/O-;J,&#==.,*17��=%'&<.)#2;<-%'%?N na lepsze zrozumienie znaczenia poszczegól-nych terminów i kontekstów w ja@&,*)%@N)#>$&=;';D&CE);E;-%=;�%).$E%$.$2;DACM&K>;<1$&#=&# &,*E.$Molicznego znaczenia.

InterpretacjN, która AN,<. 1?C,&# tradycyjne (metoda historyczno-krytycznai tradycja L./;-E@%5<1?C,&#$E.=,*>;=&,<=.$, jest komentarz Milgroma18. �.�,*;/<N,<2.)%P; rationale'#LN,#<%2;E<,<#DO'=.$&2><#2&E%$&, postuluje�L#)#@E) <%-&#>% J-&%/#,)-% archaicznych aktów rytualnych oraz ich reform. Mil-grom akceptuje podzi%A�E&CDi�%2A%PE@iej =% /-&# ,<CJ,&� 2;,*;/<N,# < /-1>OL=.,*]>O/#A, które datuje na okres monarchii – ��+��(P, XI-X w.) i��&,�� (H, VIII w.). Ostatec<=. @E<)%A) =%/%=; /<&#A1 po niewoli babiloPskiej19.�;E)%)#,<=#?>#/%@,?&�E&CD& )#/-%=1>).2;AN,<;=o w sposób nierozerwalny,ale 2;2><#<-.MO>$%)#>&%A1&?#D;1@A%/-E@%<%=;)>#J,&2><#@>%,<%?N,#idee za-warte w poszczególnych przepisach. �=)#>2>#)%,?%�&'D>;$%;/-;A1?#E&C/;*&�

,<CJK(QThe Journal of Hebrew Scriptures”, 8 (2008), http://www.jhsonline.org. O znaczeniu tej in-terpretacji dla religioznawstwa: R. Hendel, Mary Douglas and Anthropological Modernism, „TheJournal of Hebrew Scriptures”, http://purl.org/jhs Articles, 2-11. z dnia 26.04.2008.

14 A. Marx, The Theology of the Sacrifice, w: The Book of Leviticus. Composition and Recep-tion, red. R. Rendtorff, R.A. Kugler, Leiden – Boston 2003, s. �V:�� V��)#?&=)#>2>#)%,?&-&;/N,N&/#N ?#E) >;<1$&#=&#;+&%>. ?%@;@;$1=&&<MOE)-#$� );)#L�%>3=%<.-%;+&%>%$&2%>#3,#''%=,#).'@; )#%@).�@)O>#E)%=;-&N �� dla bóstwa (��' i� ��/�) lub bóstwa i ludzi (��0 i� ��/�). Te=%);$&%E)�@)O>#-&NLNE&C<<%/;JK1,<.=&#=&#$4)�1� i �0�5$%?N<=%,<#=&#?#/.=&#?%@;1$;L'&�-&%?N,#E@A%/%=&#).,*2&#>-E<.,*��%>31@%<1?#)%@L#E)>1@)1>C;+&%>?%@;2;<&;my uczestnictwa– �OD).'@;^�OD&@%2A%=&^�OD�@%2A%=&&'1/�

15 J.W. Watts, The Rhetorics of Ritual Instruction in Leviticus 1-7, w: The Book of Leviticus.Composition and Reception, red. R. Rendtorff, R.A. Kugler, Leiden – Boston 2003, s. 79-100;Ritual…��%@L#(�*�R. Smith, The Literary Structure of Leviticus, JSOT 70 (1996), s. 17-32.

16 NKB, 12.17�%?-%L=&#?E<#<=&,*);@;$#=)%><#�%>1,*%�#R&=#&%,;M%�&'D>;$%�18�&'D>;$;/-;A1?# E&C /; &=)#>2>#)%,?&- )>%/.,?& L./;-E@&#?� )>%@)1?N, ?N ?%@; &=)#D>%'=.

#'#$#=);M?%J=&%=&% )#D; )#@E)1�;M;@;E&ND=&CKM%/%P<%2;$;,N metod: historyczno-krytyczneji synchronicznej.

19�&#>-E<.=1>)�>#/1@1?N,.,;>%<-.>%]=&#?<%@>#Esancta, reprez#=);-%=.?#E)2><#<]>O/A;��%2;)#$2><#<@>CD&>%M&=&,<=#^/>1D&�>;<E<#><%?N,.<%@>#Esancta�);]>O/A;F�2><#2&E.>.)1%'�=#�E&CD&�<#,*&#'%;>%<)#@E).<\1$>%=�Dz. cyt., s. 1439-1443.

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E);>.,<=.,*@;><#=& inE)>1@,?& <%-%>).,*-�E&C/<#�%2A%PE@&#?, co nie prze-szkadza %1);>;-&2;/@>#J'%K�L#�E&CD%$%<=%,<#=&#E.$M;'&,<=#.

�OL=;>;/=;JK ;/,<.)%P -E@%<1?# =% -&#'@&# M;D%,)-; )>#J,&;-# �E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?��.-;/<&E&C;=;<=&#<-.@A#?E)>1@)1>.+;>$%'=#?, która pozornienosi cechy instrukcji doty,<N,#?@-#E)&&>.)1%AOw celebrowanych =%)#>#=&#J-&N�).=&&-L.,&1,;/<&#==.m. NiezaleLnie jednak ;/E2;E;M12;/#?J,&%/;tej �E&C�D&&<>OL=&,;-%=.,*2;D'N/O-=%)#$%)?#?2o-E)%-%=&%&2><#<=%,<#=&%�-E<.�E,.%1);><.EN<D;/=&,;/;?#/=#D;–%=&;$O-&;=#>.)1%A.=&#E)%=;-&NE2O?�=#D; E.E)#$1� %=& )#L 2;/%=# &=E)>1@,?# =&# <;E)%A. 2><#/E)%-&;=# - E2;EOM-.E)%>,<%?N,./;,#'#M>%,?&?%@&#D;@;'-&#@>.)1%A1��%>/<&#?/;DACM=%%=%'&<%)#?E)>1@)1>.1@%<1?#� L# �� &�� $� & <% 2;$;,N )%@-.E<1@%=#D;?C<.@%2><#/E)%-&Aw&<?CJ-&%)%�E-;?N&E-;?#?-E2O'=;).��%/=%</;@;=%=.,*&=)#>2>#)%,?& =&# ujawnia -2#A=& <=aczenia )#?�E&CD&; @%L/% <%)#$$;L# M.K2><.,<.=@&#$ /; '#2E<#D; zrozumienia tajemnicy wiary, która - ).$ )#@J,&#<=%'%<A%E-O?-.>%<�

Skoro z%/%=&#$*#>$#=#1).@& ?#E) =&# ).'@;;/,<.)%=&#-%>E)-.=%>>%).-�=#?)#@E)1�%'#)%@L#?#D;E)>1@)1>.>#);>.,<=#??%@; formy p><#@%<.-%=&%)>#J,&& nauczania, to analiza struktury retorycznej powinna 1@%<%K@;=,#2,?# &/#;';�D&,<=#20. W badaniach nad stylem literackim �E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#? zwykle <->%,%E&C1-%DC=%/-&#@>O)@&#=%>>%,?#4�V�� ;>%< "��V�� , :5�2><#>.-%?N,#);@&=E)>1@)%L121, lub na +;>$1AC -2>;-%/<%?N,N – Jahwe prze!�� D��E� �@!'��$�� D��)…– @)O>% E)%=;-& ?#/=N < =%?M%>/<&#? ,*%>%@)#>.E).,<=.,* ,#,*)#D;/<&#A%22. Hartley zwr%,%1-%DC=%E)>1@)1>C+;>$1A.-2>;-%/<%?N,#?�@)O>%E@A%/% E&C </-1#'#$#=)O-( EA;-%=%>>%);>%;>%< EA;-%�;D%�-.>%L%?N,# ktoi do kogo ma mó-&K23. W caA.$ )#@J,&# <=%?/1?# E&C :� )%@&,* +;>$1A 4" 3 8c:3:d5�-.E)C21?N,.,*->OLnych wariantach, co do adresata–postaci, do którejBóg mówi i do adresata mowy Boga24.

20 For a reader to attend to these elements of literary art is not merely exercise of ‘apprecia-tion’ but a discipline of understanding. R. Alter, Introduction to the Old Testament, w: The Litera-ry Guide to the Bible, R. Alter, F. Kermode, (red.), Cambridge Massachusetts 1987, s. 11-35.

21�;1D'%EI@;=E)>11?N,%=%';D&C2;$&C/<.)#@E)#$�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?%E%=@)1%>&1$I1<=%�A% )#/-&#=%>>%,?# <% kurtyny� >;</<&#'%?N,# )><. E)>#+.- E%=@)1%>&1$ 4/<&#/<&=&#,� 2><#/E&;=#@&$&#?E,#=%?J-&C)E<#5�

22 C.J. Labuschagne, The Pattern of the Divine Speech Formulas in the Pentateuch. The Keyto Its Literary Structure. „Vetus Testamentum”: 4�86 5� s. �6�8��#=2;/<&%AE);E1?#�>;=&=%4��5�

23 […] formulation of an introductory formula plus a commission-to-speak formula; J. E. Har-tley, xxxii.

24 9 razy brzmi: ;�� !�� D��E��C�1��!'��$�� D��)…^2;=%/);�< >;<-&=&C�,&#$�-E@%<1?N,.$=%%/>#E%)%2><#EA%=&%(�">%<.[…] Mów do Izraela (w wariantach: ��, ��, ��);4 razy […] Przemawiaj do Aarona i jego synów (w wariantach: ��, � ); 2 razy […] Przemawiajdo Aarona; 1 raz […?�( ��!�� '�� '��*� ��; 1 raz […] Przemawiaj (��) doAarona i jego synów i do wszystkich synów Izraela��;=%/);2;?%-&%?NE&C+;>$1A.�-@)O>.,*�OD

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P;/#?$1?N,>#+'#@E?C=%/+;>$N�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?2>OM1?C-./;M.K@E<)%A)1@%<%=#? )%$ >#'&D&?=;J,&� �;=&#-%L-.;/>Cbnienie jednostek jest tym elemen-tem, który we wszystkich interpretacjach ma podstawowe znaczenie, propon1?C-A%E=.2;/<&%A)#@E)1�Zaproponowane przez innych egzegetów2;/<&%A.1@%<1�?N�L#=&#@)O>#?#/=;E)@&ENM%>/<;A%)-#/;-.>OL=&enia (np. 1-7 czy 1-16)&E)N/E);E;-%=# EN 2><#<-E<.E)@&,*. Inne natomiast, szczególnie ostat=&# >;</<&%A.�E2>%-&%?N-&#'#)>1/=;J,&25. W =&=&#?E<.$%>).@1'#2>;2;=1?C?#E<,<#&==., nowy,2;/<&%A tekstu.

�&;>N,2;/1-%DC$;).-.formalne oraz )>#J,&;-#�dzielC tekst =%)><.,<C�J,&�a kaLdN z nich na dalsze trzy, które nazywam segmentami. Wprowadzam jed-nak bardzo nietypowy 1@A%/ ?#/=;E)#@� D/.L AN,<C +>%D$#=).2;<%@;'#?=;J,&N-)#@J,&# – dwa pierwsze segmenty ;M#?$1?N@;'#?=#>;</<&%A.4-#/A1D2;/<&%�A1�%=D);=%5� trzeci segment to >;</<&%A<<%@;P,<#=&%�E&CD&�

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P i e r w s z y s e g m e n t 4�2A��95);&=E)>1@,?%/;).,<N,%E@A%/%=&%;+&%>27.Wymieniono 5 rodzajów ofiar�E)%=;-&N,.,*=&#).'@;2;/E)%-C systemu kulto-wego28, ale )%@L# ;M>%<1?Ncych fundamentalne akty ;/=&#E&#=&% ,<A;-&#@% /;�;D% – uwielbienie i2;E)%-C%/;>%,?& (��/� i��')�2>%D=&#=&#<%/;JK1,<.=&#=&%<%D><#,*.-<D'C/#$�;D% & '1/<& ()�1� i� �0�) oraz pragnienie komunii z Bo-giem (��0)29. Pierwsze trzy�;M>%<1?N,#1-&#'M&#=&#&@;$1=&C (��0,��/�,��'),<;E)%A.2><#/E)%-&;=#?%@;;+&%>./;M>;-;'=#�@)O>.,*2><#/$&;)1<%'#L=&;=;;/<%$;L=;J,& ;+&%>=&@%� % &=E)>1@,?# EN %/>#E;-%=#/; �<>%#'&)O-. Dwie ostatnieofiary ()�1�� i �0�5�-&NLN,#E&C<<%/;JK1,<.=&#=&#$�<;E)%A.;$O-&;=#M%>/<;E<,<#DOA;-;, a instrukcja 1-<D'C/=&%"E);2=&#-*&#>%>,*&&-E2O'=;).4@%2A%=�,%A%-E2O'=;)%�@);J<#E)%rE<.<=.�@);J<2;E2;'&)#D; '1/15� ;>$1A. wprowa-dz%?N,#/<&#'N)#=E#D$#=) na 9 (nierów=.,*,;/;/A1D;J,&5 jednostek. Adresa-

26�%E%/=;JK)%@&#D;2;)>%@);-%=&%)#@E)1-.=&@%<<12#A=&#;/$&#==#?E)>1@)1>.'&)#>%,@&#?�-2;>O-=%=&1/;'&)#>%)1>.<%,*;/=&#?��=;-E<.,*M%/%=&%,*,<CE);/;,*;/<&/;DA;E1J-&%/;�$;JK� L#;2;-&#J,& M&M'&?=.,*=&#$;L=% ,<.)%K-.AN,<=&# '&=#%>=&#� %=%'#L.1-<D'C/=&K-N)@&-.E)C21?N,# E.$1')%=&,<=&#��2><.2%/@1�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?2&E<#; ).$ )%@L#�&'D>;$�;M?%�J=&%?N,�/'%,<#D;&=E)>1@,?#/;).,<N,#<%E%/E@A%/%=&%;+&%>2o2><#/<%?N@;=E#@>%,?C@%2A%=O-��<�,.)., s. 552.

27 C<.@& E)%>;L.)=#=&#<=%A.%ME)>%@,.?=#D; )#>$&=1 ofiara� % )-;><.A. ?#/.=&# )#>$&=.=%;@>#J'#=&#@;=@>#tnych aktów. Najbardziej ogólne terminy to: �� I;+&%>%,;/<&#==%<#<-&#><N)-J-&N).=&%,*&@1')%,*/;$o-.,*�@)O>#?$&CE;M.A;/<&#';=#2;$&C/<.MOE)-;&;+&%>nika (por.1Sm 1) oraz � ��;<=%,<%/%>�2><#/$&;)2><#<=%,<;=./'%MOE)-%��;D%,)-;)#>$&=;';D&&-2>;�-%/<&A-E-;&$)A1$%,<#=&1�<%%@�.'@;-(��',%A;2alenie; �� ofiara ogniowa; )�1� ofiara za-grzeszna; ��/�� ;+&%>%J=&#/=%^�� )�/� ofiara pierwocin; ��;+&%>%;2A%)=%^�� ofiarapokutna; � �� znak przypomnienia; � �)��;+&%>%/<&C@,<.==%^��) �)��;+&%>%/<&C@,<.==;�;2A%)=%^ ��';+&%>%-.J-&C,#=&%^ ��/) przedstawienie; �� ) podniesienie (wszystkie termi-=.2;,*;/<N<)A1$%,<#=&%�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?5�

28�N);;+&%>.(,%A;2%'=%�2;@%>$;-%�2;?#/=%=&%�2><#MA%D%=&%&<%/;JK1,<.=&#=&%^<#<-&#�><N)&<MOL�

29 Bardzo dobrze opisuje to Marx, s. 109-111.

48 ��

tem pierwszych dwu i ostatnich dwu przykazaP?#E) ��y Izrael30, w samym cen-trum natomiast <=%?/1?#E&C – adresowana do Aarona i jego synów – &=E)>1@,?%/;).,<N,% ;+&%>. ,%A;2%'=#? (��'�� ) �)). �&#?E,#$�/;@)O>#D;;/=;E<N E&C in-E)>1@,?#�?#E)/<&#/<&=&#,J-&N).=&�%<%-%>)#)%$2><#2&E./;).,<N<%E%/E@A%/%�=&%;+&%>;>%<<%,*;-%=&%@%2A%=O-&;+&%>=&@O-�

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T r z e c i s e g m e n t )#?,<CJ,&to>;</<&%A "�który podejmuje dw%�2;<;>�=&#=&#<-&N<%=#<#E;MN$;).-.( &=E)>1@,?#/;).,<N,#J-&#,<=&@%&,*'#MO-2;�@A%/=.,*(w. 1-12) oraz inE)>1@,?#/;).,<N,#M'1]=&#>E)-%2><#,&-@;�;D1&=%?�,&CLE<.,* @><.-/2><#,&-@; ,<A;-&ekowi (w. 13-23)31. Propozycja /;AN,<#=&%>;</<&%Au 24 /;,<CJ,&2&#>-E<#?wynika z +%@)1�L#)>#JK)#D;>;</<&%A1/;2#A=&%/;J-&%/,<#=&% opisane w poprzednich segmentach. I=E)>1@,?#�2A��9/;).,<.A.)#D;�,;/<&#?#E&C=%/<&#/<&P,1J-&N).=&��2A6��V)#D;�,;/<&#?#E&C=%/<&#�/<&P,1, ze wzmiankami o -=C)><1 sanktuarium, natomiast >.)1%A.�2A "/;).�,<N sanktuarium: 1* -E#=E&#/;EA;-=.$, przedsionka sanktuarium – J-&#,<=&@&,*'#M.;/=;E<NE&C/; codzienn#D;>.)1%A1 tam celebrowanego32; 2* w sensiemetaforycznym, ��&��&�� –M'1]=&#>E)-; przeciwko Bogu oraz $;>/#>�E)-; & )>-%A# ;@%'#,<#=&% ,<A;-&#@a dotyczN ><#,<. =%?J-&C)E<.,* (Stwórcyi Jego przedstawiciela na ziemi). �<CJK )% @;P,<. E&C;M>%<#$1@a$&#=;-%=&%M'1]=&#>,..

30�&'D>;$%@,#=)1?#�L#->#'&D&&�<>%#'%2>%-;>.)1%'=#2;-&==;M.K<=%=#,%A#?-E2O'=;�,&#�%=&# ).'@;@a2A%=;$� ?#/=;,<#J=&# );-A%J=&#@%2Aan, a nie kto inny jest odpowiedzialny zapouczanie ��,;/;<%E%/2;E)C2;-%=&%�

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50 ��

on zatem symbolicznie ,%A;@E<)%A)L.,&%'1/<@&#D;�-).$,;;/=;E&E&C/;pod-staw egzystencji (2;L.-&#=&#), &-).$,;;/=;E&E&C/; granic egzystencji (L.�,&#&J$&#>K). Wymienione w tej jednostce ofiary �� (��') i powszednia(��), w kategoriach antropologicznych -.>%L%?N poczucie <%'#L=;J,& od bóstwai potrzebC komunii, natomiast tematyka ekspon1?N,%2;@%>$&E+#>C2A,&;-N ak-centuje potrzeby egzystencjalne,<A;-&#@%� Segment ten E@A%/%E&C<�?#/=;E)#@I-/-1%*-#$O-&-.AN,<=&#/;�;?L#E<%4 �"5�%-,<)#>#,*<->%,%E&C>O-�=;,<#J=&#/;�;?L#E<%&/;�%>;=%4+;>$1A.(��:�7��534��><.<2;J>O/+;r$1A-2>;-%/<%?N,.,*4�� 5EN%/>#E;-%=#/; ��5� ��.

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34�2>O,< �V�6 EN ); ?#/.=#-�E&C/<#�%2A%PE@&#? 2;1,<#=&%�-@)O>.,*�%>;=-.E)C21?#?%@;M#<2;J>#/=&%/>#E%)$;-.�;D%�

35�L.,&#)%@&#?+;>$1A.;>%<-.#@E2;=;-%=&#)#$%)1oczyszczania sanktuarium4)#=$;).-2;?%-&E&C?#E<,<#>%<-�2A :�D/<&#-.$&#=&;=;J-&C)%,#'#M>;-%=#-,.@'1>;,<=.$5�E2>%�-&%� L# >;</<&%A )#=$% E<,<#DO'=# <=%,<#=&#��#=/);>++- ?#/=.$<-,<#J=&#?E<.,* %>).@1AO-1<=%?#D;<%,#=)>1$�;>.(��#=/);>++�Leviticus 16 als Mitte der Tora. „Biblical Interpretation”,11, 3/4, Leiden 2003, s. 252-258. Termin ��1L.);-).$)#kJ,&#-+;>$&#,<%E;-=&@O-^><#,<;-�=&@�� (��+�(��52;?%-&E&C/;2&#>;-�2A :� :�: �

36�E)=&#?#-&#'#=&#?%E=;J,&/;).,<N,.,*)#D;>.)1%A1��2A.-;-%&=)#>2>#)%,?%�#=#�&>%>/%�%��/�� /;/%)@;-;<%+%AE<;-%A%>;<1$&#=&#M&M'&?=#D;;2&E1��&>%>/;/,<.)1?#E#=E-J-&#�)'# >.)1%AO-D>#,@&,*�2><#<,;=&# ).'@;-.2%,<% E#=E >.)1%A1M&M'&?=#D;� %'# )%@L#<=&#@E<)%A,%?#D;;2&E� Szerzej: M. Douglas, The Go-Away Goat, w: The Book of Leviticus. Composition andreception, red. R. Rendtorff, R.A. Kugler, (“Vetus Testamentum Supplements XCIII”), Leiden 2004,s. 121-141.

37 �><#<�%=D);=% 2;/<&#';=. =% /-% >;</<&%A.� 2>%-/;2;/;M=&# <#-<D'C/1 =% )#$%).@C��>.D&=%'=.1@A%/)#@E)1<%,*C,%?#/=%@�%M.2;E<1@%K<=%,<#=&%,%A;J,&�

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)#$%).@C 1�� – $;).--&;/N,.E#gmentu pierwszego – ale na poziomie,%A#?E2;A#,<=;J,&; -J>O/'1/1Jahwe =&#$;DND&=NKEA%ME&. W instrukcjach tego roz-dziaA1 2><#@>;,<;=% <;E)%A% bariera indywidualnej ��o�� na rzecz troskio �� 5� ��, a podane w segmencie pierwszym zasadyL.,&%E2;�A#,<=#D; w tym segmencie <;E)%A. 2;E<#><;=# ; @-#E)&# L.,&% D;E2;/%>,<#D;��/%=&#@;P,<N,#>;</<&%A 25 -2>;-%/<%2A.==&# do>;</<&%A1 �,@)O>#D;)>#J,&NEN��o��+�� +��. �;</<&%A 7$% charakter instrukcji�=%);$&%E) �;E)><#L#=&%� ?#/=;<=%,<=&# )>%@)1?N,#D;;-%>1=kach 1�� !�� =%2A%E<�,<.]=&#-E2O'=;);-#?� Oby/-%>;</<&%A.E&'=&##@E2;=1?N zachowanie 2><.@%<%P?%@; warunku L.,&%-E-;?#? ziemi I % EN=&$&( <%,*;-%=&# ,<.E);J,& >.)1%'=#?�E<%M%)O- & +1=/%$#=)%'=#? E2>%-&#/'&-;J,& E2oA#,<=#?. Ostatnie zdanie tego seg-mentu przypomina o pobycie na Synaju i zawartym tam przymierzu.

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�<CJK druga przenosi miejsce akcji<#J-&N).=&/;-E2O'=;). – przykazaniai pouczenia ()� �)) -,&NL/;).,<N relacji Izraela do Boga (osób i wspólnoty), ale?#?2><#/$&;)#$=&#ENtylko ofiary, ale nade wszystko <%E%/.L.,&%E2;A#,<=#D;&D;E2;/%>,<#D;. Segment pierwszy szeroko traktuje o warunkach rozpoznawa-nia tego co czyste i nieczyste w kwestiach doty,<N,.,*: pokarmów, E+#>.2A,&;�-#? & )>N/1 (osoby, do$1&=%,<.P5, dotyka-&C, przestrzeni egzystencji--.�$&%><# ;E;M&E).$� >;/<&==.$ & E2;A#,<=.$. Segment drugi podaje instruk,?#/;).,<N,# oczyszczania sanktuarium� D/.L ?#D;=&#E@%<&)#'=;JK ?#E)-%>1=@&#$<%$&#Ezkiwania bóstwa, a tym samym -%>1=@1?#Lycie ludzi4;EOM&E2;A#,<=;�J,&5. Segment trzeci – do -.$&#=&;=.,*-.L#? zasad dzielenia przestrzeni =%,<.E)N&=&#,<.E)N– dodaje czas, który domaD%E&CE<,<#DO'=#D;1J-&C,#=&%�;>%<wskazuje na konsekwencje=&#-A%J,&-#D;2;E)Cpowania. W z%@;P,<#=&u (trzecisegment) wyakcentowano,L#wszystkie 2><.@%<%=&%EN<-&N<%=#<2><.$&#><#$zawartym z Izraelem na Synaju, a ich zachowanie jest warunkiem L.,&%-#-A%�E=.$@>%?1�

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S e g m e n t p i e r w s z y (�2A 17-22) podejmuje motywy znane z poprzed-nich regulacji – <%M&?%=&#<-&#><N)=%2;@%>$&;+&%>.�>#'%,?#2A,&;-#�;/=&#E&#�=&%/;@1')1&J-&N).=&�%)%@L#/;>;/<&,O-&E2;A#,<=;J,&4�9� V5;>%<2><#2&E./;).,<N,#kwalifikacji>.)1%'=#?@%2A%=O-&<-&#><N);+&%>=.,*421-22). Wszyst-kie te kwestie -.>%L;=# <;E)%A. - ,*%>%@)#>.E).,<=.$� 2%>#=#).,<=.$ E).'1,a ich przestrzeganie warunkuje ��&�� Izraela. �><.@%<%=&%-.>%L;=#- ).$E#D$#=,&#I?%@@;'-&#@EN2;/;M=#-)#$%).,#/;2><.@%<%P/%=.,*-,<#J=&#?I;D%>=&%?N;-&#'#E<#>E<.-.$&%>L.,&%;E;M;-#D;&E2;A#,<=#D;�2>;-%/<N,

52 ��

/;>;<>OL=&%=&%2;$&C/<.�� !��!�%=&#?#/.=$&C/<.czystym a nie-czystym. �%E%/N2><#-;/=&N).,*>#D1'%,?&?#E)oddzielenie Izraela od innych lu-dów (por. w. 20,26) uzasadnioneJ,&EAN2><.=%'#L=;J,&N Izraela do Jahwe. �<CJK)%/<&#'&E&C=%8?#/=;E)#@��/>#E%)%$&,<)#>#,*E2;J>O/$O-�;D%EN).'@;@%�2A%=&4��7��95�)><#,*��Izrael (2, 3, 4), a?#/=#?@%2A%=&&�<>%#'465. P;J>#/�=&@&#$2;$&C/<.�;D&#$%�<>%#'#$ w tym segmencie ?#E)-.AN,<=&#�;jL#E<�

S e g m e n t d r u g i (�2A 23), stanowi wykaz i opis celebrowania dni ��&,��. Podzielony na 5 jednostek – cztery rozpoczyna+;>$1A%(;�� !��D��E� ��C�1��!'��$�� D��): Mów (��) do Izraelitów (1, 2, 3, 5), a jednabez adresata (4). �;</<&%A )#=2;/#?$1?# )%@L# motyw rozdzielania, ale z innejperspektywy – po ustaleniu w segmencie pierwszym zasad rozdzielania -;M>C�M&#2><#E)><#=&4<&#$&%�<-&#><C)%� '1/<&#5 – �<>%#'<;E)%A-#<-%=./; podziele-nia czasu na ��&� oraz ��&�. Autor wprowadza zatem nowy motyw – ,<%EJ-&C).);=ie jest ?%@&J;M&#@).-=&#-.;/>CM=&;=.-%';>@;E$;E14)%@?%@$;L�=%;M&#@).w=&#-.;/>CM=&K2><#E)><#P5�%'#?#E));%E2#@)@;E$&,<=#D;A%/1�E)%�=;-&N,.&=)#D>%'=N,<CJK ludzkiego bytowania.

S e g m e n t t r z e c i (�2A 27) dotyczy zas%/ E2#A=&#=&% J'1MO- & obietnic( /), poczynionych wobec Boga. D;M>%�@)O>#$;DNM.K ofiarowane Bogu ;M#?�$1?N( osoby� <-&#><C)%� dom i pole, %-&C, ogarnia?N ,%AN2><#E)><#P#D<.E)#=�,?%'=N: rodzinC�2;);$E)-;&]>O/A;1)><.$ania. Przykazania odnos<NE&C-,%A;�J,&E+#>.L.,&% osobowego i wspólnotowego, które jednak pozostaje w realnym<-&N<@1<#J-&N).=&NI2;,<.=&;=#2><#<;E;MCJ'1M.$%?NE-;?#@;nE#@-#=,?#-L.,&1-E2O'=;).� % &,*-.2#A=&#=&# /;@;=1?# E&C- J-&N).=&. H'1M./;).,<Nbytów przestrzeni, ale &,* >#%'&<%,?% ;/=;E& E&C /; ,<%E1� % <%)#$<%@;P,<#=&#ukazuje ?#/=;JK ).,*/-1E+#>-L.,&1,<A;-&#@%� Ostatni segment )#D;/<&#A%>;<2;,<.=% E&C +;>$1AN( ;�� !�� D��E� �� C�1�� !'��$c (��):Mów (��) do Izraelitów�,;$;L=%;/,<.)%K?%@;I-A%J,&-#2><#EA%=&1�;>.I2;/@>#J'#=&#� L# �OD$O-& /; �� 5� ��, przez poJ>#/=&,)-;�;?L#E<%��%A;JK@;P,<.</%=&#(Oto przykazania (��E"��' �� u��C�1�,��5� ��'w, u góry Synaj4)A1$��.'@;-5�

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�><.@%<%=&%,<CJ,& trzeciej -&NLNE&C<L.,&#$ osoby i E2;A#,<=;J,& nie tyl-ko w aspekcie religijnym, ale)%@L# w aspekcie gospodarczym i rodzinnym, a jejt>#JK jest jednym wielkim -#<-%=&#$/; J-&C);J,&. Realizowanie ��&�ci –ukazane jako oddzielanie – obej$1?#2><#E)><#P&,<%E. �N/>;DNautor wskazujena,%A;@E<)%A) ludzkiej egzystencji jako miejE,#>#%'&<;-%=&%J-&C);J,&�%'#)%@L#;/-;A1?#E&C/;;2&E1E)-;><#=&%�/<�� ". �).')#?,<CJ,&$%-.?N)@;-;2;/�=&;EAy charakter /<&C@&'&,<=.$napomnieniom oraz poprzez silne wyakcentowa-nie<-&N<@1).,*2><.@%<%P<2;M.)#$=%�.=%?1.

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�2;>O-=%=&1/; ,<CJ,& />1D&#?� >O-=&#L )>%@)1?N,#? ; <%E%/%,* oddziela-nia�=%E)N2&A;2><#E1=&C,&#%@,#=)O--/-1%E2#@)%,*��o pierwsze, akcent padana /NL#=&#&zachowanie ��&��, a nie tylko ��^%@,#=)1?#-&C, wymiarpozytywny� /;$%D%?N,. E&C ;E;M;-eD; <%%=D%L;-%=&%. Po drugie, /<&#'N, >;@2;2><#< >.)$J-&N) i szabatów obejmuje ,<%E- ?#/=;E)@%,*M'&E@&,*L.,&%,;�/<&#==#D;, %-&C, )%@L#;E;M;-#D;, podczas gdy rytm jubileuszy 4�2A 5) 1?�$;-%A czas mierzony$&%>N L.,&%-E2O'=;);-#D;� Segmenty pierwszy i druD&/;).,<.A. L.,&%-E2O'=;);-#D;, segment trzeci <%J akcentuje wymiar indywi-dualny i osobowy.

Analiza �E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?-#/A1D <%2>;2;=;-%=#D;2;/<&%A11@%<%A%� L#?#?)>#JK1?$1?#E.$M;'&,<=&#,%A;@E<)%A)'1/<@&#?#D<.E)#=,?&��2&E%=#-,<CJ,&2&#>-E<#? &=E).)1,?# @1');-#I J-&N).=&%� ;A)%><� @%2A%PE)-;I E)%=;-&N 21=@)-.?J,&%/;E%@>%'&<%,?&L.,&%. CzCJ,&n%E)C2=#1@%<1?N�L#,%A;@E<)%A)#D<.E)#=,?&'1/1�;L#D; ma aspekt kultu. Instytucjonalizacja L.,&% Izraela ;M#?$1?#<%>O-�=;2><#E)><#P?%@&,<%E. G��&�� ?#E)><#,<.-&E);J,&N/.=%$&,<=N�<%'#L=N;/@%L/#D;,<A;-&#@%�&/;@;=1?#E&Cnie tylko w miejscu wydzielonym4J-&N).=&%5�%'# )%@L# - ,%A#? 2><#E)><#=& L.,&;-#? (rodzina i wspólnota, relacje osobowei gospodarcze).

�E&CD% �%2A%PE@% =&#E&# zatem 2><#EA%=&# ; =&#>;<#>-%'=;J,& instytucjii wspólnoty. Instytucja jest sine qua non warunkiem relacji do Boga, nie tylkow wymiarze wspólnoto-.$�%'#)%@L#-&=/.-&/1%'=.$I@%L/.,<A;-&#@�,*,N�,. 1><#,<.-&E)=&K AN,<N,# D; <�oD&#$ >#'%,?# /;@;=1?# )#D; 2;2><#< >.)1%A�,<.'&EA1LN,N)#$1,#';-&&=E).)1,?C��=E).)1,?%E%$%<E&#M&#=&#$%?#/=%@-.�E)%>,<%?N,#?-%>);J,&�%'#@;=&#,<=#?#E) )%@L#<%%=D%L;-%=&#;E;M;-#��.>%L%E&C;=;-2><#E)><#D%=&1� ��+��+ ()��,�)� �)5;)><.$%=.,*;/�;D%�/;).,<N,.,*/-1%E2#@)O-I2;E)%-.-;M#,>.)1%AO-&2;E)%-.-;M#,&==.,*,<A;nków wspólnoty. �#/-%%E2#@).>#'%,?&/;�;D%<;E)%A.1@%<%=#?%@;=&#�>;<#>-%'=#, i wza?#$=&#E&C-%>1=@1?N,# – d;J-&%/,<#=&#>.)1%'=#E)%=;-&&=)#�D>%'=N,<CJK/;J-&%/,<#=&%>#'&D&?=#D;�?%@@;'-&#@�);2&#>-E<#=&#-.,<#>21?#)#D; />1D&#D;��;J-&%/,<#=&# >#'&D&?=# I ;2&#>%?N, E&C =% %@)%,* >.)1%'=.,* I/NL./;;M?C,&%,%A;@E<)%A)1'1/<@&#?#D<.E)#=,?&�

Akcja�E&CD&�%2A%PE@&#?<;E)%A%1$&#E<,<;=%-,<%E$&C/<.<%@;P,<#�=&#$2>%,2><.M1/;-&#2><.M.)@1%-.>1E<#=&#$-/>;DC��#-<D'C/1 jednak=%)>#JK�która prezentu?#?N?%@;>;/<%?&=E)>1@)%L1��E&CD%-./%?#E&C$&#K cha-rakter wybitnie statyczny. #E) ); ?#/=%@->%L#=&# pozorne. �<&#A; >;<2;,<.=%E&C &=E)>1@,?N/;).,<N,N E@A%/%=&%;+&%r, ale ?1L preskryptywny charakter poda-nych tam przepisów wskazuje na ;/=&#E&#=&#/;2><.E<A;J,&. Z%@;P,<#=&#�E&C�D& – instrukcja /;).,<N,a-.2#A=&#=&% J'1MO-<A;L;=.,*�;D1I- ,%A#? 2#A=&1?%-=&% ten jej aspekt. �%'#L.)%@L# <%1-%L.K�L#=%)1>%-.$&#=&;=.,*)%$<%�E%/L.,&%;/=;E&E&C/;E.)1%,?&</#,./;-%=&#&==#?%=&L#'&J>;/;-&E@;� w któ-

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rym /%?#E&C )#2;1,<#=&%, a &,* )>#JK ?#/=;<=%,<=&#$O-&;2><.E<A;J,&. A za-tem w tej,E<,<#DO'=&#-%L=#?/'%>#'&D&?=;J,&�<>%#'%�E&C/<#�1?%-=&%E&C2;/�E)%-;-.%E2#@)>#'&D&&�<>%#'% – wychylenie ku2><.E<A;J,&38.

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The Book of Leviticus appears as a compilation of fragmentary cultic and ethical prescriptions,coming from different periods of religious history of Israel. The synchronic analysis, started byMary Douglas, proved that the editor of final version of Leviticus was a great artist, with a religiousgoal. Leviticus is a book that presents multiple layers of meaning. In this article the Book ofLeviticus was considered from the Religionswissenschaft point of view. The text was divided ona major blocks according to its theme, and then asked what message was delivered through eachone of them; and subsequently, what was message of the whole Book. Careful analysis ofvocabulary, as well as the time and place of action, allow to suggest a new structure – the four finalchapters might serve as the endings for three blocks of text. The theme leads the reader from thetemple to the community; from the present to the future.

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In the last chapter of the Book of Job, after all the speeches had been madeby Job and his three friends – Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar – by enigmatic Elihuand finally by God Himself, God said to the oldest of the three friends, Eliphaz:„You did not speak truth like Job” and thus commanding that the three friendsmake an expiatory burnt offering and also ask Job to intercede for them to ap-pease God’s wrath – which they did and Job prayed for them and so they did andwere forgiven (Job 42:7-9). God’s statement is frequently interpreted as callinginto doubt the veracity of the pronouncements of the three friends, and seeingthe ten speeches of Job as enunciations of truths. For example, it is stated thatthe three friends „had condemned Job against their better knowledge and con-science, and therefore abandoned truth in favor of the justice of God, a line ofdefence abhorrent to Him” by regarding Job „as a deep-dyed sinner, and hypo-crite”1.

It is quite clear that such an opinion is hardly defensible. The pronounce-ments of the three friends were full of true statements to the extent that some ofthem are even quoted in the New Testament: for instance, 5:13 in 1 Cor. 3.19, ora near-quotation of 5:9 in Rom. 11:33. Also, according to The Companion Bible,Appendix 61, there are in total 65 passages in Job referred to, if not exactly quot-ed, or referring to other books of the Bible: 37 in the Psalms; 18 in Proverbs; 9 inthe Prophets; and 1 in the New Testament2. No doubt about veracity should becast at least on these passages. On the other hand, Job’s speeches include state-ments whose truthfulness may not be not quite acceptable or which are at least

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1 Robert F. Hutchinson, Thoughts on the Book of Job, London: Samuel Bagster 1875, 272.2 17 of these passages come from the speeches of the three friends.

56 ��

theologically precarious. Job stated that God acted unjustly, at least, against him(19:6) and considered him His enemy (13:24, 19:11, countered by Elihu in33:10); God holds him as a prisoner by keeping his feet in the stocks (13:27, cf.Elihu in 33:11) and multiplies his wounds for no reason (9:17); God destroys boththe innocent and the guilty (9:22) and mocks at the despair of the innocent (9:23);God destroys the hope of man (14:19). This shows that God’s „condemnation ofthe friends and the approval of Job does not mean that everything they said waswrong, and everything said by Job was right”3.

In what respect was Job right? Many answers have been proposed; for exam-ple, Job was right in his appeal to the divine justice (Eduard König); in attackinghis friends thesis (P. Haghebaert); in his act of humility (Charles E.B. Cranfield);in his faith expressed in his statements (William Kelly); in his apology (L.W.Batten); in his innocence, in the fact that he „saw his fate as an incomprehensiblemystery,” in his mistrust of the accepted arguments (Helmut Lamparter)4. As italso has been stated, the approval of Job „must be understood in relation to themain theme of the discussion”; on the other hand, the condemnation of Job’sfriends should be understood as pointing to the three friends’ errors „on the vitalissues”5. Yet the questioning of God’s justice by Job seems to be very much oneof the main themes. An argument can be made that Job himself pointed to thefact that his words should be taken with a grain of salt, although he was not quitespecific about which words he meant. He said that because of the unbearablesuffering, his words were rash and babbling (6:3), at least at times; because ofhis despair, his words are lost in the wind (6:26), easily carried by the wind, fu-tile. Job effectively admitted that not all his words had been saturated with ve-racity when recanting what he has spoken (42:6). On the other hand, he ex-claimed at one point that if his friends ha been in his place and he were attempt-ing to counsel them, he would have used the same advices they did when tryingto find an explanation of his predicaments; he also would console them with hismouth (16:4-5). This can be taken to mean that if it were not for the sufferingthat befell him, he would have expressed the same views as his three friends; i.e.,their views and his own were very much the same before the disasters struck.Sharing the same views very likely was one reason why they were his friends.Therefore, the statement that the three friends „did not speak truth like Job”should not be understood as a reference to all that Job has ever spoken – since,

3 Edward J. Kissane, The book of Job, Dublin: Browne and Nolan 1939, 297. Somewhat morecautiously: the author of the Book of Job „may put into the mouth of Eliphaz and the two others somevery true ideas, just as he may make Job express some very exaggerated or debatable ideas,” EdouardDhorme, A commentary of the Book of Job, Nashville: Thomas Nelson 1984 [1926], lxxxii.

4 References are given in Jean Lévêque, Job et son dieu, Paris: Librarie Lecoffre 1970, 125.5 Kissane, op. cit., 297. A supposition is made that the friends, like his wife in 2:9, encouraged

him to blaspheme, p. xxxv, also accepted by Lévêque, op. cit., 125-126.

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by implication, this would also include the speeches of the three friends as ex-pressing the views Job shared before their arrival – but what Job had spoken af-ter his friends arrived.

The way God’s chastisement should be understood is indicated by Job’s de-sire that his friends should keep silence, thereby proving their wisdom (13:5)6.The emphasis in an interpretation of „you did not speak truth like Job” shouldnot be placed as much on „truth” as on „speak” (along with „like”). The versedoes not have to mean that the three friends did not speak any truth at all, butthat they did speak truth, although not like Job. It is not primarily a matter of theway truth was pronounced but the situation in which it was pronounced. Theyspoke truth, but it would be much better if they did not, not now, not in the frontof suffering Job. They should have commiserated with him in silence the waythey did for the first seven days (2:13). This is when they truly pitied and con-soled him, as was their original intention (2:11). The dialogue, or rather a seriesof monologues, took place on the eighth day for a couple of hours or so, for con-siderably shorter amount of time than the time spent in silence. And yet, theywere not rebuked by God for this silence, but only for the words spoken duringa rather short amount of time spent in the company of Job. The rebuke seems tomean that there should simply be a proper time and place, even for speaking thetruth. Already Qoheleth had admonished his readers that there is a proper timefor silence and a proper time for speaking (3:7), and according to Sirach, oneshould not show off his wisdom in an inopportune time (32:4). This is what thewords of the three friends amounted to, to showing off their knowledge. Howev-er, the same words and the same thoughts in the mouth of Job have a differentweight than they do when spoken by the three friends. They spoke from the side-lines about suffering and the reason for it, they analyzed it as observers. Afterthey sat for seven days in silence overwhelmed by Job’s suffering, they becameuncompassionate theoreticians pontificating about what Job could have done inhis life to have deserved it. Job’s „cries of pain are met with the cold consolationof the friends who are content to comfort the righteous man in his agony with thetheory of misfortunes of the wicked and the happiness of the innocent”7. In this,even if they were right, even if Job did what they claimed he did, this truth coulddo little to counter his suffering or to improve Job’s situation; this truth couldbring no relief but could only exacerbate the already insufferable misery of Job.„What Job needed from his friends … was not theology, but sympathy”8. Heneeded silent empathy, he needed his friends to at least try to feel his pain. In-

6 In which way, it can be added, „even a fool who keep silent is considered wise,” Prov. 17:28.7 Dhorme, op. cit., lxxx.8 Harold S. Kushner, When bad things happen to good people, New York: Avon Books 1983,

88, and thus „their silent presence must have been a lot more helpful to their friend than theirlengthy theological explanations were,” p. 91.

58 ��

stead, he received lectures, filled with true observations and analyses, but moreharmful than helpful, more exacerbating his suffering rather than alleviating hispain. In this situation, „prayer without words”9 would be more valuable.

It is another matter when Job speaks. His words flow from the depth of hisdespair and thereby have an altogether different coloring than the same wordsspoken by a detached analyst. Job speaks, not to stir theoretical discussion ofdifficult theological issues, but to express his pain. The emotive side of his pro-nouncements is more important than the conceptual content. If his friends cannothelp him, he wants their empathy, not their theorizing.

However, there is at least one positive result of the three friends lectures –the Book of Job. It can be stated that the three friends’ pain is our gain: had it notbeen for their speeches, there would have been no Job’s responses and then noElihu’s responses to their speeches and no Job’s responses and finally, therewould not have been the two speeches of God. The Book of Job would be re-duced to the introduction with theologically curious if not troubling bargainingof Satan with God, and the closing where Job’s patience is rewarded. The losswould be incalculable, if only from the literary point of view10.

�!��&*

The interesting problem of the Book of Job is the „sin” of Job’s friends. What wrong did theysay that Job was to pray that God would forgive them? Why their sober words were considered byGod as sinful while Job’s speeches, full of anger, were judged as proper? The answer lies in thecontext – not in the text only.

��;MI,;$$1=&,%)&;=IE1++#>&=DI)>1)*IM#'&#+

9 „Prayer without words – that mute wrestling agony of the soul which God will understandand not pass by with neglect,” as stated by Joseph Parker, The book of Job, New York: Funk andWagnalls 1889, 408.

10 According to Daniel Webster, „The Book of Job taken as a mere work of literary genius isone of the most wonderful productions of any age or of any language,” Charles Lanman, The Pri-vate Life of Daniel Webster, New York: Harper 1852, 102. Thomas Carlyle once said: „There isnothing written, I think, in the Bible or out of it, of equal literary merit,” Lectures on heroes, in hisCollected works, London: Chapman and Hill 1864, v. 6, 221.

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The Book of Wisdom, which was written on the eve of the New Testament, enrichessignificantly the Old Testament teaching about God’s payment. In the very heart of theeschatological part (chapters 3-4) it presents three situations, which at first glance seem to questionGod’s justice (the suffering of the just one, lack of offspring, premature death). The analized text(1-9,5, 15-16) is the most important expression of the awareness of afterlife gained by the Israel inthe late period of the Old Testament and the most powerful evidence of that belief.

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1 G. Mensching, Die Lichtsymbolik in der Religionsgeschichte, „Studium Generale” 7 (1957),424; M. Lurker, �� '��!��;<=%P�868�E� :8�

2 J. Chevalier, A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symbols, v. 3, Paris 1974, s. 153.3 S. Kobielus, )�� j zbawionych, Com 61 (1991),

nr 1, s. 119.

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4 A. Feuillet, F. Gils, )��!��, w: ��, red. X. Léon-Dufour,s. 958.

5 S. Kobielus, )��"� s. 119.6 L. Ryken, J.C. Wilhoit, T. Longmann, ��!��, Warszawa 1998, s. 986.7 K. Romaniuk, #��1�, w: Encyklopedia Katolicka, t. III, Lublin 1979, k. 431.8 ��%,*�Kebod Jahwe, w: %��&��7��&�7�( �� 7�Komentarz��;<=%P

�8�"�E�:""�9 H. Conzelmann, ��, w: Theological Dictionary of New Testament (TDNT), red. G. Frie-

drich, v. IX, Grand Rapids 1988, s. 357.

�#$%).@% J-&%)A% 2;?%-&% E&C =% 2><#E)><#=& ,%A#D; ;M?%-&#=&% M&M'&?=#D;4

?%@;E)%A.#'#$#=)<-&N<%=.<-.;M>%L#=&#$,*-%A.#E,*%);';D&,<=#?��%;DOAAN,<.E&C ?#<=&#M#$&< ).$�,;?#E)-DO><#5��1);><.M&M'&?=&@;=E#@-#=)=&#-.@%<1?N�L#,&%A%=&#M&#E@&##$&)1?N,#J-&%)A;=&#ENM;D%$&� '#,<2;/2;><N/�@;-%=.$&�;D1M.)%$&�%E%$;J-&%)A;);?#/=;<#D;E)-;><#P��.J')%-.�#@E2;=;-%=%<;E)%A%?1L=%E%$.$2;,<N)@u narracji starotestamentowej: ��'�� 3� «��&��O»�5��&�� […]. *��!��'� ��3� P �� $� �� "� ��$�� "� ��+��"�� "��:��!��$��!��!�$Q7�5��&��7��'�� 1�� $��3��&ksze, aby r�$��!� ��!��"� �� $��$"� �� (Rdz 1,4.14-16).

�.$M;'&,<=#;M>%<.M&M'&?=#;/-;A1?N,#E&C/;J-&%)A%�;2&#>%?NE&C=%?#D;,#,*%,*+&<.,<=.,*(J-&%)A;��!��"�!�!�� "�� ,!��< '��:� �� !��!1��!��:��< ',��!�1��6��)%>.�#E)%$#=)AN,<.<#J-&%)A#$$%=&+#E)%,?C,*-%A.�;L#?�@)O>%=%;DOA przedstawiana jest jako �/� ��"��"��&�,��7��;?%-&%E&C-=&$)#>$&=;';D&%�@)O>%=%-&N<1?N,/;E.$M;'&@&J-&%)A%�AN�,<.�;LN;M#,=;JK<2A;$&#=&#$;D=&% 4�?:�2; 18��65�;D=&E).$EA12#$4�?�:�21-22), bA.E@%-&,%$& & D><$;)%$& 4�? �8�16.19). Widzialna manifest%,?%,*-%A. �;L#? $% ,*%>%@)#> ��$�� !�� 1�� 8�� <=%,<#=&1 E.$M;'&,<=.$ J-&%)A; 2><#?%-&% )%@L# ,;J < E%$#D;�;D%( ?#E)��!"��' �!��&��'�� (Ps 104, 5�%E@'#2&#=&#=&#M&#E@&#�=%@)O>.$<=%?/1?#E&C�;L.)>;=�?#E)-E2%=&%A#?%@@>.E<)%A4�?24,10, Ez 1,22). Wreszciesam Bóg 1@%<1?# E&C ?%@; �#=� @)O>#D; �� (Ha3,3n)9� % Q$N/>;JKS� MC/N,% ;M?%-&#=&#$ E&C ,*-%A. �;L#? 1@azana jest jako��go (Mdr 7,27.29n). W tej tradycji ��); ,&#E<#=&# E&C E<,<CJ,&#$ & /;M>;M.)#$( �� ,��"��!�� (Prz 13,9). DrogC'1/<@&#D;L.,&%>;<J-&#�)'%�>%-;�$N/>;JK�%l2><#/#-E<.E)@&$EA;-;�;L#(��!�$��!��'��R��!��!��1�� (Ps 119,115).

Obok symboliki ��>;<-&=&C)%<;E)%A%)#LE.$M;'&@%��!��;/=;E<N�

98�ST*�)�5*�TF)U�(2*��=5�*4��8%5

,%E&C/;<A#D;2;E)C2;-%=&%D><#E<=&@O-�@)O><.E%$&E@%<1?NE&C=%2><#M.-%�=&#-l,&#$=;J,&%,*4�><�:�8^F&�6�75��)N/@%)#D;>&#J-&%)A%'1M,&#$=;J,&-.�>%L%?N ;/2;-&#/=&; E<,<CJ'&-.MN/] E$1)=. ';E ,<A;-&#@%� 2><. ,<.$ ��E)%?# E&C E.=;=&$#$ E<,<CJ,&% /;,<#E=#D; 4=2��E �:,4; Iz 58,20) i wiecznego(np. Iz 9,1; 32,7; Ml 3,20).

��;-.$�#E)%$#=,&#E-;?N�;E@N,*-%AC;M?%-&%2><#/#-E<.E)@&$#�<1E�*>ystus (M)�9� ^�@8� 8^�<8�:^ ��5��#@E).E.=;2).@O-;/-;A1?NE&C2><. ).$ /; )>%/.,?& E)%>;)#E)%$#=);-#?� /; E.$M;'&@& �� jako ocalenia,wybawienia4�@ 5�%)%@L# ��! �� (�)7��"5��.'@;>%<I- �@ ��6 I 2;?%-&% E&C -.>%L#=&# �� a�� ,<CE); ;/=%?/.-%=#-)#@E)%,*<\1$>%=��1@%E<%?#E);=;?#/=%@2><#,&-E)%-&;=#-.>%L#=&1sy-nowie tego� �� ,; =%/%?#$1 ;/$&#==# <=%,<#=&# =&L );� ?%@&#$&%A; ;=;-<-;?%,*<=%/�;><%�%>)-#D;�

H-&C). �%-#A w swych parenezach etycznych ,*C)=&# E);E1?# E.$M;'&@C�� (1Tes 5,5n; Rz 13,12; 2Kor 6,14n). Symbolika ta nie tylko przeciwstawiasprawiedliwoJKD><#,*o-&� %'# =%M&#>% >O-=&#L )>#J,& ,*>.E);';gicznej (Ef 5,8)i soteriologicznej (Ef 5,9.11; Flp 2,15; Kol 1,12).

�)#;';D&&J-�%=%E.$M;'&@%��;E&ND%E-O?E<,<.)10. Nosi ona wybit-nie koloryt chrystologiczny11�1L-�>;';D1#<1E?%@;�;D;E?#E);@>#J';=.?%@;)�� (1,9), a w pierws<#? ,<CJ,& ,<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&& 2;-&#�=;E;M&#(;��!��$�� (8,� 5��.J';#<1E&#IJ-&%)A;J,&?#E)/;�$&=1?N,.$)#$%)#$-,%A#?2&#>-E<#?,<CJ,&)#?�-%=D#'&&�<-%=#?%��&�$��,�'� (J 1-12)12.

��$��)�1& � '!��)��'��)�0!'�+)$�4��

�%;@>#J'#=&# ��-�>;';D1<;E)%A1L.). )#>$&= �� – ��, blask,��13� �#>$&= )#= =%'#L. /; Q2;/E)%-;-.,* EAO-S +#=;$#=;';D&& >#'&D&&;/=;E<;=.,*/;�;D%14��>;';D1-.E)C21?#;=E<#JK>%<.;/=;E<N,E&C<%-E<#

10 A. Tronina, ��!�� !��!��, CzST VIII (1980), s. 132.11 P. Gironi, Luce, w; Nuovo Dizionariodi Teologia Biblica, red. P. Rossano, G. Ravasi,

A. Girlanda, Milano 1988, s. 861.12 H.A. Kent, Light in the Darkness: Studies in the Gospel of John,Grand Rapids: Baker, 1974;

M. Rykówna, 7��'��!��!� � ��"��"�/�"��"��-��7;��, RH 20 (1972), s. 75-92.

13 R. Popowski, �� ,�� !��7��$��,��$�� "��!�� ,��!� ��!�/ !��, Warszawa 1997,s. 647n.

14 H. Ritt, ��, w: Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament (EDNT), red. H. Balz,G. Schneider, v. III, Grand Rapids 1991, s. 447.

80 ��

/;�;D;E1 4 1,4.5.7.8 (bis).9). Z kon)#@E)1 ,%A#? �-%=D#'&& ?%E=;-.=&@%� L#�;D;E�;@)O>.$$O-&�>;';D);;@>#J'#=&##<1E%15-.E)C21?N,#?#/.=&#-).$+>%D$#=,&#�-%=D#'&&;>%<-�&#>-E<.$�&J,&#J-�%=% 1,1 i Apokalipsie 19,13.

�&'#1,<#=&EN<%E%/=&,<;<D;/=&�L#�>;';DE)%=;-&&=)#D>%'=N,<CJK,<-%>�)#? �-%nD#'&&� ; ).'# =&#$%-J>O/ =&,* <D;/=;J,& ,; /; ?#/=;J,& '&)#>%,@&#?�%-<-&N<@1<).$I,;/;D#=#<.&<%@>#E1*&2;)#).,<=#D;2&#>-E<#D;*.$=1��,*</%=&#$-;M#,=.$*.$=&#&Et=&#?NE)%>E<#,<CJ,&�@)O>#1<12#A=&A2>%,N>#�/%@,.?=N%1);>�E&CD&��1?C,&1=2�F��%=D@%$$#>%16/;2&#>-;)=#D;*.$=1=&# =%'#L%A.-&#>E<#( � 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18. O �� ?#/=%@ ?#E)$;-%--&#>E<1,<-%>).$�,;?#/=;<=%,<=&#-E@%<1?#�L#)#$%)Logosu – ��,��M.A;M#,=.?1L-2&#>-;)=.$*.$=&#��<=%,<%);)%@L#�L#;E)%)=&>edak-);>�E&CD&M.A<%&=)#>#E;-%=.)#$%).@N �� E@;>;>;<-&=NA ?N--&#>E<%,*=%E)Cpnych.

�><.?$1?N,�L# ��"=%'#L./;2&#>-;)=#D;*.$=1�;/ )#D; )#@E)12;/?C)#<;E)%=NMadania nad zasygnalizowanym tematem.

A. J 1,4

Po raz pierwszy termin ��2;?%-&%E&C-�>;';D1�-%=D#'&&-#/A1DJ-�%=%w wierE<1,<-%>).$��;D;E&#�;@)O>.$?#E)$;-%-,<#J=&#?�%1);>2&E<#(

�� /�� /��0 (�� !��1��"��1��y��$��).

�&#>E<)#=AN,<.E&CJ,&J'#z wierszem poprzednim, tj. J 1,3 (��1�� 2� �3� ��5��/ E2;E;M12;/<&%A1D>%$%).,<=#D;;M1-&#rE<.<%'#L.&,*&=)#>2>#)%,?%��%?E)%>E<#>C@;2&E.17�%)%@�L# 2&E$% =&#@)O>.,*�?,O-�;J,&oA%18� AN,<N ;E)%)=&N ,<CJK -&#>E<% )><#,&#D;<2&#>-E<N,<CJ,&N-&#>E<%/>1D&#D;(�3�� 4 �� /�� /��0� (�"��&�� !"��1��!7�*�1��,��$��)19��%@&2;/<&%A)#@E)1E1D#>1?#)%@L#-E2OA,<#E=.-./%-,%)#@E)1@>.).,<=#D;20�1-%L%?N,D;<%M%>/<&#?2>%-/;2;/;M=.<%>O-=;<#-<D'C/1=%

15 L. Stachowiak, -��7�;��7��&��8�( �� 7�%!�� ;�<=%P��%>E<%-%�897, s. 401nn.

16 H. Langkammer, Hymny chrystologiczne. Najstarszy obraz Chrystusa, Katowice 1976,s. 15-39.

17 P75c17�<%-&#>%?N,#,<CJ,&;-N&=)#>21=@,?C@;/#@E.$%?1E@1A;-#(��s, 050*, l ��&&==#;>%<2><#<=&#@)O>#-#>E?#(M4A%,&PE@%5�RDs, syc, sa.

18�);'#$#1E<4-#/A1D�>#=#1E<%5��#;+&'�'#@E%=/>.?E@&��>#=#1E<42><#@A%/A%,&PE@&5��#>)1�'&%=��'#$#=E�'#ksandryjski i Orygenes.

19�<#>;@;-.?%J=&%)C@-#E)&C��'%=/�Eine Untersuchung zu Joh. 1: 3-4. Über die Bedeu-tung eines Punktes, ZNW 59 (1968), s. 174-209.

20 Novum Testamentum Graece post Eberhard et Erwin Nestle editione vicesima septima revi-sa communiter ediderunt Barbara et Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini,

6��ST*�)�5*�TF)U�(2*��=5�*4��8%5

E)%>E<#J-&%/#,)-%�?%@&>%,?#'&)#>%,@&#4>.)$&@%*.$=15;>%<)#;';D&,<=#4E2O?�=;JK$.J'&<7� ��:8^��53). Natomiast, przeciwko rozumieniu tekstu w formieprzednicejskiej – �"��&�� !"��1��! – prze$%-&%2><#/#-E<.E)�@&$+%@)�&L-$.J')%@&#?'#@,?&�@%L/#E)-;><#=&#�)%@L#=&#$%)#>&%'=#�$%L.,&#Q-S&Q<S#<1E%��./%?#E&C�L#)#D;).21&=)#>2>e)%,?%?#E)=&#/;2><.?C,&%<#-<D'C/1=%%=;-#>;<1$&#=&# �� jako 1�� ego21.

�>%/.,?C )>%@)1?N,N-&#>E<,<-%>). ?%@;E%$;/<&#'=N-.2;-&#/]� >#2>#<#=�)1?N=%�E,*;/<&#;/�U-&#@1�1<#M&1E<��./.$�%=%�*>.<;E);$,<.�#;�/;>��;<2;-E<#,*=&A%E&C;=%<-A%E<,za w wieku V na skutek polemiki z ariana-mi22 &<;E)%A%2;-E<#,*=&#2><.?C)%�

�D;/=&#<=&N�2;/E)%-N/%'E<.,*>;<-%L%PMCdzie wiersz czwarty rozumia-ny integralnie: �� !��1��"��1��$��.

�&#>E< )#= @;=).=11?# ,*%>%@)#>.E).@C �;D;E1 4�� )23 i jego funkcjiukazanych w J 1,��:��.$>%<#$?#/=%@;2&E1?#�;D;E=&#� ?%@/;)N/->#'%,?&/;,%A#D;E)-;><#=&%�%'#?#/.=&#->#'%,?&/;'1/<&��.>%L#=&#Q-�&$S?#E))1;@>#J'#=&#$�*>.E)1E% ?%@; ]>O/A% & 2;,<N)@1-E<#'@&#D; L.,&%24�F%>$;=&<1?#);<DAO-=N$.J'N,<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&2;/@>#J'a?N,N�L##<1E2;);2><.E<#/A=%J-&%)��!��1�� (J 6,33; 10,10).

Termin �� -;/>OL=&#=&1;/ �� nie wskazuje na wymiar biologiczny25,ale ozna,<%1%=%=%/2><.>;/<;=#L.,&#�;L#26�@)O>#/<&C@&#<1E;-& s��&

Bruce M. Metzger. Apparatum criticum novis curis elaboraverunt Barbara et Kurt Aland una cumInstituto Studiorum Textus Novi Testamenti Monasterii Westphaliae, Stuttgart, Deutsche Bibelge-sellschaft 1998, s. 247.

21 Zob. U. Vanni, Vangelo secondo Giovanni. Passi scelti, Roma: Borla 1989, s. 19-24.22 Por. B.M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Stuttgart, United

Bible Societies 1975, s. 195n.23�%��R;=F;;=%,@#>#$=&#@)O><.1,<#=&1-%L%?N�L#<%&$#@-<->;,&#�� nie ozna-

cza Chrystusa-Logosu, a 1��$%E#=E-.AN,<=&#=%)1>%'=.��;-%-&C,M.A%M.)1;L.,&1�@)O>#&E)=&#?#=%J-&#,&#;/$;$#ntu stworze=&%��%)#$&J-&%)A;-��"=%'#L.>;<1$&#K-E#=E&#=%�)1>%'=.$�?%@;<-.,<%?=#/<&#==#J-&%)A;�@)O>#J-&#,& '1/<&;$&-2#-=.$E#=E&#?#E)/'%=&,*]>O/A#$L.,&%��;2&#>;-��8);=%)1>%'=#J-&%)A;?#E)2><#,&-E)%-&;=#Q2>%-/<&-#?J-&%)A;J,&S�@)O>% ;<=%,<%�*>.E)1E%��;D;E��;)-&#>/<#=&# E-#D; E)%=;-&E@%/;2%)>1?N E&C ;=&-2;/;M&#P�E)-&#$&C/<.�>;';D&#$%;2&E#$E)-;><#=&%-�E&C/<#�odzaju. Por. A. von Hoonacker, Le Pro-logu de quatrième Èvangile, „Revue d`histoire ecclésiastique” 2 (1901), s. 5nn.

24 J. Czerski, 0��, w: -��-��7�;��, red. F. Gryglewicz, Lublin 1992, s. 299.25 �� ;<=%,<%L.,&#2><#<=%,<;=#&E@&#>;-%=#@1J$&#>K� �� ?#E)<-&N<%=#<)#;';D&,<=N

@;=,#2,?NL.,&%=%/2><.>;/<;=#D;�L.,&%2;<%@%)#D;>&%$&,<%E1&2><#E)><#=&�Por. L. Orlando, IlVangelo di Giovanni. Lettura teologica, Taranto 2003, s. 84.

26 F. Mussner, Zoe. Die Anschauung vom ‘Leben’ im vierten Evangelium unter Berücksichti-gung der Johannesbriefe, München 1952, s. 82, 171-176. M.��;&E$%>/2><.21E<,<%� L# EA;-;1�� w J 1,"$%2;/-O?=.E#=E(;@>#J'%<%>O-=;/;,<#E=N#D<.E)#=,?C?%@&2#Ane 1�� w Logo-sie.

82 ��

27 L. Stachowiak, -��7�;��, s. 110. 0�� (gr.� �� ) we wszystkich tekstachJanowych ozna,<%L.,&#=%/2><.>;/<;=#�1/<&#';=#?%@;/%><M%-,<.�L.,&#-&#,<=#I/;E)Cpne je-dynie w Jezusie Chrystusie (J 3,36; 5,24; 6,63; 10,10; 14,6; 20,31; 1J 5,11). Poza J 11,9-10 rzeczow-nik ��;<=%,<%J-&%)A;/1,*;-#�=%/2><.>;/<;=#�>;<1$&%=#?%@;/;M>;<M%-,<#2><.=&#E&;=#2><#<�A;-;�@)O># E)%A; E&C ,&%A#$� Por. C.H. Dodd, The Interpretation of Fourth Gospel, s. 144.Podobnie A. Wickenhauser, Das Evangelium nach Johannes, Regensburg 1957, s. 215.

28�2��>;-=� @)O>.-&/<N,2%>%'#'&<$$&C/<.�>;';D&#$ %=;-.$%�/<�� 1-%L%� L#$;L#,*;/<&K; '1/<&L.?N,.,*-�/#=&#�Q�;�,;$&%A;E<,<#DO'=&#1/<&%A-E)-O>,<.$�A;-&#�;D%M.A;/%>#$L.,&%-&#,<=#D;��;L.,&#M.A; J-&%)A#$ '1/<&�D/.L/><#-;L.,&%M.A; J,&J'#<-&N<%=#</><#-#$2;<=%=&%/;M>%&<A%��/.M.,<A;-&#@2;$.J'=&#2><#E<#/A2>OMC�2;E&%/AM.L.,&#-&#,<=#&J-&%)A;2;<=%=&%S��;>��>;-=�Giovanni, Assisi 2005, s. 38.

29�-<%?#$=#?<%'#L=;J,&J-&%)A%&L.,&%?#E),<CE);$;-%-�)%>.$�#E)%$#=,&#&?1/%&<$<%M&M'&?=.$4�E�%':�� ^�F#=76�:^�\:�95��OD2%=1?#=%/J-&%)A#$&,&#$=;J,&%$&4�$7�65�% J-&%)A;JK ?#E) #$1-AaJ,&-%E+#>N 4�E�V"� 5/<&%A%=&% 4�E""�"5� <-A%E<,<%- )#;+%=&%,* 4�? "��7==^�E 8^8��==5�

30 Por. Prz 6,23; Ps 119,105; Iz 26,9; Syr 24,23.

��!�� $��27��*;,&%L =&#@)O><. %1);><.28-<$&%=@C; '1�/<&%,*>;<1$&#?N )1 ?%@;%'1<?C/;E.)1%,?&,<A;-&#@%-;D>;/<&#�/#=� ); ?#/�=%@1-<D'C/=&%?N, =%?M'&LE<. @;=)#@E) M%>/<&#? 2>%-/;2;/;M=#-./%?# E&C� L#%1);>�-%=D#'&&$%)1=%$.J'&?1L*&E);>.,<=N2;E)%K#<1E%&#D;;/=&#E&#=&#/; '1/<&� #D; L.,&# 4�� 5 /'% '1/<& L.?N,.,*=% J-&#,&# M.A; ��! (��5��%@&# ;@>#J'#=&# $;DA; -.=&@%K <%>O-=; < /;J-&%/,<#=&% =%)1>%'=#? +1=@,?&J-&%)A%?%@;-%>1=@1-E<#'@&#D;L.,&%29�?%@&<>%,?&)#;';D&,<=.,*�;2&#>%?N,.,*E&C =% E.$M;'&,# J-&%)A% ;M#,=#? - ?1/%&E).,<=.,*30 E2#@1'%,?%,*$N/>;J,&;�-.,*31��%2><.@A%/-�/>9�26 mowa jest o�N/>;J,&?%@;�� ,<. )#L=&#D%E=N,.$=&D/.M'%[email protected]/<N,.$E&C<=&#-.,<#>2%�=#D;]>O/A%�;L#D;4�/>9��V5��%@L#-'&)#>%)1><#W1$>%PE@&#?<=%'#]K$;L=%E)-&#>/<#=&#�L#��$��&�� , które cho��$�� (1QS 3,�85��;AN,<#=&# 1��8� �� <=%?/1?# E&C )#L-�E:��10: *��!�� < '�� 1�� $��!�� ;/;M=N >;'C ?%@�N/>;JK-�)%>.$�#E)%$#=,&#-�;-.$�#E)%�$#=,&# ;/D>.-%�*>.E)1E I�;D;E��;D;E$%2#A=&C L.,&%� �><#< %=%';D&C /;�N/>;J,&$;L=%2;-&#/<&#K�L#?#E));L.,&#�;L#�%1/<&#'#=&#D;'1/<&;$/;�2>;-%/<%/;-#-=C)><=#D;;/=;-&#=&%,<A;-&#@%�

� )#? ;2).,# #<1E =&# ).'@; ?%-& E&C ?%@; @;=&#,<=.-%>1=#@-E<#'@&#D;L.,&%�%'#2><#/#-E<.E)@&$?%@;;M?%-&#=&#L.,&%�;L#D;� )�� w J 1,"?#E)E.=;=&$#$L.,&%�;LeD;�@)O>#D;�;D;E1/<&#'%'1/<&;$�?%@;/%>11$;L'&-&%�?N,#D;&$2%>).,.2%,?C-J-&%)A;J,&�;D%��#<1E&#;M?%-&#=&# ��;E&ND%E-O? 21=@) @1'$&=%,.?=. & ?#E) ?#/.=.$- E-;&$ >;/<%?1 ;M?%-&#=&#$�;L#?J-&%)A;J,&�;M?%-&#=&#$�@)O># >;<2;,<CA;E&C-,*-&'& E)-;><enia. Jezus – Lo-gos poprzez swoje wcielenie 1@%<1?#E&C?%@;-.2#A=&enie zapowiedzi proroctwaIz 9,1: � '�� $��!�� $��"��!��+��,!�� ! �'��.

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Metafora 1��1);LE%$&%?N,%-��4 1�� ze ��! ?#E)-E@%<O-@N�Leautor na),*=&;=.=&#$%=%$.J'& ?#/.=&# =%)1>%'=#D; >;/<%?1 L.,&%� %'# L.,&#�;L#�@)O>#E)%A;E&C=%/2><.>;/<;=.$L.,&#$'1/<&��#$%).@C)C>;<-&?%?N=%�E)C2=#-#>E#). *.$=1� @)O># =%j2>%-/;2;/;M=&#? M.A.-.=&@&#$2>%,. >#/%@�,.?=#?�

Pierwsze dopowiedzen?%-&% E&C ?1L-��7�D/<?%-&% E&C E)-&#>�/<#=&#�L# �� (Ta��!��!�� !��).

�;2><#<%=).)#<C ��-��!�� (�� – ��) nas)C21?#/%'E<%,*%>%@�)#>.<%,?% J-&%)A%�;D;E1- >#'%,?&/; J-&%)%��;/<%?=&@ �� 2;2><#/<%?N,. ��ma tu znaczenie anafo>.,<=#� ;/=;E<N,# E&C /; )#>$&=1� @)O>. 2;?%-&A E&C ?1L-,<#J=&#? & =%'#L. )A1$%,<.K D;- ).$2><.2%/@1 ?%@; <%&$#@-E@%<1?N,.32��#-=N )>1/=;JKE)%=;-&<%E);E;-%=&#/-O,*,<aEO-(/<&%A%=&# ��;//%=#?#E)- ,<%E&# )#>%]=&#?E<.$ 4D>� ��), a wynik konfrontacji z ��!��$-,<%E&#2><#E<A.$4D>��5��>1/=;JK)C$;L=%?#/=%@2><#<-.,&CL.K�?#J'&2><.?$&# E&C� L#-2&#>-E<.$-.2%/@1,*;/<&;,&NDA#;//<&%A.-%=&# J-&%)A%�%-/>ugim o historyczny moment Wcielenia, jako punkt zwrotn.--%',#J-&%�)A;J,& < ,&#$=;J,&N� �<&%A%=&# 4D>� ��5 �;D;E1�J-&%)A;J,& ); ;M/%><%=&#-E<.E)@&,*L.,&#$�;L.$�#/.=&#�=I�;D;E;M/%><%-&#/<N1$;L'&-&%?N,N/;@;=%=&#-A%J,&-.,*-.M;>O-�2>;-%/<N,,<A;-&#@%/;2#A=#?��, któ-ra jest zbawieniem33��<.==;JK��$%-&C,,*%>%kter wybitnie chrystolo-giczno-soteriologiczny34.

�=)#>2>#)%,?%)#D;-&#>E<%?#E)<%E%/=&,<;1<%'#L=&;=%;/)#D;�?%@MC/<&#E&C>;<1$&aA;,<%E;-=&@ ��F&E);>&%#D<#D#<.-E@%<1?#=%,<)#>.=%?�-%L=&#?E<#=1>).?#D;&=)#>2>#)%,?&35��&#>-E<.�<-&N<%=.<�.>.'#$�'#@E%=/>.?�E@&$� )>%/.,?N A%,&PE@N ;>%<-E2OA,<#J=&# >#2>#<#=);-%=.$�&=� 2><#<�%D>%=�Dm%��%,D>#D;>m%&�>%1=m%)A1$aczy ten czasownik jako: � ��!��, ��$�&&=�)#>2>#)1?# D;- E#=E&# >;<1$&#=&% &=)#'#@)1%'=#D;��&#>E< )#=$O-&AM. <%)#$;=&#<>;<1$&#=&1;E;M.#<1E%&#D;=%1@&2><#<'1/<&42;>�:��85��1>)/>1D&�>#2>#<#=);-%=.2><#<�12;=)m%��1')$%==%&�&@#=*%1E#>%2><#@A%/%);EA;-;?%@;( � ��!��, ��, �� ;2&#>%?N, E&C =% %>%$#?E@&$ 2;/A;L1,<%E;wnika greck&#D;� @)O># ?#/=%@� ?%@-.@%<1?# �� >;-= =&# ?#E) - 2#A=&

31 C. Ziener, Weisheitsbuch und Johannes-Evangelium, „Biblica” 38 (1957), s. 396-418.32 Por. J. Mateos, J. Barreto, Il Vangelo di Giovanni. Analisi linguistica e commento esegetico,

Assisi, Cittadella Editrice 1982, s. 38.33 R. Schnackenburg, The Gospel according to ST, John, v. I, New York 1990, s.253.34 Por. H. Balz, G. Schneider, ��, w: Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, v. III,

Grand Rapids 1993, s. 411.35�%@)#L=2�G. Delling, ��, TDNT IV, 10; W. Nagel, «Die Finsternis hat’s nicht

begriffen» (Jo 1,5), ZNW 50 (1959), s. 132-137.

84 ��

2><#@;=.-1?N,#36��><#,&=1>)<-&N<%=.<�>.D#=#E#$�-&C@E<;J,&N�?,O-D>#,�@&,*�%-E2OA,<#J=&#<#�,*'%t)#>#$��#E),;))#$&�;&E$%>/#$)A1$%,<N,<%E;-�=&@�� jako ��&1��, poko��./%?#E&C�L#);)A1$%,<#=&#=%?'#�2&#?-2&E1?#E&C-/1%'&E).,<=N$.J'%=;-N�1@%<u?N,N;2;<.,?C?%@%<%,*;/<&$&C/<.J-&%)A;J,&N&,&#$=;J,&N�#J'&2><.?$&#E&C�L#%1);>�>o';D1&=E2&>;-%AE&C'&)#>%)1>N$N/>;J,&;-N�);&=)#>pretacja ta znajduje wsparcie np. w Mdr 7, 8�:V� D/<&# ;�N/>;J,& 2;>O-=%=#? /; J-&%)A;J,&$O-& E&C� L# ��!�� $��==#2%>%'#'#<=%?/1?NE&C(-Odach Salomona 18,6: ��,�� o�� !�� i w Dziejach Tomasza �:V� @)O>#$O-&N; ��"��' ��&1��<-%>).=1>)>#2>#<#=);-%=.2><#<�;++%))% )A1$%,<.);EA;-;?%@; ��, �!�� #E) );2>OM%2;�AN,<#=&%/-O,*<=%,<#P( ��!�� i ��&1��.

�%?N,=%1-%/<#;2;<.,?C�� – ci�!��-,%A#?�-%=D#'&&%=;-#?�2><.?NK =%'#L.� L# $;-% ?#E) )1 ; ;M?%-&%=&1 E&C J-&%)A%� @)O># /;@;=1?# E&C-@;=)#@J,&#@;=+'&@)1��&'# �� ?#E))1E.$M;'#$E%$#D;#<1E%;M?%-&%�?N,#D; E-;?#MOE)-;�; ).'# ��!�� EN E.$M;'#$ J-&%)%� @)O>.-;M#, #D;�,&#'#=&%2><.?NA->;DN2;E)%-C��>;,#E >;<2>%E<%=&% ,&#$=;J,& 2><#< J-&%)A;?#E) 2#>$%=#=)=.� %'# <$;$#=)#$�,&#'#=&% =%2;)@%A ;= =%-.?Nt@;-.;2O>&%D>#E?C<# E)>;=.E&A->;D&,*#<1E;-&� �E)=&#?# >OL=&,%</%P-J>O/1,<;=.,*=%)#$%)�@&$EN)#->;D&##<1E;-&E&A.37��&#@)O><.1,<#=&-&/<N-E.$M;'&,#��!��ci '1/<&�@)O><.=?C'&�A;-%�,<.'&=&#1-&#><.'& w Nie38��==&=%);�$&%E)-&/<N)1�<D;/=&#<?1/a&E).,<=N@;=,#2,?N%=).)#<.�#E?%E<IE<%)%=�E&A./#$;=&,<=#39��&;>N,2;/1-%DC +%@)� L#�-%=D#'&% %=;-%=&D/.=&# =%<.-%'1/<& Q,&#$=;J,&NS�-./%?# E&C� L# '#2&#?2;<;E)%K2><.;DO'=.$-E@%<%=&1=%-E<#'@&#E&A.-%',<N,#<#<1E#$�H-&%)A;J,&N=&L-.@'1,<%KE2oJ>O/=&,*'1/<&

36 R. Brown, Giovanni, s. 11.37�&;>N,2;/1-%DC@;=)#@E)E%$#?�-%=D#'&&�D/</,<%EH-&C)%=%$&;)O--/=&1,#>#�

$;=&&J-&%)A%#<1E;DA%E<%E&C-;M#,�./O-QH-&%)A;J,&NJ-&%)%S49�:9�:65�-E@%<.-%=;=&#�>%<-A%J=&#=%hoi Ioudaioi jako na przedstawiciel&J-&%)%,&#$=;J,&��,*=#''#�$%?N,=%1-%�/<# ��!��-%=D#'&&%=;-#?1-%L%?#/=%@�L#<%E%/=&,<.@;=+'&@)-,<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&=&# &E)=&%A$&C/<.�./%$& % ,*><#J,&?%=%$&� '#,<$&C/<.�>%-#$%�-%=D#'&N� �;>�� *��#� �� 8��/�;��&==#%2;'&E�88 �E�:��#E<,<#/%'#? &/<&#��F%@;'%�@)O>.1-%L%�<#2;/A;L#$=%2&CK-&/;,<=.,*-�-%=D#'&&=&#?#E)@-#E)&%@;=+'&@)1<2;-;/11E1=&C�,&%,*><#J,&?%=<E.=%D;D&�'#,<E);2=&;-%%'&#=%,?%,*><#J,&?%=<#J>;/;-&E@%L./;-E@&#D;--.�=&@1,;>%<-&C@E<#? '&,<M.,*><#J,&?%=2;,*;/<#=&%2;D%PE@&#D;�2;>� 5��C�� 3�;��"� ��;��;�� 4�122'#$#=)/; A�!��!��!� ��6^�#&/#=&�;E);= VV75�>;</<� ��,*=%,@#=M1>D�1-%L%�L#��>#2>#<#=)1?N@>CD&2><.-O/,O-L./;-E@&,*(;=&2;<;E)%?N;M;�?C)=&�M#<<>;<1$&#=&%4,+�6��"��8^8� 8^>O-=&#L6� 6�":5&><#,<.-&J,&#J'#2&48�:85-@;=+>;=)%�,?&<#QH-&%)A;J,&NJ-&%)%S�2;>�Gospel according to St. John, vol. 1, s. 258.

38 L. Stachowiak, -��7�Jana, s. 11139 X. Léon-Dufour, #��!��, w: �� owego Testamentu��;<=%P�86�� s. 195n.

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%=&%'M;E&A./#$;=&,<=#40��&$@;'-&#@EN,&#$=;J,&�EN;=#<2#-=;J,&N->o-gami Logosu41.

�-&#>E<12&N).$#<1E1@%<%=.?#E)<%)#$?%@;�#=�@)O>.=&#1E)%==&#;M�?%-&%E-;?#MOE)-;�=%2;).@%?N,?#/=;,<#J=&#=%2><#E<@;/.&->;D;JK��#E)>;�=.E&A,&#$=;J,&=&#1E)%?N-.E&A@&�M.E)A1$&K#D;��#��!��EN%=).��!, a bi;>N,2;/1-%DC-.2o-&#/]-��">O-=&#L%=).�L.,&#$�#��!�,�� =&# EN ?#/.=&# =&#;M#,=;J,&N J-&%)A%� %'# EN ><#,<.-&E);J,&N %@).-=N� <AN�E&A%$&J$&#>,&�->;D%$&'1/<@&#D;L.,&%�)��@)O>%=&#-%',<.�=&#%)%@1�?#�;M?%-&%E&C/;$%D%?N,E&C;/,<A;-&#@%-.M;>1�

�%E)C2=# >#/%@,.?=#42 -&#>E<# �>;';D1 ,<-%>)#? �-%=D#'&& -2>;-%/<%?N-N)#@;/<&aA%'=;J,&%=%�*><,&,&#'%4��6-8): 6 1 ��!�� !�� 14�� 0� 7 �"�� /��

�� 1��2 8 �� /�� 1�� (Po��&�� 8;��!��!�&7�( ��"��"�� 7� ��$"��!"��,��)2

O ��$O-&N-&#>E<#9&6��%?N;=#=%1-%/<#<&#$E@N/<&%A%'=;JK�;D;E1�,;E2>%-&%�L#2&#>-;)=.%@,#=),*>.E);';D&,<=.<2>##D<.E)#=,?&J-&%�)A%<;E)%?#2><#E1=&C).=%#D;/<&%A%'=;JK-,<%E&#�

W J 1,9%1);>E)-&#>/<%�L#%= /�� 1� �� (pr�� "��"�� 5��%E)C21?#)1<=%=#< )>%/.,?& -,<#E=;,*><#J,&?%PE@&#? 2oAN,<#=&# *&E);>.,<=#? /<&%A%'=;J,& #<1E%<%@).-=;J,&N%=%�*><,&,&#'%4�@��^�):��9^�@��:==^:�1-205�@)O>.-�-%=D#'&&%=;-#?<;E)%AM%>/<&#?1@%<%=.?%@;J-&%/#@=&L,*><,&,&#'43��%�E)C2=?%-&% E&C@'1,<;-# EA;-; ��, o którym Jan � �� ,�� ( /��5��;-.>%L#=?%-&%E&C>O-=&#L--&#>E<1=%�E)C2=.$�2;/@>#J'%?N,).$E%$.$-%DC)#?$&E?&%=%�*><,&,&#'%�

Czasownik� �� posiada w czwartej Ewangelii szczególne znaczenieteologicz=#�@)O>#2;'#D%=%E)-&#>/<#=&1%1)#=).,<=;J,&;E;M.�$&E?& &/<&%A%'�=;J,&#<1E%�44. W Ewangelii Janowej oprócz Jana Chrzciciela (J 1,15.19; 3, ��

40��,*=%,@#=M1>D1-%L%�L#Q->;D;-&#�;D%=&#).'@;,*;/<N-,&#$=;J,&i�;=&E%$&EN��!��$”, por., Gospel according to St. John, vol. 1, p. 246.

41 W. J.U. Philip, The Light of Glory – An Exposition of the Prologue of John’s Gospel,“Churchman”, 116:2 (2002), s. ��:�� <-A� s. 119-123.

42 Ale np. �� ;&E$%>/ 1-%L%� L#-&#>E<# � & 9$;DA. =%'#L#K /; 2&#>-;)=#D; )#@E)1�<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&�%2;/;AN,<#=&1�>;';D1<;E)%A.2><#E1=&C)#-;M#,=#$&#?E,#��;>��>;-=�Giovanni, 39.

43 R. Brown, Giovanni, s. 11.44 Por. L. Stachowiak, -��7�Jana, s. 114.

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6�::�:�5;#<1E&#J-&%/,<N#D;/<&#A%47�:�^�V� 75��1,*H-&C).4�7� �5;>%<E%$�?,&#,47�:��: �:9�:6^6�16-19).

�#'#$J-&adectwa Jana Chrzciciela w J 1,7 jest doprowadzenie wszystkichdo wiary w Jezusa (��1��5��%@&MC/<&#)#L,#'2><#�@%<12&E#$=#D;E%$ego ewangelisty: �� 5�6 ��14 �� !� �� (��"��e ��"� 1��;�� C��!"��!��1�!"�� $��!��1��!�&�;��) (J 20,31).

�$.J'-&%>. >;<1$&%=#? <D;/=&# < ?#? E)%>;)#E)%$#=);-N@;=,#2,?N ?%@;Q2#A#=1f=;J,&1/<&%A-=&#<$&#==;J,& &-&#>=;J,&�;L#?S�,*;/<& )1;;E;M&E)#E2;)@%=&#<#<1E#$�@)O>.?#E) ��$��);<=%,<.;E<,<#DO'=N>#'%�,?C<#<1E#$?%@;�;D&#$�

�A;-%�� /;M><#*%>$;=&<1?N z opisem Janow#D;J-&%/#ctwa o Jezusie w J 1,�8==��#@E) )#=M;-&#$$O-&; J-&%/#,)-&# %=%-;M#,).,*�@)O><.M.'&=%E)%-&#=&->;D;/;#<1E%45.

�#-&#=;/,&#P2;'#$&,<=.-;M#,=&#@)O>.,*@>CDO-1,<=&O- %=;-.,*46,uznajN,.,* %ME;'1)=. %1);>.)#) �*><,&,&#'%� % =%-#) ?#D; D;/=;JK$#E?%PE@N�=;E&-&#>E<OE$.��1);>�>;';D1/;M&)=&#M;-&#$<%<=%,<%�L# �� /�� ('��$5��E%$#?,<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&%=?#E);@>#J';=.,;=%?-.L#?� ?%@; ��$�� (J 5,35). Nigdy natomiast nie jest on na-zwany ��$�,*;K?%@)-&#>/<N=&#@)O><.1,<#=&47M.K$;L#-)%@&E2;EOM;@>#J'%'&D; ?#D;<-;'#==&,.��#-=#?#E)�L#-&#>E< )#=-.>%]=/2o><N/@;�-1?#%=%�*><,&,&#'%#<1E;-&�

�==&1,<#=&-&/<N)1)%@L#$;L'&-;JK#,*%2;'#$&@&<2;D'N/%$i judaistycz-nymi, we/A1D@)O>.,*�?%@?1L-E2;$=&%=;��!M.A;�>%-;'1M�N/>;JK48.

�%'E<N >#+'#@E?N ; -,&#';=.$ �;D;E&#�J-&%)A;J,& ?#E) )#@E) ��8� �1);>�-%=D#'&&1@%<1?N,�;D;E- >#'%,?&/;@%L/#D;,<A;-&#ka, pisze: 78�� 3� �� !�� 2� (�� "� �' �� 1�� "� �� ,��).

�# -<D'C/1 =% )>1/=N @;=E)>1@,?C D>%$%).,<=N /;).,<N,N 2><.=%'#L=;J,&&$&#EA;-1 �� &E)=&#?N >;<M&#L=;J,& -J>O/ #D<#D#)O- ,; /; 2><#@A%/1)#D;-&#>E<%� % - @;=Ee@-#=,?& ,; /; ?#D; &=)#>2>#)%,?&� �$&#EAO- ��$;L#;/=;E&KE&CM;-&#$<%>O-=;/;��!�� jak i do ��J>O/

45 R. Brown, Giovanni, s. 39.46 �-;'#==&,.%=%�*><,&,&#'% 4)<-� ?;%==&,&5 )-;><.'&=%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#?-,<%E&# E2&E.�

-%=&%�<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&<-%>)#1D>12;-%=&#�2;<;E)%?N,#-;2;<.,?&/;,*><#J,&?%=�47 Np. R. Brown, Giovanni, s. 39.48 A. Tronina, ��!��, s. 133.

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#D<#D#)O- )%@ E)%>;L.)=.,*� ?%@ &-E2OA,<#E=.,* <=%?/1?N E&C <-;'#==&,. ;M1>;<-&N<%P49��%>/<&#?2>%-/;2;/;M=#-./%?#E&C2;AN,<#=&# �� z ��$&$;L#<-&N<%=%?#E)<).$)>1/=;JK�2;'#D%?N,%=%M>%@1>;/<%?=&@%E);E;-%�=#D;-)%@&,*2><.2%/@%,*2><.&$&#EA;-&#50��%,?#2><#$%-&%?N,#<%).$>;<�-&N<%=&#$EN=%E)C21?N,#('#2E<%*%>monizacja z kontekstem – w J 1,10 akcentpada na Logos (��5;M#,=N-J-&#,&#�M>%@-�-%=D#'&&%=%;/=&#E&#=&%/;'1/<&<->;)1Q2><.?JK=%J-&%)S�%?#/=;,<#J=&#1L.,&#D;-E);E1=@1/;#�<1E%�J-&%)A;J,&- :��8 & � � "�� 2;<% ).$ @;=)>%E)$&C/<.-#>E#)%$& 8 & 6-<$%,=&%)#=-.MO>I%==&#M.A��$, prawdzi��2><.E<A%=%J-&%)-;E;M&##<1E%�

#/.=&#--&#>E<1/<&#-&N).$)#>$&=��?#E);@>#J';=.2><.$&;)=&@&#$�� (prawdziwy5� �><.$&;)=&@ )#= =%'#L. /; EA;-=&,)-% 2>#+#>;-%=#D;2><#< %=%51. �� zawiera w sob&# $.J' ; -.AN,<=;J,& - E#=E&# jedynyprawdziwy-;M#, )#D;�,;2;<;>=# '1M<-;/=&,<#�#E)1L.-%=./'%<%<=%,<#�=&%@;=)>%E)1$&C/<.).$�,;=&#M&#E@&#�%).$�,;<&#$E@&#�'1M$&C/<.><#,<.�-&E);J,&N�;-#D;�#E)%$#=)1 % ).$� ,; M.A; ).2#$-�)%>.$�#E)%$#=,&#52.W J 1,82><.$&;)=&@)#=</%?#E&CM.K<%E);E;-%=.�%M.2;/@>#J'&K@;=)>%E)$&C�/<.#<1E#$��;D;E#$%%=#$�*><,&,&#'#$� który ��$ (J 1,8).

)�� Logosu ��‘��’"��' ��&�$��!��!"�� &��1�$��< '��53�H-&%)A;JK#<1E%?#E)=>O-=.-%'=%�2A.=&#;=%<2#A=&#D;MOE)-%�#E)M%>�/<; 2>%-/;2;/;M=#� L# & )% -.2;-&#/] $% ,*%>%@)#> 2;'#$&,<=. <%>O-=;-<D'C/#$?;%==&)O-�?%@&&==.,*D>12+&';<o+&,<=.,*&>#'&D&?=.,*�@)O>#,*,&%�A.M.1<1>2;-%KE;M&#%ME;'1)=N2>#>;D%).-CJ-&%)A%/'%?%@&#D;@;'-&#@<2;/�$&;)O-��&#$;L=%-.@'1,<.K�L#,*;/<& )%@L#; ?1/%&<$�@)O>.=&#-%*%A E&C�>%-% =%<.-%K ��!� ��!� �� 1�� 54. Niestety,Pra-;&;2%>)#=%=&$=%1,<%=&#;>%<�N/>;JK�@)O>#$&%A.o��>@?��,�� sprawie/'&-;J,&55, a nawet �� +�� 56, E)%A.E&C-?1/%&<$&#=%><C/<&#$#@E@'1<.-&<$1>#'&D&?=#D;��;2;<.,?&/;)#?@;=�,#2,?& E);& -.2;-&#/] < ��8 E)-&#>/<%?N,% 1=&-#>E%'=# /<&%A%=&% )��wobec ��1�� M#<-.?N)@1� #D; %@).-=;JK� )%@ E%$; ?%@- ��"<;E)%A%;@>#J';=% ,<%E;-=&@&#$ �� %@-E@%<%=;-,<#J=&#?� ,<aE;-=&@)#=$;L#;<=%,<%K/<&%A%'=;JK<%>O-=;;,*%>%@)#><#&=)#'#@)1%'=.$�?%k i mo-

49 Por. M. Zerwick, Graecitas Biblica Novi Testamenti exemplis illustrator, Roma 1966, s. 124.50 Por. L. Stachowiak, -��7�Jana, s. 115.51��2><.$&;)=&@)#=-.E)C21?# 6>%<.�<,<#D;%L :-�&E$%,*%=;-.,*�52 R. Brown, Giovanni, s. 1441.53 L. Stachowiak, -��7�;��, s. 115.54 TestLew 19,1.55 1QS 4,2; por. 1QH 4,5.56 1QM 1,8.

88 ��

79F��;=<#'$%==��-(��T�E�:"��58 J. Blank, Krisis. Untersuchungen zur johanneischen Christologie und Eschatologie, Freiburg

im Br.1964, s. 77n.

ral=.$�H-&%)A;JK�*>.E)1E%=&#?#E)#$%=%,?N�;L#?&E);).�'#,<;M?%-&%E&C;=%-=%1,#&/<&eA%,*#<1E%��#D;;E;M&#;M?%-&#=&#&/#=).+&@1?#E&C<�M?%-&%�?N,.$57. On pomaga lu/<&;$;E&ND=NK J-&%)A; & L.,&#�;L#� LN/%?N, ?#/=%@;/=&,*��&�� (por. J 8,12; 9,5)58��*>.E)1E?%@;J-&%)A;JK1E2;�E%M&%,<A;-&#@%/;L.,&%J-&%/;$#Do swoich no-.,*;M;-&N<@O-�%'#&1J-&C�,%�1</%)=&%?N,D;/;<%,*;-.-%=&%#D;2><.@%<%P�#E)�=?#/.=.$�@)O>./%?#)C;=);';D&,<=N</;'=;JK2;E&%/%=&%L.,&%-&#,<=#D;&=&#,<.=&-).$L%/=.,*-.?N)@O-��&#&E)=&#?#L%/=%&==%$;L'&-;JKL.,&%-&#,<=#D;w oddzieleniu odNiego.

�;/E1$;-1?N,2;-.LE<#%=%'&<.$%?N,#1@%<%K-?%@&E2;EOM#<1E�*>.�E)1EI�oD;E<;E)%A1@%<%=.?%@;��-�>;';D1,<-%>)#?�-%=D#'&&�=%'#�L.2;/@>#J'&K#D;+1=@,?C?%@;=&#<MC/=#D;-%>1=@1-E<#'@&#D;L.,&%�%2><#/#-E<.E)k&$L.,&%=%/2><.>odzonego (J 1,"5��M?%-&%?N,2;2><#<�,&#'#=&#L.,&#�;L#� @)O>#D; E.$M;'#$ ?#E) �� E2;).@% E&C�= <-.?N)@;-N->;D;J,&N�@)O>%?#/=%@=&#?#E)-E)%=&#�;<=&E<,<.K4 1,5). Jest On ��$ w sensieabsolutnym (J 1,85��&@)2;<%�&$=&#$;L#;M/%><%K��o��$�@)O>%-E-.$=%?2#A=&#?E<.$E#=E&# &/#=).+&@1?# E&C <# <M%-&#=&#$��?,&#, (J 5,31-32.37-38;8,��85��1,*H-&C). (J 15, �5�/<&#A% #<1E% (J 5,36; 10,25) i Jan Chrzciciel(J 1,9�6^�8==5/%?NJ-&%/#,)-;;#D;J-&%)A;J,&�M.'1/<&#1-&#><.'&-�&#D;&/<&C@&)#$1$&#'&L.,&#-&#,<=# (J 20,31).

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This article aims to „The true light (Jn 1,9a). Jesus as the light in the Prologue of the FourthGospel”, was to explain the meaning of the symbol of the light connected with the person of JesusChrist – the Logos in the Prologue of the Gospel of St John. The analysis of the text helped toestablish that the author wanted to show the person of Logos as a necessary condition of all life,and above all, the supernatural life (Jn 1,4). By revealing the divine life through the Incarnation,whose symbol is a light, he met with extreme hostility, which, however, is unable to destroy him(Jn 1,5). He is the light in an absolute sense (Jn 1,9). No one besides Him can not bestow the light,which in its fullest sense is identified with salvation. Father (John 5,31-32.37-38; 8,16-19), the HolySpirit (Jn 15,26), the work of Jesus (Jn 5,36,10,25) and John the Baptist (Jn 1,7-8; 19nn) bearwitness of His light, that people believed in him and thus have eternal life (Jn 20,31).

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�./%-%A;M.E&C�L#$%>&;';D&%J-� �>#=#1E<%<�.;=1?#E) stosunkowo do-brze opracowana. Do kilku prac o charakterze monograficznym1=%'#L%A;M./;�AN,<.K 21M'&@%,?# 2oJ-&C,;=# wybranym aspektom jego doktryny2. Niestety,mimo L#-&#'#;2>%,;-%P2;d@>#J'%;>.D&=%'=;JKdoktryny maryjnej autora Ad-versus haereses3�-J>O/@)O>.,* antyteza Ewa-Maryja jest jednym z =%?,<CJ,&#?-E@%<.-%=.,*-N)@O-�=&@)/;)#?2;>. nie 1@%<%Aprzyczyn dla których ta -A%�J=&# antyteza <;E)%A% -2>;-%/<;=% /; /<&#A% biskupa Lyonu4. �/#,./;-%=%

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1 O. Bardenhewer, Zur Mariologie des heiligen Irenäus, „Zeitschrift für katholische Theolo-gie” 6 (1931), s. 600-604; L. Gambero, Maria nel pensiero die Padri della Chiesa, Cinisello Bal-samo 1991, s. 45-54; J. Garcon, La Mariologie de Saint Irénée, Lyon 1932; E. Peretto, Percorsimariologici nell’antica letteratura cristiana, Città del Vaticano 2001, s. 26-30; F. Rodrigo Polanco,La mariologia di sant’Ireneo, w: Theotokos 9 (2001), 359-400; B. Przybylski, De mariologia santiIrenaei Lugdunensis, Romae 1937; W. Scherer, Zur Mariologie des heiligen Irenäus, „Zeitschriftfür katholische Theologie” 47(1923), s. 125-129.

2 H. Koch, Virgo Eva-Virgo Maria, Berlin-Leipzig 1937; A. Orbe, La Virgen Maria abogadade la virgen Eva (En torno a S. Ireneo, Adv. Haer. V,19,1), „Gregorianum” 63(1982), s. 453-506;A. Orbe, La ‘recirculacion’ de la Virgen Maria en san Ireneo (Adv. Haer. III,22,4,71), w: S. Felici(a cura di), La mariologia nella catechesi dei Padri (Età prenicena). Convegno di studio e aggior-namento Facoltà di Lettere cristiane e classiche Pontificium Institutum Altioris Latinitatis) Roma,18-19 marzo 1988, Roma 1989, s. 101-120.

3 B. Capelle, Adhuc virgo chez s. Irénée, „Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale”,2(1930), s. 388-395; P. Galtier, La Maternité de grace dans s. Irénée, w: Mémoires du CongrèsMarial à Bruxelles, vol. I, Bruxelles 1921, 41-45; G. Jouassard, Le premier-né de la Vierge chez S.Irénée, „Revue des Sciences Religieuses” 12 (1932), s. 509-532.

4#/.=.$)#;';D&#$;$%-&%?N,.$-E2;$=&%=#<%D%/=&#=&#-@;=)#@J,&#D=;E).,.<$1?#E)�;$%E<�#@#>)��;>�)#=L#�� 5 �� 1��!��*��!�" Kraków 2007, s. 58-66.

90 ��F��

-&C@E<;JK mariologów zadawalaE&C w swoich publikacjach %=%'&<N maryjnychfragmentów Adversus haereses, 2;$&?%?N, @;=)#@E) ,%A#D;/<&#A%, co w istotnysposób -2Aywa na uzyskane wnioski5.

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest odczytanie antytezy Ewa-Maryja w@;=�)#@J,&# caA;J,&/<&#A%J-��>#=#1E<%��&;>N,2;/1-%DC jego apologetyczny,*%�>%@)#>� <%/%=&#$%=%'&<.MC/<&#;/2;-&#/]=%2.)%=&#( ?%@N >;'C E2#A=&%-E2;�$=&%=%%=).)#<%- obronie prawd wiary? �;-&C,#?�$%$=%/<&#?C� L#1/% E&CodkryK racje, /'%@)O>.,*J-��>#=#1E<</#,./;-%AE&C-2>;-%/<&K-E2;$=&%=N%=).)#<C/;E-;?#D;/<&#A%��M.M%/%=&#M.A;;-;cne, &=)#>#E1?N,%=%E2%>%'#'%%=).)#).,<=%<;E)%=&#2><#/E)%-&;=%-@;=)#@J,&#>OL=.,* aspektów gnostyckiejdoktryny. �+%$.�L#/<&C@& )#$1<#E)%-&#=&1 A%)-&#?MC/<&#<=%'#]K;/2;-&#/]=%2;E)%-&;=#2.)%=&#�

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�%?EA.==&#?E<#/<&#A;J-��>#=#1E<%<;E)%A;<>#/%D;-%=#-2&C,&1@E&CD%,*��;$&$;�L#=&#<=%$./;@A%/=#D;,<%E1?#D;>#/%@,?&�);-&#$.�L#@E&CD%)><#�,&%2;-E)%A%<%,<%EO-2;=).+&@%)12%2&#L%�'#1)#>%4�9"��685��@%<?N/;=%�2&E%=&% /<&#A% M.A. E<#><N,# E&C-;@;'&,%,*�.;=1=%1@& D=;E).,@&# 1,<=&O-�%'#=).=%��&E@12�.;=12>%D=NA1?%-=&K/;@)>.=.�@)O>#M.A.=%1,<%=#2><#<D=;E).@O--)%?#$=&,.9��@E&C/<#2&#>-E<#?2><#/E)%-&A;=E.E)#$D=;E).,@&�=%);$&%E)-=%E)C2=.,*,<)#>#,*/;@;=%A@>.).@&&,*/;@)>.=.6��<&C@&2><#2>;�-%/<;=.$M%/%=&;$1E)%';=;]>O/A%�@)O>#-.@;><.E)%AM&E@12�.;=1��=%?/1�?NE&C-J>O/=&,*2&E$%1E).=%$C,<#==&@%��'#$#=E%<�'#@E%=/>&&��%2&%E<%<F&#>%2;'&E&�;'&@%>2%<#�$.>=.8�

G>#,@& ;>.D&=%A /<&#A% =&# <%,*;-%A E&C do naszych czasów. Poza dwomagreckimi fragmentami =&# <%,*;-%A% E&C )%@L# )>%/.,?%-.-;/<N,% E&C M#<2;�J>#/=&; z ;>.D&=%A1 dzieA%10. Posiadamy natomiast A%P,1,*.,.)%)O-<%,<#>2=&C�)#<@E&Ng III-IV oraz syntetyczne opisy doktryn heterodoksyjnych, które �2&+%�=&1E<<�%'%$&=.<%-%>A-E-;&$Panarion11. Integralna wersja Adversus haere-

5 Np. B. Przybylski, De mariologia sancti Irenaei Lugdunensis, Roma 1937; L. Gambero,Maria nel pensiero dei padri Della Chiesa, Cinisello Balsamo, s. 45-54; G. Gharib, Testi marianidel primo millennio��;$%�866�E��7��9��,<CJ,&;-;)%@L# ��;/>&D;�;'%=,;�La mariologiadi sant’Ireneo, „Theotokos” 9 (2001), 359-400.

6 C. Moreschini-E. Norelli, Storia della letteratura cristiana antica greca e latina, vol. I, Bre-scia 1995, s. 326.

7�%$L#�E�: 9�8�%$L#�9�%$L#� s. 330.

10�%$L#� s. 335.11�%$L#�

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ses zachowaA%E&C--#>E?&A%,&PE@&#?�2;,*;/<N,#?<U-&#@1�W#>E?%%>$#PE@%/<&#A%4@E&CD&IV i V), datowana na VI stulecie�<;E)%A%;/=%'#<&;=%=%2o,<N)@1TT-&#@1&;21M'&@;-%=%- roku 191012. �J>O/=%?=;-E<.,*-./%PAdversushaereses =%'#L.-.$&#=&K #/.,?C Sources Chrétiennes13 oraz opracowania nie-mieckie14 &-Aoskie15.

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�%'#L.<%1-%L.K�L#Dnostyckie r;<1$&#=&#�&E$%J-�M.A;J,&J'#2;-&N<%�=#z pojCciem Boga. O ile Bóg Starego Przymierza M.A�;D&#$2>%-%&E2>%-&#�/'&-;J,&, o tyle ChryE)1E;M?%-&A�;D% ,%A@;-&,&# innego od �#D;�@)O>.-.A%�=&%E&C<@E&ND�)arego Testamentu. �%>,?;==%2><.@A%/� 2><.?$;-%A;M>%<�;D%$&A;E&#>/<&%�$&A;J,&&2><#M%,<#=&%��.$&e=&;=#2><.$&;).�;D%E)%A.E&C2><#�EA%=@N/;;2>%,;-%=&%-A%E=#D;@%=;=12&E$�;-#D;�#E)%$#=)116. Dlatego )#LD=;E).,. przyjmowali @E&CD&Nowego Testamentu, natomiast odrzucali )#�@)O>#=%'#L%A./;�)%>#go Przymierza.

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Biskup Lyonu, przeciwE)%-&%?N,E&Cdualistycznej koncepcji gnostyków,2;/�@>#J'%A ?#/=;JK & );LE%$;JK �;D% �)%>#D; & �;-#D; �><.$&#><% ;>%< ?#/=;JK#D;zbawczej ekonomii. T;E%$;�A;-;�;L# objawiA;E&Cw Starym Przymie-rzu, towarzyszN, ludzk;J,& na przestrzeni dziejów, 2><.D;);-1?N,,<A;-&#@% naswoje 2><.?J,&# =% J-&%)- '1/<@&#? =%)urze17. %@ 2;/@>#J'&A J-� �>#=#1E< jestzatem jeden i ten sam Bó�"�� '�"�� -��,

12�%$L#�13 Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livre I, tome I. SCh 263. Paris 1969; Irénée de Lyon,

Contre les hérésies, livre I, tome II. SCh 264, Paris 1979; Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livreII, tome 1. SCh 293, Paris 1982;

Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livre II, tome 2. SCh 294, Paris 1982; Irénée de Lyon,Contre les hérésies, livre III, tome 1. SCh 210, Paris 1974; Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies,livre III, tome 2. SCh 211, Paris 1974; Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livre IV, tome 1. SCh100, Paris 1965; Irénée de Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livre IV, tome 2, SCh 100, Paris 1965 ; Irénéede Lyon, Contre les hérésies, livre V, tome 1. SCh 152, Paris 1969; Irénée de Lyon, Contre leshérésies, livre V, tome 2. SCh 153, Paris 1969.

14 Irenäus von Lyon, Gegen die Häresien. vol. 2, Freiburg 1993, Irenäus von Lyon, Gegen dieHäresien, vol. 3, Freiburg 1995, Irenäus von Lyon, Gegen die Häresien, vol. 4, Freiburg 1995, Ire-näus von Lyon, Gegen die Häresien, vol. 5, (übers. von N. Brox), Freiburg 2001.

15 S. Ireneo di Lione, Contro le eresie, voll. 1-2, Siena 1984.16 W. Myszor, ��&�, w: Tertulian, Przeciw Marcjonowi. Warszawa 1994, s. 22.17 Adversus haereses (=Adv. haer.) IV, 20, 6. SCh 100, vol. 2, 642-644.

92 ��F��

��&"�jest jeden Jego Syn- Emmanuel- o��"��rodzony ��,��$�� 18.

W tej perspektywie dwa Testamenty reprezent;-%A./-%#)%2.2><.D;);-.�-%=&%'1/<@;J,&=%2><.?J,&#�M%-&,&#'%��A;-;-.,*;-.-%A;'1/<@;JK<%2;�J>#/=&,)-#$<e-=C)><=#?/.E,.2'&=.�?%@NE)%=;-&A;Prawo19. Gdy >;/<%?'1/<@&<;E)%A odpowiednio przygotowany, Wcielone �A;-;-.M%-&Ao ,<A;-&#@%<=&#�-;'&&%/;2);-%A;go =&,<.$-A%E=#/<&#,ko20. �2><#,&-&#PE)-&#/;<-;'#==&�@O-D=;<.��>#=#1E<1-%L%A�L#;M./-%�#E)%$#n).2;,*;/<N;/)#D;E%$#D;�?#/.=#D;�;D%��)%>.�#E)%$#=)?%-&E&C?#/.=&#?%@;2><.Do);-%=&#�%=&#-.�2#A=&#=&# �;E@&#?;M&#)=&,.21.

Istotny z-&N<#@2;$&C/<./-;$%�#E)%$#=)%$&1@%<%=;2;2><#< zbawczN#@;=;$&C� @)O>#? 21=@)#$@1'$&=%,.?=.$M.A;2><.?J,&# Zbawiciela =% J-&%)��;,<N-E<.;/�M>%*%$%%L/;�*>.E)1E%&%2;E);AO-�;M?%-&%AE&C ten sam Pan�OD�@)O>.-.2#A=&%A swoje obietnice22 i >#%'&<;-%A ?#/.=.2'%=<M%-&#=&%�2;�,<N-E<.;/E)-;><#=&%J-&%)%%L/;?#D;@;P,%23��;$#=)1?N,;2&E.M&M'&?=.,*)#;+%=&& �>#=#1E<-.@%<.-%A ?#/=;JK�;L#D;2'%=1 objawionego w Starym jaki w Nowym Testamencie, 2><#,&-E)%-&%?N,E&C-)#=E2;EOMMACdom Marcjona.Objawianie E&C tego samego �A;-% - *&E);>&& '1/<@;J,& E)%=;-&A; ; ?#/=;J,&/-O,*�#E)%$#=)O-��!�� tego samego i jedy-nego ojca rodziny, Pana naszego Jezusa Chrystusa, który prze!�� Abra-hama��C�1��a, a w tym ostatecznych czasach ��!��ci24. �).$J-&#)'#Stare Przymierze ?%-&A;E&C?%@;<%2;-&#/]�M%-&,&#'%, natomiast NowyTestament – jako realizacja &-.2#A=&#=&#�A;-%�,&#';=#D;�

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Dualizm ;/=;E&A E&C >O-=&#L /; osoby Zbawiciela. �=;E).,. /;@;=.-%'&>;<>OL=&#=&%2;$&C/<.Jezusem a Chrystusem25. �*;,&%Lwyznawali oni dziewi-cze narodzenie Jezusa, to jednak =#D;-%'&�,&#'#=&#�.=%�;L#D;26. Ich zdaniem

�6*�A7�� 8� ��,* ��R;'� ��V"�19 Adv. haer., IV, 9,1. SCh 100, vol. 2, 480.20 Adv. haer., IV, 9,1. SCh 100, vol. 2, 478.21 C. Moreschini-E. Norelli, dz. cyt., s. 332.22 Adv. haer., IV, 7,3. SCh 100, vol. 2, 460-462.23 Adv. haer., III, 12,11. SCh 211, vol. 2, 226-228.24 Adv. haer., IV, 9,1. SCh 100, vol. 2, 480.25 Adv. haer., III, 16,6. SCh 211, vol. 2, 310.26 A. Orbe, Introducción a la teología de los siglos II y III, tomo II, Roma 1987, s. 513-515.

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Jezus =%>;/<&AE&C<�<&#-&,.<%E2>%-NPrunikos oraz Jaldabaot (Demiurga)27.Dlatego M.Aon najczystszym, najszlachetniejszym wJ>O/wszystkich ludzi28. �&#M.A;=�.=#$�;L.$, lecz <-.@A.$,<A;-&#@&#$.

Podczas chrztu Jezusa w Jordanie, <E)N2&A=%P�*>.E)1E-+;>$&#D;ACM&,., ni-czym do nieskazitelnie czystego schronienia29. �;AN,<#=&# #<1E% < �*>.E)1E#$<%&=&,?;-%A;;M?%-&%=&# E&C Ojca, %L/;$;$#=)1$C@&, kiedy to Chrystus ;/AN�,<.A E&C;d Jezusa & 2;->O,&A /;2'#>omy30. �2&=&C )C2;)-&#>/<%/<&#A; biskupaz Lyonu, ,*%>%@)#>.<1?N,/;@)>.=C�%'#=).=&%=-=%E)C21?N,.,*EA;-%,*( Walen-tynianie ��!��$"�1�� Jezus ekonomii jest Tym, który � �� C� ��&. Na ��!��$��=��"�� Chrystusem. […]��'��$� �&��!��;��#� ��usa, lecz w sposobie rozu-mienia�� '1��$��3��!��!��#� ��;�� ,�"��o �$��(�� !&"�a kim innym jest Zbawiciel, ��dla oddania��y, który od '1��&��Jezusa��!��"��' ��!"��' �� "��=��$��#� ��"� powr'�� do Pleromy31.

�;'#?=.+>%D$#=)1?%-=&%�L#-#/A1Dgnostyków Jezus Chrystus nie przyjNA2>%-/<i-#D;,&%A%<�<&#-&,.�%>.&��heretyków"��!��&��D;�H"HVE��#� ��"��=��"��' ��!��'�7�� $"� 1�� #� �� 7� �!�� chodzio Zbawiciela, to !'��$"�1��&�On �� "� ��$��!��$� ��;��!��"��niepoznawalnego F��"��$,��Pleromy32.

Nie dziwi zatem, L# �>#=#1E< ;E@%>L.A D=;E).@Ow o doketyzm, -.@%<1?N,�L#-J-&#)'#&,*=%1@& objawienie oraz $C@%�M%-&,&#'%M.A. jedynie pozorne33.

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%@2;/@>#J'%J-��>#=#1E<��,&#'#=&#E)%A;E&C21=@)#$@1'$&=%,.?=.$&=�)#>-#=,?&�A;-%-*&E);>&&'1/<@;J,&� ��' ��$��"�� ' ��&��"��' �� !�"��!��"��!!��!�� F��"��&� �� !"� �' �� 34�� )#?

9*�A7�� :V�� * �"�R;'� �:6V�28 Adv. haer., I, 30,12. SCh 264, vol. 2, 380.29 Adv. haer., I, 30, 2. SCh 264, vol. 2, 102-104.30 Adv. haer., I, 7,2. SCh 264, vol. 2, 104.31 Adv. haer., III,16,1. SCh 211, vol. 2, 286-288.32 Adv. haer., III,11, 3. SCh 211, vol.2, 146.33 Adv. haer., I, 24, 2. SCh 264, vol. 2, 322.34 Adv. haer., III, 18, 1; SCh 211, vol. 2, 342.

94 ��F��

2#>E2#@).-&#-./%><#=&#�,&#'#=&%?%-&E&C?%@;=;-%#2&+%=&%�A;-%�;L#D;�@)O�>#E)%?N,E&C-&/<&%'=#�<%,<CA;objawi%K niewidzialnego Ojca35��<&C@&2><.?J,&1=%J-&%)�*>.E)1E%,%A%'1/<@;JK 2><#E<A% z prawa niewoli do prawa wolnoJ,&36.

N%'#L.<%1-%L.K�L#M&E@12�.;=1 broniA2>%-/<&-;J,& wydarzenia Wcie-lenia, sp><#,&-&%?N,E&C tym samym twierdzeniom ebi;=&)O-=#D1?N,.,*MOE)-;�*>.E)1E%37. Irene1E<� ;2&#>%?N, E&C =% ).)1Aach przypisywan.,* �*>.E)1E;-&�-.@%<.-%A, L#�= ?#E) obiecanym Mesjaszem. (��1�� '�� '��*��!�� nazywany Bogiem albo Panem w sensie absolutnym, co ��,�!�� (��!� ��7"� ��F�"�� '1��t��"� �' �� $�� "� �� '�"� �rzezApo��'�� )��&�� – �� !��!��!"(��!"�� !�% '��!"�;�� !� ��!��!"��!�$dostrzec wszyscy ci, którzy doszli do poznania prawdy, nawet w niewielkiej mie-rze7�(��!� ��7� �� !"� �� ludzie,�� tylko ��!38.

�>;=&N,2>%-/<&-;J,&�,&#'#=&%�%1);>Adversus haereses 2><#,&-E)%-&%AE&Codrzuceniu prawdy o dziewiczym $%,&#><.PE)-ie Maryi. �=)#>2>#)1?N,- orygi-nalny sposób )#@E)<�E&CD&�%niela (Dn 2,34.45), 2;/@>#J'%A2;,<C,&#&2;>;/<#�=&##<1E%<�%>.&�<&#-&,.� �� '��1��"�� $��;�� ,��"�!'��"�1�� a!��+�� $��ieka (D�W"9V7V:E7�� 1�� ‘�� $��’��"�1��;�� "��o� ��e� �� $�� "� � �� bez �� ludzi �$cych� ��;��"�1��;�� &��ez interwencji Józefa, ��1�� jedynie Maryja ��'�� w ekonomii Wcielenia39.

�@,#=)2;A;L;=.=%/<&#-&,<#=%>;/<#=&#�*>.E)1E%2;/@>#J'%A/;M>;K sfe-ry cielesnej,<A;-&#@%� zanegowanej przez gnostyków.

:7*�A7�� U� "� ��*�VV�R;'� �9V �36 Adv. haer., IV, 9, 1. SCh 100, vol. 2, 478.37 �M&;=&,& ;2&#>%?N, E&C =% )A1$%,<#=&1 �&E$% J-� /;@;=%=#D; 2><#< �#;/;,?%=% < �+#<1

&�@-&'&<�;=)1�Q�);$A;/%=&#-&%E)%2;,<=&#&2;>;/<&E.=%S4�<9��"5)-&#>/<&'&�L##<1E<;E)%A<>;/<;=.<O<#+%�4Adv. haer�� * ��R;'� �:86��2&=&#;=%)1>%'=.$2;,*;/<#=&1#<1E%<#<-&N<@1O<#+%&�%>.&-.>%L%'&>Ow=&#L�%>2;@>%)#E&�#>.=)�Por. Adv. haer., I, 25,1.SCh 264, vol. 2, 332, Adv. haer., I, 26,1. SCh 264, vol. 2, 344. Por. A. Orbe, Errores de los ebioni-tas (Análisis de Ireneo, Adversus haereses. V,1,3), „Marianum” 41(1979), s. 147-170.

38 Adv. haer., III, 19, 2-3. SCh 211, vol. 2, 376.39 Adv. haer., III, 21, 7. SCh 211, vol. 2, 420.

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Jednym z istotnych aspektów gnostycyzmu M.A%=%1@%; zbawieniu, akcen-t1?N,%element duchowy,<A;-&#@%�/#2>#,?;=1?N,?#/=;,<#J=&#jego wymiar cie-lesny. Materia, 1-%Lana za skutek upadku, M.A% 2;/2;><N/@;-%=% =&LE<#$1&=&#/;E@;=%A#$1MOE)-1, któremu przypisywano Prawo Starego Przymierza40.

�;=&#-%LD=;E).,y deprecjonowa'& );� ,; AN,<.A; E&C < ,&%A#$� /'%)#D; %@)$%AL#PE@&1-%L%=;<%D><#,*��>%-/<&-#<A;,<A;-&#@%2;'#D%A;=%<?#/=;,<#�=&1�/%$%&�-.secundum carnem��><#,*2&#>-;>;/=.-#/A1DD=;E).@O-='#D%A =% 2><#@>;,<#=&12><.@%<a=&%�)-;><.,&#'%� '#,< =% %@,&#$%AL#PE@&$��>%-/<&-#<M%-&#=&#,<A;-&#@%-.>%L%A;E&C-<?#/=;,<#=&1�/%$%&�-. se-cundum spiritum��#/A1DD=;E).@O-�$%AL#PE)-;-#/A1D/ucha pr<#,&-E)%-&%�A;E&C$%AL#PE)-1-#/A1D,&%A%�

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�/=;E<N,E&C/;=%1@&D=;E).@O-� Ireneusz @A%/A%@,#=)=%<M%-&#=&#,&%A%,<A;-&e@%��;=&#-%L,<A;-&#@<;E)%AE)-;><;=.=%�;L.;M>%<&2;/;M&#PE)-;�/'%)#D;,&%A;M.A;=;J=&@&#$ imago Dei41.

�&E@12�.;=1�>;<-%L%?N,@-#E)&C<M%-&#=&%<%2>;2;=;-%A)#;>&C>#@%2&)1�'%,?&� M&o>N, <% 2;/E)%-C�,&#'#=&#�.=%�;L#D;. Jak trafnie <%1-%L.A T. De-kert, historyczny fakt zrodzenia ��&��1�� , �� /��o�� !�42. �M.<M%-&K��M%-&,&#'$1E&%AE)%KE&C).$�,;$&%A<M%-&K43. Jeden jest Bóg Ojciec,jak po��!�, i jeden Pan nasz ;��#� ��"��' �� $��!�&� �� wszystko w sobie � ��7�(�&�� ‘wszystko’� ��!�� '�,��1� ��a, �' �� &� ��!"� �� 8��!��!"�� +�8�� &��!"��!"��zrekapitulowa� w sobie wszystkie rzeczy44.

�&E@12�.;=1�-.,*;/<N,;/)%?#$=&,.�,&#'#=&%�.=%�;L#D;�2;/@>#J'%�?N,<M%w,<.-.$&%>/<&#A%/;@;=%=#D;2><#</>1D&#D;�/%$%4�*>.E)1E%5�2;�E1-%?N,E&C-E)#,</;)%>A/;2&#>-E<#D;�/%$%��)N/)#L�,&#'#=&#?%-&E&C?%@;>#@%2&)1'%,?% D><#,*12&#>wszych rodziców. �%@ ?%@�/%$<;E)%A 1+;>$;-%=.< /<&#-&,<#? <&#$&� 2;/;M=&# �*>.E)1E I =;-. �/%$ <;E)%A 1@E<)%A);-%=.

"V��;>#E,*&=&��;>#''&�/<�,.)��E�::��41 TamL#��;=%/);<;M��#@#>)�� 7�5 ��, s. 58-59.42 T. Dekert, dz. cyt., s. 60.43�;>�)%$L#�44 Adv. haer., III, 16, 6. SCh 211, vol. 2, 312-314.

96 ��F��

<�<&#-&,.45. C<A;-&#,<#PE)-;�*>.E)1E%=&#<;E)%A;-<&C)#-2>;E)<<&#$&�2;�=&#-%L��'��' �� "��e��1�"��!��,�� zbawione46. ��"��' �� !�� "� !�� &� �!"� �' �!� �� "� � �� "� �' �� e��&�� "��' �� !�� !��!�� "�� "�� !�� 7�� +��"� ��"��' ��$�� !�"��&�� !� i utra��1��"�� +��,��"��"��' ��$�� ony z Dziewicy, wielu ��usprawie-dliwionych i otrzyma��7��'��&��!"��!'�� '��1�C�1��3�P�1�"��$�� Q�D(��9W"VE7�=��!"�� by��&� prawdziwym ��!" lecz jedynie pozornym, �� 7��F��&� �!"��!� ��: Bóg który rekapitul,�� 1�� "� ��!� �� "� �� "� ��!�� 1��o��7��$��rawdziwe47.

�;?C,&%�@)O>.$&2;EA1L.AE&C�>#=#1E<-2><.);,<;=.$ fragmencie 2;/@>#�J'%?N jed=;JK >;/<%?1 '1/<@&#D;. T.$ E%$.$ ,&%A#$� 1@E<)%A);-%=.$ 2><#<�)-;><.,&#'%�;/<=%,<%E&C,<Aowiek Starego i Nowego Testamentu48. Autor Ad-versus haereses <->O,&A>O-=&#L1-aDC=%?#/=;JKD><#,*1�2;2#A=&;=#D;2><#<�/%$%&�-C�% zrekapitulowanego przez Chrystusa i �%>.?C49.

W podobnej perspektywie jest postrzegana Ewa i Nowa Ewa-Maryja50. JeJ'&zanegu?#$.,&NDA;JK�);LE%$;JK'1/<@&#?=%)1>.�-E2O'=#?/'%2&#>-E<#D;&/>1�D&#D;�/%$%, to w konsekwencji =#D1?#$. >O-=&#L >#'%,?C 2;$&C/<. /-;$%=&#-&%E)%$&��;-&C,#?�;/><1,&$.2>%-/C;<M%-&#=&1,<A;-&#@%��>#=#1E<2;/�@>#J'%?#/=;JK<M%-&#=&%:?#/=;?#E)<M%-&#=&#,&%A%�/;@)O>#D;,<A;-&#@<;E)%A-#<-%=.-�/%$&#51.

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Dualizm gnostyków r;<,&ND%AE&C)%@Le na biblijny opis raju. Dlatego w.>OL�=&%'&;=&/-O,*�/%$O-;>%</-&#�-.��&#>-E<%�-%�/1,*;-%$%)@%L.?N�

"7��#@#>)�/<�,.)��E�78�46�%$L#��V�47 Adv. haer., III, 18, 7. SCh 211, vol. 2, 368-370.48 A. Orbe, La Virgen Maria abogada de la virgen Eva, w: Gregorianum 63 (1982), 495.49�%$L#�50�%$L#�51�%$L#�

89��*�6-2�G��9*-2-�-�H��

,.,*4'1/<&/1,*;-.,*5��<&#-&,%=&#E@%L;=%,M.A%�O>@N�;+&&��%);$&%E)/>1�D%�-%�$%)@%-2;><N/@1,&#'#E=.$�MC/N,@1E<;=%2><#<%>,*;=)O-�/%A%2;�,<N)#@>;/<%?;-&'1/<@&#$152. O ile Dziewica, Niewiasta duchowa�MC/N,-;'=N;/-E<#'@&#D;=><N/@1$;>%'=#D;&E@%L#=&% grzechem po,<CA%E-;&,*/1�,*;-.,*E.=O-53, o tyle Ewa, niewiasta cielesna, kuszona przez archontów i u'#�D%?N, 2;@1E&#� E)%A% E&C M><#$&#==N & 2;>;/<&A% �%&=%� %@ <%1-%L.A AntonioOrbe SJ�-E2OAL.,&# ,&#'#E=#2;$&C/<.%>,*;=)%$& %�-N�;2&E.-%A;%@)$%A�L#PE@&�/%$% &�-.� na E@1)#@@)O>#D;�-%1)>%,&A% swoje /<&#-&,)-; & E)%A%E&C$%)@N rodzaju ludzkiego54. W./%?# E&C� L# ).$ J-&#)'# D><#,*2&#>-;>;/=.M.A1);LE%$&%=.<2;LN/'&-;J,&N,&%A%��%@ rozumiany grzech, bC/N,=><N/�@iem moralnym, 2><#,&-E)%-&%AE&CL.,&1-�1,*155. Prawdziwe zM%-&#=&#M.A;-D=;<&#Q-#/A1D/1,*%S�@)O>N&'1E)>;-%A%>#'%,?%$&C/<.�/%$#$%�&#-&%�E)N�<@)O>#??%@;duchowy ;-;,=%>;/<&AE&C�#)56. Duchowy Adam poAN,<.AE&C<Dziewic$ niepokalan$, Duchem i�C��$�*��!�57, )-;><N,/1,*;-N-&C] (se-cundum spiritum), która =&#$&%A% ,*%>%@)#>1 cielesnego ($%AL#PE@&#D;), lecz;/<=%,<%A%E&CE.=;-E@&$odniesieniem Adama do swojej matki – Dziewicy Nie-pokalanej58. �/%$2;,*;/<&A;d Niepokalanej Dziewicy (Ducha). Od Niej;)><.�$%A;=),*=&#=&#L.,&%4ducha).

Gnostycki autor Ewangelii Filipa59 &=)#>2>#);-%A 2%>%'#'C 2;$&C/<. �-N%�%>.?N-E-;&E).E2;EOM��&'#�-%M.A%L;=N�/%$%�);�%>.?%M.A%L;=NO�<#+%60��%AL#PE)-; 2o$&C/<.�-N %�/%$#$;>%< <-&N<#@ 2;$&C/<. O<#+#$%�%>.?NM.A.<-&N<@%$&2;$&C/<.$CL#$%L;=N^<-&N<@%$&secundum carnem61.�)N/�%>.?%� L;=% O<#+%� =&#M.A%/<&#-i,N62��><.,*;/<N,.=% J-&%) #<1EM.AE.=#$�%>.&&O<#+%�#D;2><.?J,&#=%J-&%)$&%A;/;@;=%K<%/;JK1,<.=&#=&%<%D><#,*�/%$% &�-. secundum carnem. Natomiast #D;,*><#E)- ;>/%=&#M.A;/>;/<#=&#$&=%>;/<&=%$&<=&#M&%PE@&ej Dziewicy – to znaczy z Du,*%H-&C)#D;�

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Autor Adversus haereses, 2><#,&-E)%-&%?N, E&C /1%'&<$;-& D=;E).,@&#$1�<%1-%L.A� L#�&E$; J-�$O-& ).'@;; ?#/=#? Ewie w raju. O/,<.)1?N, >#'%,?C

7 ��>M#� 5� ��'��R;'��:V6�53�%$L#�54�%$L#�:V8�55�%$L#�:�V�56�%$L#�57�@>#J'#=&#);=&#;<=%,<%�%?J-&C)E<#?�%>.&�%==.'#,<�1,*%H-&C)#D;�58 A. Orbe, La Virgen Maria abogada, s. 457.59 Ewangeli��Filipa, w: Teksty z Nag-Hammadi, red. W. Myszor, Warszawa 1979, s. 239-292.60 A. Orbe, La Virgen María abogada de la virgen Eva, s. 456, 460.61�%$L#�E�"7��;>�)%@L#-��7��, 73,15; w: Teksty z Nag-Hammadi, red.

W. Myszor, s. 262.

98 ��F��

<%,*;/<N,N$&C/<.�/amem a�-N<%<=%,<.A�L#�-%M.A%/<&#-&,N2;J'1M&;=N�/%$;-&��&#>-E& >;/<&,# 4�/%$ &�-%5 <;E)%'& 1@%<%=&- J-&#)'# &==#? 2%>.�*>.E)1E��%>.?%�2;/@>#J'%?N,&,*>;'C-<M%wczym planie Boga.

Adam <;E)%A2><#/E)%-&;=. jako archetyp drugiego Adama (Chrystusa), na-tomiast pierwsza Ewa M.A% <%2;-&#/<&N drugiej – to znaczy – �A;D;EA%-&;=ejDziewicy Maryi. �=%';D&%)%<;E)%A%>;<-&=&C)%-=%E)C21?N,.,*EA;-%,*/<&#A%�>#=#1E<%(�� (��"��$��!��;�� *��!�XW��'�"�T��"�1��#� ��$��o��$��!"��,��"� �1�#� �� *��!�� "�� &��"��$��*��!�!7��(��ywaAdama «typem��"��' ��!�� »�D2��:"HVE7��!"��&�$��' ,�$��t��"�� 7�'�� "��&�1��$�$�D*��!�E"�� D#� ��u��E7�(��1�=�� "�!�� "��' ��!��o��"��=��7�� C� �� 3� «F� �� 1��(�+��"��!��&��Q�DT��H"9;E7

;��-��"�!��$��*��!��!&1�"��&�$�� $"�� ,��+�� a�� &� �� $� �!�� "��C� ��"�!��$��aczonego m&1�"��$��$"�� ,��+��&�� $��,��7 �$�"��-��$"��$�( ��!��1��$�D*��!�E��"�1�� $��C� ��7��!��"��$��"�� $�� &�'�7�(�� &��$�� 7�(�� &�� $,��&�� , a�� $�� 7��$��(��3�«(�� &�$��!�"�� !�» (Mt 19,30). To samo wyra�� ,��3� P �� !$�!�� '�»� D(�� V:"HXE7�� (��"� �' �� &� �� «Pierworodny po� '��!� ��»� D%��H"H;E"�� $��!� ��'�� 1��1��"��a�$��&��$��!�1��$��"podobnie ��*��!��&��$��!��!� ��7� �$��T�� $��,��&� od Pana� �� $�� 1� d�*��!�"� �� "� 1�� ;��"� ��F�� -�� 1�� D� 7�HKor 15,20). �� 1�&��u��+��-�� $�� +��C� ��. C�� -�� $�� $� �� &"� � ��C� �� $�� &63.

� -��7��77� :� "�-(�� ,9�!!��>#/��.E<;>�E� ":�63H-��>#=#1E<, Przeciw herezjom, III, 22,3-4, w: F��%�� 7��

�C��1��>#/��%2&O>@;-E@&�)A1$�W. Kania, tom 1, Niepokalanów 1981, s. 24-25.

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Prz.);,<;=. )#@E) 1?%-=&%� L# <%>O-=; Ewa jak i Maryja M.A. dziewicamiz%J'1M&;=ymi i przeznaczonymi dla swoich $CLO- (Maryja dla Józefa, Ewa dlaAdama)64. Maryja, podobnie jak Ewa, M.A% /<&#-&,N <%J'1M&;=N, 2><#<=%,<;=N$CLowi, nie na mocy duchowego dziewictwa – jak nauczali gnostycy – lecz namocy dziewictwa-#/A1D,&%A%65.

Ireneusz� %=%'&<1?N, >;'C ?%@N E2#A=&A. /-&# /<&#-&,e-*&E);>&& <M%-&#=&%�<%1-%L.A�L#;/#?J,&#�-.;/�;D%M.A;E2;-;/;-%=#2><#@>;,<#=&#$�;L#D;przykazania66. Konse@-#=,?N wyboru Ewy M.A%J$&#>K�@)O>%/;)@=CA%nie tylko?N E%$N, '#,< >O-=&#L ,%A. >;/<%? '1/<@&67. �).$@;=)#@J,E)%K DziewicyMaryi ?%-& E&C ?%@;%=).)#<%�-.� #?2;EA1E<#PE)-;�A;-1�;L#$1/;2>;-%�/<&A;>;/<%?'1/<@&/;<M%-&#=&%��>#=#1E<2><#/E)%-&A#?>;'C-*&E);>&&<M%-&#�=&%�2;EA1D1?N,E&C@%)#D;>&Nrecirculatio, któ>%1<12#A=&%&==N+1=/%$#=)%l=N/'%�>#=#1E<%@%)#D;>&C – recapitulatio. Matka Chrystus%2;-)%><%=&#?%@;>;'C�-.?%@; %>,*#).21 >;/<#=&%� #/=;,<#J=&# ;/->%,% – =%/%?N, <=%@ 2;<.).-=. –-E<.E)@;�,;<#2E1A%�-%68. Odwró,#=><N/@12;-;/1?#�L#<%&E)=&%A%sytu-acja, bC/N,2;-)O><#=&#$2><#E<AoJ,&�2;->%,%/;21=@)12;,<N)@;-#D;69. �&'#�-%2;-&N<%A%,&%A;'1/<@&#<#J$&#>,&N&<a&=&,?;-%A%/>;DC-&;/N,N@1J$&#>�,&�;2%>)N=%<>;/<#=&1-#/A1D,&%A%�;).'#�aryja rozwiN<%A%O--C<#A�&=&,?1�?N,/>;DCL.,&%�;2%>)N=% z>;/<#=&1-#/A1D,&%A%4secundum carnem)70.

Przedstawiona koncepcja, 2><#,&-E)%-&%E&C teorii gnostyków, którzy depre-cjonowali <>;/<#=&#-#/A1D,&%A%� �>#=#1E<2;/@>#J'&A=&# ).'@;<=%,<#=&#/<&#�-&,<#D;$%,&#><.PE)-%�%>.&� '#,< =%/#-E<.E)@; /<&#-&,<#� % ?#/=;,<#J=&#secundum carnem, porodzenie Zbawiciela. Matka Chrystusa powtórz.A%>;'C�-.?%@;%>,*#).21>;/<#=&%71.

Ireneusz <->O,&A >O-=&#L 1-%DC =% %spekt moralny wspomnianej paraleli,1@%<1?N, 2;E)%-C/-O,*=&#-&%E) <% 2;$;,N %=).)#<( =EA1E<#PE)-;!2;EA1�

64�;>�)%@L#(Adv., haer., V, 19,1. SCh 153, 248. Por. A. Orbe, La Virgen María abogada de lavirgen Eva, w: Gregorianum 63 (1982), s. 463-464.

65 A. Orbe, La ‘recirculaci n’ de la Virgen María en san Ireneo (Adv. haer. III,22,4,71),w: S. Felici (a cura di), La mariologia nella catechesi dei Padri (Età prenicena). Convegno di stu-dio e aggiornamento Facoltà di Lettere cristiane e classiche Pontificium Institutum Altioris Latini-tatis) Roma, 18-19 marzo 1988, Roma 1989, 106.

66 Adv. haer., V, 19,1. SCh 153, vol. 2, 248. Por. A. Orbe, La Virgen María abogada de lavirgen Eva, w: Gregorianum 63(1982), s. 468.

67Adv. haer., V, 19, 1. SCh 153, vol. 2, 248-250. Por. A. Orbe, La Virgen María abogada,s. 468.

68 T. Dekert, dz. cyt., s. 61.69�%$L#��7�70 A. Orbe, La ‘recirculación’ de la Virgen María en san Ireneo (Adv. Haer. III,22,4,71),

w: S. Felici (a cura di), La mariologia nella catechesi dei Padri (Età prenicena). Convegno di stu-dio e aggiornamento Facoltà di Lettere Cristiane e Classiche Pontificium Institutum Altioris Lati-nitatis) Roma, 18-19 marzo 1988, Roma 1989, s. 105-106.

71 T. Dekert, dz. cyt., s. 61.

100 ��F��

E<#PE)-;�=&#-&#r=;JK!-&%>%72. Zaist�"��F��D-��E�� ,��'�"�� ;��"��,�� F�� DC� ��E� � ��&�� $� ��&� �� !� ��"� ��"��&�$��$�;��. Ewa � ��& Bogu, Maryja�&�$��$��"��&�� +��$�dziewicy Ewy. Jak �� dnictwemdziewicy rodzaj ludzki �� &�� !�� , �� !�� "� '��1$��+�� dziewicy Ewy przez ��+,��o drugiej dziewicy Maryi73.

�2><.);,<;=#D;)#@E)1-.=&@%�L#podobnie ?%@/<&#-&,%�-%2;2><#<=&#�2;EA1E<#PE)-;E)%A%E&C/'%E&#M&#&/'%,%A#D;>;/<%?1'1/<@&#D;2><.,<.=NJ$&#>�,&� )%@/<&#-&,%�%>y?%�MC/N,2;EAuszna Bogu, E)%A%E&C/'%E&#M&# &,%A#D;>;�/<%?1'1/<@&#D;2><.,<.=N<M%-&enia74��C<#A�<%2;$;,N którego Ewa po-&N�<%A%>;/<%?'1/<@&<#J$&#>,&N�<;E)%A>;<-&N<%=.2><#<�<&#-&,C�%>.?C��;,;�-%1)>%,&A%2;2><#<=&#-&#>=;JK��%>.?%;/<.E@%A%2><#<-&%>C75.

I$��*��-��)�H��&*4��)�� +�� '��+)$��&��!�-�

Dokonane analizy Adversus haereses2;<-%'%?N=%-.E1=&C,&#=%E)C21?N,.,*-=&oE@O-��=).)#<%�-%��%>.?%2;?%-&%?N,%E&C21M'&@%,?%,*-&#'1$%>&;';DO-;/E#2%>;-%=%;/�*>.E)1E%�- )#;';D&&M&E@12%�.;=1 )-;><. &=)#D>%'=N,<CJK&==#? 2%>%'#'&( �/%$��*>yE)1E� �'%)#D; -E2;$=&%=N %=).)#<C =%'#L. -&/<&#KE<#>E<.$@;=)#@Jcie: Adam-Ewa, ChryE)1E4�;-.�/%$5��%>.?%4�;-%�-%5��>#=#1E<� $&$; L# =&#@&#/. 2;J-&C,% E-;?N >e+'#@E?C 2;E)%,& MA;D;EA%-&;=#?�<&#-&,.�);?#/=%@?#D;$%>&;';D&%?#E)<%-E<#2;/2;><Ndkowana nauce o Chry-stusie.

Odczytana w tej perspektywie antyteza Ewa-�%>.?% 2;<-%'% /;E)><#, ?#/�=;JK/-O,*�#E)%$#=)O-��E&CD&�)%>#D;�><.$&#><%�>#2>#<#=);-%=#2><#<�-C& �;-#D;� >#2>#<#=)o-%=# 2><#< �%>.?C� E)%=;-&N =/<&#'=N ,%A;JK� �-%�#E)%$#=).<;E)%A.1E)%=;-&;=#2><#<#<1E%�*>.E)1E%��E)=&#?#?#/=;JK/-O,*�#E)%$#=)O-� #/=;,<#J=&#-E2;$=&%=%%n).)#<%1?%-=&% >O-=&#L ?#/=;JK�;�E@&#D;2'%=1<M%-&#=&% c<A;-&#@% realizowanego na przestrzeni wieków.

�E2;$=&%=%%=).)#<%>;<2%)>.-%=%-J-&#)'#)%?#$=&,.�,&#'#=&%1?%-=&%aspekt fizyczny dziewictwa Maryi. W ten E2;EOM �>#=#1E< 2><#,&-E)%-&%A E&C-.$&%>;-&/1,*;-emu dziewictwa, deprecjacji wymiaru cielesnego przez gno-

9 ��>M#��6� ��C� Y��"E�"9��73 Adv. haer., V, 19, 1. SCh 153, vol. 2, 248-250.74�;>�)%@L#(Adv. haer., III, 22, 4. SCh 21, vol. 2, 440.75�;>�)%@L#(Adv. haer., III, 22, 4. SCh 211, vol. 2, 442-444.

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styków. �;,<C,&# & <rodzenie Chrystusa z Dzie-&,. �%>.& ?#E) J-&C)#� % =&#D><#E<=# –?%@);E;M&#)A1$%,<.'&�%'#=).=&%=&#�

Z drugiej strony biskup Lyonu, M>;=&N,>O-=&#L>#%'&<$1�,&#'#=&%�M>;=&Atym samym 2>%-/<&-#D;$%,&#><.PE)-a�%>.&��%@ ?%@�-%-./%A%=% J-&%)2;);$E)-;� 2;/;M=&# �%>.?% 2;>;/<&A% �,&#';=# �A;-; �;L#� �*>.E)1E =&#2><.E<#/A=%J-&%)-2;<;>=.$,&#'#(2><.?NA2>%-/<&-&# '1/zki#,&%A;-A;=&#�<&#-&,.�%>.&�

W@;P,1=%'#L.2;/@>#J'&K%E2#@)$;>%'=.-E2;$=&%=#?%=).)#<.�;@)O>.$<%<-y,<%? 2&E<N $%>&;';/<.� �;EA1E<#PE)-; -.>%L;=# �;D1 2><#< �<&#-&,C�%>.?C-;M#,=&#2oEA1E<#PE)-%� Maryja aktywnie uczestniczy w dziele zbawie-nia C*>.E)1E%��<&C@&-2>;-%/<onej kategorii recircolatio��%>.?%/;2>;-%/<%/;2;,<N)@;-#D;E)%=1);�,;2;2><#<D><#,*<;E)%A;</#+;>$;-%=#2><#<�-C�

6

Przeprowadzona analiza paraleli antytetycznej Ewa-Maryja, 2;?%-&%?N,#?E&C-Adversus haeresesJ-��>#=#1E<%<�.;=12;<-;'&A%na 2;/@>#J'enie wy-miaru apologetycznego. Wspomniana antyteza skierowana przeciwko wielunurtom gnostycyzmu, nie tylko podkreJ'%A% uczestnictwo Maryi w zbawczymplanie Boga, lecz <->%,%A%1-%DC=% dziewiczy charakter #?$%,&#><.PE)-a.�'%)#D; )#L-E2;$=&%=%%=).)#<% ?%-&E&C/'%M&E@12%�.;=1-2#>E2#@).-&#soteriologicznej i historyczno-zbawczej. Zastosowana przez niego kategoriarecircolatio, 2;'#D%?N,% =% 2><#?J,&1 />;D&-;/->;)=.$ @&#>1=@1-;M#, )#?�?%@N2><#E<#/A,<Aowiek po swoim upadku, 1@%<.-%A%?#/=;JK'1/<@&#?=%)1>.oraz 2;-E<#,*=;JK <M%-&#=&% /;@;=%=#D; 2><#<�*>.E)1E%. Kategoria )% 2;�<-;'&A%>O-=&#LM&E@12;-&�.;=12;/@>#J'&K>O-=&#L?#/=;JKStarego i Nowe-go Przymierza�?%@>O-=&#Lzbawczego planu Boga realizo-%=#D;=%2><#E)><#�=&/<&#?O-'1/<@;J,&�

Apologetyczny wymiar antropologii autora Adversus haereses 2;/@>#J'%-ymiar cielesny ,<A;-&#@%� 2><#,&-E)%-&%?N, E&C w ten sposób koncepcji gno-styckiej, %+&>$1?N,#?-y$&%>/1,*;-.�=%);$&%E)/#2>#,?;=1?N,#?%E2#@),&#'#E=.��).$@;=)#@J,/@>#J';=%%=%';D&%2;$&C/<.EwN%MaryjN, -.>%L;=%2;�2><#<;@>#J'#=&%(Qdziewica”, „2;J'1M&;=%$CL;-&S�M>;=&D;/=;J,&'1/<@&#?,&#�'#E=;J,&. �%'#L. >O-=&#L <->O,&K 1-%DC� L# %=)>;2;'oD&% �>#=#1E<% ?#E) J,&J'#2;-&N<%=%<E;)#>&;';D&N��1);>�2;/@>#J'%?N,,&#'#E=.-.$&%>,<Ao-&#@%�2><#�,&-E)%-&AE&CD=;E).,@&#?&/#&<M%-&#=&%�;D>%=&,<%?N,#?<M%-&#=&#,<A;-&#@%?e-dynie do elementu duchowego.

� J-&#)'# /;@;=%=#? %=%'&<. %=).)#<% �-%��%>.?%� @)O>N 2;EA1L.A E&C-E-;&$/<&#'#J-��>#=#1E<�1@%<1?#-,%A#?E-;?#?2#A=&%E2#@)%2;';D#).,<=.�@)O>.� ?%@E&C-./%?#�=&#<;E)%A/;)N//;E)><#L;=.2><#<-E2OA,<#E=.,*$%>&;�';DO-�

102 ��F��

� ��&�

L’antitesi Eva-Maria presente nell’opera di san Ireneo di Lione, appare nei diversi manuali dimariologia. Purtroppo, nonostante la sua popolarità, i teologia mariani non interpretano la dettaantitesi nel contesto di teologia del vescovo di Lione. La questione viene estratta dall’insieme diAdversus haereses e perciò non viene interpretata separatamente da tutto il contesto. L’analisi deltesto ha evidenziato le diverse connessioni che non possono sfuggire a un teologo. La detta antitestidifende soprattutto l’unità sia dell’Antico che del Nuovo Testamento. Questa unità sottolinea ancheun unico progetto salvifico di Dio che si sviluppa lungo la storia dell’umanità.

Inoltre l’antitesi Eva-Maria, nell’interpretazione di sant’Ireneo difende l’aspetto fisico dellaverginità di Maria. Sottolineando la bontà della natura umana e in modo particolare la bontà dellacarne, così disprezzata dai gnostici. Il detto parallelo prende in considerazione la maternità di Mariaopponendosi contro l’errore dei ebioniti e la maternità finta, che avrebbe divulgato l’opinione sullanon vera, fittizia natura accolta dal Verbo, il quale avrebbe passato per mezzo del grembo di MAriacome tramite un canale.

Infine l’antitesi sottolinea anche l’aspetto morale. Quest’aspetto viene sottolineato dai teologimariani. L’obbedienza della Beata Vergine MAria alla volontà di Dio ha causato la salvezza pertutto il genere umana. Invece disobbedienza di Eva aveva introdotto al mondo la morte. Grazie allacategoria di recircolatio, introdotta da sant’Ireneo, si poteva mettere in evidenza la partecipazioneattiva di MAria all’opera salvifica di Dio.

Speriamo che grazie a questo studio, l’antitesi Eva Maria verrà visto in modo più approfonditoe corretto, riflettuto in contesto del libro del vescovo di Lione. Speriamo che i mariologicaratterizzando i riferimenti del vescovo di Lione evidenzieranno le nuiovoe, finora sconosciutedimensioni del discorso apologetico di Ireneo.

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W ostatnich latach -2><#E)><#=&L.,&%>#'&D&?=#D; obserwujemy zwrot do mi-styki1, ro<1$&%=#??%@;/NL#=&#/;2;DACM&;=#D;L.,&%>#'&D&?=#D;��;?%-&%?NE&C)#L2;D'N/.-#/A1D@)O>.,*$&E).@% stanowi E%$N &E);)C >#'&D&&� 2>#<#=)1?#M;-&#$>#'%,?C/;�;D%- najczystszej postaci2. W praktyce L.,&a ,*><#J,&?%PE@&ego@A%�/<&# E&C/<&J/1L.=%,&E@=%/1,*;-#2><#L.-%=&# )>#J,& <%-%>).,*-2rzekaziebiblijnym oraz na @E<)%A);-%=&#M%>/<&#?we-=C)><=ego i indywidualnego charak-teru relacji ,<A;-&#@%<�;D&#$��%L=N>;'C-).$2>o,#E&#;/D>.-%/NL#=&#/;<?#/=;,<#=&a,<A;-&#@%<�;D&#$�E)%=;-&N,#,#'$&E).@&,*><#J,i?%PE@&#?. To zjed-noczenie ma E&C E);2=&;-;1><#,<.-&E)=&%K ?1L- )>%@,&# /;,<#E=#? #D<yE)#=,?&;E;M.'1/<@&#?�?#/=%@E-N2#A=&C;E&ND=&#/;2&#>;- -&#,<=;J,&3.

�;/#?$;-%=&# 2>;M'#$%).@& /;).,<N,#? «mistyki» Eucharystii jest /<&%A%�=&#$waLnym i potrzebnym�2;=&#-%L-&NL#E&C z >;E=N,.$-#-E2OA,<#E=.$J-&#,&#zainteresowaniem /1,*;-;J,&N,*><#J,&?%PE@N. N%'#L.jednak<%1-%L.K�L#obok elementów o charakterze pozytywnym, -.E)C21?N)#Lzjawiska =@;�?N,#�2>;-%/<N,#/; swoistej dewaluacji mistyki4��;J,&OA E);?N,-;M#, wspo-mnianych problemów, potrzebuje odnowionej &2;DACbionej >#+'#@E?&=%/$&E).�@N i jej podstawami teologicznymi.

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�%$L#� E� 69^ 2;>�� ;A%@;-E@&� ;�� !�@�F��"� ��"� � �� !� ��/��/�� "��>%@O-�866�E��V:��V"�

3 Por. J.A. �A;,<;-E@&, dz. cyt., s. 88.4 Por. A. Siemianowski, ��1�� '1��7�C�� , �>;,A%- VVV, s. 11.

104 ��

Benedykt XVI w encyklice Deus caritas est2><.2;$&=%�L#-centrum wia-ry chrzeJ,&?%PE@&#? <=%?/1?# E&C 2>%-/% o wcieleniu. ��*>.E)1E&# /;E<A; /;2><#@>%,<%?N,#D;-E<#l@&#-.;M>%L#=&# 1,&#'#J=&#=&%�;L#D;�.)1- ,<A;-&#�@1�=&#>;<#>-%'=#D;<AN,<#=&%E&C�)-O>,.<#E-;&$stworzeniem5��A;-;�;L#<E)N2&A;-,&%A;2;);�M.,<A;-&#@$ODA2o<=%K�;E@N$&A;JK&-=&#?1,<#E)=&�,<.K��$.J'i 2%2&#E@&#? <%-%>)# ?#E) -E@%<%=&#� L# ;dkrycie tej przepastnej$&A;J,&�;D%�@)O>%?#E)2;/E)%-N$&E).@&,*><#J,&?%PE@&#?� dokonujeE&C--.�$&%><#,*>.E);';D&,<=;�E%@>%$#=)%'=.$ (DCE 14).

W ramach naszych >;<-%L%P2;/?C)#<;E)%=N=%E)C21?N,# zagadnienia: teo-logiczna analiza tajemnicy wcielenia, rozpatrzenie <-&N<@1 <%,*;/<N,#D;$&C�/<.�E)%)=&N�&#,<#><N, J$&#>,&N & <$%>)-.,*-E)%=&#$�*>.E)1E% ;>%<-2A.-�1,*%>.E)&&=%@E<)%A);-%=&#E&C komunii eklezjalnej.

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Encyklika Deus caritas est>;<2;,<.=%E&C;/ukazania Boga, któr.?#E)$&�A;J,&N4DCE 1). �%E%/=&,<N>;'C-;M?%-&#=&1�;L#?$&A;J,&odgrywa w,&#'#=&#,<.'& 2><.?C,&# 2><#< ;/-&#,<=&# 2>##D<.E)1?N,# �A;-; �;L# '1/<@&#? =%)1>.��@%<1?# E&C;=; ?%@;;E)%)=& #)%2/&%';D1�;D% <=%>;/#$-.M>%=.$� ?%@& );�,<.AE&C2><#<,%A. Stary Testament (DCE 9-10)6. Akt stwórczy,2;-;A1?N,./;&E)=&#=&% ,%A# universum, E)%=;-&A +1=/%$#=) )#D;/&%';D1��.?N)@;-#$&#?E,#-2;-;A.-%=&12><#<�;D%/;&E)=&#=&%,%A#?><#,<.-&E);J,&<%?$1?#,<A;-&#@�który jest ukoronowaniem stworzenia. Ale $.J' )#;';D&,<=% 1@%<1?# ?#E<,<#DACbE<N 2#>E2#@).-C��koro �� &� ��! (J 1,�"5 ,<.'&�OD E)%A E&C,<A;-&#@&#$�);$oL#$.2;-&#/<&#K�L#;E)%)#,<=&# w,&#'#=&# ?#E)2#A=&NE)-;�><#=&%7. Jest to wydarzenie, które ogarnia caAN'1/<@N=%)1>C� obejmuje zarównowszystkich ludzi jak &@%L/#D;2;?#/.=,<#D;,<A;-&#@%� Na tej podstawie uza-sadnione jest twierdzenie�L#);,%A%'1/<@;JKE)%A%E&C2%>)=erem dialogu <�;�D&#$�?%@&$&%A$&#?E,#-#-cieleniu.

Motywu w,&#'#=&% =%'#L. E<1@%K 2;2><#< ;/-;A%=&# E&C /;-#-=C)><=#D;L.,&% )>Ojjedynego Boga8. W ten sposób przedstawia gACM&C )#;';D&&-cielenia

7�;>� ��%)<&=D#>� �'��!�� '��"-( -�� 7��'��"��>%@O- VV7�E� "�

6 �;>� )%$L#^ �� &,ari, Stary Testament �� &� ��" „Communio”3(15)1983, s. 3-18; H. Balthasar, �� &� ��&��, w: Eucharystia. Kolekcja „Communio”1(1986), s. 54.

7 Por. A. Štrukelj, ��$�� , „Communio” 1(139)2004, s. 38.8�%2&#L=&# 2;/#?$1?#E<#><#?2>;M'#$%).@&/;).,<N,#?$;).-O--,&#'#=&%��OL=&,#<-&N<%�

=#<&=)#>2>#)%,?N)#D;<%D%/=&#=&%�?%@&#E)%A.E&C2><#/$&;)#$/.E@1E?&$&C/<.<-;'#==&@%$&1?C�

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Autor Listu do Hebrajczyków (10,5-7). �/-&#,<=.<%$.EA&<E)N2&#=&#�.=%=%<&#$&C?#E))%$1@%<%=#?%@;/u,*;-.2>;,#E;,*%>%@)#><#)>.=&)%>=.$��%L=N>;'C ;/D>.-%?N )1 EA;-%�E "V�7-9, które <;E)%A. przedstawione jako modlitwakierowana przez Jezusa do Boga Ojca. Intymna przeE)><#P$;/'&)-.�M%-&,&#'%wprowadza w odwieczny i tajemniczy dialog Syna z Ojcem. Ten w#-=N)>ynitar-ny dialog czyli wzajemne i 2#A=#;//%=&#E&COsób Boskich;M?%-&AE&C-#wcie-leniu Syna. Wyrazem 2;EA1E<#PE)-% & $&A;J,& ;>%< 2#A=#D; ;//%=&% E&C �.=%�?,1� E)%A; E&C2><.?C,&#,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%��*>.E)1E;M?%-&A,%AN E-N;E;MN�L#M.,&#�.=#$;<=%,<%1,<.=&#=&# <# E-#D; L.,&% /%>1 ,<.'& ,%A@;-&)# ;//%=&#E&#M&#E%$#D;9��><.?C,&#2><#<�.=%,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%;@%<1?#E&C-;'=N &2A.�=N,N<$&A;J,&;/2;-&#/<&N=%<M%-,<N&=&,?%).-C�?,%�

Jezus Chrystus, który jest ��$�!��$�� ;/EA;=&A <%>O-=;=;-.;M>%<�oga, jak i nowy obraz ,<A;-&#@%4��8��5��$.J'&)#;';D&,<=#?,*><#�J,&?%PE@&#D;�E,*o/1 &�%,*;/1� >;<2%)>1?N,#? @;=E#@-#=,?# wcielenia w od-n&#E&#=&1/;�;D%&,<A;-&#@%�@Aadziono nacisk na nieco inne aspekty tej tajem-nicy. Zasadniczy nurt teologii zachodniej pod@>#J'%A-.=&#E&#=&#'1/<@&#?=%)1>.�=%);$&%E)- )#;';D&&-E,*;/=&#? %@,#=);-%=;1=&L#=&#�.=%�;L#D;10� �%2&#L;/-;A1?#E&Cw swojej encyklice /;)>#J,&<%-%>).,*-;M11?C,&%,*&)>%@)1?#?#@;$2'#$#=)%>=&#� W #=,.@'&,# ; �;L#? $&A;J,& Benedykt XVI =%-&N<1?# doJa=;-#?)#;';D&&�A;-%�@)O>#E)%A;E&C,&%A#$4��"5&,<.=&<=&#?21=@)-.?�J,&% /; E-;&,* /%'E<.,* >;<-%L%P��1)%? <=%?/1?#$.2;/E)%-;-N <%E%/C ?#D;)#;';D&& &<%>%<#$$;)ywy, którymi w jego rozumieniu, @&#>1?N2;E)C2;-%=&#$samego �;D%��%2&#>-E<.2'%=-.E1-%E&C prawda o kenosis,<.'&;1=&L#=&1E&C�;D%-)%?#$=&,.w,&#'#=&%4��:5��#;';D&%-,&#'#=&%&@#=;<.�.=%�;�L#D;-.E)C21?N>%<#$&2><#/E)%-&;=#EN jako harmonijnie uzu2#A=&%?N,#E&C/wawymiary jednego wydarzenia.

Rozumienie wcielenia>;<2%)>.-%=#D;-)%@&$1?C,&1 st%?#E&CDACME<#�2;�=&#-%L 1@%<1?# =;-# 2#>E2#@).-. )#;';D&,<=#� �>;-%/<& /; E)-&#>/<#=&%� L#wcielenie $;L#M.K-2#A=&;/,<.)%=#?#/.=&#-)#/.�D/.2><.?$1?#E&C<%A;L#�=&#;E%$;;D;A;,#=&1E&C�*>.E)usa11. �=&L#=&#E&C�;D%�@)O>#$&%A;$&#?E,#-#-,&#'#=&1-.2A.-% < #D;$&A;J,& /; ,<Ao-&#@%� =&# ?#E) <%)#$ 2;-;/;-%=#L%/=.$2><.$1E#$,<.@;=&#,<=;J,&N4�� 5. Obja-&%E&C )1-&#'@;/1E<=%& =&#<$&#><;=%$&A;JK )>O??#/.=#D;�;D%��%1,<%=&# ; @#=;<&# ;dEA%=&%-&C,nowy obraz Boga charakterystyczny dla Nowego Testamentu, który jest ,%A@;�-i,&#=&#<>;<1$&%A.-J-&#)'#�)%>#D;�#E)%$#=)1�D/<&#,*-%A%�;L%;<=%,<%�

,&%);$istycznego i skotystycznego, prezentuje ks. prof. C.S. Bartnik. Por. C.S. Bartnik, Dogmaty-ka, Lublin 1999, t. 1, s. 719.

9 Por. J. Ratzinger, #� ��;��%��'�, Kraków 2005, s. 15.10�;>��NM>;-E@a, Ekumeniczny wymiar Wcielenia, „Communio” 1(139)2004, s. 64-76.11�&M'&?=.$ +1=/%$#=)#$ >;<1$&#=&%1=&L#=&% E&C�.=%�;L#D; ?#E)*.$=,*>.E);';D&,<=.

<�&E)1J-��%-A%/; &'&2&an (2,5-11).

106 ��

A%$%=&+#E);-a=&#E&C2;)CD&�;D% &=&#/;21E<,<%A%$.J'&; jakiejkolwiek for-mie kenozy�%?-.LE<#D;��;@)>.=%;1=&L#=&1 E&C�;D%1@&#>1=@;-1?#<%)#$=%=;-#2;?$;-%=&#;M>%<1�;D%�@)O>y=&# ).'#%@,#=)1?# #D;=&#E@;P,<;=N$;,� ,; >%,<#? #D;=&#E@;P,<;=N$&A;JK12. Zmienia to dotychczasowy E2;EOM$.J'#=&% i mówienia o Bogu orazE@A%=&%/;postrzegania Go w kateD;>&%,*$&�A;J,&4��5�

Prawda wiary E)-&#>/<%?N,%�Le nieograniczony w =&,<.$�ODE%$<E&#M&#E)%A E&C ,<A;-&#@&#$ i 2><.?NA @;=@>#)=N '1/<@N 2;E)%K 2;E)><#D%=N <$.EA;-;,powoduje szereg konsekwencji w2A.-%?N,.,*=% >;<1$&#=&# relacji ,<A;-&#@%z Bogiem13. Pierwsza z nich za1-%L%�L#;/ chwili w,&#'#=&%2;/NL%=&#,<A;-&#�@%@1�;D1=&#$;L# 2;$&=NK-./%><#=&%�*>.E)1E%��%@/A1D;,?%@MC/<&#)>-%A,<%E�2;E<1@&-%=&#�;D%<%-E<#$1E&@&#>;-%K E&C@1�*>.E)1E;-&�@)O>. ?#E)2#A=.$;M>%<#$�;D%�2;=&#-%L tylko w Nim ��&��!,<.'&E)%A;E&C-&/<&%'=#&2><.M'&L.A;E&C/;,<A;-&#@%?%@=&D/./;)N/14.

�-.<=%=&1-&%>.E.$M;'1=&,#?E@;�@;=E)%=).=;2;'&)%Pskiego, istota wcie-lenia wy>%L;=% <;E)%A%-=%E)C21?N,. E2;EOM( […] dla nas ludzi i dla naszegozbawienia ��$��nieba […] ��&��!��/<#P)%?#$=&,.w,&#'#=&%@>.?#E&C-EA;-&#��$��@)O>#-.>%L%@>%P,;-#1=&L#=&#E&C�;D%�%'#<%1-%�L% teL%=)>;2;,#=)>.,<=#1@&#>1=@;-%=&# )#D;-./%><#=&%��/EA%=&%E&C )1=&#�E%$;-&)#=%2&C,&# &/>%$%).,<=;JK '1/<@&,*/<&#?O-��;�L#-*&E);>&&<M%-&#�=&%$%?#E)%) & 2;)CD%�;D%;M?%-&% E&C-@#=;<&#� wywiera &E);)=.-2A.-=%>;<1$&#=&#D;/=;J,& osoby ludzki#?��<&%A%=&#�;D%�@&#>1?N,#E&C<%E%/N-.>%�L;=N- Credo – dla nas ludzi i dla naszego zbawienia 2;-;/1?#-.-.LE<#=&#,<A;-&#@%15.

�%2&#L�-%L=N>;'C- tajemnicy wcielenia przypisuje Matce Chrystusa (DCE41). Na'#L.bowiem 2%$&C)%K�L#-@>;,<#=&#�;D%-*&E);>&C/;@;=%A;E&C<%E2>%�-N�%>.&(ex Maria virgine16. Matka Pana stoi zatem w samym centrum -.<=%=&%-&%>.-�;D%L.-#D;�@)ó>.?#E)=&#).'@;�;D&#$E%$.$-E;M&#&/'%E&#M&#�%'#)%@L#�;D&#$<=%$&17. W sposób szczególny wskazuje na to wcielenie, które-.�$%D%A;%@,#2)%,?&<#E)>;=.�%>.&��&��!,<.'&;/-&#,<=.�;D;E;D%>=NA-E<.E)@&#-.$&%>.#D<.E)#=,?&�%)@& #<1E%/<&C@& )#$1� L# )%2;@;>=%�A1L#M=&,%�%PE@%,%A@;-&,&#;//%A%E&C/;/.E2;<.,?&�;D%�

� �;>� ��n�;==#''� %�� 9��G �� A�� "� �>%@O- VV7� E� 9�^��NM>;-E@%�/<� ,.)��E�9"�

13 Por. H. Pfeiffer, Podstawowe punkty teologicznego wizerunku Chrystusa, „Communio”1(139) 2004, s. 130-132.

14 Por. J. O«Donnell, dz. cyt., s. 85.15 Por. J. Ratzinger, #� ��;��%��'�, Kraków 2005, s. 11.16 Por. J. Servais, Rola Maryi we Wcieleniu, „Communio” 1(139) 2004, s. 23-37.17 Por. J. Ratzinger, �'��!�� '��, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, Kraków 2005,

s. 11.

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�&$;�&L�1);>�&E)1/;F#M>%?,<.@O-<&=)#>2>#);-%A2>;,#Ewcielenia jakowe-=N)><M;E@&/&%';D 4FM>�V�75�=&# <$&#=&% ); ?#/=%@ +%@)1� L#/;@;=%A; E&Cono przy czyn=.$1/<&%'#�%>.&��.>%L#=&# u� ��!��M.A; bowiem$;L'&-#/<&C@&;)-%>);J,&&/.E2;<.,.?=;J,&�%>.&�@)O>%,%ANE;MN,<.'&-E<.E)�@&$&-%>E)-%$& E-#? ;E;M;-;J,& przyjCA%-;'C�?,%��OD ;,<#@&-%A na takMaryi & =% =&# ;/2;-&#/<&%A� 2;=&#-%L < ,<Aowieka uczy=&A-;'=#D;2%>)=#>%�<@)O>.$-E2OA/<&%A%A-1><#,<.-&E)=&%=&1�;L#D;@>O'#E)-%=%<&#$&�

�%2&#L=%-&N<1?N,-E-;&,*>;<-%L%=&%,*/;2>;';D1�-%=D#'&&%=%�-E@%�<1?#,L#-E)-&#>/<#=&1� iL��&�#��!� jest zawarta synteza tego, co napozór jest nie do prze<-.,&CL#=&%� W tym punkcie @>.?# E&C )#L =;-;JK 1?C,&%,*><#J,&?%PE@&#D;�@)O>#?#E)=&#<>o<1$&%A# i obce dla innych kultur, %)%@L#$.J'&E)%>;L.)=#?&-E2OA,<#E=#?�p>O/A#$)#?-.?Ntkowej =;-;J,&$;L#M.K).'@;E%$�OD� %/;E)C2/;=&#? ?#E)$;L'&-. ?#/.=&#=%2A%E<,<.]=&#-&%>.�@)O>%;)-&#>%=;-#*;>.<;=).$.J'#=&% i =;-#$;L'&-;J,& realizacji ludzkiej egzystencji18.

�@%<1?N,@;=E#@-#=,?# w,&#'#=&%-;/=&#E&#=&1/;�;D% & ,<A;-&#@%��#�=#/.@)TU�2><#dE)%-&%<%>O-=;1=&L#=&#�.=%�;L#D;�?%@&-.=&#E&#=&#'1/<�@&#?=%)1>.��&$;�&L)>%@)1?#;M%-.$&%>.)#?)%?#$=&,.@;$2'#$#=)%>=&#� trze-ba jednak przyznaK�L#-&C,#?1-%D&2oJ-&C,%-.$&%>;-&@#=;).,<=#$1wcie-lenia.

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�#=#/.@)TU�-cielenie J,&J'#-&NL#E&C<$&E)#>&1$2%E,*%'=.$�*>.E)1E%I)%?#$=&,N$C@&�J$&#>,&�<$%>)-.,*-E)%=&%&�#EA%=&%�1,*%H-&C)#D;��&��a��! (J 1,�"5,<.'&�.=�;L.E)%AE&C,<A;-&#@&#$�M.;//%?N,L.,&#=%@><.L12;?#/=%K '1/<&<�;D&#$� Chrystus u$&#>%?N, na Golgocie ><#,<.-&�J,&#� �� '1/<@;J,&/;E)C2/;=&#M%��,&#'#=&#1@%<1?#E&C)1?%@;2&#>-E<.#)%2,%A#D;/<&#A%<M%-,<#D;�*>.E)1E%19. �)%@=%@>#J';=#?2#>E2#@).-&#)#;�';D&,<=#? )%@L# Eucharystia swoje podstawy, czyli to czym jest w swej istocie,ostatecznie znajduje w wydarzeniu Wcielenia20.

��-%=D#'&&J-�%=%-.E)C21?#2;-&N<%=&#2>;';D1<E<OE).$>;</<&%A#$�-@)O>.$ezus nazywa siebie chlebem czyli prawdziwym pokarmem dla ludzi:#��!"��' ��!"��!��1��(J 6,51). �'#?1L-e wcie-leniu przedstawionym w prologu <%-%>)%?#E)2#-=%/.=%$&@%;+&%>.�@)O>%;M�

18 Por. E. Ozorowski, -�� %�� , �;<=%P �88V,s. 187; J. Ratzinger, �'��!�� '��, s. 20.

19 Por. J. O«Donnell, dz. cyt., s. 75.20 Por. H.U. von Balthasar, dz. cyt., s. 55.

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?%-&%E&C-/%'E<#?,<CJ,&%=;-#?�-%=D#'&&��EA;-&#��@)O>#<;E)%A;-.�/%=#=%;+&%>C�@>.?#E&C-<%>;/@1$&E)#>&1$@><.L%;>%<-.>aE)%?N,.<=&#D;-&#'@%=;,=.E%@>%$#=)��#w,&#'#=&1�;D;E2;//%AE&C2#-=#$1;D>%=&,<e=&1�=&#?%@;E&C�� &1'#DA��&��czeniu21��;@;=%A;E&C);2><#<+%@)�L#=&#E@;P�,<;=.�;D;EE)%AE&C,<A;-&#@&#$I/<&#,@&#$�%'#)%@L#2><#<);�L#=&#<$&#><;�=#�A;-;I,%A%2#A=&%�&E$%H-&C)#D;E)>#J,&A%E&C/;?#/=#D;</%=&%��E<.E)�@;<;E)%A; )1<?#/=;,<;=# & ?#E)-2#A=&;M#,=#- chrystologicznym centrum22.

�.,&;-#2;EA%==&,)-;&M#<D>%=&,<=%$&A;JK#<1E%;/EA%=&%?NE&C&@;=,#=�)>1?N- ,<%E&#�E)%)=&#?�&#,<#><.��E)%=;-&#=&# 2><#<�*>.E)1E% EucharystiiE)%=;-&A; %=).,.2%,?C #D; J$&#>,&� �E@%<1?N =% ); EA;-% -.2;-&#/<&%=#w trakcie sprawowania Wieczerzy PaPskiej, w których jest <%-%>)%$.J'�L#Zba-wiciel � ��!��!�� "��!��"��' �� :��!��"��' �!�8��8�;��&��,��!��23��M&#><#,<.-&E);J,&(EA;-%&J$&#>K#<1E%EN<#E;MNJ,&�J'#<-&N<%=#��A;-%E)%=;-&N<%2;-&#/]J$&#>,& &-=&#? E&C=&#?%@;E2#A=&%?N�=%);$&%E)J$&#>K?#E)=&#).'@;2;)-&#>/<#=&#$&1<12#A=&#=&#$EAO-#<1E%�%'#&=%/%=&#$&$2#A=#D;E#=E1�

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�;�?%@#<1E>;<1$&%AE-;?NJ$&#>K�;/EA%=&%E&C2;2><#<%=%'&<CEAO-1E)%�=;-&#=&% �1,*%>.E)&&�� &,* ,#=)>1$ <=%?/1?# E&C E)-&#>/<#=&#( �� #��!��"��' ��&dzie wydane […] Ten kielich to Nowe Przymierze we Krwimojej, kt' ��&��ana24��).,*EA;-%,*,#<1E;@>#J'%E&#M&#E%$#�D;?%@; ��$� �� $�/�� &�-@)O>#?=%E)C21?#-.2#A=&#=&#-E<.E)�@&,*;+&%>�)%>#D;�#E)%$#=)1�Ofiara Jezusa jest wyra<#$$&A;J,&�@)O>%-./%?#E&CM#< >#E<). & ,<.=& < E%$#D;E&#M&#/%>$&A.�;D1��'%)#D; )#L E)%=;-&;=%2;/E)%-C=%-&N<%=&% & 1)><.$.-%=&% ><#,<.-&E)#D; <-&N<@1 ,<A;-&#@% <�o-D&#$�#<1E$O-&A-�&#,<#>=&@1;Ciele wydanym i Krwi przelanej za wielu25.Zastosowa=% )1 +;>$1A%-E@%<1?# =% E<#>;@& <%@>#E <M%-,<#? J$&#>,& #<1E%�@)O>.;M?NAE-;?N$&A;J,&N-E<.E)@&,*'1/<@&&<%=&ch )#L;//%AL.,&#�

W.2#A=&#=&# tych <%2;-&#/<&=%E)N2&A;-$isterium paschalnym. Wydarze-

21�;>�)%$L#, s. 54.22 J. Ratzinger, �'��!�� '��, s. 21.23 �#=L#� Boskie ‘tak’��!�� !��$��1�� '�&��!�� 7�8��-�� !��,

�� , w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 30.24�@ �19-20; por. Mt 26,26-28; Mk 14,22-25; 1Kor 11,23-26.25 Por. Rz 8,32, 2Kor 5,14, 1Tym 2,6.

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nie H$&#>ci i Zmartwychwstania Jezusa E)%=;-&A;ostateczne ]>O/A;�1,*%>.E)&&26��#;';D&% @><.L% ?#E)-&C,-%>1=@&#$ & 2;/E)%-N )#;';D&& #1,*%>.E).,<=#?( �� 1��-�� !�� a �� &��"� ��-�� 1�� !� ��!�� !27� �;/E)%-N/; )%@&#? &=)#>2>#)%,?&<-&N<@1@><.L%<�1,*%>.E)&NE)%=;-&NEA;-%E%$#D;#<1E%�@)O>.<%2;-&#/<&%AE-;?N J$&#>K & &=)#>2>#);-%A ?N- @%)#D;>&%,* 2>;>;,@&,*� #<1E /;@;=%A )#D;2;2><#< ;/=&#E&#=&# /; E&#M&# E%$#D; 2&#J=& ; �A1/<# %*-#� <=%?/1?N,#? E&C1�#1)#>;&<%?%E<%,D/<?%-&%E&C$;).-#@E2&%,?&&<%E)C2E)-%@'1,<;-./'%)#;';D&&@1')128��;DACM&#=&# )#D;-N)@1=%E)N2&A;2;/,<%E�E)%)=&#?�&#,<#rz.�@)O>%E)%=;-&A%%=).,.2%,?CJ$&#>,&�*>.E)1E%=%@><.L1 &1E)%=;-&#=&#�;-#�D;�><.$&#><%;,*%>%@)#><#1=&-#>E%'=.$(Ten kielich jest Nowym Przymierzemwe Krwi mojej (1Kor 11,25)29. To wydarzenie =%'#L.;/,<y).-%K&&=)#>2>#);-%K?%@; szczegó'=.2><#?%-�;L#?$&A;J,&��=&$bowiem /;E<A;/;<aJ'1M&=�;D%< '1/]$&� 2><#< ,; =%E)N2&A;-.2#A=&#=&# E)%>;)#E)%$#=)%'=.,* ;M&#)=&, 4��135��/-&#,<=.�.=�;L.�@)O>.E)%AE&C-2#A=&,<A;-&#@&#$�2><#<E-NJ$&#>K=%@><.L12;?#d=%A�;D%< '1/]$& &<%-%>A�;-#�><.$&#><#;2%>)#=%-E2O'�=;,&#$&A;J,&�Ostatecznym z=%@&#$2><.?C,&%2><#<�;D%�?,%;+&%>.�.=%M.A;<$%>)-.,*-E)%=&#1@><.L;-%=#D;�a=%��/)#?,*-&'&J$&#>K�*>.E)1E%E)%A%E&CM>%$N2>;-%/<N,N/;/;$1�?,%4�",6), a d><#-;@><.L%�><#-#$L.,&%�-@)O>.$$;L=%2;@A%/%K=%/<&#?C30.

�1,*%>.E)&% ?#E) 1;M#,=&#=&#$;+&%>. @><.L;-#? #<1E%�*>.E)1E%� #? ,*%�>%@)#> ;+&%r=&,<. <=%?/1?# E-# ]>O/A; - 2;E)%-&# �;D%� @)O>. ?%@; 2ierwszywychodzi naprzeciw ludz@;J,&&;M/%>;-1?#?N-E-;&$�.=14:,16), a )%@L#uzdalnia do udzielenia adekwatnej odpowiedzi na dar, jakim jest Chrystus nie-ustannie obecny we wspólnocie eklezjalnej jako jej < '��1��31. Chrystus pod-czas sprawowania Eucharystii -AN,<%=%E-E)>1$&#PE-;?#?$o/'&)-.&><#,<.�-&J,&#,<.=&=%E1,<#E)=&@%$&E-;?#?;+&%>.(F�� !�� ,�$��"� ��1��!��&��!�� :��!��'�,��$�y!��'�/�� $��!��8��!��!��32.

�/<&%A- ,#'#M>%,?&�1,*%>.E)&& @;=+>;=)1?# =%E <$&E)#>&1$ J$&#>,&� @)O>#;=&#J$&#'%&M1/<&J-&%/;$;JK1,<#E)=&,)-% w wydarzeniu, które w bardzo oso-bisty sposób dotyka kaLdego ,<A;-&#@% & E)%-&% D;-;M#, 2.)%P /;).,<N,.,*

26 Por. J. Ratzinger, [ '�� 1�� $�� ,�� $��!��,� ��(��7-�� !�%��, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 47.

27 J. Ratzinger, Eucharystia i misja, w: (�� !��$��'�� 7�%��'��!�,��. Kraków 2003, s. 88.

28 Por. Iz 42,1-9; 49,1-7; 50, 4-9(-11) i 52,13-53,12.29�;>�)%$L#, s. 87; Mt 26,26-29; Mk 14,22-25; �@ �19-20.30 J. Ratzinger, ��\��]��!�� !��$��1�� '�&��!�� i, s. 43.31 �#=L#, [ '��1��$�� ,��$��!��,��(��i, s. 53.32�;>�)%$L#, s. 54-55; DCE 13.

110 ��

'1/<@&#? #D<.E)#=,?& & ?#? 2><#$&?%=&%��'# '&)1>D&% #1,*%>.E).,<=% E)%=;-& ?#/�=;,<#J=&#;/2;-&#/]=%)#2.)%=&%�2;=&#-%L-E-#?&E);,&#?#E),#'#M>;-%=&#$2%$&N)@&L.,&%�D/.LJ$&#>K<;E)%A%;E)%)#,<=@;=%=%2><#<<$%>)-.,*-E)%�=&##<1E%��;2&#>;)%2>%-/%2;<-%'%-2#A=&J-&C);-%K�2;=&#-%L?#E);d2;�-&#/<&N=%=%?-%L=&#?E<#2.)%=&%�?%@&#E)%-&%E;M&#,<A;-&#@?%@;&E);)%$.J'N�,a. W najciemniejs<.$$&#?E,1 '1/<@&#D;M.);-%=&%�1,*%>.E)&% ?%-& E&C ?%@;]>O/A;-.<-;'#=&% &;)-&#>%/>;DC/;2#A=& L.,&%�2;=&#-%L2;<-%'%;/=%'#]K;E)%)#,<=.E#=E '1/<@&#?#D<.E)#ncji.

�,&#'#=&#?#E)2;/E)%-N�1,*%>.E)&&�%'#@;=E#@-#=,?#2><.?C,&%2><#<�A;�-;�;L# )#D;� ,; '1/<@&#�-,%A#? >;<,&NDA;J,& ;/EA%=&%?N E&C/;2&#>;-,<%E&#$C@&&J$&#>,&�*>.E)uE%��><.L-E2;EOM=&#<-.@'#/>%$%).,<=.2;@%<1?#=%�E)C2E)-%2><.?C,&%2><#<�*>.E)1E%powszechnej winy, natomiast zmartwychwsta-nie stanowi kontynua,?C/<&#A%<%2;,<Ntkowanego we wcieleniu i mC,#�

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P1=@),&CL@;J,&=%1@&;�1,*%>.E)&& w Deus caritas est E@12&%E&C=%EA;-%,*J-��%-A%( (��1� �� "� � ��!�"� ��"� � ��!�� #��(1Kor 10,17). Eucharystia jest tu rozumiana w kategoriach dynamiczno-eklezjal-nych33, jako proces,-@)O>.$/;@;=1?#E&C=&#1E)%==.>;<-O?�;J,&;A%��;/,<%EE2>%-;-%=&% �1,*%>.E)&& 1><#,<.-&E)=&% E&C �� !�� %��, którejczynnym centrum jest Chrystus. Od czasu zmartwychwstania Jezus zawsze jestobecny jako caput et corpus ,<.'&�A;-% &�&%A;�;J,&;A%��%A.�*>.E)1E ?#E)).'@; ?#/#=� % <%)#$=&#$;L=%�;2;E&%/%K M#< &==.,* ,<. 2><#,&-=&$� %'#<%-E<# <#-E<.E)@&$& &==.$& (DCE 14)� �,<)% #1,*%>.E).,<=% )-;><. <%)#$@;$1=&C<�*>.E)1E#$�%'# )%@L#< '1/]$&-E<.E)@&,*$&#?E, &,<%EO-�% )%@L#<,%A.$E)-;><#=&#$34��><.E)C21?N,/;�*>.E)1E%#1,*%>.E).,<=#D;2;-&==&J$.)#L<M'&L%KE&C=%-<%?#$/'%E&#M&#�M.M1/;-%K?#/=;JK-E2O'=;).,*><#J,&?%P�E@&#?�2;=&#-%L�1,*%>.E)&%?#E) miejscem, w któ �!�� !��$��!�,��&� � �$��!!��"��' ��$��o��!�&"1��!� ��"�� "�� <�� "� �� &��35. Sprawowanie Eucharystii jest -&C,/<&%A%=&#$;,*%>%@)#><##@'#�<?otwórczym.

33 �#=L#, \(��1� �� "�� !�"� ��"� � ��!��#��DHKor 10,17).Eucharystia i Ko��'�, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 132.

34 Te=L#, [ '��1��$�� ,��$��!��,��(��i, s. 57.35 �#=L#, Eklezjologia Konstytucji ‘Lumen Gentium’, w: (�� !��$�� '�� 7

%��'�� !unia, s.� 6��#=#<%,*><#J,&?%PE@&#D; >;<1$&#=&%2;?C,&% communio;>%< ?#D;%=%'&<%<;E)%A%2><#/E)%-&;=%2><#<��%)<&=D#>%-%>).@1'#, \#!!��]7�-�� 8��'�,��8��, w: (�� !��$��ólnota wiary…, s. 63-67.

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Wiara we w,&#';=#D; �.=%�;L#D; ;E&ND% E-N 2#A=&C- E%@>%$#=)%'=.$-.$&%><# L.,&% ,*><#J,&?%PE@&#D;� �; -A%J=&# - ,<%E&# �1,*%>.E)&& -,&#';=.�*>.E)1E;D%>=&%,%AN'1/<@N#D<.E)#=,?C�?#/=;,<N,E&C<,<A;-&#@&#$-�;$1�=&& H-&C)#?�H-&C).�1D1E).=2&E%A-E-;&,* Wyznaniach ;/;J-&%/,<#=&1-&�/<#=&%� 2;/,<%E @)O>#D; 1EA.E<%A EA;-%( Jestem chle��!� !��"� ��1��!��O�*�� !��!��"��cz ja przemieniam ciebie w sie-bie36. Eucharystia jest pokarmem dokonujN,.$DACM;@&#?-#-=C)><=#?2><#$&%=.,*><#J,&?%=&=%�@)O>.D;2><.?$1?#��*'#M#1,*%>.E).,<=.$%<%E%/=&,<;&==#/<&%�A%=&#&-.-;A1?#&==#E@1)@&=&L<[email protected];@%>$�@)O>.EA1L.?#/.=/)><.$.�-%=&1&M1/;-%=&1,&#'#E=#D;-.$&%>1'1/<@&#D;&E)=&#=&%��?#/=;,<#=&#<�*>.�E)1E#$-�;$1=&&J-�;<=%,<%�L#-&E);,&#);�=2><.?$1?#=%EE%$.,*&?#/=;�,<.<#E;MN;>%< )-;><.=%)#?2;/E)%-&#-E2O'=;)C<).,*-E<.E)@&,*�@)O><.2><.�E)C21?N/;�);A1�%PE@&#D;��E2O'=;)% #1,*%>yE).,<=%1><#,<.-&E)=&% E&C <%)#$<%>O-=;--.$&%><#-#>).@%'=.$�?%@&*;>.<;=)%'=.$ (DCE 18).

�;$1=&% H-&C)% E)%=;-& &stotny element 2><#L.-%=&%�,<). #1,*%>.E).,<�=#?, która jest wydarzeniem o charakterze osobowym37��E;M%�;D%I�<A;-&#�@%-,%A#?2#A=&-./%?#E&C;E;M&#'1/<@&#?�@)O>%/<&C@&;)-%>);J,&E#>,%&2;<.�).-=#?;/2;-&#/<&=%�;L#-#<-%=&#�D;);-%?#E)/;2><.?C,&%1/<&#'%?N,#?E&CE%@>%$#=)%'=&#�;L#?$&A;J,&��;$1=&%E)%=;-&N,%<=%@2#A=#?;)-%>);J,&,<A;�-&#@%=%1/<&#'%?N,#D; E&C�;D%� E)%=;-& )#L1</;'=&#=&# go /; )-;><#=&% @;�$1=&&#@'#<?%'=#?�%?#E<,<#E<#><#?><#,<1?$1?N,$;L=%)1$O-&K;1</;'=&#=&1& -#<-%=&1 /; M1/;-%=&% @;$1=&& $&C/<.'1/<@&#?� �1,*;-;JK -.>%E)%?N,%< %1)#=).,<=#D; 2><#L.-%=&% �1,*%>.E)&& 2>;-%/<& ,*><#J,&?%= 2;<% D>%=&,#2><#E)><#=&@;J,&#'=#?@1>OL=.$+;>$;$EA1L#=&%2;E<,<#DO'=.$'1/<&;$&,%�A#? E2;A#,<=;J,& '1/<@&#?��A%J,&-N;/2;-&e/<&N =% #1,*%>.E).,<=# 1/<&#'%=&#E&C<$%>)-.,*-E)%A#D;�%=%-E-;&$,&#'#2;-&==;M.K=%E<#-./%=&#E&C&=�=.$��$��!38��1,*%>.E)&%?#E)-&C,]>O/A#$&$;);>#$><#,<y-&E)#?2><#�$&%=.J-&%)%39.

�A;-%-.2;-&#/<&%=#-�&#,<#>=&@1 o Ci#'#�@)O>#<%=%EMC/<&# wydane&�>-&�@)O>%<%=%EMC/<&#wylana�<;E)%A.-.2#A=&;=#2><#<�*>.E)1E%=%@><.�L1� Zastosowane tam -.>%L#=&e za nas ;<=%,<%� L# &E);)% ;E;M;-;J,& #<1E%-.>%L%E&C- byciu dla innych40. Po<-%'%);2O?JK?#E<,<#/%'#?-=%E<.,*>;<�-%L%=&%,*&E)-&#>/<&K�L#;E;M%E%$%<E&#M&#?#E)�� $ i oddaniem >#%'&�

36H-�Augustyn, Wyznania VII 10, 16.37 Por. G. Bachanek, Rozwój nauczania Josepha Ratzingera o Eucharystii, „Warszawskie Stu-

dia Teologiczne”, t. 18, 2005, s. 118-119; J. Ratzinger, ��(�� !��7�2��#� �� amencie Eucharystii, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 91.

38 J. Ratzinger, ��(�� !��i, s. 103.39 �#=L#, %��'� trwa jako liturgia i w liturgii, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 146-147.40 Por. F. Courth, �'�� !��, �;<=%P 1997, s. 267-270; J. Ratzinger, �� ,

�� +stwo, Kraków 1996, s. 327-333.

112 ��

<1?N,.$ E&C 2;2><#<-A%E=N ,&#'#E=;JK41��&%A; E2#A=&% +1=@,?C 2#-=#? D>%=&,./<&#'N,#? ;E;M. 'udzkie, a'# ?#E) )#L @;$1=&N� @)O>% ?# AN,<. & -.>%L%��%-#)-/;J-&%/,<#=&1E.)1%,?&@>%P,;-#??%@N?#E)J$&#>K�--.=&@1@)O>#?,&%A;oso-by ludzkiej 2><#E)%?#&E)=&#K?%@;2#-=%D>%=&,%-./%=&%E&#M&#/>1D&#$1�=%/%')>-%);�,;?#E)-=&$@;$1=&N�,<.'&;)-%>);J,&N&</;'=;J,&N/;M.,&%dla/>1�D&#D;��'%)#D;)#L<$%>)-.,*-E)%=&#;<=%,<%</;'=;JK�*>.E)1E%/;@;$1=&@%�,?&&;+&%>;-%=&%E&#M&#��).$-.$&%><#/;@;=1?#E&C;/@>.,&#<-&N<@1�1,*%�>.E)&&<#<$%>)-.,*-E)%=&#$�;@)O>.$$O-&A#<1E-$;-&#2><#@%<%=#?2><#<J-�%=%-�-%=D#'&&4�,22-715��@%<1?#E&C�L#<?#/=;,<#=&#�;D%<,<A;-&#�@&#$>#%'&<1?N,#E&C-�1,*%>.E)&& &2><#<�1,*%>.E)&C�;<=%,<%=&# ).'@;2#A=#-./a=&#E&C�*>.E)1E%,<A;-&#@;-&�%'# )#L uzdolnienie go do zmartwychwsta-nia i wprowadzenie ?1L)1&)#>%<-2#A=&CL.,&%�

6

�&E).@C ,*><#J,&?%PE@N$;L=%2;2>%-=&# >;<1$&#K & ;2&E%K -.,*;/<N,;/+1=/%$#ntu chrystologiczno-E%@>%$#=)%'=#D;4��"5��%@>%$#=)%'=.-.$&%>L.,&%-E2O'=;). #@'e<?%'=#? ?#E) 2;/E)%-;-N2><#E)><#=&N�-@)O>#?$;L# & 2;�-&==; >;<-&?%K E&C %1)#=).,<=# L.,&# $&E).,<=#� � <-&N<@1 < ).$ $&E).@%,*><#J,&?%PE@%2;E&%/%-.>%]=. >.E E%@>%$#ntalny42��E-.$ >/<#=&1$&E).@%?#E)M;-&#$/;J-&%/,<#=&#$$&E)#>&1$<M%-&#=&%/;@o=%=#D;2><#<�*>.E)1E%&1;M#,=&%=#D;-E%@>%$#=)%,*�;J,&;A%43��<,<#DO'=N>;'CE2#A=&%)1�1,*%>.�E)&%� @)O>% ?#E) ><#,<.-&E).$ ,#=)>1$ L.,&% #@'#<?%'=#D;� ?#D; < '��!i szczytem (EE 10, KL 11).

Fundamentem ‘mistyki’ #1,*%>.E).,<=#??#E)<=&L#=&#E&C�;D%&#D;;+&%>�=#1;M#c=&#=&#-�%?J-&C)E<.$�%@>%$#=,&#44�%?#?&E);)%='#D%?#/.=&#=%?%@&#?J+;>$&#/u,*;-#D;1=&#E&#=&%�'#,<=%<?#/=;,<#=&1,<A;-&#@% z Bogiem(DCE 13)45��;@;=1?#E&C);-@;$1=&&#1,*%>.E).,<=#?�@)O>%?#E)-./%><#=&#$o charakterze interpersonalnym, realizu?N,.$ E&C- E%@>%$#=)%'=.$-.$&%><#L.,&% ,*><#J,&?%PE@&#go.

�>;DN/;@;$1=&&$&C/<.�;D&#$% '1/]$& ?#E) #<1E�*>.E)1E�2;=&#-%L?%@;�,&e';=#�A;-; ?#E)@;$1=&NM;E@;J,& & ,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%��#?J,&#-;=�).,<=N@;$1=&C <�*>yE)1E#$2><#<2><.?$;-%=&# & @%>$&#=&# E&C�1,*%>.E)&N

41 J. Ratzinger, ��(�� !��77, s. 89.42 Por. J.W. Gogola, #��!�� +��!��Z, w: ( ��F��(�, Kraków 2004,

s. 45.43 Por. )#=L#, Teologia komunii z Bogiem, Kraków 2003, s. 249.44 J. Ratzinger, Eucharystia i misja, w: (�� !��$��'��a wiary…, s. 91.45�&E).@& ,*><#J,&?%PE@% =&#$;L=%;D>%=&,<%K ?#/.=&# /;2><#L.K #$;,?;=%'=.,*��%'#L.

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-.>%L%;)-%>,&#E&C,<A;-&#@%=%�;D%&E)%=;-&/>;DC/;)-;><#=&%-E2O'=;).$&C/<.'1/]$&��;$1=&%�;D%<'1/]$&=%j2#A=&#?>#%'&<1?N,%E&C-�%@>%$#=�,&#�&%A%�*>.E)1E%�D/<&#)-;><.&2;/)><.$1?#?#/=;JK#@'#<?%'=N=%-<O>?#/�=;J,&-,&#';=#D;�.=%�;L#D;��%2&#L-E@%<1?#=%);�L#/>;DN pro-%/<N,N/;@;$1=&&$&C/<.'1/]$&?#E)12><#/=&%@;$1=&%<�;D&#$46.

W encyklice Deus caritas est�#=#/.@)TU�-E@%<1?#=%J,&EA.<-&N<#@<%�,*;/<N,.$&C/<.-,&#'#=&#$� @><.L#$ &�1,*%>.E)&N� % )%@L# <-&N<#@$&C/<.J$&#>,&N&<$%>)-.,h-E)%=&#$�*>.E)1E%%�1,*%>.E)&N��%@;'#?=.$#)%2&#>#�+'#@E?&-E<.E)@&# %E2#@).-./%><e=&% 2%E,*%'=#D;� @)O># EN 1;M#,=&%=# E%@>%�$#=)%'=&#-�1,*%>.E)&&;/=;E&/;-E2O'=;).#@'#<?%'=#?47��2%2&#E@&,*>;<-%�L%=&%,*)#;';D&%�1,*%>.E)&&&#@'#<?;';D&%-<%?#$=&#E&C<%<CM&%?N48. Dobrze ilu-struje to uk%<%=&#�;J,&;A%?%@;�&%A%�*>.E)1E%��#=;M>%<-.>%L%&E);)CL.,&%-E2O'=;).#@'#<?%'=#?� @)O>%2><.?$1?N,-�1,*%>.E)&&�&%A; &�>#-�%=%� ><e-,<.-&J,&# E)%?# E&C #D; L.-.$�&%A#$��&A;JK�*>.E)1E%� @)O>% ?#E) ]>O/A#$�1,*%>.E)&&�%?#/=;,<#J=&#-)>-%A.E2;EOM?#E)-�&#?;M#,=%�>;<M1/<%&'#,<.'1/<@N$&A;JK�%)%@L# stanowi fundament wspólnoty eklezjalnej i?#?2;EA%==&,�)-%49. Sprawowanie Eucharystii sta=;-&-E-#?&E);,&#M1/;-%=&#�;J,&;A%�,<.�'&?#E)/<&%A%=&#$;,*%>%@)#><##@'#<?;)-Orczym.

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The aim of this article is to show the Christological – Sacramental bases of the «mysticism»of Eucharist in encyclical Deus caritas est by Benedict XVI. Three connected with oneselfquestions were undertaken within our considerations closely. The analyses of the foundation ofEucharistic «mysticism» were executed of in first place what there is the secret of God’s Sonincarnation. Reports setting between Last Supper, death and Resurrection the Christ and Eucharistwere considered then. The essence of the eucharistic «mysticism» which consists in the man time-hononoured unification with God and the influence of Eucharist on being shaping the CommunionEcclesiological was introduced on the last stage.

��7�#=#/&,)TU��1,*%>&E)�$.E)&,&E$

"��;>��%)<&=D#>�#!!��77"-((�� !��$��'�� i��E�"&9��47 Por. )%$L#, s. 73.48�$.J'& )#;';D&,<=#? ��%)<&=D#>%-%L=#$&#?E,# <%?$1?# #1,*%>.E).,<=% #@'#<?;';D&%�

1@%<1?N,%J,&EA.<-&N<#@<%,*;/<N,.$&C/<.�1,*%>.E)&N%-E2O'=;)N#@'#<?%'=N��;J,&OAM;-&#$2;-E)%A&&E)=&#?#/<&C@&)#$1�L#�%=1/<&#'%E&C'1/<&;$&-,*;/<N,<=&$&-@;$1=&C=%2A%E<�,<.]=&##1,*%>.E).,<=#?�2>;-%/<&&,*/;@;$1=&&-<%?#$=#?��%@&E2;EOM$.J'#=&%<=%?/1?#-&�/;,<=#;/<-&#>,&#/'#=&#&@;=).=1%,?C-#ncyklice Deus caritas est Benedykta XVI. Por. A. Ni-chols, C�� 4657� �� !�� ;�� 2�� , Kraków2006, s. 187-191; S.O. Horni, V. Pfnür, Wprowadzenie, w: Eucharystia. Bóg blisko nas, s. 5.

49 Por. J. Ratzinger, Communio.., w: (�� !��$��'�� i, s. 79.

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�;J,&OA�/'%@)O>#D;=%?-%L=&#?E<%?#E);,<.-&J,&#2#>E2#@).-%;=);';D&,<�=% &#).,z=%�=&#1=&@% ?#/=%@2;/#?$;-%=&% )#D;<%D%/=&#=&% )%@L#-@%)#D;�>&%,*M&;';D&,<=.,* &$#/.,<=.,*��&#-N)2'&-&#=%?'#2E<.$2><.@A%/#$)%@&#�D;-A%J=&#1?C,&%M.A;2;E&#/<#=&#�%2&#E@&#?�@%/#$&&Q�>;U&)%S�@)O>#;/M.�A;E&C- VV�>;@1-�%).@%=&#��,<%E&#;M>%/)#D;=&#<-.@'#@;$2#)#=)=#D;D>#$&1$2;/?C);/-%-.L#?-.$&#=&;=#%E2#@).($#/.,<=.&M&;#).,<=.�

�EA;-&#;)-&#>%?N,.$;M>%/.�#=#/.@)TUI stw&#>/<&A� L#2;/?C). )#$%)��$��1�� , zarówno z powodu oczywistych reperkusjidla refleksji filozoficzno-antropologicznej i etycznej, jak w perspektywie zastoso-wania w przestrzeni nauk biomedycznych i prawnych3.

�&#/.2;E<1@1?#E&C-.2;-&#/<&�;J,&;A%,<.&=E).)1,?&<=&$E&C1);LE%$&%�?N,.,*� % )%@N=&#-N)2'&-&# ?#E)�@%/#$&% Q�>;U&)%S�$;L=%;D>%=&,<.K E&C/;;+&,?%'=.,*).'@;/o@1$#=)O-�,;-2><.2%/@1�@%/#$&&;<=%,<%A;M.E&CD=&C�,Q�;$1=&@%)@;P,;-.S�@)O>.-./%-%=.?#E)<%-E<#2;<%@;P,<#=&1;M�>%/� #/=%@ /'% DACME<#D; <>;<1$&#=ia syntetycznie podanego K;$1=&@%)1�-@)O>.$,<.)%$.�L##$M>&;='1/zki jest �E��!��1$��!��,��:��E��!� ��!:��!"� �' �� ,��&��&��wpisan$�� oju4�-%>);E&CD=NK/;-.DA;E<;=.,*-,<%E&#;M>%/�@%/#$&&-.@A%/O-�@)O>#<>OL=.,*21=@)O--&/<#=&%=%J-&#)'%?NDAO-=. temat.

�&#E2;EOM)12><#/E)%-&K-E<.E)@&,*>#+#>%)O-��'%1@%<%=&%/-O,*�-.L#?<%E.D=alizowanych aspektów – medycznego i bioetycznego, wystarczy E&CD=NK/; @&'@1 -.E)N2&#P 2;J-&C,;=.,* )#$1 -A%J=&# <%D%/=&#=&1� %= �%-#A ��-Evangelium vitae stwierdza: w bio��&� ��,��5�%@%?#E)-&C,)%M&;';D&% rodzenia? Jak pod@>#J'%2>;+��;';$M;6�,.)1�?N,@'%E.@%D#=#).@&I��1EE#'%I � ��!� �� >��o��8�*7�7?� ��$��!�� /��$��a��!��,�� 7��&$;L#;/-.2;-&#/<#=&%).,*EAO-$&=CA;?1L2>%-&#6V'%)�);=&#E)>%,&A. oneE-#?%@)1%'=;J,&��&E)#>&1$2;-E)%=&%&>;<-;?1L.,&%?#E),&N�D'# cudownym misterium.

3 Discorso del Santo Padre Benedetto XVI, w: L’embrione umano nella fase del preimpianto;aspetti scientifici e considerazioni bioetiche, red. E. Sgreccia, J. Laffitte, Città del Vaticano 2007,s. 11.

4 Pontificia Accademia per la Vita, Comunicato finale, w: L’embrione umano…, op.cit., s. 14.5 EV 43.6�>;+��;';$M;I2>;+#E;>=%/<-.,<%?=.M&;,*#$&&^/.>#@);>�;M;>%);>&1$�;';D&&�;�

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�>;,#E2;-E)%-%=&%D%$#)>;<2;,<.=%E&C ?1L-L.,&12A;/;-.$,<A;-&#�@%��)#/.2;-E)%?N )<-�D;=;,.).�@)O>#/<&#'N, E&C-&#';@>;)=&# & ;E)%)#,<=&#�-+;>$&#1J2&;=#?2;<oE)%?N/;;@>#E1/;?><#-%=&%�� ,��!' ��$��&�� prze��$"�� !��,�'�7�( ��&�� !��$8. �;<%2A;/=&#=&%MC/N;=#</;'=#2;2><#?J,&1)<-�@%2%,.)%,?&�@)O>%$%$&#?E,#-;>D%=izmie kobiety i obejmuje).'@;=&#<=%,<=.2>;,#=)<A;L;=#D;)%$w akcie seksualnym nasienia9.

�2>;,#E-E)%-%=&%@;$O>#@?%?;-.,*D>%=&,<=.$$;$#=)#$?#E)�V)./<&#PL.,&%2A;/;-#D;�@&#/.);=%/>;/<#2;/<&%A1$#?;).,<=#D;I czyli „re-dukcyjnego”10 4,*;/<& ; >#/1@,?C ,*>;$;E;$O-5/;,*;/<& /; 2;-E)%=&% I 2;2><#?J,&1 ?#E<,<#@&'@1 +%<2;J>#/=&,* – komórek zwanych oocytami � ><C/1 11,które to oocyty w=&#<$&#=&;=#?2;E)%,&2;<;E)%?N%L/;;@>#E1;-1'%,?&�@&#/.);@;'#?=;Q/;?><#-%?NS&E)%?NE&C;;,.)%$&��><C/1��;E)%?Nkolejno uwalnia=#-,<%E&#;-1'%,?&��,*/%'E<.';E<%'#L.;/#-#=)1%'=#D;%@)1<%2A;/=&#=&%12.

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7 R. Colombo, Il processo di fecondazione e le sue fasi, w: L’embrione umano…, dz. cyt.,s. 37; por. E.R. Russel, The Interpretation of Developmentand Heredity: A Study in Biological Me-thod, Oxfrod, Clarendon Press, 1930, s. 1.

8 H. Bartel, Embriologia, Warszawa 2002, s. 38.9 R. Colombo, Il processo…, art. cyt, s. 84nn.

10 Por. P.C. Winter, G.I. Hickey, H.L. Fletcher, Genetyka, Warszawa 2000, s. 85.11�%'#L.<->O,&K1-%DC�=%=&#?#/=;>;/=;JK=%<#-=&,)-%��'&)#>%)1><#$#/.,<=#?/;$&=1�

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12 Por. H. Bartel, Embriologia, dz. cyt., s. 48.

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��$� ��&� �� $�� $� �!' �$�� !��okomórkowego13.Jest to2>;,#EM%>/<;<A;L;=.�%2>;-%/<&/;2;-E)%=&%</;'=#?/;L.,&%?#/=;E)�@&��%,*;/<N-)#/.'&,<=#&=&#/;@;P,%;2&E%=#2>;,#E.M&;,*#$&,<=#��;-;JK&;/>CM=;JK2;-E)%A#?E)>1@)1>.)@-&-D#=;$&#�@)O>.<?#/=#?E)>;=.<%2#-=&%2><.=%'#L=;JK /; D%)1=@1 '1/<@&#D;� % < />1D&#? =-)%><%'=;JK @%L/#? ?#/�=;E)@&'1/<@&#?��;-E)%=&#&1%@).-=&#=&#D#=;$1?#E)=%?-%L=&#?E<.$-./%><#�=&#$=%EtC21?N,.$2;2;AN,<#=&1Damet14.

� -.=&@1 -E@%<%=.,* 2>;,#EO-� -;@OA $#,*%=&<$1 @)O>.,* I $&$;;D>;$=#D; 2;E)C21-&#/<. – ,&ND'# &E)=&#?#-&#'# *&2;)#<, powstaje embrion.Naturalnym miejscem jego powstania jest jajowód. W tym stadium embrion tennazywany jest „embrionem preimplantacyjnym”��;?C,&#);;$%-&%-E-.$>#�+#>%,&#2>;+��&,%15��; >%<2&#>-E<.;@>#J'#=&# Q#$M>&;=2>#&$2'%=)%,.?=.S<;E)%A;1L.)#2><#<��>;ME)#&=%-�898>;@116�%@A%)-;<a1-%L.K,�>;ME)#&=-.@>#;-%A);2;?C,&#-@;=)#@J,&#<%2A;/=&#=&%2;<%1E)>;?;-#D;�%E)%A;E&C);@>O)@; 2; 1>;/<#=&u E&C 2&#>-E<#D; ,<A;-&#@% 2;,<C)#D;$#);/N in vitro� ,;$&%A;$&#?E,#-�896>;@1�

�.>%L#=&#Q#$M>&;=2>#&mplantacyjny”;/=;E&E&C/;E<,<#DO'nej fazy ludz-kiej prokreacji, fazy: rozwoju embriona��!��" ��$�e��&�� $��!�� "�' �� $�� !��/��"� ��&��$ce� �� $��/� ��&��!' ��$17. �&#>-E<.2;/<&%A@;$O>@;-.=%�E)C21?#2; "�:VD;/<&=%,*;/<%2A;/=&#=&%� Kolejnym po/<&%A;$E@1)@1?N,.$=%$=%L%=&#$M'%E);$#>O-=&#);-%><.E<.-).$;@>#E&#&,*-<>;E);M?C);J,&;�-.��);2=&;-;M'%E);$#>.<$&#><%?N/;;E&ND=&C,&%-.$&%>O--A%J,&-.,*@o-$O>@;$/;>;EA.$18��2;,<N)@;-.$;@>#E&#@;$O>@&)#,*%>%@)#>.<1?NE&C);�)&2;)#=,?%'noJ,&NI</;'=;J,&N2><#@E<)%A,%=&% E&C-/;-;'=N@;$O>@C��;)&2;�)#=,?%'=;JK <;E)%?# 1)>%,;=%-$;$#=,&# 1@E<)%A);-%=&% E&C M'%E);,.E)., która��&��!��u��!' ��"��' �� $��&�� ,��!� ��"��' �� "� ��8��1��8��!' ��$�� /��"��' �� &��!'��&"��&��1��19.

13 R. Colombo, Il processo… art. cyt., s. 99; por. S. Mayor, ACEing GPI release, Nature Struc-tural and Molecular Biology 2005, 12: p. 107.

14 G. Sica, Lo sviluppo dell’embrione preimpiantatorio, w: L’embrione umano…, dz. cyt.,s. 137.

15 Prof. G. Sica jest dyrektorem Instytutu Histologii i Embriologii Katolickiego UniwersytetuSacro Cuore w Rzymie.

16 Por. G. Sica, Lo sviluppo…, art. cyt., s. 132; por. C. Grobstein, External Human Fetiliza-tion, „Scientific American” 1979, 240(6), s. 57-67.

17 G. Sica, Lo sviluppo…, art. cyt., s. 132.18�%$L#�E��:7�19 H. Bartel, Embriologia, dz. cyt., s. 85.

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20 Por. R.A. Pederson, Pierwotne komórki zarodkowe�QH-iat Nauki” 1999 nr 6 (94), s. 36-41.21 G. Sica, Il dialogo materno-embrionale e la preparazione all’impianto, w: L’embrione uma-

no…, dz. cyt., s. 142.22�;>�)%$L#�E��":�23�;>�)%$L#E��"6�

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24 Por. W.J. Eijk, I criteri dell’individualità e lo statuto bio-antropologico dell’embrione prem-piantato, w: L’embrione umano…, dz. cyt., s.�6 ^��&?@IM&E@12�,<A;=#@#2&E@;2%)1F;'%=/&&�

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Biskup Eijk przy-;A1?#/%'#?Q2;<.).-=#2>%-;�;L#S%=%'&<1?N,+>%D$#=)�E&CD&�;/<%?1(;�� $"�� !�� "�� 4�/<8��5��1);>)-&#>/<&�L#)#=)#@E)$;L#M.K2><#)A1$aczony przele�� ;)%�@&#D;)A1$%,<#=&%;/-;A1?#E&C2#-&#=>aM&=*;'#=/#>E@&I�R#>EI1E2>%-&#/'&�-&%?N,1J$&#>,%=&%#$M>&;=1'1/<@&#D;2;<%A;=#$$%)@&28. �&E@12�&?@2;/-%�L% )%@N E<,<#DO'=N &=)#>2>#)%,?C -E@%<1?N,� L# �&M'&% =&# ?#E) 2;d>C,<=&@&#$E<,<#DOA;-.,*@-#E)&&M&;#).,<=.,*��%A;J,&;-%-.$;-%�&M'&&,;/;;,*>;=.L.,&%-?#D;2;,<N)@;-.,*+%<%,* jest jednoznaczna29.

�><.-;A.-%=%?#E) )%@L#+%@).,<=% $ ; L ' & - ; J K > ; < - ; ? 1 ?%@;@>.)#�>&1$ ,<A;-&#,<#Pstwa. Ma to szczególne zastosowanie i skutki w przypadkutechniki in vitro��&E@12�&?@2><.-;A1?#2#-=#D;Q-.<=%-,CS)#?)#;>&&(Kwe-stia ludzkich warunków dla zygoty w pro�'��"��!��&��!�� ,�� !��"��$��7� ;�1�� !�� !��$��!�� !"��&�� $"� � ��"� 1�� &� ��7�*��&��/�� $� ��&� ‘!1��$’ – ��&"��' ��!1�� !1��"� ��$�� 30� �<=%,<% );� L#;E)%)1E&##$M>&;=1/#,y/1?#<%$&%>?%@&$%?N-;M#,=&#D;&==&�#L#'&,*,N$1/%K-%>1=@&>;<-;?1�E)%?#E&C;E;MN2;)#=,?%'=N&<.E@1?#E)%)1E-.LE<.=&L#$�M>&;=�@)O>.2><#<=%,<;=.?#E)/;/%'E<.,*Ma/%P31.

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�&#>-E<.$ @>.)#>&1$ -#-=C)><=.$ ?#E) = & # < % ' # L = ; J K ; / , & % A %$ % ) @ &.�&#<%'#L=&#;/2#-=.,**%E#A2>;2%D%=/;-.,*�).21Q=%E<M><1,*=%�'#L./;=%ES, czy pewnych konotacji prawa rzymskiego, o których wspomin%M2�&?@� =%'#L. <%1-%L.K� L# dane biologiczne usta�� '��$� ��&!'��$"� 1�� !� �� !��&�� !��7�F��!�� 1�

28 Por. t%$L#�E��69^2;>�R. Evers, A.P. Evers, Bijbel positief over klonen van embryo’s, Tro-uw 2004, s. 14.

29�;>�)%$Le, s. 189; por. EV 31.30 C.A. Tauer, Personal and Human Embryos and Fetuses, „The Journal of Medicine and Phi-

losophy” 1985 nr 10, s. 264, cyt. za W.J. Eijk, I criteri…, art. cyt., s. 189-190.31 Por. W.J. Eijk, I criteri…, art. cyt., s. 190.32�%$L#�E��8��

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The status of the human embryo is the subject of discussion in many environments. The wayof perceiving many other bioethical issues depends on the solution to this problem. The Churchalso takes part in the discussion – in its official teaching as well as in more specialized sectors ofits life. The works of Papal Academy „Pro Vita” constitute such a voice of the Church. It gathersscientists from such branches of science as philosophy, law and, first of all, medicine. In 2006a session of the Academy took place and it was devoted to the status of the human embryo. Thesubject was formulated in two basic aspects: the biological status and the ethical status. The firstone is about determining the biological structure of the embryo as an independent, unique structuretypical for a human being. The second one is about determining its individuality, human distinctionand dignity which demands protection and respect appropriate for a human being.

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11�;).,<.);;,<.-&J,&# ).,*=1>)O-)#;';D&&�;J,&;A%><.$E@;@%);'&,@&#D;�@)O>#1E-.,*2;/E)%-$=&#? '1MM%>/<&#J-&%/;$&#2><.?$1?N+&';<;+&,<=#2;/E)%-.)#;';D&&-/1,*1J-��;�$%E<%<�@-&=1��;>�-.-O/;��%-A%=%)#=)#$%)�Filar…, dz. cyt., s. 42–43.

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Teologia o��%-A%�'#@E%=/>;-&,<% A;>#=E@&#D;?#E))#;';D&N)>.=&)%>=N15, <#E<,<#DO'=.$1-<D'C/=&#=&#$&-E<.E)@&$&@;=E#@-#=,?%$&� ?%@&#=&#E&#-E;�M&#2><.?C,&#2><#<:�6�?,O-E;M;>;-.,*-Nicejskim Wyznaniu Wiary nie-bi-blijnej frazy […] �$��9:�� 16��><.?C,&#E)-&#>/<#=&%�L#�.=?#E)-E2OA�

12 Por. Z.J. Kijas, 9!�� 7�-��!��!�� (��*7�7� ��,�� (�1937) i Hansa Ursa von Bathasara († 1988),�>%@O-�88��%1);><#E)%-&A&@>.).,<=�>O-=%A %=)>;2;';D&CF%=E%�>E%R;=�%)*%E%>% </.=%$&,<=N %=)>;2;';D&N;?,% P. A;>#=E@&#D;�

13 �;>� ;ME<#>=#2><.2&E.;��%-A%-( Filar…, dz. cyt., oraz R. Slesinski, Pavel Florensky:A Metaphysics of Love, New York, 1984.

14 #��!�!��"��&��!7�7�� i� dz. cyt., s. 7.15 Zob. T. Špidlík, C�� 7� 5��"� )A1$� J. Dembska, Warszawa 2000,

s. 67–72; P. Przesmycki, )�� " Q� />;/<#S => �� VV � c;='&=#d� c/;E)C2�V��V� VV8d�/;E)C2=#(*))2(!!---�$%)#1E<�2'!-/>;/<#!=>:"�!V7�-/>�*)$

16 Wyznanie wiary 318 Ojców, w: Dokumenty Soborów Powszechnych: tekst gre��"� ��+��"��7�D9W:8X;XE"� t. 1, oprac. A. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2005, s. 24.

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&E);)=.�?,1 ,;/;MOE)-%� =%E)C2=&# /;;@>#J'#=&# =%�;M;><#�*%',#/;PE@&$�L#,;/;,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%�.=�;L.?#E)-E2OA&E);)=.=%$17�?#E)%@E?;$%).,<=.$<%A;L#=&#$/.=%$&,<=#?-&<?& E)-;><#=&% & ?#D; >#'%,?& /;�;D%- >;<1$&#=&1;��%-A%�� A;>#=E@&#D;��;E.?E@&1,<;=.;@>#J'%E-;?N+&';<;+&C&)#;';D&C?%@;*;$;;1<?%PE@N18�,<.'&;2%>)N=%M&M'&?=#?&+&';<;+&,<=#?&=)#>2>#)%,?&+>%D$#=)1<�-%=D#'&& Jw. Mateusza. �� C��F��!'�7� �� 1�� "��F��"��F��"��"��"��!��,��7�( ��<��C��"��' �� $1��"��;�� &7��<��!�� !�� &��C��"��!�� !"� �� 7� *��!� �� !!��"��!�� !�&�� (Mt 11,27-30).

� >;<1$&#=&1 ;� �%-A% 2><#EA%=&#�%)#1E<;-#? 2#>.@;2. =&#E&# - E;M&#<=%,zenie teoretyczno-poznawcze, gnozeologiczne19� ;2%>)# =&# ).'@;=% /.@)%�)1><#/;,&#@%P ';D&,<=.,*�%'#1-<D'C/=&%?N,#>O-=&#LJ-&%) &=)1&,?&� >;<-%L%P&@;=)#$2'%,?&/1,*;-.,*2><#L.K$&E).,<=.,*�,<.'&,%A;JKL.,&%20��E-;&,*/;,&#@%=&%,* >;E.?E@& 1,<;=. =% 2&#>-E<.$$&#?E,1 E)%-&% & ;/-;A1?# E&C /;'1/<@&#D; /;J-&%/,<#=&a21� 2;=&#-%L &E)=&#=&% E)-;><#=&% =&# /% E&C -.-&#JK< ?%@&,*@;'-&#@ ';D&,<=.,*2><#EA%=#@��.)%?N, ; 2;/E)%-C� 2;,<N)#@ & E2;EOM&E)=&#=&%)#D;� co jest, odwraca rozumowanie tak charakterystyczne dla filozofiiZachodu i rozpatruje pytania: �� '��1��( �� &� ��!��Z� ;�� !1�� &� �� !"� � ��$� �� &��!Z22 Nie

17�><#,<#=&#�;M;>1�*%',#/;PE@&#D;E)-&#>/<%(Q�D;/=&#<#J-&C).$&�?,%$&�-E<.E,.?#/�=;$.J'=&#1,<.$.-.<=%-%K�L#?#E)?#/#=&)#=E%$�.=�[…]-E2OA&E);)=.(��9:)�?,1�,;/;�OE)-%&-E2OA&E);)=. (��9:) nam, co do ,<A;-&#,<#PE)-%S� w: Dokumenty Soborów Po-wszechnych: dz. cyt., s. 223.

18 P. A;>#=E@&-.>%]=&# >;<>OL=&%$&C/<. >;<1$&#=&#$ ><#,<.-&E);J,& E)-;><;=#? ?%@;*;�$;&;1<?%PE@&#?� ,<.'& ).'@; >;<2%)>1?N,#? 2;/;M&#PE)-; 4% =&#-E2OA&E);)=;JK5 % ><#,<.-&E);J,&N>;<2%)>.-%=N?%@;*;$;;1<?%PE@N� Por. 67�� 3�)�� y, w: Filar…, dz. cyt. s. 62–89; M.�;EE@&� Historia filozofii rosyjskiej, )A1$� H. �%2>;,@&��C). VVV� E� V I V:^ �� ^"79I"76^ R. Slesinski, Pavel Florensky: A Metaphysics of Love, dz. cyt., 51–76; 121–138;D. Bruncz, C�&��!��!�$�8��'��!�� 8��&��55c;='&=#d� c/;E)C2=# �V��V� VV8d� /;E)C2=#( http://www.magazyn.ekumenizm.pl/article.php?story=20030121024111140

19 Filar…, /<�,.)�� s. 17.20�#/A1D;��%-A%(Q�.,&# ?#E)=&#E@;P,<#=&#M;D%)E<#;/ &=)#'#@)1%'=#?/#+&=&,?&� &/'%)#D;

L%/=%+;>$1AN=&#$;L#<%-&#>%K-E;M&#n,%A#?o2#A=&L.,&%S�7�� …, s. /<�,.)��121.211LE%$%@;$2;<.,?%?#D;DAO-=#D;/<&#A%-+;>$&#'&E)O-/;2><.?%,&#'%<E1D#E).-=.$&

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22 �%-#A�� A;>#=E@& <=%A /<&#A% W. %$#E%� 2>#@1>E;>% %=%'&<. '1/<@&#D; /;J-&%/,<#=&%-/;,&#@%=&%,* +&';<;+&,<=.,* & >#'&D&?=.,*�� )#;';D&& <%,*;/=&#? =1>) )#= <;E)%A /;,#=&;=.2;�;M;><#�%).@%PE@&$ �� 2;>� Filar…, /<� ,.)�� s. 505; E. Kotkowska, =� � �� 44��., w: ��&��7�C�� +�>#/�)#?L#��;<=%P VV9�E��I �

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samo bycie jest dla niego problemem, ale jak os)%)#,<=% )>%=E,#=/#=)=% >%,?%�;/@>.-%=%-�;D1� @)O>. ?#E)$&A;J,&N� ?%-& E&C =%$ '1/<&;$2;2><#<�;M>;��&C@=;&�>%-/C/;J-&%/,<%=#D;&E)=&#=&%�

�E)%)#,<=&#$;L=%E)-&#>/<&K�L#)#;';D&%;��%-A%?#E))>.=&);';D&,<=%&*;�$;;1<?%PE@%%L2;<%-;A%=&#( *�� '�� +��'�"�� !�� +��23. �&#?#E));).'@;#$+%).,<=#<%-;A%=&#�?#E));E)-&#>/<#=&#;=�);';D&,<=&# $;,=#� �;<=%-,<# /<&%A%=&# ;$%-&%=#? 2#>.@;2. (Mt 11, 9�:V5->%< < 1-<D'C/=&#=&#$ @;=E#@-#=,?& 2><.?C,&% 2;?C,&% �� 2>;-%/<&�-#/A1D;��%-A%�/;��!��'�� 24,M.;/-;A%KE&C/;-E2;$=&%�=.,*=%-E)C2&# EAO-�#=#/.@)%TU��>1/=;2><#/E)%-&K- ).$%>).@1'# ,%�A;JK-.-;/O-1<%E%/=&%?N,.,*2><.?C,&# %>D1$#=)O-$#)%�';D&,<=.,*- +&';�<;+&&;��%-A%�� A;>#=E@&#D;25��%>);?#/=%@</%KE;M&#E2>%-C�&L<%-E<#2>#�,.<.?=&#;@>#J'%A� ?%@@%L/.$%)#$%).@�/<&#/<&=C�-%>1=@&M><#D;-#�2><.?C)#%@E?;$%). & <%@>#E &,* E);E;-%'=;J,& - @%L/.$ < ;ME<%>O- /<&%A%P 2;<=%-�,<.,*� ,<. ); ';D&@& +;>$%'=#?� /.E@1>E1/&%'#@).,<=#D;� =%1@;-#D; E,#2).,.�<$1�,<. )#L-2;=%/�&=)#'#@)1%'=.,*M%/%=&%ch 1�� ,�� w relacji do wspólnoty26. H,&J'#2>#,.<;-%A)#L;D>%=&,<#=&%$#);/;';D&,<�=#-@%L/.$<;ME<%>O-� 1@%<1?N, 2><.,<.=.� /'% @)O>.,*-.,*;/<& 2;<% <%�@>#EE);E;-%'=;J,&/%=.,*$#);/�

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23 I dodaje: Tertium non datur, Filar…, s. 56, por. D. Nicholl, (��7� ��7�G��!&,��"�„Znak“ z. 10, 2005, s. 75–80.

24 Por. przypis 5.25�'%;��%-A%;,<.-&E).$?#E)2><.?C,&#><#,<.-&E);J,&2;=%/>;<1$;-#?�$#)%�&=)#'#@)1%'�

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26�<A;-&#@?%@;-%>1=#@@;=&#,<=.E-;?#D;&E)=&#=&%2;)><#M1?#/>1D&#D;�;��%-#A%=%'&<1�?# )#= 2>;M'#$=%2><.@A%/<&# 2><.?%]=&( „Owo objawienie c�&A;J,&d /;@;=1?# E&C-;E;M;-#?�E<,<#>#?$&A;J,&/-O,*�-2><.?%]=&�@&#/.@;,*%?N,.-E)C2=&#, bez ascezy�2><#<-.,&CL%E%$;�);LE%$;JK�1E1-%D>%=&,#%�-.,*;/<&-E&#M&# &;/=%?/1?#E-;?#%-% &==#D;I�><.?%,&#'%��><.?%]P jako tajemnicze narodziny Ty?#E);-.$J>;/;-&E@&#$�-@)O>.$<%,<.=%;M?%-&%KE&C�>%-/%S7�7�� @, /<�,.)�� s. 310.

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36 Filar…�/<�,.)�� s. 45, 62, 65.

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46 Ojciec�%-#A2;/@>#J'%�&L-2>;-%/<;=#2><#<=&#D;2;?C,&#);LE%$;J,&=1$#>.,<=#?�<%�E);E;-%=#-;2&E&# ;E;M.� ?#E) < <%E%/.=&#/;;@>#J';=#�- ,&ND1/%'E<.$2><.);,<;=#D; ,.)%)1E)-&#>/<%�L#2;<=%=&#;E;M.$;L#E&C/;@;=.-%K).'@;=%E2;EOME.$M;'&,<=.I;,<.-&J,&#2><.2'%);PE@&$>;<1$&#=&1E.$M;'1�?%@;>#%'=.$1,<#E)=&,)-&#)#D;�,;?#E)-E.$M;'12><#/E)%-&%�=#��;M�,&ND/%'E<.(Q�;L=%,;=%?-.L#?E)-;><.KnE.$M;'o2;/E)%-;-#?,*%>%@)#>.E).@&;E;M.%'M;n<=%@o�nEA;-;o�&=&#/#+&=&1?N,D;�-2>;-%/<&K+;>$%'=&#/;E.E)#$1&==.,*EAO-�&1,<.�=&K )%@� %L#M.2;//%-%A; E&C;=;;DO'=.$;2#>%,?;$=%/ E.$M;'%$&� `?%@D/.M.Z ><#,<.-&J,&#M.A;<=%@&#$2;?C,&%��;E&C).,<.)>#J,&;-#D;E.$M;'1�);=&#$;L#M.K;=%&=)#'#@)1%'=%�'#,<?#/.=&#M#<2;J>#/=&;2><#L.-%=%-/;J-&%/,<#=&1E%$;�);LE%$;J,&�-%@).-=.$E%$;�)-;><#�=&1;E;M.�-);LE%$;J,&/1,*;-#?E%$;�J-&%/;$;J,&��);�/'%,<#D;)#>$&=`);LE%$;JK=1$#>.,<�=%Z?#E)).@;E.$M;'#$�%=?C,&#$S� Filar…, /<�,.)�� s. 70.

47 Ojciec P. A;>#=E@&-E-;?#2>%,.2;'#$&<1?#<$;=%/;';D&NG.W. Leibniza. Por. Filar…,/<�,.)�� s. 65, 69.

48�;L=%2;-&#/<&#K� &L( „�#/A1D� ;2&#>%?N,.,* E&C =%�&J$&#H-&C).$& & +&';<;+&& �'%);=%�?,O-�;J,&;A%�;E;M%);=&#);�,;$%$�,;?#E)�%'#);�,;E&CE)%?#�,;MC/<$&C/<.).$�,;&=/.-&/1%'=#%).$�,;-E2O'=#��E-;&$E)%-%=&1,<A;-&#@?#E)<%-E<#,<.$J%@,./#=)%'=.$�&E)=&#?N,.$/<&C@&A%E,#�;D%��;L=%D;;@>#J'&K-/%=.$$;$#=,&#�@)O>.?#E)<-&N<%=.<2;�2><#/=&$&)%@&$&$;$#=)%$&�%'#=&#?#E)$;L'&-#;D%>=&C,&#D;?%@;,%A;J,&��%-E<#2;<=%?#$.&E);)C '1/<@N ?%@; ,<CJK ,%A;J,& & =% ).'#� =% &'# ,%A;JK $;L# M.K >#%'&<;-%=% 2><#< ,<CJ,&”.E. Kotkowska, (�� / !�� "�� !��"Q�2;A#,<#PE)-;&�;J,&OAS�(�+��%��'��/ !��!� ��,��" red. Józef Baniak, t. 3,�;<=%P VV��E� V7I V��

49F&E);>&;<M%-,<N%=)>;2;';D&C;M>%<1&2;/;M&#PE)-%E)>#E<,<%-?#/=.$</%=&1<A;)%>#D1�A%2%)>.E).,<=%�&L�*>.E)1EE)%AE&C,<A;-&#@&#$�M.J$.$.$;D'&E)%KE&CM;D%$&�J. Naumowicz,w artykule: ��7�=�� "�\�%>�E<%-E@&#�)1/&%�#;';D&,<=#S=>�:� VVV�E��9I:V�2><#/E)%-&%%1);>O-)#D;LE)-&#>/<#=&%&2;�/%?#M&M'&;D>%+&C<%D%/=&#=&%�

50 Filar…, /<�,.)��s. 70, J. Naumowicz, Wcielenie Boga i zbawie��i��dz. cyt., s. 26.

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$;L#M.K;/<-&#>,&#/';=%2><#< ,<CJ,&��%);$&%E) 2;2><#< &/#C 2;/;M&#PE)-%$.J'>;E.?E@%;2&E1?#2>;,#E>#%'&<%,?&-,<%E&#'1/<@&#D;/NL#=&%/;M.,&%2><#�MOE)-&;=.$� Dla o. Pa-A%2;=;-=&# ?#E) ); )#;';D&,<=;�+&';<;+&,<=% &=)#>2>#)a-,?%2#>.@;2.<�-%=D#'&&J-��%)#1E<%�%E<,<#DO'=&#?#?/>1D&#?,<CJ,&( ��,�� C��F��!'�7� ��1��"��F��"��F��"��"��"��!��7�( ��<��C��"��', �� $1�� "��;�� &7��<��!�� !��&��C��"��!�� !"��,��7�*��!�� !�!��"��!�� !�&��,�� (Mt 11,27-30).

Ojciec �%-#A E-;?N )#;';D&C ;2&#>% =% E<1@%=&1 >%,?& 2.)%=&%� =%?/%'#? ?%@).'@; >;<1$'1/<@&;J-&#,;=.2>%-/N�M?%-&#=&%2;)>%+&2.)%K� ��!� ��&�� ? Boga, który zawsze, jako pierwszy wych;/<& @1,<A;-&#@;-&� & );=&#%ME)>%@,.?=#$1+&';<o+&,<=#$1+#=;$#=;-&�%'#,<A;-&#�@;-&� @)O>. )>1/<& E&C� ?#E) ;M,&NL;=. )>;E@%$&� ,<. ,&#r2&#=&#$ 2;=%/$&%>C��=%1,<%=&1;��%-A%@1 )%@&#$1,<A;-&#@;-&�2><#L.-%?N,#$1E-;?#%=).�=;$&,<=#)1&)#>%< w �� i bólach rodzenia (Rdz 3,��I�95��>O??#/.=.�OD <->%,% E&C$&A;J,&N & )%@&$ ,<A;-&#@&#$ E&C ,&#E<.� ?%@@;'-&#@ ;/><1,%?#D; D><#,*� �><#/E)%-&;=# 2><#@;=%=&# 2><#M&?% 2><#< EA;-% ;� �%-A%( �'�"��$��!�� :��$��!�� '��P�, ��Q"��:��$��&�!�$��)��&�!��!�P�,��+��!Q"� �� "� �� &� !�$"� ��!� ��!� C��51��OD�2;2><#<E-;?N$&A;JKE@&#>;-%=N2><#<�.=%-�u,*1@1E)-;�><#=&1 2;<=%?# ,<A;-&#@%� %- ?%@& E2;EOM ,<A;-&#@ &�OD2;<=%?N E&#M&#-#-<a?#$=#?>#'%,?&$&A;J,&Y%@$;L=%;2&E%K);2;<=%=&#I<?#/=#?E)>;=./;�E@;=%A#� D/. 2;/$&o)#$ 2;<=%?N,.$ ?#E) �>O??#/.=. �OD� < />1D&#? E)>;=.,<NE)@;-#� =&#2#A=#� D/. 2;/$&;)#$2;<=%?N,.$ ?#E) ,<A;-&#@�&=/.-&/11$�%'#<%@;><#=&;=#-#-E2O'=;,&#52?

Ojciec�%-#A�@)O>#D;+&';<;+&%&)#;';D&%EN;E%/<;=#-+&';<;+&&�'%);=%�?#E)2><#dE)%-&,&#'#$2;D'N/1�L#);�,;2;<=%?#$.�-2#A=&2;<=%?#$./<&C@&&=)1�&,?&�@)O>%?#E)bezpo� ��$��!��$�1�� "��$��$��53�M.<%,.);-%K>;E.jE@&#D;+&';<;+%�&@;A%?%�;EE@&#D;.�<#,<.-&E);JK2;<=%?#$.�-#/A1D2><#/E)%-&,&#'&+&';<;+&&>;E.?E@&#?�/<&C@&%@);-&-#-=C)><�

7�7�� i�/<�,.)��E��7�52 Ojciec�%-#A=&#2><.?$1?#2;D'N/O-+&';<;+&,<=.,*G.W.�#&M=&<%&=)#>2>#)1?N,.,*,<A;�

-&#@%?%@;<%$@=&C)N$;=%/C%=&-E<.E)@&,*).,*=1>)O-+&';<;+&,<=.,*�1>;2.�%,*;/=&#?�@)O�># /;2>;-%/<&A. /; E@>%?=#D; '&M#>%'&<$1 & &=/.-&/1%'&<$1;>%< %);$&<%,?& L.,&% E2;A#,<=#D;��<A;-&#@?#E)/'%=&#D;@;=&#,<=&#-E2O'=;);-.I/;@A%/=&#?E<.;2&E)#D;<%D%/=&#=&%-.@>%,<%2;<%>%$.)#D;%>).@1A1�

53 M.�;EE@&, Historia filozofii rosyjskiej, dz. cyt., s. 201.

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=#D;<?#/=;,<#=&%2;<=%-%=#D;<2;<=%-%=.$54� #E) );$;L'&-#/<&C@&2><.�?C)#$1 2><#@;=%=&1 ; -E2OA&E);)=;J,&55 rzeczywiE);J,& �;E@&#? �EOM �>O?,.&-E2OA&E);)=;J,& ><#,<.-&E);J,& '1/<@&#?-�.=1�;L.$< '1/]$&��N );2><#�EA%=@&� =%2;/E)%-&#@)O>.,*�%-#A A;>#=E@&$;L# E)-&#>/<&K( Prawdziwe po-znanie Prawdy, tzn. przyswojenie sobie samej Prawdy jest zatem realnym wcho-dzen��!��& ��1�� '��"��!��!��/ !��& ��56� �;E.?E@& )#;';D E);& =% E)%=;-&E@1� L# /<&C@& &=)1&,?& ,<A;-&#@$;L# >#%'=&# 2;<=%-%K ><#,<.-&E);JK )>%=E,#=/#=)=N� #E) ); 2oznanie niew sensie intelektualnym, lecz poznanie w sensie biblijnym57�E)N/EA;-%; ��,��!��& ��1�� '��. Ojciec�%-#A?#E)-&#>=.-).$-<D'C�/<&#2><#EA%=&1�?,O-�;J,&;A%�%E<,<#DO'=&#J-��><#D;><%<�.EE.�<@)O>#D;/<&#A%<%$&#J,&A,.)%)=%E)>;=&#).)1A;-#?7�� ( ��3��,��&�!��$� 58. Warto jednak podkreJ'&K�L#$&$; )%@&#D;E)-&#>/<#=&%,<A;�-&#@-2>%-/<&# E&CD% M#<2;J>#/=&;�>%-/.--e-=C)><=.$L.,&1�EOM�;�E@&,*�%'#2;2><#<@;=&#,<=#2;J>#/=&,)-;�.=%�;L#D;59��;-AaJ=&#�=-E-;&$,<A;-&#,<#PE)-&#;M?%-&%�>%-/C4�!��"�Mt 11, 95��<A;-&#@?%@;E)-;><#=&#�?%@@;'-&#@;M?C)#�;LN$&A;J,&N�@)O>%?#E)2#A=.$2;<=%=&#$�=&# 2><#@>%,<% D>%=&,. 1=&& *&2;E)%).,<=#?� �)%?# E&C ;= /<&C@& 1,<#E)=&,)-1-�>%-/<&#� M; ).$ ?#E) M&M'&?=# 2;znanie – przebóstwionym, ale nie Bogiem.Ojciec�%-#A A;>#=E@&E)>#E<,<%);2><#@;=%=&#-@&'@1EA;-%,*(�� ,��8� ��( ��8�!1�� "�� '��"�� !��3��!"��7��!�� !��!1�� ( ��60� �<&C@& )#$1 2>;,#E;-& ,&NDA#? 2><#$&%=.,<Ao-&#@ E)%?# E&C 2><#MOE)-&;=.$� ,<.'& </;'=.$ /; ,&NDAego dynamicznegopoznawania niepo<=%-%'=#? �%?#$=&,. �;D%� @)O>. ;,<#@1?# -<%?#$=;J,&61.OdpowiedziN =%$&A;JK$;L# M.K ).'@;$&A;JK�-&C, )#=� @)O>. E&CD% 2>%-/.& �>%-/. $1E& /%K J-&%/#,)-; L.,&#$� ,%A.$ E-;&$ L.,&#$� $.J'N� $;-N& 1,<.=@&#$��<=%,<% );� L# ,<A;-&#@� >#%'&<1?N, &/#C 2;/;M&#PE)-%�-,*;/<&

54 W przypisi#6�� A;>#=E@&2;/%?#M&M'&;D>%+&#'&)#>%)1>.>;E.?E@&#?2><#/E)%-&%?N,#?2;?C�,&% wychodzenia z siebie i wchodzenia obiektu poznania, por. Filar…, dz. cyt., s. 509.

55 Por. przypis. 17.56 Filar…, dz. cyt., s. 64.57 Por. J. Corbon, A. Vanhoye, (��"�w: ��">#/�T%R&#>�#;=��1+;�

1>�)A1$��;$%=&1@��;<=%P�88V�E�9"8I97:;>%<Poznanie Boga w: Leksykon teologii funda-mentalnej, red. M. Rusecki i inni, Kraków 2002, s. 943–948.

58 �#EA;-% );,.)%)< Dialogu o duszy i zmartwychwstaniu, Patrologia Graeca, J.��&D=#��%>.L�6�:�);$"��@;'�8��'&=&%:9�

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60 Filar…, dz. cyt., s. 64.61�2><#@;=%=&1;��%-A%��OD ?%@;�OD<%</>;E=.�,*>;=&E-;?#E)-;><#=&# &/;$%D%E&C

-<%?#$=;J,&��;>�T��7�=�� "�w: Filar…, dz. cyt., s. 361-374.

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3 Zob. M.H. Fleming, The Late Medieval Pope Prophecies. The «Genus nequam» Group (Me-dieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 204), Tempe Arizona 1999.

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�=%'&<% >C@;2&J$&#==#? )>%/.,?& 1@%<1?#� ?%@2;2><#< >OL=#/>;D& 2><#@%<1-2#-=.$$;$#=,&#/;E<A;/;-.#'&$&=;-%=&%=&#/]-&#/<&,. (ryc. 2)&<%E)N�2&#=&% ?#?2><#<2%2&#L%;);,<;=#D;=&#/]-&%/@%$&�@)O>#-E2&=%?NE&C2;=&$�%=%-#)E&#/<N=%$&)><# (ryc. 35��E<.E)@;2;);�M.1@%<%K?#/=;<=%,<=&#�L#=&#/]-&#/<&,%@%>$&N,%E-;?#$A;/#);=&@)&==.�?%@�&%=D%#)%=;�>E&=&(-E@%�<%=&#=%=&#D;2><./%?#;M>%<;-&+;>$%'=#?E2O?=;J,&&M#<2;J>#/=&#?E&A.-.>%�<1��<%$&%=&#J-&%/,<.$&C/<. &==.$&@;/#@E<�1=#'�@)O>#D;2&#>-E<%;/�EA;=% 1@%<1?# 2%2&#L% < =&#/]-&%/@%$&� �%2&#L#$ ).$ ?#E)�&@;A%? ��&%=�Da#)%=;�>E&=&�$&%=;-%=.@%>/.=%A#$-� "" >;@1��&E@12�<.$1- '%)%,*� 99�� 6V� To-%><.E<N,. +&D1><# )#@E) >;<-&#-%-E<#'@&#-N)2'&-;J,& ,; /;&/#=).+&@%,?&+&D1>.<?#D;;E;MN��=%?/<&#$.-=&$2>#,.<.?=N%'1<?C/;/A1D;�J,&@;J,&#'=#?@%>&#>.�>E&=&#D;4/o@A%/=&#:�'%),;/;)><.$%=&%D;/=;J,&@%>�/.=%'E@&#?/;J$&#>,&5�,;E2>%-&%�L#;/=&#E&#=&#/;=&#D;?#E)-.>%]=#&?#/=;�<=%,<=#(Ypocrisis habundabit. Principium malorum. Genus nequam, ursa catu-los pascens, et in quinque Romam septris conturbat novam, et in XXXVI annosmiser ambulabit. Primus finis fere habentis quinque oculos 4�MA1/% E&C >;<'#�?#��;,<N)#@=&#E<,<CJK��&#D;/<&-.>O/�=&#/]-&#dzica,,;2%E&#E-;?#$A;/#�&-2&C,&1M#>A%,*E&#?#<%$C)-=;-.$�<.$&#�%=&#E<,<CE=.:�'%)MC/<&#E&C-%ACE%A��;?#E)2&#>-E<.@;=&#,M#E)&&;2&C,iu oczach).

Porównanie z tekstem Oracula Leonis 1?%-=&%2;'#$&,<=# &=)#=,?# )-O>,.A%,&PE@&#?-#>E?&� @)O>. < 2&#>-E<#? 2><#2;-&#/=& E#>&& M&<%=).?E@&#? <%,<#>2=NA&=E2&>%,?C /'%-A%E=#? 2>;2%D%=/.��2&#>-;-<;><# D>#,@&$M>%@ ?%@&#D;@;'�-&#@;/=&#E&#=&% /; /A1D;J,& 2%=;-a=&% =&#/]-&#/<&,.� %-A%J=&# /<&C@& )#$11<12#A=&#=&1- Genus nequam identyfikacja papieL% <�&@;A%?#$ �� E)%?# E&C,<.$J=/'#D%?N,.$/.E@1E?&�� )#= E2;EOM� /<&C@& <>C,<=e$1<%M&#D;-&�)%?#$=&,<%2><#2;-&#/=&% ; =&#/]-&#/<&,. & ?#? 2;);$E)-&# 4,#E%>< M&<%=).?E@&<�T-&#@1�%@)1%'&<;-%=%-�;=E)%=).=;2;'1 ?#E<,<#-T��5$;L#Q<%2;-&#�/<&#KS4;,<.-iJ,&# a posterioriv52%=;-%=&#2%2&#L%< >;/1�>E&=&,* &-.>%L%K?#/=;,<#J=&#$&%L/LN,.;EN/$;>%'=.?#D;E%$#D;&,*,&-.,*@>#-=.,*�<?#/�=;<=%,<=.$;E)><#L#=&#$�L#)><#M%E&C$&#K2><#/=&$&=%M%,<=;J,&�

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4 E veramente fui figliuol dell’orsa, / Cupido sì per avanzar gli orsatti, / Che su l’avere, e quime misi in borsa (F�� '�� / jak nieodrodny syn domu Orsini, / �� !��' ��) – Dante, Boska Komedia��2 ��2 ��G$G,9V�9 �)A1$��H-&/#>E@%��C).�888�E��:�

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Pierwotne historyczne znaczenie )#? 2><#2;-&#/=& <;E)%A; 2><#/ @&'@1 '%).-.?%J=&;=#2><#<��>;@@%%>%-?#D;;2%)><;=#?@;$#=)%><#$#/.,?&>C@;�2&E1Oracula Leonis z Amsterdamu (Amstelodamensis Graecus VI E 85�M%>/<;2;/;M=#D;/;%=%'&<;-%=#D;-.L#?-#=#,@&#D;@;/#@E1�%,*%>&%E<%�@;>/.'&�E%5��A;/% )>%-%� @)O>N <A.-A%/,% J,&=% E&#>2#$� ); >O-=&#L 2%=1?N,.�$A;/.,#E%>< 2><#-.LE<%?N,. uzurpatora -&#>=;J,&N &/#%A;$ E2>%-&e/'&-;J,&� �@;>;,#E%><#$< E&#>2#$ ?#E)�&,*%A �� );$A;/<&#P,#$� @)O>#D;DA;-% '#L. 1 E)O21<1>2%);>%�2;-&=&#=M.K?#D;2;2><#/=&@�)%1>%@&;E�2%=1?N,.).'@;@&'@%$&#�E&C,.��;-%Lnie ranny w bitwie pod koniec 811 rok1�@&#/.-%',<.A1M;@1;?,%�&,#+;>%��)%1>%@&;E<$%>A;/D=&?N,#?>%=.2;)>-%?N,#?2OA>;@1%D;=&&�#E<,<#<% ?#D;L.,&%2;?%-&A.E&C2;/#j><#=&%�L#2>OM;-%A%D;;)>1K ?#D;-A%E=%E&;�E)>% �>;@;2&%� L;=%�&,*%A% � 4-./%?# E&C� L# 1$&#>%?N,. �)%1>%@&;E M.A )#D;J-&%/;$5� �><#2;-&#/=&% =%-&N<1?# /; ).,* 2;/#?><#P, sta-&%?N,- 2;=1>.$J-&#)'# =%E)C2,C �)%1>%@&;E%� @)O>. 2><#?NA -A%/<C =% ,<)#>. $&#E&N,# 2><#/J$&#>,&NE-;?#D;$A;/#D;E<-%D>%��&#>2;<=%,<%<%)#$@;=&#,$A;/#D;L.,&%�%>OL%); panowanie, k)O>#�&,*%A2><.-A%E<,<.AE;M&#2><#/,<%E#$�%'#E@%<%�=#=&#1,*>;==&#=%12%/#@�

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�;/#@E;@E+;>/<@&<%-&#>%?#/=%@-%L=N$;/.+&@%,?C��1$%4-.=&#E&#=&#5�;@)O>#?-E2;$&=%)#@E)D>#,@&?%@;DAO-=.$=#D%).-=.$#'#$#=,&#�,*%>%@)#�>.<1?N,.$ -A%/,C� E)%?# E&C )1 -.=&#E&#=&#$ 1MOE)-% 4elatio paupertatis5��@;=)#@J,&#2%2&#L. &-%'@&<�>Ei=&$& & &,*=#2;).<$#$�$;/.+&@%,?%2><#�2;-&#/=&%,*E)%-&%,<A;-&#@%<E&#>2#$& >OLN-;/$&#==.$&=&#?#/=;<=%,<�=.$ J-&#)'#� �; %M/.@%,?& �#'#E).=% U� =% 2><#A;$&# T�� & T�U-&#@1 @);J-2%/A=%/;M>.2;$.EA�M.=%/%K,<A;-&#@;-&<E&#>2#$&>OLN>.E.#>#$&).�-.�M>%=#D;=&#E2;/<&#-%=&#=%2%2&#L%&>#<.D=1?N,#D;<)#?D;/=;J,&2;@&'@1$&#�

5 Zob. Sapientissimi imperatoris Leonis oracula et anonymi narratio de vero imperatore/Theoracles of the most wise emperor Leo and The tale of the true emperor (Amstelodamensis gr. VI E 8),wyd. W.G. Brokkaar, Amsterdam 2002.

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Poz;E)%?# =%$ ?#E<,<# <%?C,&# E&C 2>;M'#$#$<=%,<#=&% D#E)O-;E)%)=&#D;2%2&#L%��1)%?2><#2;-&#/=&#<@;=&#,<=;J,&$1E<N;//%'&KE&C;/M&<%=).?E@&#�D;2&#>-;-<;>1�@)O>.=%@;P,11@%<.-%A,#E%><%-?#/=;J,&<2%)>&%>,*N�;=�E)%=).=;2;'%��%@L#-).$2><.2%/@1-.?/]$.;/@;/#@E1<�@E+;>/1�<%@A%�/%?N,� L#2; >%<@;'#?=. ?#E)-.>%<&,&#'#$=%?E)%>E<#?-%>E)-. &@;=;D>%+&,<=#?��%2&#L$%=%DA;-&#$&)>C�-2>%-#? >C,#/<&#>L. )&%>C� %- '#-#? @E&CDC� C;;<=%,<%?N ?#D;D#E).Y�N/<C�L##nigmatyczny tekst, t;-%><.E<N,.+&D1><#�=&#�-&ele pomaga w jej interpretacji: Bonam vitam invenisti ab ingloriacione. A vir-tute autem accepisti plus quam a fortuna, sed nequaquam virtuose lucraberisgratiam. Invidia enim contingens iudicabit tibi nocenciam. Non privaberis a sor-de desuper (W przyjC,&1/;,*-%A.<=%'%<A#J/;M>#Lycie. �<&#'=;JK/%A%,&-&C�,#?=&L+;>)1=%�%'#/<&#'=;JK=&#<%2#-=&,&A%E@&��;<a-&JK,&C/;)@=&#&;EN/<&-&==.$��&#;/#?$N,&<DO>.)-#?=&@,<#$=;J,&5�

�==;,#=).��1E)%=;-&A�L#2%2&#L;-&2><.EA1D1?#<%>O-=;)&%>%�?%@&$&)>%�?%@;=a-&N<%=&#/;2;EA1D&/1E<2%E)#>E@&#?2%2&#L%& ?#D;-A%/<.=%<&#$&�/%�=#?$1;/�;D%� Jak twierdzi Robert E. Lerner, the iconography of Oxford andCambridge […] shows that the last pope is setting down his tiara, the symbol ofthe papacy’s worldly rule, in favor of a mitre, the symbol of spiritual rule6. #D;*&2;)#<%?#E)<2#-=;J,&N/;2><.?C,&%�,*;K=&#-./%?#$&E&C�M.)%@=%2>%-/C-.@'1,<%A%&==N� )C$&%=;-&,&#�L#&=)#>#E1?N,%=%E;/EA;=%2%2&#E@&,*2><#2;�-&#/=&,*,#1@%<%K2%2&#L%-2#A=&?#D;-A%/<. i /'%)#D;/;$&)>./;/%?#>O-�=&#L)&%>C�

W tym przypadku kodeks florencki nie proponuje jasneg;>;<-&N<%=&% (ryc. 7).RuM>.@%-.?%J=&%�L#$%$./;,<.=&#=&%<2%2&#L#$<@E&CDN->C,#&<$&)>N4papa cum libro in manu et metria5��><#,<.-&E);J,& jednak figura odbiega odtej zapowiedzi. W lewej rC,#2%2&#L)><.$%=&#@E&CDC�'#,<@><.L<)><#$%2;�2><#,<=.$&>%$&;=%$&��;/;=%@>.,&%DAo-.� )>1/=;>;<E)><.D=NK�,; ?#E)$&�)>N�%,;)&%>Nv

Jedynym jednoznacznym & =;-.$ #'#$#=)#$� ?%@& -2>;-%/<% @;/#@E<�&M'&;)#,%�&,,%>/&%=%�?#E)2;)-O>'#LN,.1E)O22%2&#L%�<,&%A#$@;<A%&'1/<�@NDA;-N, z której wyraE)%/<&#E&CK>;DO-��%2&E=%?#D;M><1,*1=<;E)%-&%-N)2'&-;J,&();�=).,*>.E)?%@;M#E)&%;/<&#E&C,&1>;D%,*<2>;>;,)-%�%=&#'%��Oracula Leonis4%)%@L#-@;/#@E%,*<�@E+;>/1&�%$M>&/D#5=&#M.A;%=&J'%/1�=).,*>.E)%��@%<%=.<;E)%A/;2&#>;->C@;2&E&#+';>#=,@&$�@)O>.1$&#E<�

6 R.E. Lerner, On the Origins of the Earliest Latin Pope Prophecies: A Reconsideration, w:Fälschungen im Mittelalter. Internationaler Kongreß der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Mün-chen, 16.-19. September 1986, Teil V, Fingierte Briefe, Frömmigkeit und Fälschungen (Schriftender Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 33), Hannover 1988, s. 628, przypis 42.

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WThe paper was presented in �;<=%P on 23 April 2009 during an open seminar dedicated to

a phenomenon of prophetism in the Middle Ages. The subject of the lecture is medieval popeprophecies Genus nequam, their genesis, their rhetoric and conversions which they underwent inthe Middle ages. The archetype of prophecies Genus nequam well-known in the West wereByzantine Oracula Leonis. They belong to the so-called basileiographeion, i.e. medieval pamphlets,directed against ruling Byzantine emperors.

The motive of a she-bear and an emperor rising from the dead in Oracula Leonis gaveinspiration to obscure authors of Genus nequam. The she-bear was associated with the popeNicholas III, coming from a powerful Roman family Orsini and famous for his nepotism.

8�;-%;2%2&#L1�&1E&#T��4�8:8��8765�@)O>#$12;/-2A.-#$Przepowiedni Malachiaszanadawano przydomek Pastor angelicus – zob. Il testamento edificante del „Pastor angelicus”,„L’Osservatore Romano”, 11.10.1958, s. 1.

168 ��À

The resurrected emperor from Oracula Leonis served as an example of an ideal pope whowould reform church.

A negative character of a man with a sickle and a rose noticeable in Byzantine prophecies wasmodified so as to point to the pope Celestine V (1294).

Circles of radical supporters of church reform were glad of his appointment and hoped forrenewal. After his rapid resignation the prophecies started announcing another pope, who wouldcontinue the interrupted mission of Celestine V.

Genus nequam are the example of an interesting medieval collection of symbols and figures,which may convey specific religious and political information.

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1 Jean de Roquetaillade, Liber ostensor quod adesse festinant tempora. Édition critique sousla direction d’André Vauchez par Clémence Thévenaz Modestin et Christine Morerod-Fattebert(Sources et documents d’histoire du Moyen Âge, 8), Roma 2005, s. 852-853 (cyt. dalej: LO).

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>%� ;E@%>L;=#D; ; *#>#<?C & 2><#< -&#'# '%) 2><#)><.$.-%=#D;--&C<&#=&%,*+>%=,&E<@%PE@&,*&2%2&#E@&,*�#D;)#@E)�-./%=.- VV7>;@1�/;)>-%A;/J>#�/=&;-&#,<%/;=%E<.,* ,<%EO-- ?#/.=.$ >C@;2&E&#� 2><#,*;-y-%=.$-�&�M'&;)#,#�%).@%PE@&#? jako Vaticanus Rossianus 753��&,<Ncy 149 kart papiero--.@;/#@E2;-E)%A=%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#?-/>1D&#?2;A;-&#T�U wieku, a=%2;�,<N)@1,<%EO-=;-;L.)=.,*E)%=;-&A-A%E=;JK@%>/.=%A%�;$#=&,;�%2>%=&,%4X1458). Biblioteka tego humanisty i protektora braci mniejszych <%-&#>%A%E<#�>#D)>%@)%)O- ówczesnych reformatorów�;J,&;A%&E)N/=&#?#E)-.@'1,<;=#�L#@%>/.=%A M.A <%&=)#>#E;-%=. '&)#>%)1>N 2>;+#).,z=N2. W 16" >;@1 /1L% ,<CJKM&M'&;)#@& <%A;L;=#D;2><#< =&#D;�;''#D&;�%2>%=&,% <;E)%A% zakupiona przezznanego XIX-wiecznego bibliofila, hrabiego Francesco de Rossi3��;?#D;J$&#>,&-�67">;@1-/;-%�@E&CL=%�1/-&@%/#�;1>M;=�<%2&E%A%,%A.M;D%).@E&CD;�<M&O>$CL%�;-%><.E)wu Jezusowemu� <%E)><#D%?N,�M.@;'#@,?%=&D/.=&#1'#�DA%>;<2>;E<#=&1��*,N,E)><#,2>%-?#<1&)O-/;M&M'&;)#@&�;/-;A%A%E&C/;E2;�@>#-=&;=#D;<=&N,#E%><% >%n,&E<@%O<#+%&-�699>;@1-;'1$&=.2><#)>%=E�2;>);-%=;/;�&#/=&%�E@N/2;->O,&A./;�<.$1=%2;,<N)@1'%)/-1/<&#E).,*TT -&#@1 & <;E)%A. 1/;E)C2=&;=# M%/%,<;$ - �&M'&;)e,# �%).@%PE@&#?�� ).$ )#L;@>#E&# =%E)N2&A;;/@>.,&#@;/#@E1 Liber ostensor� /;@;=%=# 2><#<*&E<2%PE@&#D;*&E);>.@% ;Ew�%>h%�;1.�%>)h4� �;E)%K %=% <�;W1#)%&''%/#E)%A% E&C 2><#/$&;)#$/A1D;'#)=&,*2&;=&#>E@&,* E)1/&O-� ?%@&# ;/ '%) /-1/<&#�E).,*TT-&#@1%L/;J$&#>,&-�868>;@12>;-%/<&A% +>%=,1E@%$#/&#-istkaJeanne Bignami-Odier5��,*;-;,#$M.A�$&C/<.&==.$&�E2;><N/<;=.2><#<=&N$%E<.=;2&E)#@E)1/<&#A%�@)O>.E)%AE&C2;/E)%-N#/.,?&< VV7>;@1�

Adresatem Liber ostensorM.A@%>/.=%A�'&%E<�%''#.>%=//#�w>&D;>/ (†1364)�;/>;@1�:":2>;)#@);><%@;=1+>%=,&E<@%PE@&#D;6��#=-2A.-;-.+>%=,1E@&21>�21>%)�<%'&,<%=.-�-&;=&;=&#/;D>;=%2%2%M&'& &=%?2>%-/;2;/;M=&#?,<.)#'=&@J>#/=&;-&#,<=.,* przepowied=&�M.A2&#>-E<;2'%=;-N2;E)%,&NXIV-wiecznej eu-ropejskiej polityki. W 1356 roku, jako leD%) 2%2&#L% �==;,#=)#D;U�� 2>OM;-%A/;2>;-%/<&K/;<%-%>,&%2;@;?12;$&C/<.@>O'#$Anglii Edwardem III i Francji

�;M��E�7"�77�3 Zob. C. Silva-Tarouca, La Biblioteca Rossiana, „Civiltà Cattolica” 1 (1922), z. 1720, s. 322-

323.4 Zob. J. M. Pou y Martí, Visionarios beguinos y fraticelos catalanes (siglos XIII-XV), Vich

1930, s. 290.5 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade��%>&E�87 ^)%L�Jean de Roqueta-

illade (de Rupescissa). Théologien, polémiste, alchimiste, „Histoire littéraire de France” 41 (1981),s. 75-240. Jeszcze w XIX wieku na poE)%K%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#�<->O,&A1-%DC=&#$&#,@&M%/%,<J>#/=&;-&#,<% >%=<�%$2#>EI<;M�Ueber die Prophezeiungen des Johannes de Rupescissa, „Hi-storisches Jahrbuch” 15 (1894), s. 796-802; Kaiserprophetieen und Kaisersagen im Mittelalter. EinBeitrag zur Geschichte der deutschen Kaiseridee (Historische Abhandlungen, 8), München 1895,s. 156-159.

6 Zob. LO, s. 7-12, 107-109.

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%=#$�;M>.$��./%?# E&C� L#@%>/.=%A M.A <ainteresowany proroctwami Janaz Roquetaillade, dobrze znanego na dworze papieskim jako szalony wizjoner(fantasticus)�,*;K=&#=%'#L.>%,<#?EN/<&K�M.)#=wysoki dostojnik�;J,&;A%M.AE<,<eDO'=&#->%L'&-.=% ';E2><#)><.$.-%=#D;-O-,<%E--&C<&#=&1+>%=,&E<�@%=&=%�=%@)O>.$,&NL.A.2;/#?><#=&%;*#>#<?C7. �%$%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#-.�@;><.E)%A =%/%><%?N,N E&C E2;E;b=;JK /; ;M>;=.-A%E=#? ;E;M. & 2>;+#).,<=#?)-O>,<;J,&-$.J'*%EA%(Q,*;,&%L$;DA#$MAN/<&K�=&D/.=&#MC/C*#>#).@&#$S4licet errare possem, hereticus numquam ero)�<%$.@%?N,ego prolog Liber osten-sor8. �<&#A;�=%@)O>#D;=%2&E%=&# %=<�;W1#)%&''%/#2;)><#M;-%A )><#,*$&#�E&C,. & /<&#E&C,&1 /=&� <%-&#>% &$2;=1?N,N 2%=;>%$C-./%><#PM&#LN,.,*;>%<).,*�@)O>#$&%A./;2&#>;=%/#?JK�1@%<%=.,*-J-&#)'# '&,<=.,*J>edniowiecz-nych przepowiedni9� � &E)=&#=&1 =&#@)O>.,* < =&,* /;-&%/1?#$. E&C ?#/.=&#<Liber ostensor10.

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�&$ M.A an z Roquetaillade? Jego Liber ostensor� @)O>. #%= �#'1$#%1;@>#J'&A?%@;Q>;/<%?%1);M&;D>%+&&S4une sorte d’autobiographie5�<%-&#>%><#,<.�-&J,&#-&#'#&=)#>#E1?N,.,*E<,<#DOAO-�/;).,<N,.,*L.,&%)#D;T�U�-&#,<=#D;+>%=,&E<@%PE@&#D;-&<?;=#>%�% ?#/=;,<#J=&# znakomitego znawcy ówczesnej li-teratury profetycznej11. �;E)%K%=%<�;Wu#)%&''%/#E.)11?#E&C-M%>-=.$&=&#�<-.@'#&=)>.D1?N,.$J-&#,&#2O]=;J>#/=&;-&#,<=.,*>1,*O-;/=;-.�;J,&;A%�&=E2&>;-%=.,*>%/.@%'=.$+>%=,&E<@%=&<$#$&#E,*%);';D&N�%@ )-&#>/<&#%=�=# �&D=%$&��/&#>� >O-=&#L Liber ostensor 2;E&%/% 2;/-O?=. ,*%>%@)#>� ?%@;/<&#A;+>%=,&E<@%PE@&# &#E,*%);';D&,<=#12.

9�;M�)%$L#�8 Quarto, vobis scribo, ut, si erro in aliquo, oviculam vestre cure comissam – cum sitis cor-

rector ordinis – ad caulam veritatis misericorditer reducatis, quoniam me ipsum et omnes librosper me editos vel edendos et omnia dicta mea et facta submitto correctioni sancte romane Ecclesieet vestre, domine reverende, revocans in hiis scriptis quicquid fidei contrarium et bonis moribusposset reperiri in eis, quia nichil credo nisi dumtaxat quod Ecclesia confitetur et credit, quia cumAugustino, licet errare possem, hereticum numquam ero – LO, s. 109. %=<�;W1#)%&''%/#2><.2&�E1?#);E)-&#>/<#=&#J-��1D1E).=;-&�,*;KI?%@)-&#>/<&�%>&#�F#=>&#))#1''&#=/#�;$$#>;'I?#E);=;@>O)@&$E)>#E<,<#=&#$$.J'&�&E@12%F&22;=.�/;@;=%=.$2><#<J-��;=%-#=)1>C4Erra-re potero, sed haereticus esse non potero) w jego In IVo Sententiarum��J-��1D1E).=%<M'&L;=#- )>#J,& E+;>$1A;-%=&% ;/=%'#]K$;L=% <-A%E<,<%- De gratia Christi et de peccato originalii w De TrinitateI<;M�)%$L#�2><.2&E ^S. Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis episcopi de gratia Chri-sti et de peccato originali contra Pelagium et Coelestium Libri duo�� :�x ��""�:89^H-�Augustyn, 5�=�*��3�!� ��:�7�)Aum. M. Stokowska, Kraków 1996, s. 27-29.

9 Et fuit labor trium mensium et decem dierum vel circa – LO, s. 855.10�;M�)%$L#�E�6�7�87��11 Zob. J. Delumeau, Mille ans de bonheur. Une histoire du paradis, Paris 1995, s. 61.12 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 141.

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13 Zob. LO, s. 326, 372.14 Zob. Les Registres de Nicolas III (1277-1280), wyd. M. J. Gay, Paris 1932, s. 232-241.15 Porro cum regula ipsa expresse contineat, quod fratres nichil sibi approprient non domum

nec locum nec aliquam rem, sitque declaratum per eundem predecessorem Gregorium papam no-num et nonnullos alios hoc servari debere tam in speciali quam etiam in communi, quam sic arc-tam abdicationis venenosis obtrectationibus aliquorum insensatat depravavit astutia, ne fratrumeorundem perfectionis claritas talium imperitis sermonibus laceretur, dicimus quod abdicatio pro-prietatis hujusmodi omnium rerum tam in speciali quam etiam in communi propter Deum merito-ria est et sancta, quam et Christus viam perfectionis ostendens verbo docuit et exemplo firmavitI)%$L#�E� :"�

16�;M�)%$L#�E� :7�17�;M�)%$L#�E� "V� "��18 Zob. D. Burr, The Spiritual Franciscans. From Protest to Persecution in the Century After

Saint Francis, University Park (Pennsylvania) 2001.

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20 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 39.21 Zob. LO, s. 30.

174 ��

)#D;*#>#).@%&E)N/-?#D;)-O>,<;J,&2>;M'#$@;=)#E)%,?&?#E)M%>/<&#?<A;L;=.�=&L$;DA;M.E&C=%2&#>-E<.><1);@%-./%-%K22. �2&#>-E<#?2;A;-&#'%),<)#>�/<&#E).,*T�U-&#@1 +>%=,&E<@%=&=$%=@;?N,#-&<?#� ; @)O>.,*2;-&#$.-&C,#?- /%'E<.$ ,&ND1 =%E<#D;-.E)N2&#=&%� �>;-&=,?%A %@-&)%PE@&�&'*#'$ %>&=&#>@%L#D;-)>N,&K/;@'%E<);>=#D;-&C<&#=&%- &D#%,�D/<&#�2;<M%-&;=./;E)C21/;E%@>%$#=)O-� 2><#M.-%A2><#E<A;>;@-1>ND%?N,.,*-%>1=@%,*�,&#>�2&N,<2;-o/1]'#'#,<;=#D;<A%$%=&%=;D&23. �;<2;,<.=%E&C/'%%=%<�;W1�#)%&''%/# )>-%?N,.%L/; J$&#>,&;@>#E� =%<=%,<;=.2><#EA1,*%=&%$& & 2><#=;E&�=%$&< ?#/=#D;-&C<&#=&%/;/>1D&#D;��1'1<&# E)%=NA2><#//;$&=&@%PE@&$&=@-&<.);>#$ %=#$<�;1'&=E� 2O]=&#?E<.$D#=#>aA#$ <%@;=1 & @%>/.=%A#$�@)O>.=%@%<%AD;1-;'=&K24. Wkrótce jednak, 1 sierpnia 1346 roku, -J-&C);Jw.Piotra w Okowach,%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#2;=;-=&#<=%'%<AE&C-klasztornym -&C�<&#=&1�/;@)O>#D;@%<%A/;-)>N,&K?#D;+>%=,&E<@%PE@&2><#A;L;=.�&'*#'$ %�>&=&#>��;>;@1;21E<,<%�1'1<C&<;E)%?#2><#=&#E&;=.-<=%,<=&#D;>E<#-%>1=�@& /; +>%=,&E<@%PE@&#Do domu w Rieux25��%@1).-@%?/%=. & 2><#)><.$.-%=.2;/E,*;/%$&/;>$&);>&1$�2><#)>-%A2%=/#$&C/L1$.�@)O>%-�:"6>;@1</<&#�E&N)@;-%A% klasztor=N-E2O'=;)C26.

Dnia 1 sierpnia 1349 roku ;21J,&A-&C<&#=&#-�&#13 & <;E)%A przeniesionydo Awinio=1�D/<&#?#D;E2>%-%$&%A%<;E)%K2><#/E)%-&;=%2%2&#L;-&�'#$#=�E;-&U�27��;$&$;2>OJM;-./%=&#@;=+>%)>%�-=;E<;=.,*2><#<2><#A;L;=.,*+>%=,&E<@%PE@&,*�2%2&#L=%@%<%A1$&#E<,<#=&#D;-%-&=&;PE@&$-&C<&#=&1�;�1/%=�D/<&#,*>;=&A%D;�);'&,%�2;E);'E@%28��&C<&#=&#�;1/%=� carcer hospitiipapalis Avinionensis� 2;/'#D%A; %1/.);>;-& �%$#>. %2oE);'E@&#? & ;E%/<%=;

�;M�)%$L#�23 Quod autem plus me affligebat fuit quoniam frater Guillermus Farineri Caturcensis, tunc

minister Aquitanie, consequenter generalis minister, qui michi omnia ministravit tormenta, veniensFigiaci ad amplius affligendum, in capitulo toto conventu prohibuit quod nullus frater me auderetde confessione audire. Et ita, in prefatis mortis articulis, fratres michi negaverunt confessionem,quod a seculis nunquam auditum fuit, expresse contra nostri ordinis generalia istituta – LO, s. 518.

24 Zob. LO, s. 519.25 Anno quidem revoluto, anno Domini MCCCXLVII, quidam tirannus crudelissimus, albien-

sis frater Raimundus Tosca, tunc custos tolosanus, volens placere supradicto ministro [Wilhelmo-wi Farinier – J.G.], sucgessit ei ut mutaret me ad mortiferum carcerem conventus Rivorum. Et fuiductus illuc, captus et inclusus prima die augusti, in festo Vinculorum sancti Petri, in ergastulomortifero, in ventre muri laterici sub scala dormitorii, ut morerer ibi. Et fui statim primo anno ibiinfirmatus de infirmitate gravissima pectoris et dificultate anelitus, et omnes fratres conventus devita mea penitus diffidebant propter mortiferum carcerem et horribilem illam infirmitatem crescen-tem. Et perseveravi vinctus ferro in predicta infirmitate per unum annum – tamL#�E�7 V�

26�;M�)%$L#�E�7 V�7 ��27�;M�)%$L#�28 Dedit autem Dominus graciam ut invenirem misericordiam in conspectu Clementis pape

sexti, et non tradidit me carceribus fratrum minorum, sicut petebant, sed in carcere Soldani suimanere me jubuit, sub protectione apostolice SedisI)%$L#�E�7 �

�97��$1HI�5�=H-�5I��\��4X�:�75

-=&$/1,*;-=.,*;,<#@1?N,.,*=% 2>;,#E @%=;=&,<=.29. Jan z Roqueta&''%/#;@>#J'% ich mianem �� '��)�� (fex orbis5�-J>O/@)O�>.,*M.A;$;L=%E2;)@%K�� '*��*��&�� szkaradnych ' �?� ��*��'�� )�� *��)��' �� )��*� ��)�� )� nnych� �� )30. �&C<&#P E)-&#>/<%� L# );� &L2><#L.A- )%@&,*-%>1=@%,*� M.A; cudem wbrew naturze� % =%?-&C@E<.$ /;J-&%/,<#�=&#$�?%@&#=%=&#D;E2%/A;�M.A-E2;$=&%=.?1L Anglicus demoniacus��/<&#�-&N).$)>%@)%,&#Liber ostensor Jan z Roquetaillade zamieszcza szereg informa-cji na temat tego towarzysza niedoli, który -E2;EOM=&#-.;M>%L%'=.=C@%AD;+&<.,<=&# &/1,*;-;31. �&C]=&#$).$M.A�&$;=�#D%)�$=&,*�%2;E)%)%<M#=#�/.@).PE@&#D;;2%,)-%�&=,*,;$M#32. Dla franciszkanina codzienne upokorze-nia i przemoc fizyczna, ja@&,*;/=&#D;/;<=%-%A�M.A.2><#?%-#$-%'@&� 2>;�-%/<;=#?2><#,&-@;=&#$12><#<E&A.<A%33��;E@>%?=#/;J-&%/,<#=<-;'&A;$1?#/=%@=%M>%K-&C@E<#?J-&%/;$;J,&-A%E=.,*;D>%=&,<#P�<-A%E<,<%E@A;=�=;J,&/;D=&#-1�&;)-;><.KE&C=%1</>%-&%?N,#/<&%A%=&#A%E@&34.

29 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 20.30 In quibus annis quanta passus sum in carcere Soldani declarare non possem. Cum iniquis

enim deputatus, inter latrones, murtrarios et falsarios, blasfemos abominabiles, turpiloquos, luso-res et maledicos ac pestilentissimos et rixosos, injuriosos et importabiles – quoniam ibi colligiturfex orbis – aliquando vinctus ferro, ita ut compedes ponderarent XXII libras, sub tantis passioni-bus ingemisco, infirmitate pectoris frequenter costrictus usque ad mortem – LO, s. 522-523.

31 Et toto tempore quo condidi de presenti hunc librum, deterius solito arreptus a demone,subtus habitaculum meum solitarius iterum constitutus, non cesso in ipsius libri dictamine deterio-ra ab ipso pati quam anterius fuerim passus, ita ut dum actu hec scriberem, vocaret me hereticum,canem merdosum, addens quod letus foret si oculos meos et linguam et carnes in brodio decoctashaberet, ut lete me devoraret, addens quod totis viribus postulabat a Deo ut in corpore et animame Deus dampnatum concluderet in igne eternalis gehenne. Et testis est michi Deus quod hec lec-tio mea erat ab eo cum faciebam hunc librum, ita ut, cum surgerem de sedili, michi appareret ut inunaquaque aure mea martellus unus super incud<er>em percuteret et desiderarem amplius mor-tem quam vitam – LO, s. 7 7^<;M�)%$L#�E�523-525; J. Grzeszczak, 2��!�� )�� (�� #�$ �� & �� ;<=%P VV6�E� �9.

32 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 21, przypis 1; LO, s. 523, przy-pis 2.

33 Tantam tribulationem michi dedit a quinque annis citra quod innumerabilibus vicibus fuiductus per eum usque ad desperationem de vita. Demum tamen, videns per eum michi dari quasiinfernale flagellum, cognovi hoc michi munus missum a Deo, ut in scola sua patienciam que opusperfectum habet addiscerem et ad mirum exercicium virtutum venirem. Et post longam maceratio-nem accessi gratis ad scolam ejus quando me ad injurias provocabat et, accepta Biblia et aperta,legebam in ea in cospectu totius carceris; ipse autem demoniacus, cum numquam de lectura vul-tum levarem usquequo malicia sua victa cessasset et quasi mortuus homo demoniacus remaneret;et tanta blasfemia eructaverat quod mens humana comprehendere nequit – LO, s. 525.

34 Sed ne mireris quare Deus michi permisit eve<ve>nire tot <tot> mala, scito quod, de ube-ribus fere matris mee, sensii in me quamdam complexionem pestiferam a meis malis moribus in meeradicatam, quod fui et sum adhuc pronissimus ad iram et motum irascendi pro nichilo, ex super-flua superbia et inflatione cordis, et ad male dicendum et ad reprehendendum in aliis ea que in me

176 ��

�><#M.-%?N,-2%2&#E@&$-&C<&#=&1�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#$ODA<;E)%K-@%L�/ym momencie sk%<%=.=%J$&#>K��><#EA1,*%=&%�?%@&$D;2;//%=;-�-&=&;�=&#&@)O>#;2&E%A-Liber ostensor�2;<-%'%?N=%'#2E<#2;<=%=&#?#D;2;D'N/O-&E)%=;-&E@%�<%?$;-%=#D;-@-#E)&& +>%=,&E<@%PE@&#D;1MOE)-%� 1L-,<%E&#2><#EA1,*%=&% < �:"� >;@1� ?%@&# 2>;-%/<&A-�1'1<&#-E2;$=&%=.-.L#? %=<�;1'&=E�+>%=,&E<@%=&=;J-&%/,<.A�L#Exiit qui seminat i Cum inter nonnullos=&# 2;<;E)%?N- E2><#,<=;J,&� % 2>%-/<&-.$&*#>#).@%$& EN /;$&=&@%Pscy in-kwizytorzy, nazywani przez niego mammonistami� @)O><. 1-%L%?N� L# ;M./-%/;@umenty pozoE)%?N-E2><#,<=;J,&&=%)#?2;/E)%-&#oE@%>L%?N;*#>#<?C&2><#�J'%/1?Nzwolenników ewangelicznego ubóstwa, -&#>=.,*2;E)%=;-&#=&;$�&@;�A%?% ��35. �C,<#==&,.�@)O><.<%=&#;//%'&L.,&#�=&#;<=%,<%?N ?#/=%@�L#�;�J,&OA�-;E;M&#%=%TT�� i biskupów,E)>%,&A-A%/<C><N/<#=&%�-.2A.-%?N,N<#J-&C,#P (potestas ecclesiastica)36. Ostrze krytyki Jana z Roquetaillade <->%,%E&C@1@%>/.=%A;$4summi Solii complices), którzy nie sprze,&-&'&E&C2;,<.=%=&;$/;$&=&@%=O-&/'%)#D;-'%)%,*�:�V��:�7=%�;J,&OAE2%/=&#D=&#-�;L.�;2&�E%=.-E<OE).$>;</<&%'#�2;@%'&2E.J-�%=%37.

ipso temperare non novi. Et cum his sit annus XII martiriorum et prefatorum malleorum meorumac carcerum, cum omnibus predictis passionibus et martiriis ac cum oratione et fletu XII annorumpredictis defectus non valui extirpare, nec unquam potero, nisi miraculose Deus in virum alterumme transmutet meritis sue sacratissime Passionis et Virginis gloriose Marie, unum tamen stupen-dum in me vidi: quod Deus michi contulit patienciam in gravissimis casibus, ita ut emuli miraren-tur; et tamen turbabar, ut dictum est, pro valore festuce; in tantum quod egomet aborreo me ipsum,be[s]tiam fore sine ratione me videns, cum me videam sine causa et ratione irasci et passim sanc-tos sine necessitate jurare – LO, s. 526.

35 Quos hereticos mammonistas voco hereticos illos de ordine Predicatorum qui publice de-fendunt, confitentur et tenent, docuerunt et docent usque in presens ab anno Domini MCCCXXI etcitra quod determinatio inerrabilis Ecclesie sacrosancte romane de evangelica paupertate in de-cretalibus „Exiit” et „Exivi”, libro sexto et septimo in parrapho „Porro”, est heretica et insana; etulterius publice tenent, docent et docuerunt quod determinatio domini Johannis pape XXIIdi in de-cretali sua „Cum inter nonnullos” dampnat tanquam hereticam predictam determinationem domi-ni Nicolai in parrapho „Porro”; et jam per XXXV annos, omnes tenentes et confitentes tamquamcatholicam predictam catolicam determinationem domini Nicolay aut abjurare coegerunt fidemcatolicam et determinationem Ecclesie romane, aut nolentes abjurare devorandos a voracibus flam-mis trad[id]erunt brachio seculari, aut occulte in carceribus suffocaruntI)%$L#��E� 8� :V; zob.s. 231-232. %= <�;W1#)%&''%/# 2;>O-1?# =;E<N,.,* ,<%>=# *%M&). /;$&=&@%=O-/;$1<1A$%P�E@&,*�%1>O-;,<%>=#?E@O><#I<;M�)%$L#�E��8 ��8"�

36 Non enim Christus, dicens: „Ego vobiscum sum usque ad consummationem seculi” (Mt28,20), voluit dicere: «Ego ero per graciam gratum facientem cum omnibus prelatis Ecclesie ro-mane usque ad finem orbis», quia tunc sequeretur quod ipsi, cum mortaliter peccant, habere[n]tChristum per graciam gratum facientem et quod numquam dampnarentur, et cum symonizant, gie-zizant, fornicantur et occidunt mortaliter non pecarent, que omnia sunt heretica manifeste. Ergoinseparabilis „decor” prelatorum Ecclesie romane et omnium successorum aliorum apostoloruma Petro ipsis adherentium est Jhesus Christus, ipsis indefesse assistens per presenciam utriusqueexercende potestatis usque ad finem orbisI)%$L#�S. 598; zob. s. 599-601; J. Bignami-Odier, Étu-des sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 42.

37 Zob. LO, s. 232-233.

�99��$1HI�5�=H-�5I��\��4X�:�75

Problem ewangelicznego 1MOE)-%� 1@%<%=#D;-=%1,<%=&12%2&#L.2><#A;�$1T��&T�U-&#@u,2;?%-&AE&C2;>%<@;'#?=.2;/,<%E2><#EA1,*%=&%�@)O>#$1%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#<;E)%A2;//%=./=&%�VE&#>2=&%�:7"38��.$>%<#$+>%=,&E<�@%=&=E)%=NA2><#/@;$&E?N<A;Lo=N<)#;';DO-&2>%-=&@O-�=%@)O>#?,<#'#E)%A@%>/.=%A�&'helm Court, zwany '��r�� (cardinalis albus)<#-<D'C�/1=%2><.=%'#L=;JK/;<%@;=1,.E)#>EO-��*,N, „pod,*-.,&K-$;-&#” Janaz Roquetaillade&&/N,<%>%/NQ/;$&=&@%PE@&,**#>#).@O-S4de consilio heretico-rum Predicatorum), purpurat<%/%A$1�$&Cdzy innymi, pytanie, czy Jan z Châti'�';=& >%=,&E<#@<�>W1%)%�/-%?<-;'#==&,.)#<+>%)&,#''&,*=%)#$%)1MOE)-%�*>.�E)1E% & %2;E);AO-� #@E@;$1=&@;-%=&� % =%E)C2=&# wydani przez niego -A%/<;$J-&#,@&$ & E2%'#=& =% E);E&#/=&%: ,<#>-,%�:7" >;@1� M.'&$C,<#==&@%$& ,<.E@%<%=.$&=%2&#@A;*#>#).@%$&39. %=<�;W1#)%&''%/#�=&#$;DN,1=&@=NK;/2;�-&#/<&� E)-&#>/<&A� L# ;M%? EN $C,<#==&@%$&� ?#J'& <D&=C'& < 2;-;/1 -&#>=;J,&#-%=D#'&,<=#$11MOE)-1 &M1''& Exiit qui seminat� #J'& <%J;M,&NL%?N &,* ?%@&#J&==#MAC/.�E2><#,<=#<@%);'&,@N-&%>N&�&E$#$H-&C).$�ENE@%<%=.$&=%2&#�@A;*#>#).@%$&40. Wniosek, jaki franc&E<@%=&=-.,&ND%<)#D;>;<1$;-%=&%M><$&=%E)C2u?N,;(@);1$&#>% <2;-;/1-&#>=;J,& #-%=D#'&,<=#$11MOE)-1� ?#E) ?#/�=.$< ��'��)� ��1�� ;@)O>.,*$O-&%=;-%�2;@%'&2E%41.

4��?��

Na podstawie lektury Liber ostensor$;L#$.E)-&#>/<&K�L#2><#J'%/;-%=&%�?%@&,* /;<=%A %= < �;W1#)%&''%/#� -2A.=CA. =% >%/.@%'&<%,?C ?#D; 2;D'N/O-��-.2;-&#/<&%,* +>%=,&E<@%=&=% <%1-%L.K$;L=% ,;>%<-&C,#? %2;@%'&2).,<�=#? >#);>.@&�-.$&#><;=#? 2><eciwko Awinionowi, nazywanemu mater delicia-rum carnalium orbis42. �;M#,/;E);?=&@O-�<D>;$%/<;=.,*1@%>/.=%A%�&'*#'�

:6�;M�)%$L#�E�""��""9�39 Interrogetur frater Johannes et respondeat quid credit, si duo illi fratres minores, Johannes

sacerdos et Franciscus laycus – quod idem cardinalis albus eodem anno, tertia die Pentecostes,scilicet die martis tertia die junii, tradiderat in palacio apostolico brachio seculari cremandos –essent martyres gloriosi in celo, vel si credit quod sint heretici in inferno dampnatiI)%$L#�

40�;M�)%$L#�E�""6�41 De illis igitur qui pure, sine admixtione alterius heresis, occisi sunt in odium determinatio-

nis domini pape Nicolay in parrapho „Porro”, dicitur: ”que” certe, „Dei electos”, qui sub aper-tione quinti signaculi clamant sub altare Dei, occisi propter verbum Dei et testimonium quod ha-bebant de fide Ecclesie romane in evangelica paupertateI)%$L#�E�"7V^<;M��2��8��V�

42 Zob. LO, s. 531. Et quia hodie floret procax nephandissima meretrix, carnalissima Babilon,quam voco congregationem reprobam superborum, luciferianorum cultorum Belis et Veneris etydoli avaricie ac simoniacorum pestilentium, quantum ad eorum personas reprobas obstinatas infecibus omnium mortalium peccatorum, „quorum numerus est sicut arena maris” (Gn 32, 12), etelecti et sancti hodierni sunt inter eos quasi parvissima et paucissima grana aurea inter infinitosacervos sterilis arene – LO, s. 530.

178 ��

$%�;1>)� %= <�;W1#)%&''%/#-.E)C21?# ?%@o zwiastun (denunciator5 =%/,*;�/<N,#? @%>.; <%E&CD1 J-&%);-.$�@)O>%/;2>;-%/<& /;;,<.E<,<#=&%�;J,&;A%< M>1/1 D><#,*O- ;>%< 2;<M%-& D; /;,<#E=.,* M;D%,)- & 2>OL=#? <&#$E@&#?,*-%A.��E<#>#DO-M>%,&$=&#?E<.,*�-&#>=.,*#-%=D#'&,<=#$11MOE)-1�-.�A;=&E&C,*%>.<$%).,z=%2;E)%KQodnowiciela” (reparator)�@)O>.<�;LN2;$;,N2><#2>;-%/<&�;J,&OA2><#</>amatyczne próby, na jakie zostanie wystawiony wwyniku ataku Antychrysta.

�%2;-&%/%?N, 2;?%-&#=&# E&C Q;/=;-&,&#'%S� %= < �;W1#)%&''%/# E)%?# E&C?#/=.$<# <-;'#==&@O-2O]=;J>#/=&;-&#,<=#? &/#& 2%2&#L% %=&#'E@&#D;� ;M#,�=#? <-A%E<,<% - T�U�-&#,<=.,* 2><#2;-&#/=&%,* )%@&,* ?%@ Genus nequam,Ascende calve, Liber Horoscopus czy Liber de Flore, obficie cytowanych w Li-ber ostensor43��#%@,?N<D>;$%/<;=.,*M.A;;J$&eE<#=&#-&<?;=#>% &-.><1,#�=&# ?#D;@E&ND�-@)O>.,* <%2;-&%/%A M'&E@&# 2><#J'%/;-%=&%�oJ,&;A% & =%/#?�Jcie odnowiciela44��>;>;,)-% %=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#<;E)%A.1<=%=#<%-.$.EA.+%=)%E).&E<%'#P,%4omnia sunt fantastica et delira)45.�&#1'#D%-N)2'&-;J,&�L#-.E)C21?N,.,<CE);-Liber ostensor przymiotnik fantasticus ma dla Jana z Ro-quetaillade jednoznacznie negatywn.-./]-&C@&$%E-O?;/2;-&#/=&@-1L.�-%=.$ /<&E&%? EA;-&# Q-%>&%)S� � />1D&#? ?#/=%@ E)>;=. -&<?;=#> ?#E) /1$=.< +%@)1� L#$;L#=;E&K )#=2><./;$#@�2;=&#-%L- )#= E2;EOM E)%A E&C ?#/=.$<).,*�@)O><.�?%@F&'/#D%>/%<�&=D#=,<.;%,*&$< &;>#�<%,<#>p=C'&<wiecz-nego �;E@&#D;]>O/A% &<>;<1$&#'&-.$;-CE-;&,*,<%EO-�,*;Kwielu wspóA�,<#E=.,* &$ '1/<&� J'#2.,* =% DA;E<;=# 2><#< =&,* 2><#EA%=&#� 1<=%A; &,* <%szal#P,O-46.

43 Zob. J. Grzeszczak, 2��!�� )�� E� �7� 9��44 Zob. LO, s. 530-531.45 «Frater Johannes, in libris tuis – quos idem cardinalis tenebat in manu – prophetas quod

nos debemus pati tribulationes maximas et humiliari ac perdere divitias et hanc temporalem glo-riam quam habemus; et quod debet reverti potestas papalis et auctoritas Ecclesie ad quosdampauperes ordinis tui: que omnia sunt fantastica et delira!» Et despiciendo libros projecit ad ter-ram, et ipsum fratrem Johannem de denunciatione tribulationum ac adventu reparatoris orbis etde reductione ecclesiasticorum turpiter deridebat, et cacchinnabatur de ipso. Quare mirum non estsi formidant omnes electi eis subditi dare fidem verbis „fantastici” et hominis deliri publice et sol-lempniter a majoribus „reputati”!I)%$L#�

46 Omnes enim qui, a sancta Hildegardi prophetissa et ab abbate Joachim et citra inclusive,inceperunt a perhempni fonte Spiritus Dei haurire aliquid de claritate intellectus prophetalis se-cundi temporis et de ipso scripserunt, licet reputentur a filiis carnis fantastici – LO, s. 613^<;M�)%$L#�E�7V8�517. >%D$#=)<%-&#>%%'1<?C/;Liber de Flore�D/<&#$;-%;�&;)><#�'&R&$�@)O�>.�?%@=&#D/.JF#@);>-Iliadzie�-E-;&,*,<%E%,*<%2;-&%/%A<%DA%/CQ=;-#?�>;&S�,<.'&<%@;�=1 +>%=,&E<@%=O-( Anaxagoras antiquus philosophus simpliciter per discipulos vel scripturas lo-quendo prophetavit. Hector post mortem suam denunciavit destructionem Troye, forte dum dormie-bat in lecto suo previdit eam. Ita et novus Hector scil. f(rater) P(etrus) Jo(hannis) militans in ecc-lesia nove Troye i. e. ordinis fratrum minorum novam destructionem annunciabit. Sed fantasticusreputabitur et manifestum erit ei illud secretum verbum in Daniele (?) scriptum: hic tamquam fan-

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�><.-;A%=#-.L#? #'#$#=). )>%D&,<=#? M&;D>%+&& %= <�;W1#)%&''%/# E)%=;�-&N>;/<%?=&#<MC/=#D;-2>;-%/<#=&%-?#D;&=).$=.J-&%)�-&/;,<=.-Liberostensor. >%=,&E<@%=&=/<&%A%<?%E=NJ-&%/;$;J,&N$&E?&�?%@N$%/;E2#A=&#=&%-;M#, T�U�-&#,<=#D; �;J,&;A% & J-&%)%� �#-=;JK� < ?%@N 2><#$%-&% -;M#,=%?-.LE<.,* 2><#/E)%-&,&#'& %-&=&;PE@&#D; 2%2&eE)-%� ,<#>2&# < <%1-%L%=#?2><#<E&#M&#%=%';D&&2;$&C/<.-A%E=NE.)1%,?N%)N�-?%@&#?<=a'#]'&E&C2>;>;,.�)%>#D;�#E)%$#=)1��?#/#=%E).$)>%@)%,&#Liber ostensor<=%'#]K$;L=%>O-�=&#L,&#@%-#2;>O-=%=&# ?#D;1-&C<&#=&%/;E.)1%,?& %=%�*><,&,&#'%�2><#M.�-%?N,#D;-';,*1F#>;/%47. �&#M>%@)#L%'1<?&/;1-&C<&#=&%&,1/;-=#D;1-;'�=&#=&% J-� �&;)>%� 1@%<anych w dwunastym rozdziale Dziejów Apostolskich48.Widoczni w Liber ostensor%-&=&;PE,./;E);?=&,.&)#;';D;-&#�->;D;=aE)%-&#�=&/;%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#�2><.2;$&=%?N+%>.<e1E<O-&1,<;=.,*-�&J$&#�@)O�><.,*,&#'&Q2;/,*-.,&K-$;-&#S#<1E%&E2><#,&-&%'&E&CEA;-;$J-��<,<#�2%=%49.

�.$�,;E<,<#DO'=&#1$%,=&%%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#-,&ND1/A1D&,*'%)E2C�/<;=.,*-#@E)>#$%'=.,*-%>1=@%,*2%=1?N,.,*-# franc&E<@%PE@&,* & 2%2&#�E@&,*-&C<&#=&%,*�EN-&<?#�@)O>.,*<%-%>);JK<=%$./<&C@&Liber ostensor. Jaktwierdzi Sylvie Barnay, wzorem biblij=.,* 2>;>;@O-� ); ,*%>.<$%).,<=# /;�J-&%/,<#=&#E);&12;/E)%-?#D;2;-;A%=&%&?#E)D-a>%=)#$?#D;2>%-/<&-;J,&50.�*;KM>%@1%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#)#;';D&,<=#j refleksji nad sa$.$+#=;$#=#$-&<?&� ); ?#/=%@ +>%=,&E<@%=&= ?#E) 2><#@;=%=.� L# EN ;=# ?#/=.$<# E2;Eobówprorokowania (modus prophetandi)�?%@&-.E)C2;-%A?1L-E)%>;L.)=;J,&2;D%P�E@&#?��%-&N<1?N,/;,.);-%=#D;?1L+>%D$#=)1Liber de Flore, przypisywa=#D;-J>#/=&;-&#,<1;%,*&$;-&< &;>#�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#-.>OL=&%/-%E2;E;�M.2>;>;@;-%=&%(2;2><#<$o-C4simpliciter loquendo5&2;2><#<-&<?#�@)O>.,*)>#JK<=%=%?#E)).'@;�;D1&)#$1�@);&,*/;J-&%/,<%51��><.@A%/#$)#D;).21

tasticus reputabitur – zob. H. Grundmann, Liber de Flore. Eine Schrift der Franciscaner-Spiritu-alen aus dem Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts�-( )#=L#� Ausgewählte Aufsätze, teil 2: Joachim vonFiore (Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 25/2), Stuttgart 1977, s. 124-125; S. Bar-nay, L’univers visionnaire de Jean de Roquetaillade, „Cahiers de Fanjeaux” 27 (1992), s. 179-180.

47 Nam et ego ipse cum scriptis et libris per me editis respectu ejus cum in Sede apparuerit inclaritate solari, sum quasi Johannes Baptista in vinculis tenebrosorum carcerum non solum corpo-ralium, sed spiritualium, quia quicquid de oculis scripturarum prophetalium ad tempus reparato-ris pertinentium satago declarare, totum est tenebrosum respectu fulgoris solaris jubaris seraphicedoctrine regnantis reparatoris – LO, s. 614; zob. Mt 14,3.

48 �%>O-=;1-&C<&#=&#� ?%@& 1-;'=&#=&# <-&C<&#=&%-�&#13=%E)N2&A;- J-&C); J-��&;)>%-�@;-%,*I<;M��E�7 V�7 �

49 Zob. Mk 12,13; Dz 7,54-57.50 Zob. S. Barnay, L’univers, s. 173.51 Conditio prima est quod denunciator nove tribulationis debet eam denunciare non simplici-

180 ��

-&<?;=#>%M.A ?1L )>;?%PE@&M;*%)#>F#@);>�@)O>.-#J=&#-&/<&%A E-;?NJ$&#>K&<%DA%/C�>;&52. �2;-E)%A.$=%2;,<N)@1T�U-&#@1 Liber de Flore2;?%-&%E&CQ=;-. Hektor” (novus Hector), a jest nim Piotr Olivi53. Jan z RoquetailladewpiE1?#E&C-)C2>;+#).,<=N)>%/.,?C-&<?;=#>O-&�E);?N,-;M#,;D>;$1D><#�,*1-�;J,&#'#�<%2;-&%/%=%/,*;/<N,N@%>C�@)O>%/;)@=&#Q=;-N�>;?CS�,<.'&%-&=&;PE@&#2apiestwo54��%-&N<1?Nc do znanego fragmentu z proroctwa Zacha-riasza: „Nie jestem prorokiem, ale rol=&@&#$� ;/$A;/;J,& )>1/=&C E&C 12>%-N>;'&S� +>%=,&E<@%=&=-.<=%?#�L#;)><.$%A;/�*>.E)uE%/%>Q<>;<1$&#=&%/1,*%2>;>;@O-;>%< J-&C).,*�&E$ & &,*<D;/=;J,&S 4intelligencia spiritus propheta-rum et Scripturarum sacrarum et concordiam earum)� %;D>;$-A%E=.,*D><e-,*O-�2;2#A=&%=.,*-$;-&#�=<-%'%$1=%2>;>;@;-%=&# simpliciter lo-quendo55. W ten sposób, -<;>#$2>;>;@%�%=&#'%�$;L#<%2;-&%/%K>.,*A#2><#�J'%/;-%=&%4festina tribulatio), o których mowa w jego Liber ostensor quod ades-se festinant tempora56.

�<.)#'=&@ )#D; %>).@1A1 < 2#-=;J,&N <%2.)% ; );� ?%@&,*-&<?& /;J-&%/,<.A%=<�;W1#)%&llade. ��:: >;@1�%-&C,-;@>#E&# nowicjatu, ma widzenie An-tychrysta57. DoJ-&%/,<.AD;2;/,<%EE=1�;@;A;2;A1/=&%4hora meridiei vel cir-ca5�&I?%@2;/%?#I<;M%,<.AE&#M&# w Chinach-);-%><.E)-&#&==.,*$A;/.,*

ter prophetando per verbum: «Hec dicit Dominus», sed aliter per visiones non notas populo, sedsibi et Deo – LO, s. 510.

52 Hector, qui fuit de genere regali Troianorum, antequam Troia caperetur a Grecis et destru-erent eamdem, „dum dormiebat in lecto suo”, per veracissimam visionem vidit futuram „destruc-tionem Troie” in sompnis. In qua visione Hector vidit, quod ipse moreretur antequam Troia destru-eretur et quod in bello corpus suum mortuum perderetur, sed, dum inveniretur, ipsa inventio corpo-ris sui signum esset quod Troia caperetur tunc et destrueretur a Grecis. Et ita „Hector prophetavitpost mortem destructionem Troie”, in quantum inventio corporis sui mortui fuit Troianis signumcaptionis et destructionis prenominate Troie – LO, s. 511.

53 Zob. przypis 41.54 Et hunc modum moderno annunciatori atribuit Joachim, dicens: „Itaque et novus Hector

militans in Ecclesia” generali romana et infra ipsam curiam romanam in „nova Troia”, Avinioneipsius „nove Troie” pecatricis congregationis potissime personarum malorum ecclesiasticoruminduratorum in pravitatibus mortalium peccatorum „novam destructionem annunciabit”. Ergo„novus Hector”, novus denunciator tribulationis istantis, debet modum prophetandi Hectoris ob-servare – LO, s. 511-512.

55�;M�)%$L#�E�: "�: 7, 108, Za 13, 5; S. Barnay, L’univers, s. 175.56�;M��E�: 7^2;>� )%$L#�E�7�"�6�"�677. �=%-&N<%=&1/;2>;M'#$12#A=#D;).)1A1

/<&#A% %=% < �;qu#)%&''%/#� /<&C@1?C />� �><.E<);+;-&�;>,&# < �=E).)1)1 &';';D&& �'%E.,<=#?&�1')1>.�=).,<=#?��r za zwrócenie uwagi na fragment Pwt 32,35 w wersji Wulgaty.

57�;M� )%$L#�E�:9 ; Johannes de Rupescissa, Liber secretorum eventuum. Edition critique,traduction et introduction historique, wyd. R.E. Lerner, C. Morerod-Fattebert (Spicilegium Fribur-gense, 36), Fribourg Suisse, s. 21-23; L. Boisset, Visions d’Orient chez Jean de Roquetaillade,w: Les textes prophétiques et la prophétie en Occident (XIIe-XVIe siècle). Actes de table ronde or-ganisée par l’U.R.A. 1011 du CNRS et le Centre de recherche «Histoire sociale et culturelle del’Occident, XIIe-XVIIIe siècle» de l’Université de Paris X – Nanterre (Chantilly, 30-31 mai 1988),red. A. Vauchez, Rome 1990, s. 101-111.

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+>%=,&E<@%=O-�E);?N,.,*=%d brzegiem morza. �;<#?J,&1=%'N//;-&#/<&#'&E&C�L#�=).,*>.E)=%>;/<&A E&C-,*&PE@&$$&#J,&#�%y);=��;-;/;-%=.,&#@%-;�J,&N�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#->%<<&==.$&M>%K$&2;E<#/AD;<;Ma,<.K��=).,*>.E);@%<%AE&CM.K/<&#,@&#$�@)O>#E&#/<&%A;=%)>;=&#&-.2;-&%/%A;QEA;-%2#A=#=&#-&%>.D;/=#D;;E<1@%PE)-%S4verba incredibilis deceptionis)58. >%=,&E<@%=&#=&#$;D'&-.?JK<2;/<&-1�-&/<N,M;D%,)-;�?%@&$E&C;)%,<%A��;).$�?%@<%�,<C'&2><#2;-&a/%K2><#,&-@;=&#$1�1,&#@'&/;�1>;2.�D/<&#%=<�;W1#)%&'�'%/# @;=).=1;-%A >;<2;,<C)N -%'@C - �)%'&& & =% /-;><# 2%2&#E@&$�%-@;P,12;=&OEAJ$&#>K�J,&C).2><#<E%$#D;�=)ychrysta59. �;2&#>;)><.'%)%2O]=&#? /;-&#/<&%A E&C ; &E)=&#=&1�%.);=� ,<.)%?N, '&E). +>%=,&Ez@%PE@&#D;$&�E?;=%><%�#>%>/%�$&%=;-%=#D;-�:�:>;@1M&E@12#$)#D;,*&PE@&#D;$&%E)%2><#<2%2&#L%�'#$#=E%U60��#= <%/<&-&%?N,. <M&#D ;@;'&,<=;J,& 2;M1/<&A D;ponownie /; &=)#=E.-=#D;$.J'#=&%=% )#$%)�;L.,*<%$&%>O--;M#,J-&%)%&1@>.)#?-.$;-.-&<?&�=).,*>.E)%61��/)#D;$;$#=)1%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#<%�,<.=%E<1@%K<=%@O-=%/,*;/<N,#D;@%)%@'&<$1�1@>.).,*-%E)>;';D&&�J>#/=&;�-&#,<=.,*2><#2;-&#/=&%,* &M&#LN,.,*-./%><eniach.

W Liber ostensor <=%'#]K$;L=% >O-=&#L -<$&%=@C ; %=D#';+%=&&, jakiej+>%=,&E<@%=&= /;J-&%/,<.A 2;/,<%E 2;M.)1--&C<&#=&1. Jednym z elementówprofetycznej E%$;J-&%/;$oJ,&%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#?%@;<-&%E)1=%=%/,*;/<N�,#?%2;@%'&2E.M.A;2><#@;=%=&#�L#�-<o>#$�*>.E)1E%�<;E)%=2>;-%/<;=.=% $&#?E,# $C@& (ad locum passionis ducendus)62� �-;'=&#=&# < -&C<&#=&%-�&#13-/=&1�E&#>2=&%�:"8>;@1<;E)%A;$12><#2;-&#/<&%=#2&C)=%J,&#/=&-,<#J=&#?2><#<%=&;A%63. �&%A;=$1;/)N/);-%><.E<.K-#-E<.E)@&,*E2>a-%,*?%@;2><#-;/=&@ & A%E@%-.-E2;$;L.,&#' 4ductor meus et adjutor propicius)64.

W czwartym traktacie Liber ostensor%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#;2;-&%/%;2&C@�=#?-&<?&Q=%?J-&C)E<#?2%=&�$%)@&2>;+#).,<=#?$N/>;J,&S4sanctissima domina,sapiencie prophetalis mater5�- @)O>#? >;<2;<=%A�%?J-&C)E<N�%>.?C �%==C65.

58 Zob. LO, s. 372.59 �;M�)%$L#�60�;M�)%$L#�E�:9:^��;&EE#)�Visions d’Orient chez Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 103.61 Et ex tunc, quia visio illa diurna michi indelebiter impressa fuerat, cepi cogitare quid Deus

facere vellet et ad quam finem visio deveniret, et cepi nimium admirariI)%$L#�62 Zob. Mt 27,33; �@�7� ^�@ :�33; J 19,17; LO, s. 517. Przekonanie to osadzone jest

w przepowiedni z Liber de Flore – zob. H. Grundmann, Liber de Flore, s. 125, przypis 50.63 Eodem anno, XV die ante festum Vinculorum sancti Petri, hora nona, in visu apparuit michi

angelus Domini, dicens quod post duas septenas liberarer a carcere, tali die quali fueram in illocarcere intromissus – LO, s. 521. Warto )#L<%1-%L.K�L#%/>#E%)Liber ostensor��'&%E<�%''#.>%=//#�w>&D;>/�->%<<D;/=;J,&N@%>/.=%lE@N;)><.$%A w roku 1331?%@;@;J,&OA).)1'%>=.><.$E@NM%<.'&@CJ-��&;)>%-�@;-%,*�

64 Zob. LO, s. 521.65 Et ut vobis innotescat qualiter venit ad manus meas, sciendum quod IX die hujus mensis

madii in visu Dei apparuit michi una sanctissima domina, sapiencie prophetalis mater, quam Virgi-

182 ��

>%=,&E<@%=&=1?><%A ?N =% E);2=&%,* J-&N).=&�%';$;=%� )><.$%?N,N@E&CDC��;?#? ;)-%>,&1 2;@%<%A%$1 J-&N).=&C� ;</;M&;=N 2&C@=.$&$%';-&/A%$&�-J>O/@)O>.,* <=%?/;-%A; E&C /-%=%Jcie namalowanych zamkniC).,* ,#'� ;<=%,<%?N�,.,*/-%=%J,&#'%)�?%@&#$&%AE2C/<&K--&C<&#=&1��;-#?J,&1/;-=C)><%J-&N�).=&��%>.?%<%E&%/A%2;J>;/@1&ponownie ;)-;><.A%2><#/=&$@E&CDC�,<CJ,&;�-;<%2&e,<C);-%=N&<%-&#>%?N,N<%2;-&#/])#D;�,;$&%A;=%E)N2&K-�;J,&#'#&J-&#,&#��%?#?-idok Jan <%2%A%A;D>;$=.$2>%D=&#=&#$2;<=%=&%?#?1@>.)#?)>#J,&��%>.?%�2><#?C)% '&);J,&N�;M&#,%A%$1�L#E2#A=& ?#D;2>;JMC&<=&@=CA%66�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#<%,<NAE&CL%>'&-&#$;/'&K&2;;J$&1/=&%,*@);J$1L.,<'&�-./;E)%>,<.A/;-&C<&#=&%;M&#,%=.2><#<�%>.?C)#@E)2>o>;,)-%�<%2;-&%/%�?N,.M'&E@&#=%/#?J,&#�=).,*>.E)%&2><#J'%/;-%P67.

�&<?%J-&N).=&$%,*%>%@)#>E%2&#=,?%'=.&=%-&N<1?#/;;M>%<1�aryi, tro-nu Salomona i =;-#? J-&N).=& < 2>;>;,)-%�<#,*&#'%� @)O>#? M>%$%-E,*;/=&%2;-&==%2;<;E)%K<a$@=&C)%68��#@E);M&#,%=#?2><#<�%>.?C2><#2;-&#/=&>;<�2;,<.=%E&C;/EAO- Cum necatur flos ursi &-.E)C21?# ?#/.=&#- Liber osten-sor69. �>;>;,)-; );;/D>.-%@'1,<;-N>;'C-%2okaliptycznym scenariuszu dlaEurop.�=%@>#J';=.$2><#<%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#��%M&,&#Q=&#/]-&#/<&#D;@-&%�)1SMC/<&#-E)C2#$/;@%)%E)>;+=%)1>%'=.,*�#2&/#$&&&-;?#=�@)O>#E2%/=N=%�1>;2C�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#-.E1-%)><.*&2;)#<.�/;).,<N,#2;E)%,&;@>#J';=#?$&%=#$ flos ursi( $;L# E&C <% =&N @>.K <%$;>/;-%=. - �:"7 >;@1 �=/><#?�CD&#>E@&�$NL@>O';-#? ;%==. ��#%2;'&)%PE@&#?� 2%2&#L '1M ,#E%><70. �%MO?�E)-;�=/><#?%�@)O>.<;E)%A1/uszony w nocy<�6=%�8-><#J=&%�:"7>;@1=%<%$@1�R#>E%2;/�#%2;'#$�-E)><NE=CA;O-,<#E=N;2&=&N21M'&,<=N&2;<;E)%�-&A; DACM;@& J'%/-2>;+#).<$&# %=% <�;W1#)%&''%/#71. Brat zamo>/;-%=#D;��1/-&@�CD&#>E@&�2;/#?><#-%A;1/<&%A-<M>;/=&/;$�1>%<<;�-y-;/<N,#�D; E&C <$%AL#PE)-% %=% <�>%R&=. 4X�::75� @E&C,&%�1>%<<;� E.=%�%>;'% ��=/#Da-#PE@&#D;� ;>%< Agnieszki de Périg;>/� E&;E)>. @%>/.=%A%�%''#.>%=/%��1>21>%)<;E)%A nawet puM'&,<=&#;E@%>L;=.;<;>D%=&<;-%=&#E2&E@1�$%?N,#D;=%,#'12><#?C,&#-A%/<.-�#%2;'12><#<?#D;@>#-=.,*��:"�>;@1�2;/=%�,&E@&#$ �1/-&@%�CD&#>E@&#D;� �);'&,% �2;E);'E@% <%><N/<&A% J'#/<)-;- )#?

nem gloriosam Mariam fore existimabam, que semper michi propicia fuit. Et ostendit michi duasprophetias, [quarum] unam apertam que meam tribulationem tangebat – LO, s. 141.

66 Zob. LO, s. 142.67 Quam cum legissem, stupens quod, sicut domina michi dixerat, ibidem continerentur pro-

phetie que se habent ad Antichristum et tribulationem propinquam – sicut prophetia Anne prophe-tisse Luce capitulo tertio ad Dominum Jhesum Christum, dum sancto Symeoni presentaretur inTemplo –, quia, secundum quotationes annorum que ponuntur in eo, in hostio sunt ea que ipsascriptura prophetica evenire describitI)%$L#�E��":�

68 Zob. )%$L#�E��" �przypis 2; Ez 44,2-3.69 Zob. LO, s. 143-146, 949-951.70�;M�)%$L#�E��"8��71 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 142-143; J. Grzeszczak, 2�(

�!�� )a�� , s. 270, przypis 121.

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E2>%-&#�%J$&#>K�=/><#?%/%A%2;,<N)#@)>-%?N,.$-&#'#'%)@>-%-.$-;?=;$; E1@,#E?C =% )>;=&# �#%2;'1� ?%@&# 2>;-%/<&'& $&C/<. E;MN �=/#D%-enowiez Durazzo i Tarentu. %= < �;W1#)%&''%/#� @)O>. <%/#/.@;-%A Liber ostensorkardynaA;-&�'&%E<;-&�%''#.>%=//#�w>&D;>/�E)%=NA2;E)>;=&# ?#D;E&;E)><#P�,O- < /;$u Durazzo & 2><#2;-&%/%A >.,*AN J$&#>K &,* >.-%';-& �1/-&@;-&<�%>#=)172. Ten ostatni, jako2><#J'a/;-,%+>%=,&E<@%=O-�%?#/=;,<#J=&#Q2><.�?%,&#'$%$$;=&E)O-S4amicus mammonistarum)$&%A<;E)%K2;<M%-&;=.-A%/<.2><#<;/=;-&,&#'%�@)O>.2><#@%L#?#D;@>O'#E)-;/;$;-&<�1>%<<;73.

Ewentualna identyfika,?%Q=&#/]-&#/<&#D;@-&%)1S<2%2&#L#$$%<%21=@)-.?J,&%;M#,=#-2>;>;,)-&#Cum necatur flos ursi-.>%L#=&%Q-A%/,%J-&%)%S4princeps mundi) i „,<#JK�;J,&;A%S4verecundia Ecclesie), i oparta jest na szere-gu cytowanych przez Jana z Roquetaillade Jredniowiecznych przepowiedni, ta-kich jak Liber Horoscopus, Merlinus britannicus�2><#2;-&#/=&%M#=#-#=)%PE@%�Ascende calve&<%2;-&#/<&M>%)%�=D#'1E%<�;=)#U1',%=;�@)O>.2><#<2#-&#=;@>#E,<%E1M.A&=E2&>%,?N/'%EA.==#D;><.$E@&#D;)>.M1=%�;'%/&�ienzo74. %=<�;W1#)%&''%/#%=%'&<1?#-.E)C21?N,#-=&,*2;/;M=#<%2;-&#/<& i kontekE).�,*,N, -.@%<%K� L# $;-% - =&,* ; =%/,*;/<N,.,* /;J-&%/,<#=&%,*� ?%@&#-=%?M'&LE<.$,<%E&#E2%/=N=%�;J,&OA�=&#;E<,<C/<%?N,2%2&#L%� >%=,&E<@%�=&=<->%,% )#L1-%DC=%1@a<.-%=.-2>;>;,)-%,*2>#,#/#=E� ?%@&$M.A% )>%�D&,<=%*&E);>&%2%2&#L%�#>#$&).�#'#E).=%U�@)O>#D;2;@;>C&1MOE)-;zestawiaz przepychem jeg;=%E)C2,.�;=&+%,#D;U��4Bonifacius papa pomposus)75��%�?#$=&,<%<%2;-&#/]M>%)%�=D#'1E%<�;=)#U1',%=;�#>#$&).<$%Ey-1�%&#'�'%-�M>1<?&�;<$%>A.$2%E)#><1�;J,&;A%�@)O>.2;,<)#>#,*/=&%,*2><#M.-%�=&%-D>;M&# 2;-E)%=&# /; L.,&%� E&#?N, E)>%,*-J>O//;E);?=&@O- & <$1E<%?N,&,*/;1,&#,<@&� <oE)%A% <&=)#>2>#);-%=%2><#< %=% <�;W1#)%&''%/# ?%@; <%2;�-&#/] 2;?%-&#=&% E&C ;/=;-&,&#'%� /<&%A%?N,#D; - /1,*1 �#'#E).=% U� @)O>.-=&$=&#?%@;<$%>)-.,*-E)%=&#�?%@-E@><#E<;=./;L.,&%�%<%><76.

72 Zob. LO, s. 150-151.73�;M�)%$L#�E��"�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#-E2;$&=%;<=&E<,<#=&12><#<�1/-&@%<�%>#=)1

@'%E<);>1J-��'%>.-�#%2;'1�,;=&#<=%?/1?#2;)-&#>/<#=&%-]>O/A%,*I<;M�)%$L#�2><.2&E"�74 Sed dubitatio non pauca et questio remanere videtur, videlicet – esto quod in sensu literali

predicta expositio sit vera et congrua – utrum per hoc quod dicitur: „Cum necatur flos ursi, prin-ceps mundi, saltem in sensu secundario velit dicere de aliquo qui sit generalis dominus mundi, si-cut est imperator vel papa, quorum unus vel alter necari deberet. Et videretur per hoc quod adjun-git necationi ejus immediate quod „Ecclesia Dei magnam verecundiam passietur”, ita quod – ipsoordine textus – in necatione ejus principis generalis immediate inciperet „verecundia Ecclesie”supradictaI)%$L#�E��7"^<;M�E��7"��

75�;M�)%$L#�E��7"��7��76 Et ne vos lateat sensus horum verborum, sciendum quod ipse vult dicere quod Celestinus

papa quintus, qui papatui resignavit – quem Bonifacius papa octavus post resignationem in tumolocarceris conclusit, ubi etiam expiravit – de tumulo quem ei dedit Bonifacius „quatriduanus resur-get” ut alter Lazarus. Et resurgendo talem dabit boatum terroris terribilis quod „pastores fugient”ad „terrorem” verborum ejus; qui, yminente gladio tirannorum, ei obedient cardinales ut fugiant

184 ��

Identyfikacja princeps mundi z cesarzem ;2&#>% E&C =% +>%D$#=,&# 2><#2;�-&#/=&�@)O>N$&%A%M.M.KSybilla�=�'��a, gdzie I-#/A1D%=%<�;W1#)%�&''%/#I$;-%;=&#$&#,@&$-A%/,.�-%',<N,.$<;@121?N,.$&�21'&C�%>%,#�=%$& &2;2#A=&%?N,.$E%$;MO?E)-;2><.2;$;,.-A%E=#D;$&#,<%77. %=<�;�W1#)%&''%/#1-%L% jednak� L# &/#=).+&@%,?% flos ursi z zamordowanym Andrze-jem WCD&#>E@&$$%$;,=#2;/E)%-. &E)%=;-&E#=E/;EA;-=. proroctwa (sen-sus literalis et radicalis5�%2;<%).$/-%/<&#J,&%'%)�?%@&#-#/A1D2><#2;-&#/=&/<&#'&KMC/<&# ?#D; J$&#>K;/=%/#?J,&% <%2;-&%/%=.,h miracula Dei� ;<=%,<%�L#2><.2%/=N;=#?1L=%'%)%E<#JK/<&#E&N)# XIV wieku78.

��:7� >;@1 %=/#�;W1#)%&''%/#2;/2><.E&CDN <%2#-=&%@%>/.=%A%�%'�'#.>%=/%�L#?1L/<&#E&CK'%)-,<#J=&#?�2;/,<%E2;M.)1<@'%E<);>=.$-&C<&#=&1-�1'1<&#� <;E)%AQ2;>-any w duchu” (raptus in spiritu5 &1?><%AM&#/=#D;M>%�,&E<@%�1M>%=#D;-<-.@A.�2;A%)%=.*%M&)4cum vilissimo habitu repeciato5�?%@-.,*;/<&A =% /<&@&# 21E)@;-&#� E@N/ J-&C,& �;D%-2>;-%/<&'& D; 1>;,<.J,&#2><#/ )>;=�%>.&�<&#-&,.&Jw. Franciszka79. Jan z Roque)%&''%/#1?><%A--&�/<#=&1?#D;&=)>;=&<%,?C�/;@;=%=N<D;/=&#<#J>#/=&;-&#,<=.$>.)1%A#$. Naj-2&#>- J-� >%=,&E<#@2><#/E)%-&A D;�<&#-&,.�%>.&� % =%E)C2=&# Q;/=;-&,&#'J-&%)%S4reparator orbis5<;E)%A2;E%/<;=.=%)>;=&#�@)O>.<=%?/;-%AE&C2;$&C�/<. =&$&80� �'% %=% < �;W1#)%&''%/#-&/<#=&# M.A; 2>%-/<&-.$ 2><#A;$#$(-).$$;$#=,&#;)><.$%A@'1,</;2>;>;,)-�-@)O>.,*$;-%;2><.E<A.$>#�+;>$%);><#J-&%)%�%<%>%<#$<%/%=&#DA;E<#=&%?#D;M'&E@&#D;=%/#?J,&%81.

et salventur per fugam. Nec est putandum quod corporaliter Celestinus resurgat, sed Spiritus eidatus ad reparandum orbem, quem repulit resignando in proximo reparatore resurget I )%$L#�E��78��V^<;M� Briefwechsel des Cola di Rienzo, Dritter Teil: Kritischer Text Lesarten und An-merkungen mit drei Faksimilebeilagen, wyd. K. Burdach, P. Piur, Berlin 1912, s. 194; J. Grzesz-czak, Pomi!�� )�� , s. 254, przypis 35.

77 Zob. LO, s. 161-162.78�;M�)%$L#�79�;M� )%$L#� E� "6^�-): ��V�F%M&)M>%,&E<@%;/2;-&%/%<%'#,#=&;$<%-%>).$- >;<�

/<&%'# I ��J-� >%=,&E<@%(K$�� )��'�� '��(�� 1��%�� b��*�� '�� L – H-� >%=,&E<#@�I �� , rozdz. 2, w: 2��#�K��>�� )A1$��$M>;L@&#-&,<��%>�E<%-%�88V�E�8�^2;>�)%$L#�E�76�

80 Ipse autem accipiens eum per humerum presentavit eum flectentem genua, complosis mani-bus, sacratissime semper Virgini gloriose Marie, dicens: „Regina glorie, presento tibi istum ut sitpro me in mundo ad reparandum orbem”. Cui respondit sacratissima semper Virgo Maria: „Bo-nus est iste”, imponendo manus eisdem super caput, benedicendo sibi. Et elevaverunt ipsum domi-na nostra et beatus Franciscus super sedem illam que erat vacua inter eos, vidente me – LO,s. 249; zob. J 7,12.

81 Et ab illa hora et citra datus est michi clarus intellectus in omnibus oraculis prophetarumet Scripturarum sacrarum que de ipso sunt, ut annunciem de ipso et officio ejus gloriosa hec queauditis omnibus qui diligunt adventum ejus et conversionem infidelium et reparationem seculi uni-versi propinquamI)%$L#�

�67��$1HI�5�=H-�5I��\��4X�:�75

�><.-;A1?N,-&<?CE2><#//<&#E&C,&1'%)�+>%=,&E<@%=&=,*,#-<$;,=&K2>;+#�).,<=.%1);>.)#) <%2;-&#/<&/;).,<N,.,* ';EO-J-&%)% &->%,%/;@;$#=);-%�=&%2><#2;-&#/=& Cum necatur flos ursi82. Zawarte w niej proroctwa o ponow-nym DA;E<#=&1 Ewangelii w Izraelu (Et predicabitur fides in Israel de novo) or%<=%/#?J,&1@>O)@&#?Q-&;E=.,*><#J,&?%PE)-1S4Et fides prosperabitur pauco tem-pore) <;E)%A.<&=)#>2>#);-%=#2><#<=&#D;?%@;2;2><#/<%?N,#@;=&#,J-&%)%=%�->O,#=&#E&C�./O-�@)O>#2><.E2;><.,*-%A.�;J,&;A;-&83��A;->;D;M><$&N,#EA;-%Ecclesia perdetur=&#;<=%,<%?NI</%=&#$%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#I<%=&@1MN/] 12%/@1 �;J,&;A%� @)O>. &E)=&#K MC/<&# /; @;P,% J-&%)%� '#,< E.)1%,?C�-@)O>#?�2;/=%,iE@&#$2><#J'%/;-%P<#E)>;=.-A%/,.)#D;J-&%)%4imperatornovus tunc regnans5�;/#?/<&#=%21E).=&C�%M.<#M>%KE&A./; )>&1$+%'=#D;2;�->;)184. Janowa interpretacja przepowiedni Cum necatur flos1>E&<%@A%/%2;?%�-&#=&#E&C/-O,*�=).,*>.E)O-(=%�E,*;/<&#/<&%A%AMC/<&#Q+%AE<.-.$#E?%E<�./O-S4pseudomessias Judeorum), który zostanie pokonany pod Har-Magedon,natomi%E)=%�;J,&OA><.$E@&1/#><.-A%/,%�<%powiedziany w Apokalipsie jako1 ��*��)��<� ��85� %@ )-&#>/<&%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#� )#%2;@%�'&2).,<=#-./%><#=&%EN ?1LM%>/<;M'&E@&#� >%=,&E<@%=&=/;/%?#�L#M.A;M.'#�2&#? /'% 2;M;L=#D; cesarza �%>;'% �U �1@E#$M1>E@&#D;� %M. E<.M@; ;/E<#/A< )#D; J-&%)%=&L$&%A E&C E)%K <%2;-&a/%=NM#E)&N� @)O>%-=%?M'&LE<.$,<%E&#1/#><.-�;J,&OA =%�%,*;/<&#86. �%=;-%=&#�%>;'% �U <M&#D=&# E&C- ,<%E&#<-.E)N2&#=&#$;/=;-&ciela i jak twierdzi Jan z Roquetaillade, za<=%,<%?N,�L#?#E) ); ?#D;2>.-%)=% ;2&=&%� ;-;,#$ &,*-E2OA2>%,.MC/<&#-;?=% 2><#,&-@;�%>%,#=;$� MC/N,%-.2#A=&#=&#$2>;>;,)-%�2;@%'&2E. ; 12%/@1�%M&';=187��#E%><;-&);-%><.E<.AMC/<&#'#D%)%2;E);'E@&�@)órego zapowiada apokaliptycz-ny Q&==. %=&;A <# J-&N)yni, która jest w niebie”88. Q�./#2)%=&# )A;,<=&S� ,<.'&

82�;M�)%$L#�E� "8� � �83 „Delictum” ergo Judeorum, quia repulerunt Christum, causa fuit saltem per accidens ut

caderet evangelium super gentes, ne sine fructu fieret et „ne vacuum” ad Patrem celestem „redi-ret”. Dicit ergo apostolus: si perditio Judeorum, quia Christum repulerunt, fuit conversio gentiumet earum „divitie” spirituales, „quanto magis” erunt mirabiles divitie Ecclesie, ipsi[s] assumpti-[s] ad fidem! In eis ergo mirabiliter ditabitur et dilatabitur Ecclesia sacrosancta romana, ita utnos peccatores pessimi hodierni quasi mortui reputemur in comparatione temporis conversioniseorumI)%$L#�E� 7V^<;M��z 55,11; Rz 11,11-12.

84 „Perdetur”, id est fugabitur de medio civitatum et populorum et fugiet ad deserta, ut suavis, potestas et virtus nutriatur, vivat et continuetur ibidem, ut demum, prius oppressa ab „impera-tore novo tunc regnante”, „resumat” contra ipsum „vires suas” et, gloriosissima plus in centuploquam prius, virgo Israel mater nostra generalis romana Ecclesia redeat victrix ad civitates suas –LO, s. 251.

85 �;M�)%$L#�E� 7 � 7:^Ap 11,7; 16,16.�;M�>O-=&#L(��E�� "�� 8�86 Melius enim illi est quod ipse fidelis et catolicus recedat de mundo quam si ipse esset bestia

illa sevissima que tam propinque persequetur, secundum tenorem Apocalipsis (Ap 13, 1), Eccle-siam Jhesu Christi – LO, s. 255.

87�;M�)%$L#�E� 77� 76^�2�"�6�88 Et quia cum eo erit unus legatus apostolice Sedis cum populo Francorum, de predicto lega-

186 ��

;E)%)#,<=% M&)-% < �%>%,#=%$&� =%E)Npi „poza miastem”� ,<.'& �<.$#$� M.K$;L#-;@;'&,%,*�%#).'1M-�21'&&89. Zapowiadane w Liber ostensor2><#J'%�/;-%=&%<%@;P,<NE&C->;@1�:9 �@&#/.�;J,&OA2;=;-=&#;/<.E@%E&A.�%An-tychryst zostanie wrzucony do „ognistego jezi;>%�D;>#?N,#D;E&%>@NS90.

�%$.@%?N,#Cum necatur flos ursi2>;>;,)-;;<%2>;-%/<#=&1?#/=;J,&4eritunum in mundo quod durabit5-2>;-%/<%=%E-&=)>.D1?N,.2>;M'#$$&'lenary-zmu Jana z Roquetaillade. Po pokonaniu dwóch bestii, o któ>.,*$;-%-�2;�@%'&2E&#�E2#A=&E&C�*>.E)1E;-%<%2;-&#/]Q?#/=#?;-,<%>=&S&Q?#/=#D;2%E)#�><%S91��#/A1D%=%<�;W1#)%&''%/#�MC/<&#=&$�&E@12�<.$1�@)O>#D;2;EA1D%=%M&#><#2>%-/<&-&#1=&-#>E%'=#D;,*%>%@)#>u i obejmie wszystkie znane w XIVwieku ludy i kontynenty92. Przepowiednia Cum necatur flos ursi=&#2>#,.<1?#�?%@/A1D;)>-%KMC/<&#J-&%);-.2;@O?�?#/=;JK-&%>.�-;'=;JK;/-;?#=&*#>#�<?& ;>%< 2><.E<A% ,*-%A%�;J,&;A% 4pax generalis in mundo, unitas fidei, quiesa bellis et ab hereticis, stupenda gloria sanctitatis Ecclesie generalis romane5�=%);$&%E) %= < �;W1#)%&''%/# E&CD% M#<2;J>#/=&; /; /-1/<&#E)#D; >;</<&%A1�2;@%'&2E.� D/<&# I ?#D; </%=&#$ I ?#/=oznacznie mowa (evidenter habetur5;).E&N,1'%)<-&N<%=&%E<%)%=%93. W Liber ostensor prob'#$)#=<;E)%?#<%'#/-&#

to et Francorum, populo immediate subjungit: „Et alius angelus”, id est legatus, quia «angelus»idem est quod «missus»; „exivit de Templo quod est in celo”, hoc est de corde Christi et de celo;„qui habebat falcem acutam” (Ap 14,7), id est populum bellicosum; „et alius angelus”, id est re-parator futurus, „exivit de altari” Ecclesie generalis romane; „qui habebat potestatem superignem” (Ap 14,18) et aquam, hoc est baptizandi infideles qui volent converti in „igne” Spiritussancti et aqua christiani baptismi, rebelles autem occidendi bellicoso gladio imperiali et legatipredicti. „Et clamavit voce magna” imperando ei – ad eum legatum Sedis apostolice – qui ibit inadjutorium imperatoris cum Francis et „habebat falcem acutam” (Ap 14,18) – sicut de communicursu portant Franci ad bella gladium bellosum –, „dicens” legato et populo ejus: «Mitte» (Ap14,18) – LO, s. 257.

89 Quid autem facturi sint super infideles imperator Karolus et legatus textus immediate con-cludit, dicens: „Et calcatus est lacus” sanguinis Sarraceni „extra civitatem” romanam in Ytalia,forsitan in Campania prope Gaietam, vel in Apulia; „et exivit sanguis” Sarracenorum „de lacuusque ad frenos equorum per stadia mille sex[c]enta (Ap 14,20) ad literam sine glosa – LO,s. 257-258.

90�;M�)%$L#�E� �V^�2�8� V�91 Zob. LO, s. 261; Ap 19,20; 20,2; J 10,16.92 Sed quo tempore illud fieri deberet, scilicet quod universis orbis – preter „quatuor angu-

los” mundi, ubi latebunt „Gog et Magog” (Ap 20,7) – convertatur ad Christum, et generalis „pa-stor unus”, romanus pontifex, presit toti Asie, Africe et Europe, Dominus ibidem paulo ante reve-lat, dicens: ”Amen dico vobis: qui non intrat per hostium in ovile ovium sed ascendit aliunde, illefur est et latro” (J 10,1); et infra: „Fur non venit nisi ut furetur et mactet et perdat” (J 10,10).Costat autem quod hec verba sonant tempora Antichristorum de quibus fit mentio in oraculo isto.Igitur nunc, istis Antichristis destructis qui „fures sunt et latrones”, „qui veniunt ut furentur”,„mactent et perdant”, „fiet unum ovile et unus pastor” in mundo. Et hoc vult dicere oraculum:„Et erit unum in mundo”, id est „unum ovile” christianissimum, conversis Judeis, Sarracenis,Turcis, Tartaris, hereticis et scismaticis universis ad Dominum Jhesum Christum – LO, s. 161.

93�;M�)%$L#�

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<%>.E;-%=.� % E%$%1);> ;/E.A% /; &==.,* E-;&,*/<&#A� <-A%E<,<% /; )><#,&#?@E&CD& De speculis temporum94��>%@)%) )#=�@)O>#D;2#A=. ).)1AM><$&( Quatuorlibri de speculis temporum et reserationibus archanorum Scripture sacre� =&#<%,*;-%A E&C /; =%E<.,* ,<%EO-95� %= < �;W1#)%&''%/# =%-&N<1?# /; =&#D;-@&'@1$&#jscach w Liber ostensor & E)N/$;L=%2;<=%K )#L ?#D; <%-%>);JK96.W trzecim traktacie Liber ostensor autor przy-;A1?#2;E)%KQ2;)CL=#D;%=&;A%S& <%2&#,<C);-%=#2><#EA%=&# QE&#/$&1D>;$O-S </<&#E&N)eD; >;</<&%A1�2;@%�'&2E.97. >%=,&E<@%=&=;/E.A%)%$/;)><#,&#?@E&CD&De speculis temporum, gdzie– jak twierdzi – <%-%>A <=%,<#=&# EAO--.2;-&#/<&%=.,*2><#<%=&;A%�@)O>.$?#E) ;/=;-&,&#'� �&#/#$D>;$O-;<=%,<% E&#/#$#2;@� < @)O>.,*@%L/% )>-%KMC/<&#;@;A;�"V'%)�,;/%?#).E&N,'%)�?%@&#12A.=N/;=%/#?J,&%%2;@%'&2).,<�=#D;�;D%&@;P,%J-&%)%98. �)#=E2;EOM%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#Q><1,%-.<-%=&#%1D1E).PE@&#$1)%M1S4#%=�#'1$#%15�2>;2;=1?N,-D>1=,&#><#,<.2;->O)/;E)%>;L.)=#D;$&'lenaryzmu, od którego ).E&N,'%)-,<#J=&#?/.E)%=E;-%AE&CJ-��1D1E).= w swoim 2�� 1��99.

&=%A/<&#?O-=%E)N2&-,<%E&#).'@;�;D1<=%=.$�%;E)%)=&#EA;-;2><#2;�-&#/=&Cum necatur flos ursi, czyli „Cessabit”<;E)%A;2><#<%=%<�;W1#)%&''%�/e ;M?%J=&;=#-&J,&#%>.E);)#'#E;-E@&$E).'1�?%@;2><#>-%=&#>1,*12&#>-E<#�D;$;);>1�;M>;)O-+&>$%$#=)1&2;-E)%-%=&%,&%A100.

94�;M�)%$L#�95 Zob. J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, s. 187-188.96 Zob. LO, s. 19-20.97�;M�)%$L#�E��::^�2�V�2-4.98 Et sicut ad plenum aperui in libro tertio De speculis temporum iste [odnowiciel] ex medul-

lis Scripture estrahet VII voces que dixerunt quod per VII etates, quarum quelibet habet CXL an-nos vel circa, ab eo usque ad adventum Gog, esset generalis Ecclesia duratura, sicut per „M an-nos” qui ponuntur Apocalipsis XX (Ap 20, 2) manifeste probatur. De quarum VII etatum temporepertractatur ad plenum Apocalipsis capitulo XXIo et XXIIo, ubi exprimitur quale tempus futurum sitper „annos mille”, proximo tempore Antichristi transacto – LO, s. 134.

99 Zob. J. Delumeau, Mille ans de bonheur, s. 62; H-�Augustyn, 2��1�� TU��)A1$��1M&,@&��C).�886�E�97 ^LO, s. 245, przypis 1; J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean deRoquetaillade, s. 103-104; B. McGinn, Antychryst. B�� &�� )A1$�B. Cendrowska, Warszawa 1998, s. 236-237; R.E. Lerner, Il ritorno medievale al Sabato di milleanni�-()#=L#�Refrigerio dei santi. Gioacchino da Fiore e l’escatologia medievale (Opere di Gio-acchino da Fiore: testi e strumenti, 5), Roma 1995, s. 199-200.

100 Sequitur: „Finis est”; vult dicere quod, postquam illud „unum ovile” (J 10,16) „mille an-nis” (Ap 20,3) duraverit et – mille annis tra[n]sactis a die missionis duarum bestiarum „in stagnoignis ardentis” (Ap 19,20) et „ligationis draconis in puteum abissi ne seducat amplius gentes do-nec consummentur mille anni” (Ap 20,2-3) – iterum „Sathanas de carcere” relaxatus fuerit ut ad-ducat „Gog et Magog” de „IIIIor angulis orbis” (Ap 20,7-8), ipsis crematis a Deo de celo (Ap 20,9), quando placebit Deo – quia annum et diem et horam ignoro – veniet finis mundi et judiciumgenerale, sicut in fine ejusdem XX capituli evidenter habetur. „Et dicetur” per Deum: «Cessabit»motus primi mobilis, et firmamentum non movebitur amplius nec corporalium generatio ulteriusextendetur – LO, s. 262.

188 ��

%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#$%<%E;MN-.2>%,;-%=N-T��-&#@1)>%/.,?C)>%@)%)O-De prophetia�@)O>#?2><.@A%/#$EN)#;';D;-&#)%,.?%@�'#@E%=/#><F%'#E��'M#>)�&#'@&�F1D;<�%&=)��*#>� &'&2�%=,'#><,<.�;$%E<<�@-&=1��;/>OL=&#=&1;/).,*)#;>#).@O-2>o>;,)-%�+>%=,&E<@%=&==&#2>#)#=/1?#/;)#D;�M.M.K)#;';D&#$E2#@1'%).-=.$� '#,< wystCpuje jako hermeneuta�@)O>. &=)#>2>#)1?#M&#LN,#-./%�><#=&%101. �#;>#).,<=#>;<-%L%=&%=%)#$%)2>;>;,)-%�<%-%>)#-?#/#=%E).$)>%@)%�,&#Liber ostensor�2;/2;><N/@;-%=#EN)#$1<%$&#><#=&1�@)O>#2><#=&@%,%A#/<&#�A;%=a z Roquetaillade102. �>;>;,)-;?#E)?#/=N<E&#dmiu form (modus5#@E)%<.�@)O�>%E)%=;-&<@;'#&?#/#=<-.<=%,<=&@O-/;E@;=%A;J,&-.M>anych braci mniejszych,&MC/<&#obecne w K;J,&#'#%L/;@;P,%J-&%)%103�%=<�;W1#)%&''%/#-.>OL=&%E&#�/#$E2;E;MO-2>;>;@;-%=&% 4deferencie prophetandi)(2><#-&/.-%=&#2><.E<AoJ,&2;2><#<E=.�<>;<1$&#=&#�&E$&2>;>;@O-�>;<1$;-%=&#/#/1@,.?=#&&=/1@,.?=#�$%?N,# <% 21=@) -.?J,&% 2><#@%< �&M'&&� M#<2;J>#/=&# 2><#@%<.-%=&# EAO-�;D%&%=&;AO-�%)%@L#poprzez <%1-%L#=&#<D;/=;J,&2;$&C/<.�)%>.$&�;-.$�#E)%�$#=)#$�Zapowiadany od=;-&,&#';)><.$%E<,<#DO'=NA%E@C/;DACM=#D;<>;<1$&#�=&%�&E$104. %=% <�;W1#)%&''%/#1,<#E)=&,<. >O-=&#L- )#? ars prophetandi ?%@;,<A;-&#@;M/%><;=.$&E?N-2><#A;$;-.$$;$#=,&#*&E);>&&�,<.'&2;2;?%-&#=&1E&C +>%=,&E<@%=O- & /;$&=&@%=O- I /-O,* <%@;=O- E)%=;-&N,.,* /'%-&#'1 &,*,<A;=@O--%L=N,<CJK%2;@%'&2).,<=#D;E,#=%>&1E<%,<%EO-;E)atecznych105.

�;-.LE<# #'#$#=).2;<-%'%?N =% E)-&#>/<#=&#� L# %= <�;W1#)%&''%/# ?#E)2><#/#-E<.E)@&$%1);>#$;E%/<;=.$-)>%/.,?&+>%=,&E<@%PE@&#?�@)O>#?-.M&)�=.$&2><#/E)%-&,&elami sNJ-��;=%-#=)1>%&�&;)>�'&R&. Jego profetyzm zawie-ra E<#>#D;/=&#E&#P/;2;D'N/O-)#D;;E)%)=&#D;�-J>O/@)O>.,*#%=��&#>>#�;>�>#''-.$&#=&% ,*>.E);,#=)>.<$ )#D;T��-&#,<=#D; +>%=,&E<@%PE@&#D; )#;';D%�E2;?><#=&#=%2;E)%K&;2%)><=;J,&;-N>;'CJ-� >%n,&E<@%<�E.L1�1=&@%=�)C2&%=&%,%A;J,&�;J,&;A%&?#D;*&#>%>,*&&�%)%@L#)>;E@C;)%@N&=)#>2>#)%,?C�&�M'&&� @)O>%M.A%by poprawna doktrynalnie106� �><#@;=%=&#� L#2;?%-&#=&# E&C <%�@;=O- L#M>%,<.,* /;2>;-%/<&A; /; <%&E)=&#=&%-�;J,&#'# jakoJ,&;-; =;-#?E.)1%,?& przenika >O-=&#L )-O>,<;JK J-��;=%-#=)1>.��./%?# E&C >O-=&#L� L#Doktor Seraficki stoi za widocznym u Jana z Roquetaillade spojrzeniem na ;M?%�-&#=&#&?#D;%'#D;>.,<=N&=)#>2>e)%,?C107.

101 Zob. J.-P. Torrell, Recherches sur la théorie de la prophétie au Moyen Âge, Fribourg Suisse1992, s. 233.

102 Zob. LO, s. 762-768.103 Hic modus duravit In Ecclesia Christi a Christo usque modo modo et continuabitur In

Ecclesia generali sine interruptione usque ad finem mundiI)%$L#�E�763.104 Ipse angelus est reparator propinqus, cui de gratia speciali collatum est, post Christum et

apostolos, universas prophetales scripturas in clarum lumen usque ad interiora medullarum dedu-cereI)%$L#�E��:�

105�;M�)%$L#�E��6��8^ J.-P. Torrell, Recherches, s. 240.106 Zob. J.-P. Torrell, Recherches, s. 246-247; J. Bignami-Odier, Études sur Jean de Roqueta-

illade, s. 154.107 Zob. J.-P. Torrell,)%$L#�

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Cum necatur flos ursi, princeps mundi, verecundiam passietur Ecclesia Dei,nec suffragium habebit tempore illo in aliqua parte mundi. Ruinosa erunt eccle-siastica. Et principes tremebunt ante faciem populi sui nec est qui ipsos adjuvet.De oriente ac occidente, septemtrionales et meridionales furore sunt repleti. Nampost ipsum insurget Alexander novus qui pauco tempore regnaturus est et insa-gaciter finiet dies suos. XVI ipse gallus non pululat nec gallina nidum querit,propter vilem nationem. Qui in posterum per paucos dies ipsius posse garrulatio-nibus prosternabit.

Eodem tempore Anglorum bos per leonis trucidationes ipsum prosternet. Etillud cum natione armorum vili potestas majorum confundetur. Et Antichristi perJherusalem terram discipuli falsidice se monstrabunt.

Et de XVI ad XXm, principes ruinam et subjectionem passientur et illud du-rabit. Gallici, Flandrici, Aragonici, Ispanici inter se discordantes. Populus leoniset vitulus bovis frequentissime in armis se monstrabunt. Allabragii – id est Bur-gundi neutri – subvenientes publice et circumspectione omnes ipsorum attingen-tes confundent.

Ecclesia Dei se concordabit in unum pastorem debilitate repletum. Cujusfructus nullus. Et minor pars in omnibus majorem prevalebit. Nec Ecclesia Deiapreciabitur, sed post brachium fortitudinis cum vigore resumet vires suas.

Aquila devorabit pullum suum. Et nidum suum dislocabit qui ytalicos Ro-manos in confederationem sibi assumet. Et quam cito et cum suis emulis ceterosprecellet. Et in peccato regnabit donec virtus et miraculum divinum sibi appare-bit. Infedeles ejecti prosperabuntur et resument vires eorumdem. Nam in annoeodem mirabilia videbuntur de saltellitis jerosolimitanis qui regrediuntur ad pas-sus antiquos ubi supplicium ipsius paratum fuit. Et plantabuntur domata in nidisnon propriis, sed prope ipsos. Nec credetur credentibus nec fides Salomonitisphisicis adhibetur.

Due verberationes percussientur inter nationem et florem linguarum quorumpotestatem anullabunt. Sed illud quod XVIo factum est anno sequenti retractabi-tur ut prius veluti desiderans tranquilitatem. Nam habebit guerram pro pace. Necveritas invenietur in gentibus Dei, sed confusionem machinabunt contra ipsos.Dampna per maria inerunt que conlisione sanguinis repensabuntur. Ne crux utordinatum extitit poterit volare, propter debilitatem assistentium qui propter pro-pria ipsam confundere querit.

Religiosus vir roborabitur, et cum gloria magna et brachio Dei et virili paucosensu inimicos Dei confundet. Qui totalem eclipsim passientur. Et postmodum

190 ��

ipsius natura insurget contra eumdem. Qui cum duobus grustis in honore et pro-speritate evadet. Fallacie popularium XVI, XVII, XVIIIo ad XXm suis plantagiiscorroborabuntur. Qui post cum Dei gracia brachium resumet.

Tempestates, inundationes, sterilitas, distemperancia temporis et corruptioaeris ultra extremum poterit videri; mortalitates, linguarum passiones videbuntur.

Principes non principes, sed avaricia et protervitas. Presules sensu suo care-bunt, et paululum post mater dei ipsos devorabit. Et cantabitur gloria christianis.Et finis eorum erit bonus in Terra sancta. Nec ipsa acquiretur propter vilitatem etdefectum cordis et peccatorum ipsorum.

Miracula Dei evenient. Infra XXm Eusebium, Joachim, Sibillum concordantes.

Nec diliget natio nationem nec populus populorum, sed inter se malicias do-minorum machinabunt. Et illud quod cum superbia incipietur.

Et predicabitur fides in Israel de novo et tunc ad suum germen revertentur.

Et fides prosperabitur pauco tempore, quia sub imperatore novo tunc regnan-te illud fiet quod Ecclesia perdetur. Et resumet vires suas et erit unum in mundoquod durabit. Finis est, et dicetur: „Cessabit”108.

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The issue touched in the article is vision and prophecy on the basis of Liber ostensor by Johnof Roquetaillade, a Franciscan visionary and long-term prisoner of Franciscan and RomanInquisition. This extensive work was written in 1356 in Avignon and was dedicated to the cardinalÉlie Talleyrand de Périgord, who, as a nuncio, had to carry into effect the conclusion of peacebetween England and France. Liber ostensor is a Franciscan and eschatological work. It conveysan apocalyptic augury of events which will take place in the latter part of the XIV century.

One of the main plots of the work is a medieval dispute about evangelical poverty. It resultedin the radicalization of views of John of Roquetaillade. The Franciscan experienced many visionsof angels, Mother of God, St Francis of Assisi, and also the Antichrist, which strengthened hisconviction about the rightness of his views. John of Roquetaillade prophesies a punishment thatwill affect the Avignonese papacy and Europe. After sins of people of church have been punished,there will appear a pope-reformer, who will lead mankind into a new era, directly preluding theend of the world.

The author of Liber ostensor is an interesting example of the resurgence of millenarism in theMiddle Ages.

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szlachty i M.A ;/ �;$&,@&#? starszy o lat osiem. Po studiach teologicznychw Rzymie w krajowych placówkach zakonu -.@A%/%A+&';<;+&C&>#@);>;-%A jed-nemu z domów klasztornych, 2;<;E)%-&%?N,2;E;M&#=@%]=. dorobek autor-ski, -#/A1D�E)>#&cherowskiej Bibliografii staropolskiej ;M#?$1?N,.)><.-./%=#<%L.,&% teksty biograficzne1� �&E<N,=%?-%L=&#?E<. < =&,*I Wzór i wizerunek[…] Zofii z Tylic Tomickiej – 2;E&A@;-%AE&C Brzechwa ]>O/A;-.$&, lecz zaginio-nymi2O]=&#? dokumentami: listami swojej heroiny (które $&#?E,%$&<%,.);-%A)oraz zredaD;-%=N przez jej spowiedników ��!�� , )>%@)1?N,N o nadzwy-czajnych/;J-&%/,<eniach ich penitentki. Zapewne ?#/=%@ ?NE%$N po<=%K$1�E&%A ;E;M&J,&#, skoro w Toruniu pr<#M.-%A- '%)%,* �� 8�:V� @&#/. Zofia ?1L2#>$%=#=)=&#@;><.E)%A%<duszpasterskiej pomocy miejscowych jezuitów, a o jejprzypadku DA;J=;M.A; i-J>O/)%$)#?E<.,* protestantów.

�&C@E<;JK tych faktów przypominamy za 2&;=&#>#$ *&E);>&& /1,*;-;J,&-�;'E,#Karolem Górskim, który M&;D>%+&C autorstwa �><#,*-.-./;M.A<nie-bytu zapomnienia, na/%?N, ?#? 2&#>-E<# 1?C,&# =%1@;-# & <%>%<#$ E2#,.+&,<=N>%=DC2 – M#<-N)2&#=&% D;/=N/%lE<.,*M%/%P. Jak w wypadku wielu innych /;�@;=%P�O>E@&#D; kontynuacji takiej <>OL=.,*2><.,<.=<%M>%@A;, %2><#,&#L jego2;-E)%A. ;@;A;>;@119763 szkic = � �� !�� -,&NLbudzi uznanie�?#/=;,<#J=&#&=E2&>1?N, do polemiki. �E);)=N<%EA1DN%1);>%B� �*��)��2� �� -./%?#E&CM;-&#$rekonstrukcja owej <-&N<%=#?<2;E)%,&N Tomickiejfaktografii, ale ?1L-.E=1)#<=&#?@;=@'1<?# interpretacyjne bynajmniej =&#2><#�@;=1?N��&#E2;EOM=%2><.@A%/<D;/<&KE&C<D#=#>%'&<%,?N, L#@E&NL@%�)%=&EA%�-%�><#,*-. ); DAO-=&#-.>%< � �� *�� )��)�,*><#J,&�?%PE@&#?�1>;2.��#>.);>.,<=#?@;=)>.-.$%D%)#L teza�L#– z drugiej strony –1�� )�� […] w�� !ta [czyli Zofiaz Tylic] ��'�%� �*�� !�� i ��' �� !�� Boga […] ��' ��4��&E);,&#><#�,<.1-%L=%'#@)1>%Wzoru i wizerunku… E@A%=&%/;-=&;E@O-</#,./;-%=&#;/�$&#==.,*(Le tekst sie/#$=%E);-&#,<=#D;?#<1&).?#E)=&#).'#J-&%/#,)-#$;M�E#E?&,<%>;-=&,�&'#*.M>./.,<=NM&;D>%+&N2;,*-%'=N�%J,&J'#?2%>%*%D&;D>%+&,<�=.$L.-;)#$@;M&#). ;2C)%=#?^ & L# )#;'oD&,<=N &=)#>2>#)%,?C @%<1E1 )#? ;E)%)�=&#?,#,*1?#)1-.>%]=%2%>%/;@E%'=;JK�@)O>N�><#,*-%;J$&#'%E&C-=&#$%A#?$&#><#>;<-&=NK/;@)>.=%'=&#�

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1 Zob. K. Estreicher, Bibliografia polska, t. XIII, Kraków 1894, s. 387.2 Zob. K. Górski, = � �� !�� [w:] Stud�� *��)��,

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�� '� ��!��'��'�� t-� �� *�� )��!�� !��+� ��!��o��)�� '� ��'�� (�� %�� '�� […]9. […] ten n �� !��!�� )��' ��)�� )�� !� c=&#-&%E)Cd��)�� *�� '�%�' �� jej wstydu i umartwienia10#�@�� c/&%M#Ad��!��%��!��!��*�� %� ��' % […]. […]�� (�)� �� !�� '�� +�� %�� i,�� )�� *� � � �� )!�� %��!� �� !� � �� #� […] potem […] ��'�� !��%�� !�� #� =�� !�� !�� !�� !�� '��? ��#�[…] kiedy��!��%�� (� �� '�� )��+��)� � ��'� �� !��)� ��)��!��)#�� !�� ?� � #�3�� '�� !��'�#�-�� '�� '�� (�� #�=�� !�� o�� '��!� �� !�� 11.

Samo=%E1-%?N,# E&C 2.)%=&#;$#/.,<=N$&%>;/%?=;JK )#D; ).212><#/E)%�-&#Ptrzeba tu, niestety,<@;=&#,<=;J,&<%-&#E&K� �<,<#DOA;-%=%=&#;/2;-&#/]-.<=%,<.A%M./;JK2>ecyzyjneD>%=&,# &=)#>2>#)%,?& )#;';D&,<=#?� %'#1/<&#'#=&#)%@&#?;/2;-&#/<&-./%?#E&CIpomimo 1E&'=.,*E)%>%P Górskiego12I=&#$;L'&�-#� �;$&=N-E<. fakt�L#�><#,*-%=&#M.A'#@arzem, =%'#L.2><#,&#L-<&NK2;/1-%DC& );�L# ?#D;>#'%,?%2;<;E)%?#@;$2&'%,?N 2><#@%<O->OL=.,*&=+;>$%);�>O- 4E%$#?�;+&&� ?#? EA1LM.�$#/.@O- & E2>%-1?N,.,*=%/=&N ;2&#@C /1E<2%�E)#>E@N jezuitów13); przekazów�,;-&C,#?�2><#21E<,<;=.,*2><#<+&')>@;=-#=,?&parahagiograficznej biografii pochwalnej.�)#?E.)1%,?&><#,<.-&E);J,&NE);E1=�@;-;=%?A%)-&#?1,*-.)=N<*&E);>.,<=#D;/.E)%=E1;@%<1?#E&CE%$a -.2;-&#/]�><#,*-.&2><#?%-&%?N,#E&C-niej – nietuzinkowe – autorskie przekonania.�,*#@E2>#E.-=;�&$2>#E.-=N2;,*;/=N?#E)=<M%-&;=./>%E).,<=;J,&E).',.);�-%=.,*-.L#?+>%D$#=)O-]>O/A;-.,*��2%)1?N, ,*%>%@)#>.E).@%$&E21E);E<#P,jakich w ciele i duszy pani z Tylic dokonuje @E&NLC ,&#$=;J,&� jezuicki pisarzpragnie zatem E-;&,*,<.)#'=&@O-2;2>;E)1<%/<&-&K�-E)><NE=NK=&$& i peda-

8�� 10 WW F3.11 WW E3.12 Zob. K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 272-276.13 Por. )%$L#, s. 272.

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gogicznie &,* 2><#>%<&K� W trakcie lektury dziwnej biografii 2;-&==& ;=& <;M%�,<.K&;/,<1K$;,�A#D;�*#>;&<$�;$&,@&#?;>%<=?C)N, 2%>%/;@E%'=NA%E@C�;D%^);)#L-2#>E2#@).-&#<%2'%=;-%=#?2><#<autoraE)>%)#D&&;/M&;>1#$;,?;�=%'=&#=#1)>%'=.?C<.@<;M&#@).-&<;-a=#D;E2>%-;</%=&%-./%><#P$1E&%AM.K->C,< =LN/%=. 4,*;K <e <>;<1$&%A.,* wzglC/O-@;=&#,<=# M.A. ?#D; #'#�$#=).I=%2><.@A%/;@>#J'#=&%,<%E1&2><#E)><#=&5��%'#?I?#E)><#,<N;,<.-&�E)N�L#�><#,*-%�@)O>.E<%)%=#$E)>%E<.A-A%E=.,*,<.)#'=&@O-�E%$L.-&A2><#/=&$ =%'#L.). >#'&D&?=. >#E2#@). �)N/ )#L E1D#>;-%=% 2><#<�O>E@&#D; )#<%� L#%1);> Wzoru i wizerunku… $ODA-/#$;=&,<=# 2;/A;L# ,&#>2&#P J-&N);M'&-#?�;+&& =&#-&#><.K14, zakrawa ->C,<=% %ME1>/^ =&#/'%)#D;� L#;@;'&,<=;JK taka=&#$;DA%M.<%&E)=&#K�%'#/'%)#D;�L#wspomniana teza nie znajduje ?%@&#D;@;'�-&#@2;)-&#>/<#=&%- )#@J,&#]>O/A;-.$�@)O>. – odwrotnie – expressis verbiswielokrotnie jej zaprzecza.

I tak, jak relacjonuje Brzechwa, historia �� ' �� z Torunia>;<2;,<CA% E&C-A%J,&-&# w roku 1620, kiedy to krewni, lekarze i spowiednicyTomickiej, nie 2;)>%+&N, &=%,<#? -.?%J=&K ?#? ,&CL@&,* E,*;><#P� =%M>%'& 2><#�J-&%/,<#=&%�L#�� *�� )��. W rzeczysamej '�� *��!�� !� �� %�� '�� !� � ��'�� '� ��*��15. Zofia cierpi%A%-&C,,&CL@; cierpieniem niezawinio-nym� %'#D/.2;?%-&A% E&C$;L'&-;JK2><#>-%=&% )#? 1/>C@&� �� %�� )�� '�� […] '��%�� )�%�!��*��'��&��; […] �� (� ��2��1*��e�� !��!�� '�� 16. �%A;)#D; – =C@%=% demonicznymi napa-dami choroby co pewien czas, @&#>1?N, E&C-A%E=N-&%>N� <%2>%D=CA% Tomicka1/>C@&2#>$%=#=)=#?&;=&NMA%D%A%�)-O>,C-$;/'&)-%,*( […] �� 2��1�� '��'�� (�� %17.�);E%$;MA%D%A%D;2><#<;E)%)=&#)><.=aJ,&#'%)L.,&%-&#'#>%<.�%D/.,<%>,&#=%-&#/<#=&%)>%,&A.=%E&'#�Zofia /;$%D%A%E&C&,*-<$;L#=&%�2><#@;=%=%�L#-A%J=&#/<&C@&=&$/;E)C21?#-.?N)@;-#?A%E@&( […] hojnie do'��%�1�� […] �� !��!�� (�)�� !�� '�� !�� ' ��!�� !18.

14 Zob. )%$L#, s. 277-278.15 WW B2.16 WW L3.17 WW D2.18 WW M3. Por. np.: =�� c,<.'&)1(Q=%?-%L=&#?E<#Sd�� ' �� (

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�%?$;,=&#?E<#J-&%)A;=%;-N=&#<-.@AN2;E)%-C>#'&D&?=N2%=&<�.'&, rzu-ca opis wydarzenia, @)O>#?#?M&;D>%+4-;2%>,&1;J-&%/#,)-%�?%@&$&/.E2;=;�-%A5 ;2%)><.A /%)N 9� 2%]/<&#>=&@% >;@1 �� ./%><#=&# );-.2%/% =%<-%Kprywatnym objawieniem Tomickiej ,<. J,&J'#? I <-&%E);-%=&#$� 2;=&#-%L );-A%J=&#-)#/.=&#M&%PE@&2;EA%=&#,;M-&#J,&AZofii boski projekt ?#?<%/<&-&%?N�,#?$&E?&, a ;=%- /;M>#?-&#><#� ,*;K =&# M#< obaw, 2;E)%=;-&A% D; 2><.?NK&<>#%'&<;-%K( […] �� !� � �� '�� *�� a� �� '�� '�� !�(��%��!�� '�� '��'�� #�I� �� - � &��!�� !�1*�� )��'��#�<*��'�%�� J� '�%� �� )o�� !�� )�� ) […]�� %�� !k�� '� ��!�� )��'�, a '�%��y, � %�� !��)��(� �� )*��%�� […]?�5' �� ' �� #�5�� '��H�� 1�� %, pókiwola Pana mego […]��)�%'�� !��)��%�'�( ��)��*'�� )�!�� !�� %��'�� (�� C�!� �E�� %�� *t�� !�� (��%# […] 2�� '��*�� Ale, du�� (��1�� *�� [Bóg] wybranym swoim zgo�� '��!�� %#�5�� >�� M�4�� #�4�� %�� *'�>�kiedyby Pan Bóg wszystkie twe pociechy�� ' �� '��M�>��e�'��!�� M�>�� %'��(�� '��!��'ó�� '�� !�� !��'�� )�� '��!��(� �� '��!�� !�� y�!��M�F�� '��'�� !� � �� !�� […]#�I� �� *� ��'��4�� '��!�� #�=�� '��?��(�) �� ?��"�� !�� 2�� '�� %�� #� […] �� >��N ��!�� 1�� !�� #�- �&��!+�� c�ODd� ��!�'!� �� !�'!� �� # […] To, co jeja�� !�� […]19.

W perspektywie 2><#/A;L;=#? interpretacji ten wizyjny dialog (=%,#,*;-%=.J>#/=&o-&#,<=;�M%>;@;-N,1/;-=;J,&N typu hagiograficznego) ;@%<1?#E&C klu-

�� '�)�� e'��c,*;KM.E2>%-D;E2;/%>E@&,*d� �� )��*�� o��'��#�= ��!�� '!��(��' ��2��1�� cid�� )��*�� )�� '�� (WW L).

19 WW D3-E.

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czowym fragmentem ,%A#D;Wzoru i wizerunku…�&#<%'#L=&#;/E-;?#?;M>%<;�-;J,& zawiera bowiem -%>E)-C teologicznego -.@A%/1 tych )>#J,& wiary, @)O>#-.2#A=&A.L.,&# dziwnej��' ��ci, a które =% )'#O-,<#E=#D;,*><#J,&?%P�E)-% spod znaku obsesji szatana 1<=%Ktrzeba za unikalne. Paradoksalne meritum-E2;$=&%=.,* )>#J,&-.>%<&K$;L=%=%E)C21?N,;(�OD E)%-&%�;+&C =% =%?M%>�/<&#? E)>;$#? & @>C)#? <# <=%=.,* ?#? J,&#L#@ <M%-&#=&% – pragnie 2;//%K )CJ$&#>)#l=&,<@C2>OM&# cierpienia -.=&@%?N,#D;<;2C)%=&%2><#<<A#D;1,*%, ;=%<%J� 12%)>1?N, w takiej próbie aktu E<,<#DO'=#? A%E@&� ostatecznie < 1+=;J,&N ?N2;/#?$1?#��oto przed oczami czytelników-.A%=&%E&C2><#-;/=&% idea utworu– kontrowersyjne 2;/ -<D'C/#$ )#;';D&,znym 2;?C,&# )%@ <-%=#D; ;2C)%=&%#@E2&%,.?=#D;4-.$%D%?N,#)1 naturalnie dalszego doprecyzowania). Tej -.?N)�@;-#? wizji Karol Górski nie analizuje w ogóle, ,*;K-'&,<N,#?E;M&#�:7E)>;=edycji z roku 1728 zajmuje ona )><.&2OAE)>;=.�%2>%-/;2;/;M&#PE)-;�L#ba-dacz >O-=&#1-%L=. jak on$ODAO-1E)C22><#;,<.K�bliskie jest zeru4=&#1E<#�/A /;,&#@'&-;J,& Górskiego,*;KM.mikroskopijny 1A%$#@&nformacji o$%?N)@;�-.,* /<&%A%,* >;/<&==.,*� =% $;,. @)O>.,* �;$&,@% ;/<&#/<&,<.A% );>1PE@N@%$&#=&,C20).

�./%?#E&C=&#E)#).�L#%1);>2&;=&#>E@&#?�,��)��2� �� 2><#�$&',<%A&&==#esencjonalne partie dziwnej biografii – w tym trzystronicowy opiswizji%=&#'E@&#D;$Ao/<&#Pca, której�;+&%/;J-&%/,<.A%2;$&C/<.>;@&#$��V:%��@&#/.2><#M.-%A%-@'%Ez);><#M#=#/.@).=#@-�*#A$n&#�;/M&#>%?N,;/=&,* -.,*;-%=&# - /1,*1 >#+;>$. )>./#=ckiej21. �&/<#=&# ); <%)#$ ; -&#'#-,<#J=&#?E<#=&L2><.-;A%=.-.L#?wizyjny dialog zwiastowania, ?#/=%@L#EA%M�E<# od niego w wymo-&#&-2#A=&<>;<1$&%A# dopiero na jego tle: F��!�� '�� !��y�� (�� !�!�� !�� )�� !��*��!��#�� niej: […] ?� �� *�� )� �� . �; /A1D&$, lecz nietrafnym=%$.J'# '#@@;$.J'=% panna wybiera sze�� !�� />;DC zatracenia&2;2;,<N)@;-; ciekawej�2><.?#$=#?-C/>O-,# w koP,1�2><#>%L;=%� <%)><.�$1?# E&C=%/ ��!'�� @)O>#? D%>/<&#' 2;,*A%=&% ?#/=#D;2;)C2&#P,%<% />1D&$� "�� […] niewidanej� �!�� 2><.,*;/<& -E<%@L# �;+&&

20 Por. K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 269 i WW O3.21 �E&#=&NM.A% )%$-O-,<%E�%D/%'#=%�;>)CE@%^2;E)%K-.M&)=% &<=%=%^<$%>A%-��:��

�><.'%)%2O]=&#?=% =%;@;'&,<=;JKprzeniesienia?#?E<,<N)@O-Brzechwa -.DA;E&A&;21M'&@;-%Akazanie Skarb bogaty… (zob. K. Estreicher, Bibliografia polska� )�T��>%@O-�68"� E� :695��&#2><.2%/@;-;<%/#/.@;-%A?#I-$%?1��::I�;+&&<�.'&,�;$&,@&#?�<$%>A#?-'&E);2%/<&#)#D; >;@1 4<;M��><#,*-%� Skarb bogaty w przezacnym klaszto�� ) ��)�1 � (��!� �� i, Kraków [1633], Aij-Aiij (brak numeracji stronic; oznaczenia ar-kuszy drukarskich za egzemplarzem Biblioteki Kórnickiej PAN, sygnatura 11053).

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<2;$;,N�2><#=;E&/<&#-,<.=C=%$&#?E,#M#<2&#,<=#&21E<,<%?N-;'=;�E1D#�>1?N,� by doko=%A%=;-#D;�'#2E<#D;-.M;>1��%==%->%,%-&C,=%>;<E)%?/>OD&).$>%<#$-@>%,<%=%/>1DN<=&,*, dziwnie �!�� […],�� (��, u której szczytu stoi drabina wio/N,%/;=&#M&%PE@&#D;�� )�.�1?#/=%@<=O-<?%-&%E&C2><#/�;+&N%=&#'E@&$A;/<&#=&#,&<=O--.2;-&%/%EA;-%2;1,<#=&%(4 �� +�� '�� '��!��*�� […]�� […]. […]�� […]�� c)#?/>;D&/<&-=&#,&CL@&#?d+�� !��'�� tej [drogi] �!�� (� ��!�� […]. Panna nie�� ' �� i nigdy potem przezwszystek � ��*�� !��%�� !�� *�� '��1��(�� ozumiesz22.

Ten alegoryczny sen, w.@;><.E)1?N,2;-&#'%=. ;/E)%>;L.)=;J,&$;).-/>OD/;M>#? &<Aej, 2;<;E)%?#2><.@A%/#$'&)#>%,@&#?2><#,&C)=;J,&�%'# ?#D;2><#EA%=&#+>%21?Nco koresponduje ze wskazanymi przez nas elementami >%/.@%'=#? )#;';�D&&;2C)%=&%#@E2&%,.?=#D;. W strukturze Wzoru i wizerunku… ;-%E#==%-&<?%?#E) M;-&#$ %=).,.2%,?N 2O]=&#?E<#D; dialogu zwiastowania – pierwszym bo-skim komunikatem;-.M>%PE)-&#�;+&&z Tylic. W 2><.E<A;J,&$%;=%2><#,&#L-E)N2&K=%/>;DCL.,&%�� !��, J,&J'#? – demonicznie �!��; i zretoryzo-wany postulat )%@&#?-A%J=&#&=)#>2>#)%,?& losów bohaterki <;E)%A w przytoczony1E)C2 wpisany 2><#< E%$#D; �><#,*-C. �.>%L% on mianowicie 2#-=;JK� L#-E2;$=&%=#2><#EAanie (��) snu odbiorca zrozumie -E2;EOM-A%J,&-.�czy-li taki, który 1-.>%]=&E&Cprzed nim na dalszych etapach biograficznej narracji.�,*@E<)%A)<%J=%<=%,<;=. ?#E)�?%@-&%/;$;�</#,./;-%=.$2><#@;=%=&#$%1�);>%�L# ��' ��%� �;$&,@&#? E2>;-%/<% E&C/; heroicznej ekspiacjiza grzechy – 2;'#D%?N,#?=% znoszeniu cierpienia zadawanego przez diaMA%�

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��:��23 Zob. K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 270.

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�%>/<; ,<.)#'=N %=).,.2%,?N @'1,<;-#D; zwiastowania o ;2C)%=&1 z b;L#?A%E@& pozostaje )%@L# =&#/;@A%/=&# /%);-%=# widzenie z okresu, kiedy Zofiaw Toruniu � �� , to jest < )#D; E%$#D;�2><#A;$;-#D;roku 1621: […] w wielkich '� ��)�'!��,��'��'��*� �� )��*�� *�� '��'�� #��'�� !��!��*��*��'�� '�� ' � �� )�� '��*�� *� �� ) ��'��%#�1�� (�� '� �� *��)�'�� %��), a siódma na wierzchu, nad onym trzcini��*� �#�-��*(��'�� '�� *�� *��!�� %�� '�� %��!�� '��#�I*��!��!��!��!��!��!��(��%��'�*�� <)�� *��< ��a wszystko,�� <)��2�� ,�� #�<)� �� %��!�� )��'�� %��!�� '�*(�� *� �� #��!��!��!��!��!��*��*�� %�� '�� '�� !��#�B�� o� ��!�� ' �� )��'��!�� %� […]25.

Ten alegoryczny obraz o spowolnionej, hieratycznej – w <%$.J'# %1);>% I/.=%$&,#;/<=%,<%E&CM;D%,)-#$$%)#>&&&@;=;D>%+&,<=#?�@;=E#@-#=)=&#�2><.�<=%K )><#M%,12;><Nd@;-%=#?-;@OA2><#-;/=&#? &/#&� Oto obecna ?1L-E<)1,#-,<#E=#D;J>#/=&;-&#,<%M;E@%>Cka -.E)%?N,%<;MA;@1<=%,<N,;/;).@%2&#>E&�;$&,@&#? >O<DN��%;E)%)=&%2><.-;A1?# )1 poliwalentne skojarzenia – <# <=%�=.$ 2;D%PE@&#? E)%>;L.)=;J,& symbolem EA1E<=#? @%>.� z okrutnym atrybut#$<M%-,<#?$C@& Chrystusa, a nawet z =%><C/<&#$ E)%>%?N,.,* E&C ?N =%J'a/;-%Kbiczowników. �;/;M=N-&#';-%>);J,&;-;JK-.@%<1?#$;).-,&#>=&I-,*><#�J,&?%PE@&#? )>%/.,?& ;/=;E<N,. E&C zarówno do <%J'#2&%?N,#D; grzechu, jak dopasyjnej koronacji Jezusa; - ).$ @;=)#@J,&# 2><.2;$=&?$. ?#/=%@ przedewszystkim�L#- reprezentatywnej Ikonologii Cezarego Ripy -A%J=&#-&N<@C,&#>�=&)><.$%-2>%-#?/A;=&poE)%K�;@1).. Na koniec – E2&C)><#=&# znakówE1M'&�$1?N,#D;� ekspiacyjnego cierpienia: ciernie grzechu, bólu i pokuty 2><#$&#=&KE&C$%?N- 2&C@=N>OLC;2A%)@%,*,<#>-;=.,*?%k krew orazM&%A.,*?%@=&#-&=�=;JK&J-&C);JK26. �=)#>2>#)%,?CE.$M;'&@&2;-.LE<#D;-&/<#=&%�;+&&$;L=%M.

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202 ��F��

;,<y-&J,&# =&1%=E;-%K dalej, niemniej nie jest to konieczne. Sens ,%A#?-&<?&-.>%L;=. <;E)%A2><#,&#Lw niej expressis verbis: < �� <)��2�� r� � ��#�<)� �� %��!�� )��'�� %��!� � �� '�*�� *� […]. �*><#J,&?%PE@&# 2;-;A%=&# M;*aterki Wzoru i wizerunku…istotnie 2;E&%/%<%)#$<=%$&;=%-.?N)@;-;J,&– o czym narrator L.-;)%wy/%?#E&C-2#A=&2><#@;=%=..

�'%)#D;-.2%/%2;2>;E)12><.?NK�L#�)%=&EA%-�><#,*-%wierz.A-)%@&#�D; /&%MA%� ?%@&#D;;2&E.-%A; to znaczy )%@&#D;� ; ?%@&$-,<#J=&#? ;2;-&%/%A%E2;-&#/=&@;$ 4&$;L# ?#$15�;+&%�;$&,@%^ @;M&#)%, w stosunku do której –jako �� ' �� – odczu-%A prawdopodobnie DACMokie religijneuwielbienie. Jak i ona wie><.A-&C,<%2#-=#�L#E<a)%PE@% possessio (;2C)%=&#)?#E) &=)#D>%'=.$ #'#$#=)#$ 2;-;A%=&% 2%=& < �.'&,� 2%>%/;@E%'=N A%E@N �;D%&-.?N)@;-N/>;DN <M%-&#=&%� �;@A%/=&# tyle wynika wszak wreszcie z jedno-znacznych w wymowie listów i ustnych wypowiedzi samej bohaterki, którychfragmenty zakonny pisarz – nie bez pietyzmu – -@;$2;=;-%A-?#?�� M&;�D>%+&C( […] do jednego z spowiedników swoich pisze�c)%J-&N);M'&-%2%=&d��<)�(��'��J��J�� a�� !��%�� !� (�� c?Nd �� !� ��#�1�� !��2��*��(�� '��-��!�� 2�� (��*��)��%�� # […] @�� (� �� *��'�� !�� J��J��*�� (� �� !�� %2��1*�� !��!� �� *�� )�� (� �� '��ana. […] � ��'��%�� )�� – prawi – nieprzy�� 1�� !�� '� ��lszyPan Bóg nieg�� 27.

W religijnie dydaktycznej @E&NL,#?#<1&).�><#,*-. ó-1=&@%'=.-N)#@ po-ssessio ekspiacyjnej 4,<.'&/&%MA%-2&E%=#D;-M;E@N#@;=;$&C<M%-&#=&%5 $1E&<;E)%K<>O-=;-%L;=.I'1M>%,<#?,<CJ,&;-;<=#1)>%'&<;-%=.I przez elementyznanej czytelnikom konwencji parahagiograficznej. �%'#L./;=&,*?1LE%$).)1A1)-;>1: Wzór i wizerunek ��!� �� ' �� %��'�� F�&��=� ��=�� . W niniejszej formule zaakcento-waK)1-%>);EA;-%)%@&#�?%@wzór, wizerunek, ��' ��% i ��; wszystkie

�868�E� 7�:6�:8��"�� V:^�� ;>E)=#>� 3��'� ��)�� ^ )A1$� z niem. W. Za-krzewska, P. Pachciarek i R. Tu><.PE@&^�%>E<%-%�88V�E��8 ^��&2%�Ikonologia�)A1$�<-A�I.Kania, Kraków 1998, s. 327-328 (por. WW P2).

27 WW L3.

V:��G��Y

one bowiem 2;<;E)%?NE.D=%A%$&zarówno D#=;';D&,<=#?J-&%/;$;J,&%1);>%, jakjego wyborów teologicznych. Trudno je)#L, doprawdy, <&=)#>2>#);-%K&=%,<#?=&L-E2;EOM=%E)C21?N,.: �><#,*-%$%�;$&,@N<% jedyny w swoim rodzaju -<O>,*><#J,&?%PE@&#? J-&N);M'&-;J,&, 2><.;M'#@%-&C, ?#? L.,&#-/>%2#>&C 2;/;M=Ndo hagiograficznej, aby-&E);,&#M#<D>%=&,<=.$2;EA1E<#PE)-#$�;D1L.'&>O-�=&#L odbiorcy tekstu.

�Jwiecie potrydenckiej ortodoksji propagowanie tak �� ' ��(�� @;M&#).;2C)%=#?2><#<<A#D;/1,*% wymaga -E<%@L# E2#,?%'=.,*<%M#<2&#�,<#P/;@)>.=%'=ych. W /;E)C2=#?/<&Jedycji z roku 1728 jednym <=&,*;@%<1?#E&C� umieszczone pod <-.@AN aprobacjN ordynariusza miejsca, wymowne mottoz $$��!��"��)�' �� : 2��!��)��*��!��!�!��%�'!��'��!�� '�� )��*+�� '�� *� ��!��(�� '!�� 28. Cytat ów i nadmieniona aprobacja koJ,&#'�=#D;cenzora -.?N)@;-NM&;D>%+&C�;$&,@&#?';@1?Nzatem w nie;@>#J';=#?2><#�E)><#=&2><#>OL=.,* „/<&#A2;M;L=.,*S�@)O>#powinny 2;M1/<%K>#'&D&?=;JK;DO�A1�%'#=&#EN wyrazem oficjalnego =%1,<%=&%�;J,&;A% – co de facto dopuszczamargines ich doktrynalnej „nie,<.E);J,&S i analogicznego rzeczonych /<&#A od-bioru. Z podobnym optymizmem duszpasterE@&$=% E2>%-. )# <%2%)>.-%K E&C$1E&#'& ?#<1&,& formalnie odpowiedzialni <% @E<)%A) 2&#>-odruku z roku 1634,który (jak 2><.2;$&=%@%>)%).)1A;-% reedycji51@%<%AE&C;,<.-&J,&# za dozwo-leniem Starszych.

Jako interpretacyjnie /;=&;EA.E@A%/=&@ wydawniczej ramy Wzoru i wizerun-ku… jawiE&C nadto dwustronicowa przedmowa29 – konsekwentne 1E<,<#DOA;-&#�=&# sugerowanego ?1L sposobu lektury; sposobu opatrzonego =&#<MC/=.$& <%�E)><#L#=&%$&��=;=&$;-.%1);>;E&#$=%E);-&#,<=#D;-E)C212><.<=%?#-&C,�,;2>%-/%�L#*&E);>&%Zofii Tomickiej � � � �� )� ��'�(��;</>1D&#?E)>;=.2;/@>#J'% jednak, iLhistoria to nadzwyczajnie rzadka, nietylko czasó��)�� ). �=&,/<&-=#D;�L#2;M;L=#D;;/M&;>,C�@)O>. jeszcze nie <%DACM&AE&C-;2;-&#JK; strasznych […] nawiedzeniach Bo-skich pani z Tylic, autor ów zawczasu -.2;E%L%-#-<D'C/=&#M#<2&#,<=.klucz

28 WW, s. nieoznacz. (na;/->;,&#E�).)1A;-#?5��&%>;/%?=;JK)#D;)A1$%,<#=&%I-%L@N/'%-.$;-.,%A#D;1)-;>1I2;<.).-=&#<-#>.+&@;-%K$;L=%-<#E)%-&#=&1<@%=;=&,<=N�� & < %1);>.)%).-=N +&';';D&,<=&# )>%=E'%,?N 1' �=�� Obsecro autem eos qui hunc librumlecturi sunt ne abhorrescant propter adversos casus, sed reputent ea quae acciderunt, non ad inte-ritum sed ad correptionem esse generis nostri (2 Mch 6,12; za wyd.: Biblia Sacra juxta VulgatamClementinam divisionibus, summariis et concordantiis ornata; Romae – Parisiis 1956). 2��!��!��)��*��'!�� !��!�!��'�� !' � �� '��'�� %+�� '�� !�� '�� '��%�� '��)��%��* (za wyd.: 2��3�!� �� -�� = �� !��(�*��lnych [tzw. 1' ��=�� d�>#/��.=%>E@&��;<=%PI�%>E<%-%�86V5�

29 Zob. WW, s. nieoznacz.

204 ��F��

interpretacyjny: […] o wielu ludzi��)��!��)��*�� !��)��(*��1oskich podob� �� '�� !�� 1oskie ponosili […]. […]�� a��1�� )� � ��!��)��)�� )�� '� ��!�� o��)!��.

�>%,%?N,/;I/#$;=&,<=#D;IE#/=%E2>%-. i meandrów1$.EA;-;J,& sa-mego Brzechwy, przypomnijmy z kolei za Górskim, L#?#<1&,@&2&E%><$ODA,<.�)%KEA.==NCautio criminalis E-;?#D;<%@;==#D;-E2OAM>%)% >./#>.@%R;=�2##�;21M'&@;-%=N2;A%,&=&# i po polE@1->;@1��:�4)><.'%)%2><#/1@%<%=&#$E&CWzoru i wizerunku…5-=&#;/'#DA.$;/�orunia Poznaniu30.�.'#�L#EN2;-;�/.�M.< )%@&#D;/;$=&#$%=&%-.E=1K-=&;E@&-A%J,&-&# sprzeczne z /#/1@,?NGórskiego�-#/A1D@)O>#D;�><#,*-%$&%A�� rzeczywi�� !�� mog��'�% �*�� !��31. Po lekturze Cautio criminalis –dys@1);-%=#?-,%A#?�1>;2&# przestrogi przed absurdalnymi i okrutnymi wyro-kami w sprawach o czary – autor Wzoru i wizerunku… $1E&%AM.$&%=;-&,&#/;?JK raczej /;@;=@'1<?&�L#%@u>%)�;+&C�;$&,@N-.2%/%I2;$&$;-E<.E)@;I1<=%K<%;E;MC �� 4,*;K;,<.-iJ,&#=&#D;/=N E@%<%=&%5� �;/@>#J'�$.�,;-&C,#?�L#/;)%@&#?@;=@'1<?&�><#,*-%/;?JK$uE&%A&2;'#@)1><#)#@E)1�/;<=%?;$;J,&@)O>#D; ?%@;/1,*;-=.�%E<,<#DO'=&# ?#<1&)%�M.A2;2>;E)1<;�M;-&N<%=.� �*;/<& ; =;-; 2;-E)%A#� <%'#,%=# ;+&,?%'=&# Rituale Romanumz roku 1614,D/<&#$&C/<.&==.$&2>#,.<;-%=;&E)%=possessio�&2>;,#/1>C#D�<;>,.<$;-%=&%�2oE)1'1?N, roztropne ;/>OL=&%=&#;M?%-O-,*;>;M.4<-A%szczapsychicznej) od objawów opa=;-%=&%2><#<<A#D;/1,*%32�%@?#/=%@-.=&@%<#<=&1%=E;-%=.,* % 1L.).,* - ;/=&#E&#=&1 /; ;2C)%=#D; ;@>#J'#P infirmusi aegrotus, >#/%@);><./;@1$#=)1 >#%'&E).,<=&# <%@A%/%'& )#L $;L'&-;JK <%,*;�/<#=&% 2><.2%/@O-2;D>%=&,<=.,*�-@)Orych diabelska possessio energu$#=%=&#-.@'1,<%A%M.?#D;E,*;><#P=%)1>%'=.,*�%=%-#)$;DA%M.?#2;-;/;-%K33.Dla interpretacji Wzoru i wizerunku…/1L#<=%,<#=&#$%>O-=&#L);�,;-%1);�>.)%).-=.$ kon)#@J,&# Rituale… -.,<.)%K /% E&C ; E%$#? #)&;';D&& ;2C)%=&%��)%@=%?-.M&)=&#?E<.,*.M%@omentator tego )#@E)1I'&)1>D&E)%�&1E#22#�%)%'%�=&I?#E<,<#-2;A;-&#TU��-&#@1 akcen);-%A�;/-;A1?N,E&C/;�>%/.,?&�L#DAO-=N2><.,<.=NQ<,<%>;-%=&%S�@)O>#/;21E<,<%=&e;/D%/=&;=.�OD�M.-%?ND><#,*.E%$#D; zczarowanego; i to grzechy niekoniecznie ,&CL@&#34��C&&==NI

30 Zob. K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 280 (por. M. Pilaszek, Procesy o czary w Polsce w wiekach XV-XVIII, Kraków VV6�E��7��2><.2�=>885^<;M� )#L G. Minois, B�' �� )A1$� z franc. E. Burska,Warszawa 2001, s. 99-100.

31 K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 277.32�/=;J=.1E)C2]>O/A;-.I<;M�-(��%1>#=)&=��J�� %M�-��(

� �� <)��)A1$�z franc. ��<%+>%PE@&��%>E<%-%�889�E� :�42;>�� , s. � 9�� 65^<;M�)#L��&=;&E�)%$L#, s. 80-81.

33 Zob. G. Nanni, 2� ��1��#�Egzorcyzm^)A1$�<-A��%,<$%>#@&��&/A%��%>E<%-% VV9�E�257; por. )%$L#, s. 261.

V7��G��Y

206 ��F��

>1/.$#=)%>=N� ;M'&D%);>.?=N -&C, I -&#/<C /#$;=;';D&,<=N �><#,*-% M#<-Nt2&#=&%2;E&%/%A��&#/.<%)#$=%>>%);>L.-;)%�;+&&>;<-;/<&E&C;najazdachczartowskich […] z samego tylko dopuszczenia Boskiego35�=%'#L.D;><#,<.-&�J,&#)>%@);-%K?%@; porte-parole autora.

�./%-%KM.E&Ctu m;DA;�L#2.)%=&#�/'%,<#D;2%=&<�.'&,%=&=&#;E@%>L;�=;�%=&=&#E@%<%=;�$%-.$;-C<%D%/@;-N albo i />%$%).,<=N^;E;M&E)#M#<�2&#,<#PE)-; �;$&,@&#? -%>1=@;-%A wszelako szereg wymiernych czynników��;<%2;/<&-&%=N2><#<;);,<#=&#L%r'&-N2;M;L=;J,&N2><#/=%?D;>E<.$M>;=&A�;+&C=%)1>%'=&#E2;A#,<=.E)%)1EI2%>%=)#'%$&&E)%=#$2;E&%/%=&%</#,./;-%�=&# 2><#-.LE<%?N,. @;=/.,?C 2><#,&C)=.,* 2;E#E?;=%)O-� �o=%/); 2><#< ,%A.)><.=%E);'#)=& ;@>#E E-;&,* =%?,&CLE<.,* /;J-&%/,<#P M.A% 2;/ ;2&#@N M%rdzoaktywnych );>1PE@&,*?#<1&)O-^/;&,*@;'#D&1$2;EA%A%;M1E.=O- (-<-&N<@1<,<.$=%2#-=; E@A%/%A%/;M>;-;'=#;+&%>.2&#=&CL=#5 & najprawdopodobniej-E2OA+&=%=E;-%A%wydanie-E2;$=&%=#D;@%<%=&%�><#,*-.2;J-&C,;=#D;2%�$&C,&�%D/%'#=.�;>)CE@&#?36. Istotne w tej sytuacji M.A;M. i szersze )A; sprawo czary w dawnej�<#,<.2;E2;'&)#?�D/<&#I-J-&#)'#<M%/%=.,*]>O/#AI$&%A$&#?E,#<%ledwie jeden epizod spalenia szlachcica i to nie w majestacie prawa,lecz--.=&@1E%$;EN/137��2>%-/<&#=&#$%'8Vg;E@%>L;=.,*&E@%<anych tokobiety (rzecz jasna – z gminu), jakkolwiek ><%/@;@&#/.=% J$&#>K38; pozycjanie-&%E).-E2;A#,<=;J,&%,*';@%'=.,*M.A%M;-&#$-�;>;=&# &=%�&)-&# ra-czej -.LE<%=&L <%,*;/<ie Europy39.�%1-%L.K )%@L#-%>);� L# E2;J>O/ E2>%-�?%@&$&;/2;A;-.TU�/;@;P,%TU��-&#@1<%?$;-%'&E&C2>;)#E)%=,,.EC/<&;�-&#);>1PE,.�E2>%-.;,<%>.E)%=;-&A.).l@; �"g;DOA140. Niewykluczone jed-nak, Le-=%?M'&LE<.$;);,<#=&1�;$&,@&#?2;-&%A;D>o<N�@&#/.-=&#E<,<CJ'&�-.$-.2%/@1<D&=NA?#?M>%)4DAO-=. rodowyE2%/@;M&#>,%5�%@>ND;E<,<#>,O-<%,<NA>;<21E<,<%K2';)@&; rzekomej zbrodniczej intrydze �� ' �o-��41. Nikt z nich =&#;/-%L.AE&C-E<%@L#;E@%>L.K zczarowanej Zofii o malefi-cium 4<A;,<ynienie) &-=&#JK2;<#-2>.-%)=.I2;$&=N-E<.&==#-<D'C/.�$;L#& z przyczyny takiej� L# =% ;E@%>L.,&#'1 E2;,<.-%A ;M;-&N<#k przedstawieniadowodów winy, a w razie ich niedoE)%>,<#=&%D>;<&A%$1 kara finansowa42.

34 Zob. )%$L#, s. 260.35 WW F2-F3.36 Zob. WW G3, O. W dedykacyjno-panegirycznej przedmowie do kazania Skarb bogaty…

(zob. )#=%>).@1AI2><.2&E nr 215- &$&#=&1-A%E=.$ & E-;&,* );>1PE@&,*-E2OAM>%,&�><#,*-%=%<.-%<>#E<)N�;$&,@N-��"��2��B�'�� (zob. S. Brzechwa, Skarb bogaty…,Aiij).

37 Zob. M. Pilaszek, )%$L#, s. 287.38 Zob. )%$L#, s. 297.39 Zob. )%$L#, s. 400-401.40 Zob. )%$L#, s. 307.41 Zob. WW G-G2.42 Zob. M. Pilaszek, )%$L#, s. 147.

V9��G��Y

Hybrydyczna biografia pani z Tylic&$2'&@1?#->#E<,&#@-#E)&#;=>O-�=.-%'=&#-&C@E<.$,&CL%><#D%)1=@;-.$�które w tym /.E@1>E&#=&#$;DNM.K>;<E)><.D=&C)#�% ).'@; &=E2&>1?N,; postawione. Idzie tu bowiem o rzecz tak /;�=&;EAN i <A;L;=N, ?%@,*><#J,&?%PE@%/;@)>.=%;/;M>.$�;D1 &<A.$E<%)%=&# –we Wzorze i wizerunku… <=%?/1?N,%1?C,&# dalekie od typowego. Zredagowany2><#,&#L2><#<�><#,*-C tekst -A%J,&-&# nie2><.=%'#L. do przeM;D%)#?)>%/.,?&;2;-&#J,&;J-&C).,**#>;&,<=&#-%',<N,.,*</&%M#'E@&$&2;@1sami, zapo,<N)�@;-%=N2><#< 2;,*;/<N,.<�U-&#@1N��!� ��>�� pióra Atanaze-go Wielkiego43. ��;$&,@N><#,<$%E&C&=%,<#?( jest ona -#/A1DE-#D;M&;D>%+%po prostu i najwy>%]=&#?;2C)%=%� jednak /#$;=&,<=N possessio )>%@)1?#?%@;2%�>%/;@E%'=N A%E@C�;D%� ); <=aczy jako =%?'#2E<N ;@%<?C /; #@E2&%,?& za licznegrzechy�@)O>%<2#-=;J,&Nwydatnie przybliL.?N/;<M%-&#=&%�Dynamika o-#�D;<A%<%E<.+>;-%=#D;w boskiej ekonomii zbawienia muE&$&#K-;/,<1,&1sie-demnastowiecznego jezuity wymiar wielkiego dramatu, skoro $% ;= ;/-%DCE@;=E)>1;-%K,*;KM.=%E)C21?N,N$#)%+;>C( […] � �� 4�'��3c-&C)#$1d�e'�� !� � �� '�� !�� )�� i tejPani44. �&#<%'#L=&#;/-E<#'@&,*;,<.-&E).,*>OL=&,tekst o starotestamentowympatriarsze i tekst o polskiej szlach,&%=,# ;/E.A%?N =%E <%)#$ /; ).,* E%$.,*$&#?E,=&#/;;@>#J';=.,*-E)>1@)1><# chrzeJ,&?%PE@&#?>#+'#@E?&;<A1^/;>.E1?N�,.,* E&C-;-#? >#+'#@E?& =&#1=&@=&;=.,*=%2&CK & 2C@=&CK 2o$&C/<. 4M. 1L.KE,*;'%E).,<=.,*+;>$1A5-&%>N2;E<1@1?N,N<>;<1$&#=&%%<>;<1$&#=&#$2;E<1�@1?N,.$-&%>.…

Rozpatrywany tu kazus Zofii Tomickiej ma na tl#/<&#?O-/1,*;-;J,&kato-lickiej cha>%@)#>-.?N)@;-. & trudno <=%'#]K/'%=&#D; porównywalne I-.?N)�@;-#I odpowiedniki. �)N/)#L=&#<MC/=% w tej analizie kategoria opC)%=&%#@E�2&%,.?=#D; <%2;L.,<;=% <;E)%A% z zakresu teologii ;E)%)=&,* /<&#E&C,&;'eci,w której notabene =&#<=%?/1?#-,&NLE<#>E<#D;1<=%=&%45. �&,<>#E<)N/<&-=#D;�<-%L.-E<.�L# termin ów sugeruje E2#,?%'=N>;'C/&%MA%-przedstawieniu egzy-stencji >#L.E#>;-%=.$2><#<�)-O>,C^);<%J 2>;-%/<&K$;L#koniec @;P,O-dognostyckiego czy neognostyckiego monodualizmu�-$.J'@)O>#D;�OD2;E&%/%=%)1>C<%>O-=;/;M>N�?%@<AN46. W perspektywie historii idei religijnych 1J,&J'&K-&C,-%>);�L#2;?C,&#;2C)ania ekspiacyjnego E2;21'%>.<;-%A;E&Cna fali <%&=�)#>#E;-%=&%DA;J=.$2><ypadkiem <$%>A#?-�89�>;@1Bawarki Anneliese Mi-chel, na podstawie którego hollywoodzki >#L.E#>�,;))�#>>&,@E;==%@>C,&A polatach niedrogi, lecz kasowy film Egzorcyzmy Emily Rose. �1L;-%L=&#?E<.;/)#D;;M>%<1?#E)+%@)�L#przypadek Michel <;E)%AE);E1=@;-;/oM><#1/;@1$#=�);-%=. & L# ;M>;/<&A '&,<=.$& ;2>%,;-%=&%$& =%1@;-.$&� E2;J>O/@)O>.,* <%

":�;M��&=;&E� )%$L#�E�7�&=%E)�44 WW O2.45 Zob. A. Posacki, H��!�� , Radom 2005, s. 111.46 Zob. )%$L#, s. 41, 62.

208 ��F��

=%?-%>);J,&;-E<# uchodzi studium Felicitas D. Goodman,%$#>.@%PE@&#?2>;+#�E;>%=)>;2;'ogii kulturowej, lingwistyki i religioznawstwa.

�;/>OL=&#=&1 ;/�;$&,@&#? Michel -&#><.A% ?#/=%@� L# /#$;=&,<=#? #@E�2&%,?&/oJ-&%/,<%A% nie w &$&C<M%-&#=&%-A%E=#D;�%'#M'&]=&,*47 – w zasadzietak, jak o wiele M'&LE<% =%E<#? M;*%)#>,# 2;/ -<D'C/#$$#=)%'=.$, $A;/E<%zal#/-&#;2&CK'%) Francuzka Marie des Vallées; podopieczna <=%=#D;J-&C)#D;%=%�1/#E%� który -@;=-#=,?& =&#;/'#DA#? ;/ hagiograficznej <>#'%,?;=;-%A&E@;$#=);-%A ?#?-.<=%=&%48 (nierównie-.'#-=&#?E<#=&L=%>>acja Brzechwy).Z -.<=%P).,*/;-&#/<&#KE&C$;L=%�L#?%@2%=&<�.'&,�%>&%<�;'&=M.A%@%�);'&,<@N J-&#,@N, ,*;K-.-;/<N,N E&C <# E)%=1 ,*A;2E@&#D;^ %=%';D&,<=&# )#L;2&#@;-%A E&C =&N$CE@& penitencjarz-przewodnik duchowy; natomiast o wiele/A1L#?�M;'%)"��)>-%A okres jej „zczarowania”. �><.,<.=&KE&C$&%A/;niego =&#�E<,<CJ'&-&#<%@;,*%=.-@;M&#,&#$Ao/<&#=&#,�@)O>.2;2>;E&A-&#/]$C�>&E#'�'#�%M.=%�%>&C><1,&A%$&A;E=.1>;@�,;E)%A;E&C2;,<N)@iem dramatycznej po-ssessio. Pod jej-2A.-#$I-2><#,&-&#PE)-&#/; �� ' �� z To-runia – Normandka des Vallées przez ponad 30 lat=&#2><.E)C2;-%A%/;spowie-dzi i komunii, a jako podejrzana o maleficium4-/;/%)@1).'@;,*A;2@%52OA>;@12><#E&e/<&%A%--&C<&#=&1��/>1D&#?E)>;=. podobnie jak pani z Tylic bez skutku2;//%-%=% M.A% <%M&#D;$ & '#@%><.� & #D<;>,.E)O-� ,&#>2&N,-,&NL ,*;KM. na„spektakularne” ataki szatana podczaE=%M;L#PE)--@;J,&#'#.

W @;P,1 ;2&=&;)-O>,<#J>;/;-&E@;%=%�1/#E%42;<;E)%?N,#D;-/;M>.,*E);E1nka,*$&C/<. &==.$& < ?#<1&)%$&5 2><.?CA; /; -&%/;$;J,& )C @;=,#2,?C;2C)%=&%�%>&&�@)O>N-,<#J=&#?2><.?CA%;=%E%$%, %@)O>%2><.=&;EA% ?#? EA%-C;E;M'&-#? J-&C);J,& ?#E<,<# <% Lycia. Des Vallées u-&#><.A%$&%=;-&,&#� L# ?#?possessio jest rodzajem misji przeciwko czarostwu jako takiemu; 2;/?CA%-&C,ekspiacyjne cierpienie za winy wszystkich czarownic i za2>%D=CA%M>%K=%E&#M&#-E<.E)@&#><1,ane na innych czarodziejskie uroki. Nie1'#D%2><.).$-N)2'&-;�J,&� L# ;J$&#'&A% E&C ; E-;?# ;2C)%=&#$;/'&K /;�;D% & L# I- ?%@ =%?'#2E<#?-&#><#I2>;-;@;-%A%E%$#D;E<%)%=%(2�� 2��'�� (�%��!�� #�- �� J�� F'�� #�2�� ('�� J� �� "�� J� ��!� ��%��)� '�� *�� !� � #�4 �� !�� 1��%� �� )��'�� %��!�� 1�� '�� )�� %#�Jestem t��#�� ?�� D�5'��!�� %��%�� …[…]B�!�� '�� &��O�- �� 1*�

47 Zob. F.D. Goodman, Egzorcyzmy Anneliese Michel. 5�!�� ' �� (��)A1$�<=&#$�42><#@A%/<%=D&#'E@&#D;/;@;=%=.2><#<%1);>@C5��&1/%&��;E%,@&��/%PE@ VV7�E�:�6�

48 Zob. S. Ferber, Demonic possession and exorcism in early modern France, London 2004,s. 127-134.

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�� '�� '�� […]. […] ��!�� '�� ' �� !�� )� � �� 1*�� 49. Tak oto (jak <%�%>&N <�;'&=2;-)%><% Eudes w innym miejscu) ;2C)1?# ?N ostatecznie E%$�%?-.LE<.^ ,;-&C,#?�-E<#,*-A%/=.&=&#2><#=&@=&;=.-E-.,*-.>;@%,*;2Ctuje ?NI<D;/�=&#<#E-NM;E@N=%)1>NI��*'��50. Nie bez przyczyny zatem dziw-na historia des Vallées 2><.,&ND%K /<&J$;L#1-%DC=&#).'#)#;';DO-�;J,&;A%�&'# *&E);>y@O- &/#& & '&)#>%)1>.� % )%@L# '&,<=.,*=% J-&#,&# ,<,&,&#'&�==#'&#E#�&,*#'�-J>O/których brak jednak -2A.-;-.,*2>;$;);>O-jej beatyfikacji. Natym tle znamiennie 2>#<#=)1?# E&C nadto publiczny wizerunek kanonizowanegow roku 1925 Jana Eudesa^,*;KM;-&#$;+&,?%l=&#1<=%=.;=<;E)%A<%?#/=#D;<najwybitniejszych$&E)><O-/1,*;-;J,&@%);'&,@&#?-# >%=,?&TU��-&#@1�=&#-./%=;/;)N//>1@&#$ ?#D;/-O,*� E.D=%'&<;-%=.,* )1� parahagioD>%+&,<=.,*/<&#A;L.,&1&E2>%-%,*Marii z Dolin – ?%@@;'-&#@</<&#A).,*&<&==.,*]>O�/#A#2;@& ?%E=;-.=&@%�L# );-A%J=&# des ValléesM.A%/'%2><.E<A#D;J-&C)#D;2>%-/<&-N wyM>%=@N�;D%51.

N&# )><#M%M.=%?$=&#?%E2&>;-%K do roli EC/<&#D;-E2;>%,* )#;';DO-� abyw kontekJ,&# naszkicowanych <%D%/=&#P/;?JK/;-=&;E@1�L# zapomniany au-tor Wzoru i wizerunku… ?%-&E&C=%)'#E-;&,*,<%EO-?%@;1$.EA<2#-=;J,&N=&#@;=-#=,?;=%'=.�%$;L#nawet bardzo ;/-%L=.� Fakt, &L�)%=&EA%-�><#,*-%=E&%/%AE<,<#DO'=ego talentu literackiego i prawdopodobnie=&#M.A</;'=./; twórczego uprawiania teologii systematycznej, nie ma wiC@E<#D;<=%,<#=&%^

49 <�� !� ��#�Wemding – Luksemburg – Earling – Klingen-berg, red G. Sieg$1=/�)A1$�<=&#$�Z.�;A#@�E��9:��9"^por. F. D. Goodman, )%$L#, s. 367.

50 S. Ferber, Demonic possession…, s. 131; por. s. 129. �1);>@% )%� =%-&%E#$$O-&N,� <%�$&%E) 2;?C,&% ;2C)%=&% #@E2&%,.?=#D; 4expiatory possession5 1L.-% E+;>$1';-%P nienacechowa-nych teologicznie – =%2><.@A%/positive possessed 4Q;2C)%=%2;<.).-=&#S5,<.possession as mar-tyrdom4Q;2C)%=&#?%@;$C,<#PE)-;S5��2;>Ow=.-%'=.,*@%)#D;>&%,*1?$1?#)#L-E2OA,<#E=./#EU%''é#E2><.2%/#@1>E<1'%=@&;%==.;/�=&;AO-<�;1/1=�2;/NL%?N,<%=;-E<N'&)#>%)1>N2><#/�$&;)1� <%&=E2&>;-%=N >#-&<?N M%/%-,<N �&,*#'% /# �#>)#%1� �%><1,&A ;= ?%A;-N ?1L >#+'#@E?C;;/M.-%?N,.,*E&C-';1/1PE@&$@'%E<);><#-&/;-&E@%,*=%E2;A#,<=#<%$O-&#=&# &;E@%=/%�'&,<=#? J$&#>,&�>M%=%�>%=/&#>%� % E@;=,#=)>;-%A E&C =% @%<1E&# #%==#/#E�=D#E & ?#? >#'%,?&<;?,#$�1>&=-J,&EA.$@;=)#@J,&#$#%=/>O-/1,*;-;J,&TU��E)ulecia (zob. S. Ferber, )%$L#,s. 135-144).

51 �/<&# ; <=%?/1?N,# E&C-,&NL- +;>$&# >;<$%&).,*2><#@%<O- >C@;2&J$&#==.,* )#@E). Lavie admirable de Marie des Vallées… oraz Abrégé de la vie et de l’etat de Marie des Vallées (zob.R. Maisonneuve, Marie des Vallées I*%EA;-( An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers,red. ��&'E;=�)��;=/;=�88��E�� 6 5��&'=#�'#,<@A;2;)'&-#/;/;@)>.=%'=#D;<&=)#>2>#�);-%=&%<-&N<@&�1/#E%<�%>&N<�;'&=,%A@;-&,$&=&C)#<;E)%A.notabene w tak reprezenta-tywnych publikacjach, jak: Enciclopedia Cattolica, red. nacz. G. Pizzardo i P. Paschini, t. VI, Cittàdel Vaticano 1951, kol. 624-625; New Catholic Encyclopedia; preparated by an Editorial Staff atThe Catholic University of America, Washington; t. V, New York – Sydney 1967, s. 622-623; Lexi-kon für Theologie und Kirche, red. nacz. M. Buchberger i W. Kasper, t. III, Freiburg – Basel – Wien2006, kol. 977; Encyklopedia Katolicka, t. VII, red. J. Duchniewski, Lublin 1997, kol. 787-789.

210 ��F��

<=%,<#=&#&E);)=#$%+%@)�L#ów siedemnastowieczny jezuita 2;)>%+&A 2><#$.J'#Ki czytelnie -.>%<&Knader =&#).2;-Nw jego epoce &/#C>#'&D&?=N� Wbrew sugestiiGórskiego, który w kwestii diabelskiej possessio Tomickiej &$21);-%A zakonni-kowi niedowiarstwo, nie antycypuje on wcaleM%>/<&#?-.>;<1$&%A#D;�A%D;/=&#?�E<#D;/1E<2%E)#>E)-% osiemnastego stulecia, kiedy to <>OL=.,*2><.,<.= peda-gogika strachu przed szatanem i pie@A#$ powoli 1E)C2;-%K<%,<CA% pedagogicewiary w moc zbawcze?$&A;J,&52. Brzechwa po<;E)%A-&C,,<A;-&#@&#$-A%E=#?epoki i raczej =&#</.E)%=E;-%AE&C od idei -E<C/;M.'E@&#D;demona, ale w nie-ortodoksyjnym koncepcie #@E2&%,.?=#D;;2C)%=&% paradoksalnie skontami=;-%A?N<&/#N „nieobliczalnej” A%E@&Boga – )-;><N,?#/.=N-E-;&$>;/<%?u M&;D>%�+&C�� ' ��. Co niezmiernie &=)#>#E1?N,#�@;=,#pt ten prz#<2><#�A;L;=.,*�><echwy M.A przynajmniej teologicznie tolerowany�E@;>;/<&#A;/1�,*;-=#D;1@%<%A;E&Cprze,&#L ��), a -#-=C)><=.,#=<;>zakon-ny ,<.)%K<#<>;<1$&#=&#$=&#-N)2'&-&#1$&%A�

Sytuacja dylematu, w której wszyscy oni siC <=%'#]'&� stanowi E1D#E).-=N&'1E)>%,?C 2>;M'#$1 =%<-%=#D; -.L#? 2>;M'#$#$ $&#?E, =&#/;;@>#J';=.,*-E)>1@)1><#,*><#J,&?%PE@&#?>#+'#@E?&;<A1 – nieuniknionych w tej refleksji =%�2&CK&2C@=&CK2;$&C/<.-&%>N2;E<u@1?N,N<>;<1$&#=&%%<>;<1$&#=&#$2;E<1�@1?N,.$-&%>.. �;E;M&#�;+&&<�.'&,?#<1&,&;-&<#)@=C'&E&CM;-&#$<)%@&$@%<1E#$>#'&D&?=#?#D<.E)#=,?&�?%@&#D;=&#$;D'&<&=)#>2>#);-%K-2;-E<#,*=&#1<=%-%=.,* @%)#D;>&%,* )#;';D&& /1,*;-;J,&^ ?#/=;,<#J=&# byli nim zapewneDACM;@; zaintrygowani, a =%/);2>%D=C'&D;-.<.E@%K/'%E-;&,*,#'O-/1E<2%�E)#>E@&,*��&órem samego Brzechwy wspomnian./.'#$%)E)%>%'&E&C>;<-&N<%K,+;>$1A1?N, )#<C ; possessio #@E2&%,.?=#?^ )% <%J /%-%A%-2>%-/<&#-.>%< &,*;E;M&E).$2><#@;=%=&;$&=%-#)=%/%-%A%E&C=%)#$%)2%>%*%D&;D>%+&,<=.�%'#-,*;/<&A%4&-,&NL-,*;/<&5-@;'&<?C<#<>CM%$&@%);'&,@&#?)#;';D&&/;D$%).,<�=#?�-&==.2><#,&#Lsposób,*%>%@)#>.<1?N,#?<M%-,<N$&E?C�;D%&<A;-J-&#�,&#�<-A%E<,<%<A;;E;M;-#�,<.'&/&%MA%53. W swojej dziwnej -&<?&�)-O>,.2><.�<-%'%?N,#D;/#$;=;-&;2C)%K��' ��;+&C/'%?#?odkupienia autor Wzorui wizerunku…-./%?#E&C<%)#$M'&LE<.>%,<#?2%>%/;@E%'&<$;-& starotestamen-towej ��!�i Hioba, gdzie relacja 2;$&C/<.�;D&#$&<A#$;@%<1?#E&C<D>1=)1=&#2><#=&@=&;=N)%?#$=&,N, a nie elementem spójnego systemu idei.

�DO'=.$2;/A;L#$ ).,* E<,<#DOA;-.,*@;=)>;-#>E?& pozostaje fundamen-talny problem proporcji $&Cdzy pierwiastkami racjonalnego i aracjonalnego

52 Zob. K. Górski, )%$L#, s. 278 i J. Delumeau, Grzech i strach. Poczucie winy w kulturzeZachodu XIII-XVIII w.�)A1$�<+>%=,��<.$%=;-E@&��%>E<%-%�88"�E�98��

53 Zob. B. Forte, <)��J�F��!zca szatana�)A1$�<-A��1<;-E@&�c-(dTeologia o sza-tanie�>#/��O]/]��1M'&= VVV�E��6V^��%1>#=)&=�� , s. 6-88; G. Nanni, )%$L#, s. 15-101; K.�;J,&#'=&%@�F��'�� „Biblii”. Egzegetyczne, historyczne, religioznawcze i kulturo-we aspekty demonologii biblijnej, Kraków 2002, s. 126-147.

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w specyficznym uniwersum reliD&&<%,*;/=&#D;,*><#J,&?%PE)-%. Problem ów im-plikuje niejed=;2.)%=&#>%/.@%'=#^,*;KM.; status teologii – dyscypliny, któraw istocie intelektualnie konceptualizuje to, co sama /#+&=&1?#?%@;)>%=E,#=/#=)�=#��A%J=&#)#?D>%=&,<=#?&�M.)%@><#,�;),*A%==#?�@-#E)&&=%E-;?N$&%>C/;�)@=NK$1E&%A =&#<=%=. E<#rzej polski jezuita, z perspektywy rzymskiej cen)>%'&<%@;=1/<&%A%?N,.=&#;$%'=%%=).2;/%,*��><#@;=%=.<%>O-=;;%1)#=).,<=;�J,&-.?Nt@;-.,*/;J-&%/,<#P�;$&,@&#?�?%@=%1@;-.$-.$&%><#)#;';D&&�2;/�/%A2&#>-E<#@;=,#p)1%'&<%,?;$/>1D&#?^=&#$;DN,?#/=%@=&#-&#/<&#K�L#<%>.�E;-%=%2><#<#P@;=,#2,?%;2C)a=&%#@E2&%,.?=#D;-.@>%,<%A%2;<%2%>%/.D$%)/;@)>.=%'=#?)>%/.,?&�;J,&;A%��).$E#=E&#)%@-%L=./'%);LE%$;J,&-A%E=#?>#'&D&&2>;M'#$>%,?;=%'=#�%>%,?;=%'=#�)%=&EA%-�><#,*-%;J$&#'&AE&C>;<E)><.�D=NK=&#=%@;><.JK)#&E).,<=#D;>;<1$1E);?N,#D;=%E)>%L.&=)#D>%'=#?;>);/;@�E?&/;@)>.=.� lecz=%@;><.JK&=/.-&/1%'=#D;/;J-&%/,<#=&%-&%>.I?%@@;'-&#@*ybrydycznego, tylko domniemanego czy ostatecznie nieweryfikowalnego. I tochyba najzupeA=&#?-.E)%>,<%?N,.2;-O/�L#M.;%1);><#Wzoru i wizerunku […]�� ' �� […] Zofii z Tylic Tomickiej akurat dzisiaj nie za2;$&�=%K54…

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The work Wzór i wizerunek […] dziwnej ��' �� […] Zofii z Tylic Tomickiej [TheParagon and Image of the Strange Holiness of Zofia Tomicka of Tylice] written by a Jesuit�)%=&EA%- Brzechwa (1588-1649) and published in 1634 is a unique biography not only in oldPolish literature. The heroine is a wealthy noblewoman who lived in the years 1595-1633 and sheis portrayed as a charismatic Catholic and at the same time one possessed by the devil. Tomickaherself as well as her biographer saw in this possession a paradoxical grace of God and a mostefficient way of expiation for sins – a very rare case in the history of Christian spirituality. It seemscomparable only with the history of a Frenchwoman Marie des Vallées (1590-1656), the protégé ofJean Eudes (1601-1680), a well known saint and author of her two biographies, hithertounpublished. In reflection on such cases it seems appropriate to employ a theologically controversialconcept of expiatory possession, which gained popularity much later on in the wake of interest inthe life and death of a German woman Anneliese Michel (1952-1976). The 17th century Jesuit�)%=&EA%- Brzechwa was well aware of the controversial nature of his work which bordered onhagiography. Being convinced about the authenticity of Tomicka’s experiences he neverthelessacknowledged their hybridity and ultimate unverifiability, deciding in some measure to step outsidethe paradigm of dogmatic theology and his own Church.

54�==.$=&#<-.@A.$2><.@A%/#$&=/.-&/1%'=#D;/;J-&%/,<#=&%>#'&D&?=#D;?#E)-/;M&#E)%�>;2;'E@&#?=% pew=;@%>$#'&)%=@%M;E%�%>&%==%�%>,*;,@%��;/=&#?#/=.$-<D'C/#$/;J-&%/�,<#=&# );-./%?# E&C )>1/=#/;1?C,&%-@%)#D;>&%,* ,*;KM.@'%E.,<=#?$&E).@& @%>$#'&)%PE@&#?�% )%@L# =&#@;*#>#=)=# <#-E2OA,<#E=.$&-y;M>%L#=&%$& #E,*%);';D&,<=.$& 4<;M��>12&PE@&�� #�I� �� Autobiografii mistycznej Marianny Marchockiej��%>E<%-% VV7� E� 8V��VV^%1);>@E&NL@&I'&)#>%)1>;<=%-,%Ibada zagadnienia polskiego piJ$&#==&,)-%%E,#).,<=;�$&E).,<�=#D;TU��-&#@15�

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19 F. Jaroszewicz, dz. cyt., s. 241.20 �%$L#, s. 408; 224.21 �%$L#, s. 97.22 �%$L#, s. 362.

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: �%$L#�7"�24 Por. Ewangelia Pseudo-Mateusza, w: Apokryfy Nowego Testamentu, pod red. M. Starowiey-

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=%J'%/;-%=&% �%>.&86� %@ $O-&N %2;@>.+.� ?%@; $%A% /<&#-,<.=@%� MC/N,-EA1LM&#J-&N).=&�$&%A%;=%<A;L.KJ'1M,<.E);J,&�F&E);>&C)#D;J'1M1;/=%?/1�?#$.-Ewangelii Pseudo-Mateusza87��@;'#&-L.-;,&#J-��#)>;=#'&�-#/A1D)>%/.,?&,O>@&J-��&;)>%�2;E);A%�;?,&#,>%/<&?#?��'��2��1��*��<)�� %�� 88��;DA.);-><#,<.-&E);J,&M.K2;,&ND%?N,#2><.@A%/./'%@&'@1'#)=&,*%/#2)#@J-&C);J,&�

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6� �%$L#�E�7�:�87 Q�%2A%=�M&%)%> <A;L.A %>,.@%2A%=;$-&#'@&# /%>.� %M.$ODA <%M>%K�%>.?C =% L;=C/'%

E-#D;E.=%��=%<%JE2><#,&-&%A%E&C$O-&N,(n�&#?#E));$;L'&-#�M.$2;<=%A%$CL%%'M;$NL2;<=%A$=&#o��>,.@%2A%=&<%J&-E<.E,.?#?@>#-=&)A1$%,<.'&?#?(n�OD-/<&#,&%,*?#E),<,<;=.& -&#'M&;=. ?#E) - 2;);$@%,*� )%@ <%-E<# M.A; - �<>%#'1o� �/2;-&%/%?N, <%J �%>.?% ><#@A%(n�><#/#-E<.E)@&$�OD,<,<;=.?#E)-,<.E);J,&cid��><#M.-%?N,-J-&N).=&�;L#?�?1L-/<&#�,&PE)-&#<>;<1$&%A%$�L#$;L=%M.K$&A.$�;D1�<%,*;-1?N,/<&#-&,)-;��'%)#D;2;E)%=;-&A%$-E-;&$E#>,1�L#=&D/.=<=%$$CL%oS�Ewangelia Pseudo-Mateusza, VII, 1-2, dz. cyt., t. 1,s. 217.

88 P. Skarga, dz. cyt., s. 471.89 F. Jaroszewicz, )%$L#, s. 66.90 �%$L#, s. 48; 346.91 �%$L#, s. 532.92 �%$L#, s. 221.

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podaje Jaroszewicz: D�� !��' ��!��1�� (�� ' � �2��1��"��4 ��93��%'#,%=N2><#<*%D&;�D>%+O-'#@)1>N/'%/<&#,&M.A.;,<.-&J,&#L.-;).J-&C).,*�%PE@&,*��%,<#?=&#,<.)%=;�&M'&&�-.?N)@&#$M.A./;$.2>;)#E)%=,@&#��'%)#D;)#L�#%)%�;=E)%=�,?%�.E<@;-E@%-.,*;-%=%- >;/<&=&# @%'-&PE@&#?� % 2;)#$=%->O,;=% %�(��!�� 2��#��*� �� !%��94��D;/=&#<O-,<#E=N$.J'N2#/%D;D&,<=N2;1@;P,<#=&1E&#/$&1'%)/<&#,@;M.A;=%).'#/;?><%A#�%M.>;<2;,<NK>#D1'%>=N=%1@C95��/M.-%A%E&C;=%-/;$12;/=%/�<;>#$=%1,<.,&#'&'1M-.E.A%=;/<&#,@;/;E<@OA�MN/]=%=%1@C<%-;/1�;<%�+%)�1=,#-&,<<;E)%A-.EA%=./;�&'=%�%M.E&C2><.E2;E%M&%K/;@12&#,)-%�<%JE&#/$&;'#)=&%�%>M%>%�%=D%;//%=%<;E)%A%=%=%1@C/;E<-%,<@&��<&#-,<.=�@&2;E.A%=;)#L=%-.,*;-%=&#=%/-;>.$%D=%,@&#MN/]E<'%,*#,@&#�,<CE);/;@>#-=.,*��<-.,<%?1M.A;>O-=&#L;//%-%=&#/<&#-,<N)=%=%1@C/;@'%E<);�>1��.,*;-%=&# & @E<)%A,#=&# ,O>#@ E<A; ?#/=%@<12#A=&#;/$&#==N/>;DN=&LE.=O-��*A;2,.$&#'&;-&#'#-&C@E<NE-;M;/C&/;E)C2/;=%1@&�/<&#-,<.=�@&<%JM.A.&<;';-%=#�2;/,&NDAN@;=)>;'N$%)@&�;,*$&E)><.=&,<. pani star-szej96��/%><%A;E&C>O-=&#L�L#>;/<&,#-2>;E)<%M>%=&%'&,O>@;$=%1@&,<.)%�=&% & 2&E%=&%� % <=%?/;-%'& 2;2%>,&#- %1);>.)#,&# @%<=;/<&#?O-� @)O><.� ?%@,*;KM.�'#@E%=/#>�;>#=,;-&,�)-&#>/<&'&�L#-.@E<)%A,#=&#?#E)E<@;/'&-#/'%=&#-&%E)97.

PodE)%-;-.$#'#$#=)#$/.E,.2'&=1?N,.$/<&#,&M.A%@%>%+&<.,<=%98��;�/<&,#<=%?/.-%'&%>D1$#=).<%)%@&$E2;E;M#$@%>%=&%<%>O-=;-O-,<#E=.,*)>%@)%)%,*2#/%D;D&,<=.,*�$;D'& ?#1EA.E<#K<1E)@%<=;/<&#?O-2;-;A1?N,.,*E&C =&#?#/=;@>;)=&# =% %1);>.)#)�&M'&&� �=%$&#==% ?#E)-.2;-&#/] �#M%E)&%=%�#)>ycego na temat natury dziecka: B� ��'�� '� !�� !��+�� ' �� +�� (�� #�2�� '��%�� !��'�� )� �� 99��O-=&#L*%D&;D>%+;-&#2&E<N;M%>/<;E1>;-.$-.,*;-%=&1/<&#,&��%=EA1E<#PE)-;M.A.;=#,*A;E)%=#�;?,&#,J-��;?,&#,*%>;<D=&#-%=.).$�L#E.=1,*.'%E&C;/=%1@&,<.)%=&%( �� !�� !��

8: �%$L#�E� "�94 �%$L#, s. 255.95 �;>��;AN/]��)><#',<.@�/<�,.)��E� �� 8�96 P;>��.E)>;P�Dzieje obyczajów w dawnej Polsce. Wiek XVI-XVIII�)� ��%>E<%-%�89��

E��7V��7 ^��;<&PE@&�N�� )�� ), Warszawa 1978, s. 180.97 M. Bogucka, @�� %#��' �� )�H�� GG$, Warszawa

2005, s. 214.98 Wiele na ten temat znajdziemy w artykule J. Tazbira, 5�� %�� ,

w: 2�� '�� #�5�� H�� )� ��>%@O- VVV�2;>��;AN/]��)><#'�,<.@�/<�,.)��E. 218-226.

99 �.)�<%(��;AN/]��trzelczyk, dz. cyt., s. 222.

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��'�� !�100��@;'#&L.-&;A;-N�>.E).=C-.,*;-1?N,%?N@E&CL=%,&;)@%�� %��!�!��!�� '��'��!�!��101� �1>;-; )>%@);-%A% E-;?# ,O>@&�'LM&#)% <�;E);$E@&,*�&#=&%-E@%��;+&C�� '��'��!��'�� ' �� #�-��)�� )�� !��*�� &��102��E1>;-.$-.,*;�-%=&1/<&#,& >;/<&,# @&#>;-%'& E&C ?#D;/;M>#$� <D;/=&# < ).$� ,;=%1,<%�&�M'&%(��)��*��)��)��!��%��!4�2:��85�

W epoce staropolE@&#? @>#E /<&#,&PE)-% =%E)C2;-%A ; -&#'# E<.M,&#? =&L-E2OA,<#J=&#��%A#-&#@&/<&#,&=&#).'@;1M&#>%=;�%'#&)>%@);-%=;?%@$%A.,*/;>;EA.,*��<&#,&PE)-;=&#M.A;;@>#E#$&/#%'&<;-%=.$��<;>#$*%D&;D>%+&,<�=;�2%=#D&>.,<=.$M.A21#>�E#=#3�,<.'&$A;/.E)%>1E<#@��;2;E)#=E)%AE&C2;�21'%>=.-2O]=.$%=).@1�@&#/.);&/#%A#$,<A;-&#@%M.A;/NL#=&#/;>O-=;�-%D&$&C/<.,=;)%$&E)%>;J,&%,=;)%$&$A;/;J,&103�1L�>.E);)#'#E-Retorycedla Aleksandra <%,*C,%A /; 1L.-%=&% - 2;,*-%A%,* 2;>O-=%=&% MC/N,#D;-&E);,&#).$L#);2;E#$��;*%)#>I$ówi Stagiryta – ��*�� !��!�� gnie zapewne ogromny sukces104��;/;M=.&/#%ADA;E& >O-=&#L�&M'&%�=2�;�;M&%E<1$;L#$.2><#,<.)%K�L#MC/N,/<&#,�@&#$�=&D/.=E)C2;-%A/<&#,&==&#4�M��"5��;2;E)#=$;L#$.;/=&#JK>O-�=&#L/;#<1E%�@)O>.?%@;/<&#,@;=%1,<%A-J-&N).=&�=%);$&%E)-%2;@>.+%,*$%A.#<1E2;/,<%E1,&#,<@&/;�giptu mówi do swoich rodziców: - �'*�� !�� '�� '�� !� ��105.

�O-=&#L*%D&;D>%+;-&#,*-%'NQE)%)#@&2;-%DCS-<%,*;-%=&12><.E<A.,*J-&C).,*$&$;&,*'%)/<&#,&==.,*��%,&#?�E)>;@;PE@&��!�� (� ��'�� ' ��%�)%=&EA%-�&#>%@;-E@&<#-<D'C/1=%E-;?#/;?><%A# & %E,#).,<=# <%,*;-%=&# =%<.-%=. M.A 2><#< /;$;-=&@O- Mnisz-kiem106. Z kolei w biografiach dziewczynek odnajdujemy topos �� aruszki�@)O>%-/<&#,&PE)-&#obyczaje stare pokazuje107��L.-;,&#�%>M%>.�%=D&E2;�).@%$.E&C<M%>/<&#?>#%'&E).,<=.$2;)>%@);-%=&#$2;-.LE<#D;);2;E1��/%$�%@;-E@&2&E<#(- �� '�� '��

100 Brunon z Kwerfurtu, 3�!� �� )��2><#A��y>M&E�-(��!��(�*�i, s. 88.

101 F. Jaroszewicz, dz. cyt., s. 236.102 �%$L#, s. 532.103 Por. E.R. Curtius, �� 2><#A� & ;2>%,��;�

>;-E@&�-./�2, Kraków 1997, s. 107-108.104 Arystoteles, Retoryka dla Aleksandra�2><#A�F��;/M&#'E@&�-( B� �� 2;/ >#/�

��ACM&,@&#?��<%=,#>�)��%>E<%-% VV��E�7"8�105 Ewangelia Pseudo-Mateusza, dz. cyt., XVIII,2, s. 225.106 F. Jaroszewicz, dz. cyt., s. 277, 334; 210, 241, 594.107 �%$L#, s. 87.

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The article is an overview of studies on the theme of childhood and the child as a specificliterary hero of old Polish hagiography. Hagiographers tended to render the childhood of the saintswithin a schematic framework employing an abundant repertoire of rhetoric devices. Buthagiography also gives fragmentary descriptions of customs connected with the relations betweenparents and children as well as with parental care and the bringing up progeny. For hagiographerschildhood was above all a foretoken of the saint’s future virtues and works. The child itself,however, was not a suitable paragon to follow so hagiography rarely treated it as a hero in its ownright.

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11 �� &#'&PE@&� P�� >#�#� �� )�� podczas plebiscytu w roku 1921,w: Ks!�� >#d. J. Wolny, t. 2, Kraków 1986, s. 108-110.

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12 �;M��1/A%,<.@,H � �� (�� arcybiskupa Józefa Teodoro-wicza, „Roczniki Teologiczno-Kanoniczne”, t. 27: 1980, z. 4, s. 39-40.

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As a hierarch of the Church, Józef Teodorowicz had a unique capacity for combining hiscalling to priesthood with a concurrent dedication to social and national ministry. That is why healways strongly advocated an authentic development of autonomy and religious freedom of theArmenian minority and of other national communities in Galicia. He was convinced that only bymaintaining the community’s distinctiveness and identity can traditional values be truly guarded.Teodorowicz was aware that genuine spiritual and cultural ties in a national community living indiaspora can only be cultivated in an attitude of trust and by setting personal example of worthyconduct. Hence in his pastoral letters and on other occasions he attached such powerful prominenceto his deep concern about pouring into the hearts of the faithful the spirit of love and courage sothat they could be living carriers of the most profound national traditions.

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1 Na temat nicoJ,& realnej por. hasAo „NicoJK realna” w: Enciclopedia Filosofica, t. III, s. 946-948; Leksykon religii. 1997, Warszawa, hasAo: „NicoJK realna”, s. 558-559 (Nico�% H. Waldenfels);hasAo: „Nichts” (K. Hemmerle); HPhG, t. IV, s. 991-1008; K. Riesenhuber HWP, t. VI, s. 806-836:T. Kobusch; Encyklopedia Filozofii (Ted Honderich Ed.), PoznaP 1999, t. II, s. 622; W. Newmann,Die Philosophie des Nichts in der Moderne: Sein und Nichts bei Hegel, Marx, Heidegger und Sar-tre, Essen 1989.

2 Podobne kAopoty sN z rzeczownikami i czasownikami: byt – bytowanie – bytowaK, nicoJK –unicestwianie – nicoJciowaK.

3 Np. mu (nicoJK), ku (pustka). Por. A. Kozyra, Filozofia nico�ci Nishidy Kitaro, Kraków 2007.

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< ).,* )>%/.,?&<%D%/=&#=&#=&,;J,&@;?%><.E&C< innym kontekstem. Na Zacho-dzie >;<2%)>.-%=# ?#E) +&';<;+&,<=&# - ;=);';D&&� D/<&# EA1L. /; -.?%J=&#=&%2>;M'#$atyki bytu (Heidegger) lub do zaprzeczania ,<#D;J�,;1-%L%=# ?#E)<%M.)4�&#)<E,*#5��)#;';Dii=&,;JK2;?%-&%E&C-@&'@1@;=)#@E)%,*(-<-&N<@1<=%1@N; E)-;><#=&1 < =&,;J,& 4creatio ex nihilo5� D/<&# ?%-& E&C ?%@; ,;J� ,;12><#/=&;=&#&E)=&%A;'1M?%@;,;J�,;$;L#&E)=&%A;�%'#<2#>E2#@).-.2O]=&#?�E<#?;@>#J';=;);?%@;=&,;JK„-E);E1=@1/;,<#D;J, co jest obecnie”;>%<�D/.1-%L%=;�;D%<%�&,;JK��1?C,&1-E,*;/=&;%<?%).,@&$2>;M'#$=&,;J,& >;<�2%)>.-%=. ?#E) <2;<.,?& +&';<;+&&2;AN,<;=#? < )#;';D&N E;)#>&;';D&,<=N 4)%@1?�$1?#);&=/.?E@%+&';<;+&%%/-%?).&,*&PE@&)%;&<$5;>%<<2;<.,?&%=)>;2;';D&,<�=;�@;E$;';D&,<=#? 4)%@ 1?$1?# ); M1//.<$� DAO-=&# - )>%/.,?& $%*%?%=.5��/%'E<#?%=%'&<&#<->O,&$.1-%DC=%2;/#?J,&#/;<?%-&E@%=&,;J,&�?%@&#;2>%�,;-%'&-E-.,*@;ncepcjach poszczególni filozofowie.

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Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) -.E)C2;-%A<2;<.,?&+#=;$#=;';D&&& eD<.�E)#=,?%'&<$1� E);E;-%A@%)#D;>&C=&,;J,&-;=);';D&& & %=)>;2;';D&&�2&E%A;=&#?DAO-=&#-/<&%A%,*(Bycie i czas, Co to jest metafizyka? oraz Wprowadzenie dometafizyki4. W ontologii DA;E&A�L#=&,;JK ?#E)-E2OA@;=E).)1).-=.$#'#$#=)#$><#,<.-&E);J,&��%?#E&C2;<=%K„<,<.$J&E)=&#?N,.$” i „=%,<.$J&E)=&#?N,.$”jako „,;J”-.$.@%?N,#D;E&C,%A;J,& '1MM>%@1?N,#D;,%A;J,&��&,;JK2><.=%'#�L. /; M.)1� ?#E) ]>O/A#$ M.)1 & 2>%]>O/A#$ ,%A#D; M.)1 E@;P,<;=#D;� J-&%)%&,<A;-&#@%��&,;JK<-&N<%=%?#E)<M.)#$�-.=&@%<?#D;E@;P,<;=;J,&&;D>%=&�,<#P� � �� . -��%�� (��!(�� 'ytu.�2;<.,?&+#=;$#=;';D&&F#&/#DD#>E)%-&%E;M&#>O-=&#L2.)%=&#/;).,<N,#*;�>.<;=)12>;M'#$%).@&M.)1&2.)%(Dlaczego w ogóle jest byt, a nie raczej nic?5.B �� istnieje? �;2.)%=&#<%-&#>%1@>.)#<%A;L#=&#�L#12;/E)%-&E)=&#�=&%,<#D;J &E)=&#?# ?%@&JE#=E�2;-O/�$.J'�1<%E%/=&%?N,.�L#,;J=&# ?#E)=&,;�J,&N�%?#E)M.)#$� W bycie „,<#D;J&E)=&#?N,#D;”/;@;=1?#E&C1=&,#E)-&#=&#=&�,;J,&��/. ,;J ?#E)� =&# ?#E) =&,;J,&N^ D/. ,;J E)%?# E&C� 2><#E)%?# M.K=&,;J,&N�D/.,;J2><#E)%?#M.K� E)%?#E&C=&,;J,&N��=&,#E)-&%=&# 4nichten5 );2><#@>#J'%�=&#&E)=&#=&%�%D/.,;J<%&E)=&#?#I=&,;JK„=&,;J,&1?#E&C”�D/.,;J=&#<%&E)=&#?#I2;<;E)%?#=&,;J,&N��><#</A1D& ,<%E E@12&%=; E&C-.AN,<=&#=%=#D%).-=;J,&=&,;J,&�1-%L%=;?N MN/]<% „,;J�,; &==#”�MN/]?%@; „,;J-E);E1=@1/;,<#�

"��%>)&=F#&/#DD#>=%2&E%A;=&,;J,&DAO-=&#-1�� 4�8 9�2;'��88"& VVV!"5�<�� &��M� 4�8:V�2;'��8 85&�� &��4�87:�2;'��8865�

5 Co to jest metafizyka?, s. 18-19.

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D;J”�MN/]?%@;,;J„w stosunku do wszystkiego tego co jest”�F#&/#DD#>2;'#,%<->O,&K 1-%DC =% 2;<.).-=;JK =&,;J,&� 1<%E%/=&% ?N #D<.E)#=,?%'=N /#+&=&,?N&E)=&#=&%&M.);-%=&%�Nic��%�� '��&);;=%2;-;/1?#�L#M.)$;L#E&C1?%-=&%K� -��%�� !�� '��%1-%L% >O-=&#L&$2'&@%,?#=&,;J,&-D=;E#;';D&&&-+&';<;+&&?C<.@%��@;>;?%-&E&C&?#E)2><#/�$&;)#$ <%&=)#>#E;-%=&%� );$;L=% ; =&#?$O-&K ?%@; „; ,<.$J”, ,; &E)=&#?#�% =%-#) 2>OM;-%K;@>#J'&K ?#? &E);)C #D<.E)#=,?%'=N� )<=� ?%@; ,;J &E)=&#?N,#D;�%@; >#%'=# & &E)=&#?N,#=%'#L. >O-=&#L )>%@);-%K <%D>;L#=&# <# E)>;=.=&,;J,&��%'#L.>;<1$&#K?#?%@;<%D>;L#=&#<#E)>;=.,<#D;J�,;&E)=&#?#�,;<%D>%L%&,;-.-;A1?# 'C@�

� %=)>;2;';D&& F#&/#DD#> DA;E&A� L# M.) '1/<@& ?#E) 4;=).,<=&#5 <%-%>).-=&,;J,& &�-2#-=.$ E#=E&#� ?#E) ;);,<;=.=&,;J,&N��&,;JK ?#E) 2ra]>O/A#$M.)1,<A;-&#@%4=%>;/<&=.5�%'#& ?#D;@;P,#$4J$&#>K5��<A;-&#@<M'&L%E&C/;J$&#>,&,<.'&/;=&,;J,&��E.,*;';D&,<=.$@;=)#@E)#$/;J-&%/,<#=&%=&,;J,&?#E)'C@��&,;JKI?%@2&E<#– „;/EA%=&%E&C- 'C@1”, n&,;JK&1=&,#E)-&#=&#-.-;A1?N'C@-,<A;-&#@1��&,;JKE)%=;-&>O-=&#L*;>.<;=);=);';D&,<=.,<A;-&#@%�#E)).$� ,; E&C=?%-&% & ,<#D;=&#$%� ,<.'& ?#E)2><#/$&;)#$ )>%=E,#=/#=)%'�=.$*;>.<;=)1;=);';D&,<=#D;�@)O>.2;$%D%2;?%-&KE&CM.);-&6.

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Jean-Paul Sartr#4�8V7��86V5-.,*;/<&A<<%A;L#P#D<.E)#=,?%'&<$1^>;<-&�=NA @%)#D;>&C =&,;J,&-$#)%+&<.,#� ;=);';D&& & %=)>;2;';D&&�- )#;>&& 2;<=%=&%�)#;>&&-%>);J,& &-#).,#��&,;J,&2;J-&C,&A /<&#A; 1�� %7. �$#)%+&<.,#M.)1DA;E&A )#<C�-#/A1D@)O>#?-E<.E)@;?#E)=&,;J,&N2>O,<-A%E=#?J-&%/;$;�J,&��&,;JK/%=%?#E)-E#>,1M.)1&,*,N,2.)%K;M.)&<>;<1$&#KD;�)><#M%2><.�?NK=&,;JK�#E)#J$.;);,<#=&=&,;J,&N�%=%E<#?=%;,<=#?&=)1&,?&/%=#?#E)$&D;�)%=&#=&,;J,& ?%@;)A% & ?%@;%>#=.$;L'&-;J,&�@)O>#-.A%=&%?NE&C-2#>E2#@).�

6 PoglNdy na temat nicoJci byAy przedmiotem dyskusji z Carnapem. Kategoria nicoJci Heideg-gera zostaAa opracowana wystarczajNco w publikacjach: C. Kalita, M. Heideggera nico�% jako pro-blem metafizyczny i nie-metafizyczny, „Philosophon agora” 1 (1990), s. 53-61; R.S. Ni<iPski, Cz�o-wiek i trwoga. Nico�% w uj!ciu Martina Heideggera, PoznaP 2004, Maneat Quaestio, s. 112;R. Regvald, Heidegger et le problème du néant, Nijhoff, 1987, s. XIII ; V. Vitiello, Heidegger:Il nulla e la fondazione dellas storicità, Urbino, Agralia 1976; M. Zarander, Il debito impensato.Heidegger e l’eredità ebraica. Introduzione e traduzione di Massimo Marassi, Milano 1995, Vitae pensier, s. 248; W. Newmann, Die Philosophie des Nichts in der Moderne: Sein und Nichts beiHegel, Marx, Heidegger und Sartre, Essen 1989; R. Regvald, Heidegger et le problème du néant,Nijhoff 1987, s. XIII.

7 Wyraz néant znaczy nico�% i Sartre uLywajNc go, uznaje nicoJK, mimo Le w przekAadach(równieL w przekAadzie polskim) wystCpuje czCsto jako nie-byt, a nie nicoJK. Byt i nico�% (1943, pl2001 jako Problem bytu i nico�ci).

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-%,* & 2>;?#@)%,*��<A;-&#@$1E& ,<CJK =&,;J,& 2;-;A.-%K/; &E)=&#=&%� % ?#?>#E<)C<;E)%-&KE%$#?E;M&#�$1E&)#L,<CJKM.)11=&,#E)-&%K��&,;JK?#E)-M.�,&# jak robak.

W ontologii Sartre1<=%?#�L#J-&%)?#E)=&#M.)#$�,<.'& &stnieje, ale istniejeprzypadkowo i czasowo. Zatem nie ma istnienia w sobie, lecz jest=%?-.Lej „M.�)#$-E);E1=@1/;,<#D;J”. Natomiast w antropologiiDA;E&A�L#-,<A;-&#@1&E)�=&#?N dwie, obce sobie,E+#>.><#,<.-&E);J,&(M.). „w sobie” i byty „dla siebie”��<A;-&#@ ?#E) >;</%>). $&C/<. J-&%/;$;J,&N E&#M&# % J-&%/;$;J,&N -A%E=#?J-&%/;$;J,&��;>;</%>,&#?#E)-.=&@&#$/NL#=&%/;>O-=;-%D&42;'#D%?N,#?=%-,*;/<#=&1- E);E1=@& < ><#,<%$& & '1/]$&5� ;>%< ,*C,&N E)-;><#=&% *%>$;=&&$&C/<.„bytem dla siebie” i „bytem w sobie”. �+&>$1?N,E&#M&#�,<A;-&#@1=&,#�E)-&%><#,<.-&E);JK$1=)><#M=N�;)-&#>%).$E%$.$/>;DC-/<&#>%?N,#?E&C-J-&%)=&,;J,&�?#E)).$�/<&C@&@)O>#$1=&,;JK2><.,*;/<&=%J-&%)��=&,#E)-&%�=&#?#E)>1,*#$,?%@&/;@;=1?#E&C$&C/<.J-&%/;$;J,&N4être pour soi) a bytem(être en soi5��1,*J-&%/;$;J,&, który z definicji ?#E) ).'@;J-&%/;$;J,&N,<#�D;J� unicestwia byt (être en soi5 & ).$ E%$.$ @;><.E)% < 1=&,#E)-&%?N,#? roliJ-&%/;$;J,&�

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�#).,#=&#$%=&,)>-%A#D;�L%/=#?#).@&;M&#@).-=#?%=&;M&#@).-=&#&E)�=&#?N,.,*-%>);J,&�-E<.E)@;?#E)2A.==#&2><.D;/=#��<A;-&#@$1E&E%$E)-%�><%K E;M&# E-# &/#%A. & ,&ND'# ;2;-&%/%K E&C <% =&$&��2;-&%/%?N, E&C� M&#><#;/2;-&#/<&%'=;JK<%E-O?-.MO>��><1,%=&#;/2;-&#/<&%'=;J,&=%@;D;J�=%,;J'1M=%�;D%?#E)=&##).,<=#��).@%<$1E<%D;/;-.M&#>%=&%&#).@%<;M;-&N<1�?#D;/;M>%=&%;/2;-&#/<&%'=;J,&<%-.MO>� 1=@,?NJ-&%/;$;J,&'1/<@&#??#E)1=&,#E)-&%=&#4=#%=).<%,?%5� 1=@,?%)%-.=&@%<2><.$1E1M1/;-%=&%&;/><1�,%=&%��<A;-&#@-.M&#>% & 1>#%'=&% );-E<.E)@;� < ,<#D; ,*,# M1/;-%K E&#M&#&;/><1,%-E<.E)@;);�,;1<=%�L#?#E)$1=)><#M=#�H-&%/;$;JK doboru bu-dzi w nim odpowiedzial=;JK<%/;MO>&<%;/><1,;=N>#E<)C��><.$1E=#%=).<%�,?&&J-&%/;$;JKoraz -.=&@%?N,#?E)N/;/2;-&#/<&%'=;J,&M1/<&-=&$'C@&=&#�2;@O?��<A;-&#@1,&#@% ;/ )#D; & E)%>% E&C <><1,&K ;/2;-&#/<&%'=;JK =%�;D%�2>%-%�,<%E�%'# ?#E) ); „<A%-&%>%” (la mauvaise foi5��<A;-&#@$1E& 4$%-;'�=;JK�%'#&2><.$1E5,<CJK=&,;J,&2;-;A.-%K/;&E)=&#=&%�%,<CJKM.)O-1=&,#�E)-&%K��<&C@&>#%'&<;-%=&1?#?�=&,;JK2><#E)%?#M.K=&,;J,&N&?#?-.M>%=.-.�,&=#@ 2><.,*;/<& =% J-&%) ?%@; M.)� �<A;-&#@ 2>;?#@)1?# D; =%$&%>C E-;&,*-%>);J,& 4=&,;JK2><.E<A;J,&58.

8 J.P. Sartre, L’être et le néant. Essai d’ontologie phénoménologique, Gallimard 1943, 2001(przekA. pol.: Byt i nico�%. Zarys ontologii fenomenologicznej, tAum. J. KieAbasa, P. Mróz, R. Abram-ciów, R. RyziPski, P. MaAochleb, posAowie P. Mróz, Kraków, s. 788+3. NajwaLniejszy passus:s. 31-81. Byt i nico�%, cz. 1: Problem nicoJci (s. 30-81). Kategoria nicoJci u Sartre’a zostaAa opra-cowana wystarczajNco w: W. Newmann, Die Philosophie des Nichts in der Moderne: Sein undNichts bei Hegel, Marx, Heidegger und Sartre, Essen 1989.

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Bernard Welt#4�8V��86:5�+&';<;+&)#;';D@%);'&,@&1<=%?#=&,;JK<%@%)#�D;>&C)#;';D&,<=N��#$%).@C=&,;J,&>;<-&?%-/<&#A%,*(<�� 5��*�(��)�� )�� Das Licht des Nichts, Gott und das Nichts i Versuchzur Frage nach Gott9��%?$1?N, E&C )#$%).@N/;J-&%/,<#=&% '1/<@&#D;� E)-&#>�/<%�4%5(#/=.$</;J-&%/,<#P,<A;-&#@%?#E)/;J-&%/,<#=&#=&,;J,&�,<.'&+%@)#$2&>.,<=.� - @)O>.$ E)-&#>/<%$.� L# &E)=&#?#$.� L# /;J-&%/,<%$. E&#M&#&J-&%)% ;>%<L#E)-&#>/<%$.);/;J-&%/,<#=&#&$;L#$.;=&$$O-&K��)-&#>�/<%$.>O-=&#L=&#�&E)=&#=&#„-,<#J=&#?” i „2O]=&#?” (siebie&-&#'1><#,<.5;>%</;J-&%/,<%$.��$;,=&,;J,&��&,;JK&E)=&#?#)%@E%$;>#%'=&#?%@M.)�%$.J'#=&#'1/<@&#E&CD%/;M.)1&/;=&,;J,&�=&#@&#/.=%-#)/;).@%=&,;J,&�4M5�%2;/E)%-&#/;J-&%/,<#=&%�E)-&#>/<%$.>O-=&#L�L#=&,;JK$%E<#>;@&<%@>#E($;L#/;).,<.K-.$&%>1M.);-#D;�-.$&%>1,<%E;-#D;4)#>%<)#D;=&#$%�2O]�=&#?)#D;=&#MC/<&#�2><#/)#$)#D;=&#M.A;5�-.$&%>12><#E)><#==#D;4)1=&,=&#$%5�'1M-.$&%>1?%@;J,&;-#D;4);?#E)=&,�'1M-E<.E)@;?#E)=&,<#$5�4,5�&$;L#=&,;JK=%Eodpycha, /;J-&%/,<%$.?#??%@;,<#D;J�,;$;L#$.;@>#J'&K-E2;�EOM2;<.).-=.4?%@;=&,;JK-&/<&%=N&/;J-&%/,<%=N5�?%@;=&#E@;P,<;=;JK4,;JM#<@>#E=#D;� ,; =&# $% @;P,%5� ?%@; =&#1=&@=&;=;JK 4?#E) =&#1,*>;==%5� ?%@;M#<-%>1=@;-;JK&M#<-<D'C/=;JK4=&,<=&#?=&#->%,%5�&?%@;>#%'=;JK&==N=&L&E)=&#=&#10� 4/5�&,;JK 1@%<1?# E&C ?%@; /;J-&%/,<#=&# ,<#D;J��&,;JK <%@A%/%„,;J”, tak jak „,;J”<%@A%/%=&,;JK�#L#'&?#E)„,;J”,<.'&M.)�);?#E)'1M$;DA;M.K ?#D; 2><#,&-&#PE)-;� �)N/ =%'#L.$O-&K ; 2;<.).-=;J,& =&,;J,&( -��%��!� ��%��11. 4#5�&,;JK ?%-&E&C=%$-$.J'#=&1 ?%@;2><#�EA%=@%M.)1��><#M% ?N 2><.?NK� %M. <>;<1$&#KM.)12. (f) Szczególny$2><.2%/�@&#$/;J-&%/,<#=&%=&,;J,&?#E)J$&#>K�@)O>%,<#@%@%L/#D;,<A;-&#@%�H$&#>K<%-&#>%&@>.?#,;J�,;)><#M%2><.?NK&E)N/F#&/#DD#>=%<-%AJ$&#>K „E@><.=&N=&,;J,&”: F�� )��*�� <�� 'ie zna%�� ?�*�� zmilczane pochodzenie, bezwarunkowa podstawa, któ-ra stanowi fundament wszelkiego bycia i rozstrzyga o wszelkim istnieniu13��%

9 B. Welte napisaA: Czas i tajemnica (1975, pl.2000), O ró�nych znaczeniach nico�ci (1975,pl. 19 0), Filozofia religii (1978, pl.1996); Das Licht des Nichts. Von der Moglichkeit neuer reli-gioser Erfahrung (1980) i Versuch zur Frage nach Gott (1972). Cenne tytuAy i podtytuAy: Filozofiareligii 1. Istnienie (s. 54), 2. Nie-istnienie czyli nicoJK (s. 56), a w nim Istota nicoJci (s. 57), ToLsa-moJK nicoJci (s. 58), Odpychanie przez nicoJK (s. 61), NieskoPczonoJK i bezwarunkowoJK nicoJci(s. 62), NicoJK jako realnoJK inna od istnienia (s. 64), NicoJK sama jako zjawiskowa postaK nie-skoPczonej i bezwarunkowej realnoJci (s. 75), NicoJK która rozciNga siC za nami (s. 82), NicoJKi potrzeba wyjaJniania wszelkiego bytu (s. 84). Gott und das Nicht. Entdeckungen aus den Gren-zen des Denkens (2000).

10 Czas i tajemnica, s. 151-159.11 Filozofia religii, s. 61, równieL s. 77-78.12 TamLe, s. 84.13 TamLe, s. 99.

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15 O ró�nych znaczeniach nico�ci, s. 103.

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André Neher 4�8�"��8665M.A+>%=,1E@&$+&';<;+#$L./owskim, który->;<�-%L%=&%,*=%)#$%)=&,;J,&19 posAugiwaA siC argumentacjN zaczerpniCtN z mistykiLydowskiej. Kategoria nicoJci pojawia siC w ontologii, antropologii, gnoseologiii etyce. W ontologii DA;E&A�L#=&,;JK?#E)>#%'=%�-E<#,*-A%/=%&-&#,<=%20�%M.A%?#/.=N do momentu,@&#/.�OD=&#<%@AO,&A ?#?-E<#,*-A%/<)-%, s)-%><%?N,=%2#-=#??#?,<CJ,& „=&#�=&,;JK”, jako,&#=@N&EA%MN-%>E)-CM.)1��)#=E2;EOMM.)E)%AE&C„intruzem”=%;ME<%><#=&,;J,&��,*-&'NE)-;><#=&%M.)1�=&,;JK=&#

16 Filozofia religii, s. 65-74 zawiera podrozdziaA pt. „Pytanie o sens i postulat sensownoJci”.Zagadnienie to omawia równieL w Czas i tajemnica, s. 152-159.

17 Zabieg ten uzasadnia szczegóAowo w dziele Filozofia religii, s. 75nn.18 Versuch. Zur Frage nach Gott. (Pytanie o Boga w Filozofia religii, dz. cyt., s. 157, w: Czas

i tajemnica, s. 143-144, 160-161 i w: O ró�nych znaczeniach nico�ci, s. 109).19�#*#>2&E%A=% )#$)%)=&,;J,&-( L’exil de la parole. Du silence biblique au silence d’Au-

schwitz, Paris 1970, s. 258 [s. 46, 50, 59, 60, 68, 69, 158-159]. L’identité juive, Paris 1977, s. 219[s. 88-89]. Le puits de l’exil. La théologie dialectique du Maharal de Prague (1512–1609), Paris1966, s. 246 [s. 113,129 ]. Le dur bonheur d’être juif. Victor Malka interroge André Neher, Paris1978, s. 251 [s.47-48 ].

20 Le néant dans la zone pré-verbale, l’être du néant vit d’une existence qui, pour être tran-chée de celle dl’univers créé, n’en est pas moins réelle. Exil, dz. cyt., s. 68.

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21 „Le néant n’a pas entièrement disparu devant la parole. II a été comprimé par elle, endiguédans les couches basses de la Création, où il sommeille, prêt à resurgir à la moindre maladressed’une parole qui n’a pas su s’en débarrasser intégralement, prêt aussi à répondre à l’appel de l’être,lorsque celui-ci, soudain, se souvient de sa parenté originelle avec le néant. Exil, s. 50. Mais ellepeut aussi déborder, à n’importe quel moment, rompre des barrières, exploser et, jusqu’à la fin destemps et jusqu’à la limite des espaces, menacer d’envahir la Création, de l’anéantir ou de la subli-mer, de l’arracher à Dieu par un geste brutal ou de la Lui ramener en un printemps absolumentnouveau”. �%$L#, s. 158-9.

22 „Entre le Silence inerte du Néant et le Silence énergétique de l’être, nous devinons qu’ildoit y avoir non seulement une relation dialectique, mais une somme infinie de variantes éparpil-lant le silence dans les deux directions opposées du néant et de l’être, une sorte de partition où lamain droite et la main gauche joueraient des thèmes différents, mais dont la contradiction seuleproduirait l’harmonie musicale souhaitée. Exil, s.50. Le silence-inertie nous est apparu, en effet,à travers les situations négatives de la pétrification de la nuit, de la mort, alors que le silence-éner-gie permettait de toucher du doigt l’émergence de l’être à l’instant privilégié de la création. N’yaurait-il pas, dès lors, entre l’inertie et l’énergie le rapport du néant à l’être, et le silence, dialecti-quement réparti entre l’inertie et l’énergie, ne serait-il pas fondamentalement situé entre le néant etl’être ? C’est ainsi donc que nous apercevons à présent le silence : entre le néant et l’être. C’est làqu’il établit sa demeure, fragile, mais réelle. Un souffle peut la déchirer, telle la toile patiemmenttissée par l’araignée, mais telle la toile aussi, la demeure du silence est gorgée de toutes les sub-stances qui sont indispensables à son existence. Elle déploie son Royaume, spacieux et splendide,en ne tenant, il est vrai qu’à un fil, ce fil qui, par le haut, la suspend à l’être, et, par le bas, aunéant”. �%$L#, s. 46.

23 „Dieu a imposé au monde le signe de la synthèse dialectique, en lui conférant simultanémentl’existence et la destruction, l’être et le néantissement […] Le monde n’a pas été créé par un acte quil’a jeté définitivement du côté de l’être; il continue à porter en lui le côté du néant dont il est issu, etc’est cette contradiction interne qui constitue l’essence même du monde. Imbriquées l’une dans l’au-tre, nature et création forment un couple dialectique; leur emboîtement explique qu’elles soient con-tradictoires et pourtant reliées ; l’une conteste l’autre […] et dans ce fait d’être inconciliables quel’une et l’autre puisent l’énergie de leur inextricable compagnonnage”. Puits, dz. cyt., s. 113.

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�D=;E#;';D&&�#*#>DA;E&�L#,<A;-&#@2;<=%?#=&,;JK-E-;&$-=C)><1=%2;/E)%-&# E2><#,<=;J,& < M.)#$� DAO-=&# - E.)1%,?%,* </#><#P < =&,;J,&N��)>%@,&#>#+'#@E?&� ?%@&# );-%><.E<NE.)1%,?;$D>%=&,<=.$<%1-%L%�L#=&,;JK);-%><.E<.A%$11E)%-&,<=&#��/.,;@;'-&#@)-;><.A�)-;><.A?#/.=&#M.)@>1�,*.4peut-être265��&,;JK/%?#E&'=&#;E;M&#<=%K�D/.,<Aowiek rozwija i syste-matyzuje poznanie. Gdy tworzy „-&#/<C;M.,&#”�1/%?#$1E&C);/;$;$#=)1<#)@=&C,&%E&C<=&,;J,&N��/./;J-&%/,<.=&,;J,&�<%1-%L%�L#;D>%=&,<%=�<=%=&%/;-&#/<.;M.,&#&,%A%-&#/<%;M.,&#1@%<1?#'1@&&L# „wiedzy o by-cie” przeczy „/;J-&%/,<#=&# =&,;J,&”� � ,*-&'N D/. /;J-&%/,<. =&,;J,& 4=2�J$&#>,&5�<%,<.=%>O-=&#L2;<=%-%K=&,;JK�<%,<.=%)-;><.K„-&#/<C;=&,;J,&”�

24 „Le Silence […] [est] le porte-parole de l’invincible néant. Alors, le Silence tient lieu deParole, parce que le Néant est redevenu le lieu-tenant de l’être”. Exil, dz. cyt., s. 69

25 „Le Silence […] [est] le porte-parole de l’invincible néant. Alors, le Silence tient lieu deParole, parce que le Néant est redevenu le lieu-tenant de l’être”. Exil, s. 69. Na temat agresywnoJcinicoJci mowa w Identité, dz. cyt., s. 88.

26 „Tout ce qui est „peut-être” n’est pas sûr. Nous n’avons dans nos mains que le néant”. Puits,dz. cyt., s. 129.

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27 „L’existence tendue. Existence tendue, donc, que celle de l’homme, entre une catastrophedont il n’était pas encore le spectateur, et une catharsis dont il est dorénavant l’acteur. Pour com-prendre la portée du drame, à la fois dans sa complexité et dans sa simplicité, il faut, avec la Kab-bale, ne pas avoir peur de regarder en face le terme ayin (néant) que philosophes et humanistesmanipulent avec étourderie, sans en soupçonnner la charge positive – et, par voie de conséquence,explosive. Car ayin, ce n’est pas rien : c’est le premier des deux termes qui désignent l’Infini. […]En effet, selon l’exégèse rabbinique (Beréshit Rabba 9, 4), le monde n’est pas sorti d’un coup de lamain de Dieu. Vingt-six tentatives ont précédé la Genèse actuelle, et toutes ont été vouées à l’échec.[…] Le monde de l’homme est issu du sein chaotique de ces débris antérieurs; mais il ne possèdelui-même aucun « label » de garantie : il est exposé, lui aussi, au risque de l’échec et du retour aunéant”. Identité, dz. cyt., s. 88.

28 „Le monde de l’homme est issu du sein chaotique de ces débris antérieurs; mais il ne po-ssède lui-même aucun « label » de garantie : il est exposé, lui aussi, au risque de l’échec et duretour au néant. Identité, s. 88. lambda Donc s’il y a eu échec de l’histoire humaine, c’est qu’il ya eu échec de Dieu aussi. En quoi ? Dans quelle mesure ? […] Dieu a créé l’homme libre, c’est lagrande thèse de Maïmonide : la liberté, le libre arbitre, c’est l’essence même de l’homme. Doncl’histoire humaine est une histoire qui s’est faite librement par la volonté humaine. Mais c’est Dieuqui a voulu que cette histoire soit libre, alors, si cette histoire échoue, le responsable c’est Dieu!Mais les hommes aussi sont responsables puisqu’ils l’ont faite librement […] C’est un crime com-mis par l’humanité. Mais c’est peut-être aussi une erreur de Dieu, une faute de Dieu, parce quepour créer une humanité libre qui puisse aboutir à un Auschwitz, eh bien, il aurait mieux valu alorsne pas créer cette liberté ! […] Les disciples de Hillel et ceux de Shammay ont discuté plus dedeux ans pour savoir s’il valait mieux que l’homme fût créé ou non. Et la conclusion a été : non!…Mais le Talmud poursuit: maintenant que l’homme est créé, eh bien, qu’il répare”. Le dur bonheur,

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s. 47-48. „Lorsque le kabbaliste parle de la Création ex nihilo […], il voit […] l’être, surgir nonpas du néant, mais du […] du Créateur Lui-même, qui se retira […] pour faire place au monde.Dans le passage du néant à l’être […], le Néant est ce vacuum qui constitue en lui-même un espacedivin, ou du moins, un fragment, un reste de l’espace de l’infini Divin. […] Car le rythme de latension, c’est la conversion, ou plutôt la reconversion du néant en Dieu […]. L’être, dans l’acte dela création, était surgi du néant, lieutenant de Dieu”. TamLe, s 89.

29 Wszystko co jest, jest oLywione i ma pragnienia

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a) W hinduizmie @%)#D;>&C =&,;J,& >;<-&?% =%?E&'=&#? filozofia adwajty,a w niej szkóA-#/%=).�@)O>%<;E)%A%-.2>%,;-%=%2><#<�%1/%2%/C42;,<� VIII w.)i rozw&=&C)%2><#<H%=@%>%4U��!�T-&#@)31.�#/A1D)#?E<@;A.,J-&%)?#E)=&#>#�%'=.�%2;<=%=&#'1/<@&#I&'1<.?=#^>#%lnie istnieje tylko brahman i atman. Brah-man 2;?$;-%=. ?#E) ?%@; M#<;E;M;-.� %ME;'1)=. /1,* MC/N,. ;E)%)#,<=.$&?#/.=.$+1=/%$#=)#$M.)1�<%J%)$%=?%@;/1E<%'1/<@%��).@%%/-%?).E@1�2&%E&C=%2;E)1'%,&#E);2&#=&%E&C%)$%=%<M>%*$%=#$�%<%-%>1=#@)#D;<?#/�=;,<#=&% 1-%L% -.<M.,&# E&C =&#-&#/<. 4%-&/?%5� $&C/<. &==.$& ; >#%'=;J,&J-&%)%� �?#/=;,<#=&# ,<A;-&#@% < M>%*$%=#$ 4D/. %)$%= ?#E) M>%*$%=#$51$;L'&-&% ,<A;-&#@;-& 2><#@>;,<#=&# ><#,<.-&E);J,& <?%-&E@;-#?, % ,<A;-&#@;E&ND%-)#/./;E@;=%AN-;'=;JK (moksza)32�H-&%)<#-=C)><=.=&#?#E)2>%-/<&�-.�2;<=%=&##$2&>.,<=#?#E) ?#/.=&#=&LE<N&2>%@).,<=N+;>$N2;<=%=&%�H%=�@%>a uznaje trzy poziomy poznania i bytu: absolutnego, empirycznego i iluzyjne-D;��#/A1D2;<=%=&%%ME;'1)=#D;� jedynym bytem realnym jest M>%*$%=�%?%@;);LE%$. z atmanem,?#E)?#/=;>;/=N&-E<#,*;M#,=N%]=&N WE<#,*J-&%)%�H-&%)>;<-&=NAE&C<,<NE)@&M>%*$%=%-2><#$&%=&#=&#�><#,<.-&E)#?�>;<1$&%=#??%@;2;-E)%=&#=&#�>#%'=#D;E@1)@1<>#%'=#?2><.,<.=.��&#>#%'=;JKJ-&%)%=&#;<=%�,<% ?#D;,%A@;-&)#D;=&#�2;-E)%=&%� '#,< >#%'=;JK=&#<12#A=N�-<D'C/=N-E);�E1=@1/;2#A=#?>#%'=;J,&M>%*$%=%�

b) W tradycji buddyzmu 2.)%=&# ; =&,;JK-.>;EA; < %=)>;2;';D&,<=;�@;�E$;';D&,<=#? E%$;J-&%/;$;J,& M1//.<$1� @)O>% <=%'%<A% =%?2#A=&#?E<.-.>%<-)>%/.,?&$%*%?%=.�,*;K+%@).,<=&# M.A%;M#,=%?1L-M1//.<$&#2&#>-;)=.$��<&J<%D%/=&#=&#$=&,;J,&<%?$1?NE&CDAO-=&#+&';<;+;-&#<#E<@;A.<%A;L;=#?2><#<��&E*&/%-�.;);4��F&E%$%)E1&��%@#1,*&33)�E&CD%?N,<%>O-=;/;]>O/#A2&#>-;)=#D;M1//.<$1�?%@&/;)>%/.,?&$%*%?%=.4�%D%>/L1=%5��%?M%>�/<&#?<=%=N-E2OA,<#E=N@;=,#2,?C=&,;J,&;2>%,;-%A,=%'#LN,./;)>%/.,?&M1/�

30 Por. J. Ochmann: Nico�% realna w teologii, filozofii i mistyce �ydowskiej (w druku).31 Hankara (788-820) – filozof i reformator religijny.32 K. Cammann, Das System des Adwaita der Lehre Prahasatmans, Wien 1965; Religia. En-

cyklopedia PWN, t. I. s. 62-63. Self-realization [Brahmaanubhava]. The Advaitic perspective ofSankara, ed. Vensus A. George Washington, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy,2001; Sherma Chandradhar, The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy. A Study of Advaita inBuddhism, Vedanta and Kashmira Shaivism, 2007, Delhi, Motilal, Banarsidass.

33 The global environment, 1991, BJ A 11167.

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/.<$1?%2;PE@&#D;, Niszida Kitaro (1870-1945)34. �#,*N,*%>%@)#>.E).,<=N?#D;+&';<;+&& ?#E)2;/@>#J'#=&#>#%'=;J,&=&,;J,& & ?#?2;/<&%A=%%ME;'1)=N�-<D'C/=N& 2%>%/;@E%'=N� �&,;JK -.E)C21?# )1 ?%@; @%)egoria ontologiczna, )#;';D&,<=%& ';D&,<=%��&,;JK ;=);';D&,<=% <%-&#>%- E;M&# =&,;JK %ME;'1)=N &-<D'C/=N��&#>-E<%?#E));2;E#$„%ME;'1)=&#E2><#,<=#?);LE%$;J,&M.)1”, w której tkwi po-tencjalnie byt i nie-byt. Druga jest nie-bytem, obejmuje wszystko to, co nie jestbytem, co =&#E)%A;E&CM.)#$&=&#E)%=&#E&CM.)#$��&,;JK-<D'C/=%2;-E)%A%<=&,;J,&%ME;'1)=#?�@)O>%=&#-./%A%M.)1� ?#E)=&,;J,&N>O-=&#>#%'=N ?%@M.)�?#E)-&C, de facto nie-bytem. Jednak jest -<D'C/=%�2;=&#-%L?#?/>1D&#;M'&,<#;M#?$1?#M.).�@)O>.$$;DA;E&C2><./%><.K<%&E)=&#K35. %@)�L#,;JE&CE)%A;'1M=&#E)%A;�L#,;J?#E)M.)#$'1M=&#�M.)#$�<%'#L.;/�;D%��)#=E2;EOM<=&,;�J,&%ME;'1)=#?2;-E)%AM.)?%@;%')#>=%).-%=&#�M.)14=&,;J,&-<D'C/=#?5� Jako ka-tegoria teologiczna,=&,;JK-.E)C21?#?%@;E.=;=&$�;D%��OD?#E)=&,;J,&N%M�E;'1)=N�-@)O>#?$&#J,&E&C potencjalnieM.)&=&#M.)��).$E#=E&#�OD?#E)2%�>%/;@E#$%ME;'1)=&#E2><#,<=.,*);LE%$;J,&M.)1&=&#M.)1��&,;JK2%>%/;@E%'=%?#E)@%)#D;>&N;=);';D&,<=;�';D&,<=N�2;=&#-%L<%@A%/% E2><#,<=;JK ?%@;-%>1�=#@&E)=&#=&%&;@>#J'%><#,<.-&E);JK?%@;);LE%$;JK%ME;'1)=&#E2><#,<=N� �#;�>&%=&,;J,&�&)%>. ?#E) ?#/=.$< )ematów jego nihilizmu paradoksalnego (para-dokso-logicznego), ;2%>)#D; =% ';D&,# E2><#,<=;J,& 2%>%/;@E1� �<#,<.-&E);JK?#E))1=&#1,*-.)=%<2;/$&;);-#D;21=@)1-&/<#=&%�D/.L<%-&#>%>O-=;,<#�J=&#=#D%,?C&%+&>$%,?C�

c) W tradycji taoizmu -E2OA,<#J=&$.J'&,&#'#,*&PE,.=%-&N<1?N/;��!�ao te king�=%<.-%?N,?N@E&CDN=%)#$%)=&,;J,&36�AN,<N+&';<;+&C4��5<)#;�';D&N4��5&#).@N� �O-=&#L)1=&,;JK;<=%,<%=&#>#%'=;JKJ-&%)%��#%'=%?#E)?#/.=&# pierwsza przyczyna wszelkiego bytu –-E<#,*;M#?$1?N,#�ao. �#'#$,<A;-&#@% ?#E) 2;->O) /;�ao i przebywanie w D%;� �;->O) )#= /;@;=1?# E&C2><#<;/->O,#=&# E&C;/=&#>#%'=#D;J-&%)% 4=&,;J,&5/>;DN ;/><1,#=&%<-&N<%�=.,*<=&$@;=-#=,?;=%'=.,*2;?CK&-%>);J,&�MC/N,.,*]>O/A#$'C@1�,&#>2&#�=&%&<=&#-;'#=&%��C/><#,, @)O>.1<=%A=&#>#%'=;JKJ-&%)%�E);E1?#$#);/C/<&%�

34 Niszida Kitaro (19 V 1870–7 VI 1945) poJwiCciA temu zagadnieniu dzieAa: Intelligilibilityand Philosophy of Nothingness, Westport 1973; oraz Nothingness and the Religious Worldview,Honolulu 1987. Na temat Nishidy por. A. Kozyra, Filozofia nico�ci Nishidy Kitaro, Warszawa 2007,s. 287, szczególnie s. 39-41, 123-125; )#D;L, Filozofia Zen, Warszawa 2004, szczególnie s. 281-297; E. Robert Carter, The Nothingness of God, New York 1987.

35 Np. mógA zaistnieK pokój w latach 1939-1945, a de facto zaistniaAa II wojna Jwiatowa. Bytyte nazywano w XVI-to i XVII wieku – futuribilia.

36 Religia. Encyklopedia PWN, t. s. 230-231. Por. Ph. Rawson, I. Legeza, Tao. Die Philoso-phie von Sein und Werden, München-Zürich 1974; por. M. Religa, Krótka historia filozofii chi�(skiej, Warszawa 2001, s. XXIX, s. 409; )#D;L, Wczesne pi�miennictwo chi�skie, Warszawa 2004,s. 171; B. Togorov, Ch. Hansen, Taoizm, PoznaP 2003; M. Dziwisz, Taoizm, 1988; M. Darga, Tao-izm i Konfucjanizm. M. Weber, Kraków 2000. GAównymi tekstami taoizmu filozoficznego sN: Da-ode jing, Zhuangzi, Huainanzi i Liezi.

262 ��F��

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6

�;D'N/.F#&/#DD#>% &�%>)>#Z%-.>%E)%?N<=&*&'&<$1&;M./-%?<%'&,<%=&EN/;)><#,&#?+%<.=&*&'&<$137�2;/,<%ED/.2;D'N/.�#')#D;&�#*#>%E)%=;-&N>#�%@,?C=%=&*&'&<$�F#&/#DD#>-.,*;/<&<<%A;L#=&%�L#=&,;JK &E)=&#?# &1@%<1?#E&C-E<C/<&#)%$�D/<&#?#E)M.)��<A;-&#@,<1?#;)%,<%?N,ND;=&,;JK�/;J-&%/�,<%?#? &M;&E&C?#?��2O]=&#?E<.,*/<&#A%,*F#&/#DD#>=&#>;<-&?%-N)@1'C@12><#/=&,;J,&N�'#,<2;/@>#J'%+%@);/,<1-%=&%;M#,=;J,&=&,;J,&��%>)>#>O-=&#L-.>%E)%<=&*&'&<$1�D/.)-&#>/<&�L#=&,;JK?#E)-M.,&#&D/.)-&#>/<&�L#?#E)&$$%=#=)=NE)>1@)1>NM.)1��&,;JK?#E)-2>%-/<&#,<.$J;/>CM=.$=&LM.)�%'#)@-&-=&$?%@>;M%@��&,;JK?#E)-AN,<;=%-L.,&#,<A;-&#@%41?%-=&%E&C /<&C�@&-;'=;J,& ,<A;-&#@%�-@>%,<%-2><#E<A;JK & 2><.E<A;JK ,<A;-&#@%5, % =%-#)- J-&%/;$;JK ,<A;-&#@%� � 2;D'N/%,* ;M./-1 &E)=&#?# -&#'# -.2;-&#/<&<M&#L=.,*<-.2;-&#/<&%$&2><#/E)%-&,&#'&/>1D&#D;;@>#E1=&*&'&<$1�<-A%E<�,<% �,*;2#=*%1#>% & �&#)<E,*#D;� �>)1> �,*;2#=*%1#>38 DA;E&A� L# =&,;JK ?#E)<%E%/N-E<.E)@&,* ><#,<. & E2><#,&-&% E&C ?#? ).'@; „-;'% L.,&%”� �&,;JK E);&2;-.L#?�;D%�=&,;JK� ,;2;/?NAF#&/#DD#>� ?#E) ,<.$J2>.-%)=.$�=%'#LN,.$/;M.)1 & ;E%/<;=.$=% M.,&#� Friedrich Nietzsche39 <->O,&A 1-%DC =% );� ,;2><#<=&,;JK ?#E);<=%,<%=#��%)#D;>&% ta EA1L.A%$1 /;@>.).@& >#'&D&& &/;/%�-%=&%2><#,<N,.,*;/2;-&#/<&=%2.)%=&%/;).,<N,#E#=E1'1/<@&#D;L.,&%��.$E%$.$=&,;JK2><.M>%A% ,#,*.�@)O>#/;).,*,<%E2><.EA1D&-%A.M.);-&�;@%<%A%E&C,<.$J-E<.E)@;;D%>=&%?N,.$�12><#/=&$-;M#, )#D;�,; &E)=&#?#�2;/)><.�$1?N,.$-E<.E)@;, co jest. Sprzeciwia siC ?#? ).'@; „wola mocy” i z niej jakoz „=&,1?N,#? =&,;J,&” M&#><# E&C „J-&C). 2;,<N)#@”� � )#= E2;EOM =&,;JK ?#E)-E)C2=.$#)%2#$=;-#?+;>$.��%'#L.,*,&#K>%,<#?=&,;JK=&L=&,�

37 Pierwszy etap nihilizmu byA reakcjN na poglNdy Kanta i filozofii idealistycznej (gAównieJacobiego). GAosili go: L. Tieck, F. Holderin G. Buchner, Jean Paul, F. Schlegel, M. Stirner,K. Gutzkow, A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche. Drugi etap stanowili: H. Cohen, F. Rosenzweig. Por.Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie (ed. J. Ritter, K.Grünter), Basel 1992, Band VII, s. 829-836. M. Heidegger, Nietzsche, t. 2, Warszawa 1999; F. Nietzsche, Ecce homo. Jak si! staje – kimsi! jest, Kraków 2003; )#=L#, Zmierzch bo�yszcz czyli jak filozofuje si! m�otem, Kraków 2004; Ni-hilizm – dzieje, recepcja, prognozy, red. S. Gromadzki, Warszawa 2001.

38 A. Schopenhauer (1788-1860) 3wiat jako wola i przedstawienie (1819, pl.1994/95) i Meta-fizyka �ycia i �mierci. W poszukiwaniu m�dro�ci �ycia (1831, Parerga und Paralipomena, pl. 2002).Najskrajniej rozwinNA jego poglNdy Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837).

39 Nietzsche: Narodziny tragedii czyli Hellenizm i pesymizm (1872, pl.2004) i Wola mocy: pró-ba przemiany wszystkich warto�ci (1888, pl.2003). Nihilizm antyteistyczny propaguje negacjC ist-nienia Boga. Nihilizm aksjologiczny akcentuje negacjC istnienia niezmiennych wartoJci.

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40 U Weltego krytyka nihilizmu znajduje siC w Filozofii religii (dz. cyt., s. 69, 72) i w O róL�nych znaczeniach nicoJci (s. 105-107), a krytyka ateizmu w Filozofii religii (s. 156), Der Athe-ismus (1978). U Nehera krytyka nihilizmu znajduje siC w: Puits de l’exil (s. 158) i Identité (s. 186).

41 GAównymi dzieAami Ernsta Blocha (1885-1977) sN Vom Geist der Utopie (1918, München-Leipzig, s. 323) i Das Prinzip Hoffnung (t. 1-3, 1954-9, 1979, Frankfurt).

42 P. Tillich (1886-1966) w dziele M!stwo bycia (1952, pol. 1983).43 M. Scheler (1874-1928) w dziele: Die Stellung des Menschen in Kosmos (1928).44 Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie, dz. cyt., Band VII, s. 806-829. HasAo: „Nichts,

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Nothingness is a multifaceted problem. The basic difficulty connected with it emerges in thephilosophy of language, as it hardly possible to name and find an appropriate term for that whichdoes not exist. The problem proper arises when we are to justify nothingness, to support its fact ina rational, and at least partly, also in a scientific mode.

Reflection on nothingness is taken up today in six cultures: in the philosophical thought of theWest (Heidegger, Sartre, Welte, Neher), in Jewish theology, in Christian theology, and in Hinduistic,Buddhist and Taoistic thought. In each of those traditions the issue of nothingness is associatedwith a different context. In the West it is considered philosophically in ontology, where it serves toexplain the problem of being (Heidegger) or to contradict what is considered as being (Nietzsche).In theology nothingness manifests itself in several contexts: in connection with the doctrine ofcreation out of nothingness (creatio ex nihilo), where it appears as that which did not existpreviously or as that which might have existed but from a later perspective is defined as nothingness“with respect to what is at present” and when God is considered to be Nothingness.

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Starting with his own modification of Plato’s allegory of the cave the author explains thenotion of creation, which does not mean a single initiating event but the grounding of the entireprocess of the world in a creative will that lies outside of this process. Faith in God is faith ina reason for the world, which is not itself groundless, as the scientific worldview holds. When wethink the concept „God”, we think the unity of two predicates that are only occasionally and nevernecessarily bound together in our earthly experience of the world: the unity of absolute power andabsolute goodness, i.e. the unity of being and meaning. After Nietzsche we can no longer rest theproofs for the existence of God on the human capacity for truth, for its foundation is sure only ifwe presuppose the existence of God. However, there is a grammar based proof that is Nietzsche-resistant. The rationale of the futurum exactum, the future perfect tense, shows that the reality ofthe present entails the reality of the past. The question is: What sort of reality does the past have?The sole answer can be: We have to think of a consciousness in which everything that happensis taken up, an absolute consciousness.

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Bacon F., Novum Organum�)A1$� J. Wikarjak, Warszawa 1955.

F#)$%PE@&�� )�� &��, w: �� &�� #��enie, red. B. Chyrowicz, Lublin 2003, s. 9-36.

%=�%-#A��Redemptor hominis.

%=�%-#A��Fides et ratio.

C/>%E<#-E@&�� &�� *'M, w: „Ethos”18(2005), n. 1-2, s. 143-162.

C/>%E<#-E@&��'��%��!�� %#�� ;<=%P VV"�

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Ratzinger J., "�� %��' �� )A1$��;>@;-E@&�-(Q�2;A#,<#PE)-;S�74 VV75=� �E� �8� :V�

Tadeusiewicz R., Smog informacyjny� �>%,#�;$&E?&�%D>;L#P�.-&'izacyjnych, PAU,1999, t. 2, s. 97-107.

Tadeusiewicz R., 4��!�� '%��&��%)#>&%A.�U�;=+#>#=,?&$�&�� J� �� , Kraków 2000, s. 9-18.

�;?).A%��"��%�� %, Lublin 1982, wyd. 3; (wyd. 1 – Lublin 1960).

�;?).A%��Osoba i czyn, Kraków 1985, wyd. 2; (wyd. 1 – Kraków 1969).

Zalewski Z., B �� !� �'��%� �� &�� M,w: �� &�� #�� , red. B. Chyrowicz, Lublin2003, s. 103-114.

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Necessity of complying with personalistic norms in the information society „Informationsociety” which is arising now, is becoming a huge cultural and civilization challenge. To avoidthreats to this group, which are appearing with more force, personalistic norms must be broughtback to the members of this society. Karol Wojty³a touched upon this subject in his books: Loveand Responsibility (1960) and The Acting Person (1969). He wrote about being fulfilled as a humanbeing trough the act and about authentic and nonauthentic social attitudes.

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The otherness,the object of tolerance. Shaping of tolerance attitudes in educational circles.Each of us is different. Our otherness is a feature that we were born with (genetic one), and wedon’t have an influence on it, features which we acquired during education process (dependend onthe environment,that we live in) and opinions, values obtained through the live experience.Tolerance, intolerance, acceptance, indifference are the conceptions which we use to define ourrelations towards other person’s otherness. What’s influence our relation to otherness? The way weperceive and judge a behaviour, view, belief of a person who is „different”, is related to specificacts, an experience, and a value system. The role of the values is huge and necessary. That’s why itis important in process of education. From the youngest age, at our homes, in a group, at school,we teach a respect and a tolerance for people seen as „different”. There is more and more childrenof this kind at school. It applies to the look, educational deficiency, skin colour, a social behavingand moral principles. That’s why is so important for the future generation to learn how to acceptthe otherness.

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