proteins structural and functional compounds of universal importance to all living things
TRANSCRIPT
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PROTEINSPROTEINSSTRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS OF UNIVERSAL IMPORTANCE
TO ALL LIVING THINGS
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PROTEINSPROTEINS
MADE OF MONOMERS CALLED AMINO ACIDS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS POLYPEPTIDES
BECAUSE OF THE TYPE OF BONDING INVOLVED EACH SPECIES HAS THOUSANDS OF UNIQUE
PROTEINS• VARY IN THE NUMBER OF AMINO ACID RESIDUES• VARY IN THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACID RESIDUES• VARY IN THE SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS PRESENT IN
EACH PROTEIN• VARY IN SECONDARY FEATURES LIKE CROSS-
BONDING BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS
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STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDSSTRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
RAMINEGROUP
CARBOXYLGROUP
RADICALGROUP
ONLY THE RADICAL GROUP VARIES BETWEENAMINO ACIDS
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AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
H
THREONINE
GLYCINE
SERINE
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
HHH C
ALANINE
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
C HH
OH
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
HC
OC HH
HH
H
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PEPTIDE BONDINGPEPTIDE BONDING
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
R
CCNH
H
HH
O
O
R
CCNH
H
H
O
R
CCNH HH
O
O
R
H2O
AMINO ACIDS
DIPEPTIDEONLY 2 AMINO ACIDS
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POLYPEPTIDESPOLYPEPTIDES
CCNH
H
H
O
R
CCNH H
O
R
CCNH H
O
R
CCNH HH
O
O
R
COMPOSED OF 3 OR MORE AMINO ACIDS
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EnergyEnergy Chemical energy – found in food serves Chemical energy – found in food serves
as the primary source.as the primary source. Energy is the ability to move or change Energy is the ability to move or change
mattermatter Exists in many forms (heat, light, Exists in many forms (heat, light,
chemical, mechanical, and electrical)chemical, mechanical, and electrical) Can be converted from one form to Can be converted from one form to
another.another. Can be stored or released by chemical Can be stored or released by chemical
reactions.reactions.
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Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions Process during which chemical bonds Process during which chemical bonds
between atoms are broken and new ones are between atoms are broken and new ones are formed.formed.
Reactants – the starting materials of a Reactants – the starting materials of a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.
Products – newly formed substances formedProducts – newly formed substances formed
Reactants Reactants Products Products Arrow means “changes to or yields”Arrow means “changes to or yields”
HH22 + O + O22 H H22OO
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Energy in Chemical ReactionsEnergy in Chemical Reactions
Energy is absorbed or released when Energy is absorbed or released when chemical bonds are broken or when chemical bonds are broken or when new bonds are formed.new bonds are formed.
Endothermic reactions – when energy is Endothermic reactions – when energy is absorbed to change reactants to absorbed to change reactants to products.products.
Exothermic reactions – when energy is Exothermic reactions – when energy is released as reactants are changed into released as reactants are changed into products.products.
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Activation EnergyActivation Energy The energy needed to start a chemical The energy needed to start a chemical
reaction reaction Like the match needed to start a fire or the Like the match needed to start a fire or the
spark from the spark plug needed to ignite spark from the spark plug needed to ignite the gasoline in an engine.the gasoline in an engine.
Like a chemical “push” that starts a chemical Like a chemical “push” that starts a chemical reaction.reaction.
All chemical reactions require some activation All chemical reactions require some activation energy, even exothermic reactionsenergy, even exothermic reactions
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ENZYMESENZYMES
PROTEINS THAT ACT AS PROTEINS THAT ACT AS CATALYSTS IN CATALYSTS IN
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISMINTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
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ENZYMESENZYMES ESSENTIAL FOR THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF ANY
CELL SPEED UP SPECIFIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY
LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY NECESSARY FOR REACTION
REACTANT IS KNOWN AS THE SUBSTRATE FORMS A LOCK AND KEY ARRANGEMENT WHICH IS
BELIEVED TO WEAKEN CHEMICAL BONDS WITHIN THE SUBSTRATE
THUS IT REQUIRES LESS ENERGY TO MAKE THE REACTION HAPPEN
THE ENZYME IS NOT USED UP IN THE REACTION AND THEREFORE CAN GO ON TO CATALYZE ADDITIONAL REACTIONS
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LOCK AND KEY MECHANISMLOCK AND KEY MECHANISM
ENZYME
SUBSTRATE
ENZYME
PRODUCTSENZYME
SUBSTRATE ENZYME BINDS IN AN EXACT FIT TO A SPECIFIC SITE ON A SUBSTRATE MOLECULE
ENZYME - SUBSTRATE COMPLEXPLACES STRESS ON BONDS LOWERINGACTIVATION ENERGY
FINALLY BONDS ARE WEAKENEDENOUGH TO BREAK AND PRODUCTSSEPERATE AND ARE RELEASED FOR USE BY THE CELL
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES WHICH STORE IMPORTANT INFORMATION
WITHIN A CELL
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
C G
TAS
S
S
S
PP
P
P
TA
CG
S
S
S
S
PP
P
P
CG
T AS
S
S
S
PP
P
P
C G
TAS
S
S
S
PP
P
P
TA
CG
S
S
S
S
PP
P
P
CG
T AS
S
S
S
PP
P
P
DNADNADEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
STORES INFORMATION ESSENTIALTOMOST CELL ACTIVITIES SUCH AS CELLDIVISION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
U
C
S
S
P
P
G
U S
S
P
P
C
A S
S
P
P
C S
G
U S
S
P
P
U S
P
P
C
A S
S
P
P
RNARNARIBONUCLEIC ACID
STORES AND TRANSFERS INFORMATIONNECESSARY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OFPROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSPHOSPHATE
GROUPPO4
PENTOSESUGAR NITROGEN
BASE
ADENINETHYMINECYTOSINEGUANINE
RIBOSE ORDEOXYRIBOSE
NUCLEOTIDEBASIC UNIT OF ALL NUCLEIC ACIDS