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Crossroads Academy 5th Grade Intro to Organic Compounds

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Crossroads Academy 5th Grade

Intro to Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

l Contain the element carbon l Are essential to life l Come in 4 main classes:

l  Proteins l  Lipids l  Carbohydrates l  Nucleic Acids

What makes organic compounds so diverse?

l Carbon can bond at 4 different sites because it has 4 valence e-

l Carbon can single, double and triple bond

l Carbons can bond to each other in chains, branches or rings

Polymers l  Most organic compounds are polymers

l  Polymers are BIG molecules made of repeating smaller molecules (“sub-units”)

l  Each subunit is called a MONOMER

l  When many MONOMERS join together to form a large chemical chain it is called a POLYMER

NOW LET’S LOOK AT ACH TYPE OF ORGANIC MOLECULE MORE CLOSELY

Carbohydrates l Sugars and starches l Made of monomers called

monosaccharides –  Ex. Fructose and Glucose –  Animals use Glucose for energy in their cells.

Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates

POLYSCCHARIDES l Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers l They are made by joining MANY

monosaccharides –  Ex. Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen

Lipids l Fats, oils and waxes

l Lipids are hydrophobic because they are non polar.

l Phospholipids are important lipids found composing the cell membrane

Fats are Triglycerides l They are made of a Glycerol backbone

joined to 3 fatty acid tails

l Can be saturated with H atoms or can be unsaturated due to the presence of double bonds in the fatty acid tails.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Comparison of Fats Saturated l  Contain only single bonds in

C backbone l  H fills ALL empty spotsè

Saturated with Hydrogen l  Uniform shape allows easy

stacking l  Solid at room temp. l  Can clog blood vessels l  Less healthy fats l  Ex. butter or lard

Unsaturated l  Contain only double or

triple bonds bonds in C backbone

l  Less H needed because some spots are taken by double bonds

l  Bent shape due to double bonds prevents stacking

l  Liquid at room temp. l  More healthy fats l  Ex. Olive oil or vegetable

oil

Proteins l Proteins are REALLY diverse! l Muscles, hair, enzymes, keratin in skin….. l Are polymers made of sub-units called

AMINO ACIDS l There are only 20 amino acids but they

combine to make all of the proteins in the world!

l Covalent bonds that hold amino acids together are called PEPTIDE BONDS

Proteins get folded into shapes!

Nucleic acids l  Are Polymers made of sub-units called

NUCLEOTIDES

l  RNA, DNA and ATP are nucleic acids

l  The code of life is written in the pattern of nucleotides on DNA

l  Nucleic acids control the synthesis of proteins

Organic Compounds LAB

l Your Goal: 1.) To test known compounds to determine a

positive test for Sugar, Starch, Lipid, and Protein

2.) To use knowledge gained above to determine the identity of unknown compounds.