Notes 8-4Notes 8-4Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

Compounds that contain the Compounds that contain the element carbon (C)element carbon (C)

Organic compounds are found in all Organic compounds are found in all living thingsliving things

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids are important and Nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in groups of organic compounds in living things that help cells functionliving things that help cells function

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesProvides immediate energy Provides immediate energy for cellfor cell

Make up some cell partsMake up some cell parts

Made up of elements carbon, Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenhydrogen, and oxygen

Polymer = Carbs, Polymer = Carbs,

Monomer = SugarsMonomer = Sugars

Examples: starches, like Examples: starches, like potatoes, pasta, bread, also potatoes, pasta, bread, also found in cell membranes and found in cell membranes and cell wallscell walls

Carbs cont….Carbs cont….Simple Sugars are called monosaccharidesSimple Sugars are called monosaccharides..

Examples of monosaccharidesExamples of monosaccharidesGlucoseGlucoseGalactoseGalactoseFructose Fructose

Major nutrients for cellsMajor nutrients for cellsThese make up the building These make up the building blocks (monomer) for complex blocks (monomer) for complex sugars. sugars.

Carbs Cont….Carbs Cont….Complex Sugars are called Complex Sugars are called polysaccharides. (huge sugars!)polysaccharides. (huge sugars!)

- These are 100’s or 1000’s of small - These are 100’s or 1000’s of small sugars hooked together to create a sugars hooked together to create a polymerpolymer..

Examples:Examples:

Cellulose—the structural material in plants Cellulose—the structural material in plants Glycogen= animal Glycogen= animal starchstarch—store extra —store extra sugar energy in animalssugar energy in animalsPlant Plant starchstarch—store extra sugar in plants—store extra sugar in plants

Carbs Cont….Carbs Cont….Disaccharides are made up of 2 sugars attachedDisaccharides are made up of 2 sugars attached

Di = two, saccharide = sugarDi = two, saccharide = sugar

Examples: Lactose, sucroseExamples: Lactose, sucrose

How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its name?name?

Galactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, celluloseGalactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, cellulose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Now let’s look at some Now let’s look at some examples…… examples……

……………………UP CLOSE!!!!UP CLOSE!!!!

Example 1:Example 1:Glucose - Glucose -

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Example 2:Example 2:Starch – PolysaccharideStarch – Polysaccharide

Monomer or smaller unit of starch = glucose

LipidsLipidsContain even more Contain even more energy than carbsenergy than carbs

Cells store energy in Cells store energy in lipids for later uselipids for later use

Made of the elements Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygenoxygen

Examples: fats, waxes, Examples: fats, waxes, oils, makes up most of oils, makes up most of cell membranecell membrane

Lipids cont…Lipids cont…

Common categories of lipids:Common categories of lipids:

1. Fats (saturated vs. unsaturated)1. Fats (saturated vs. unsaturated)

2. Phospholipids (component of cell 2. Phospholipids (component of cell membranes)membranes)

3. Steroids (ex: cholesterol)3. Steroids (ex: cholesterol)

Formation of Formation of LipidsLipidsLipids are made of a central building Lipids are made of a central building

block called block called GlycerolGlycerol (this is the same (this is the same for all lipids) + 3 side chains attached for all lipids) + 3 side chains attached called --called --Fatty Acid chainsFatty Acid chains (the structure (the structure of the acid chains are different for each of the acid chains are different for each lipid).lipid).

Glycerol Side = Fatty acid chain

LipidsLipidsGlycerol 3 Fatty acid chains;

different for each lipid

1. FATS vary in their # of 1. FATS vary in their # of double bondsdouble bonds

Saturated FatsSaturated Fats:: NO C-C double NO C-C double bondsbonds

Fatty acids contain the Fatty acids contain the maximum possible maximum possible number of hydrogen atomsnumber of hydrogen atoms ( (Saturated, or Saturated, or loaded, with Hloaded, with H))Ex: bacon grease, butter—solid at room Ex: bacon grease, butter—solid at room temperature (temperature (BAD FATBAD FAT))

Unsaturated fatsUnsaturated fats::ContainsContains at leastat least oneone Carbon-Carbon Carbon-Carbon double bond (double bond (notnot loaded with H) ( loaded with H) (GOOD GOOD FAT- in small amountsFAT- in small amounts))Ex: corn oil, cod liver oil—liquid at RTEx: corn oil, cod liver oil—liquid at RT

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids Phospholipid: similar to fatPhospholipid: similar to fat

Useful as the outer membrane of cellsUseful as the outer membrane of cells

Boundary between the interior of the cell Boundary between the interior of the cell and its exterior environmentand its exterior environment

Called a Called a phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer

3. 3. SteroidsSteroids

FunctionFunction: Chemical messengers and : Chemical messengers and make up part of the cell make up part of the cell membrane!!!!!membrane!!!!!

Example: Cholesterol, hormonesExample: Cholesterol, hormones

Most other steroids are synthesized Most other steroids are synthesized from cholesterolfrom cholesterol

Too much cholesterol is Too much cholesterol is badbadatherosclerosisatherosclerosis

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsVery longVery long

Made up of elements carbon, Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorusphosphorus

Contain instructions for cells to Contain instructions for cells to carry out all functions of lifecarry out all functions of life

Usually found in nucleus of cellUsually found in nucleus of cell

Examples: DNA (Examples: DNA (DDeoxyriboeoxyribonnucleic ucleic aacid) which is the genetic info cid) which is the genetic info passed from parent to offspring, passed from parent to offspring, and RNA (and RNA (RRiboibonnucleic ucleic aacid) which cid) which helps make proteinshelps make proteins

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsGenes consist of DNA, which is a Genes consist of DNA, which is a polymerpolymer known as a known as a nucleic acidnucleic acid..

Polymers assembled from Polymers assembled from monomersmonomers called called nucleotidesnucleotides..

Nucleotides (3 parts):Nucleotides (3 parts):5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)Phosphate groupPhosphate group1 Nitrogenous base (1 of four: adenine, 1 Nitrogenous base (1 of four: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)guanine, cytosine, or thymine)

DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose

Nitrogenous Nitrogenous base= base=

Cytosine

NUCLEOTIDE = Monomer of DNA

DNA and proteinsDNA and proteinsDNA=information for the cell’s activitiesDNA=information for the cell’s activities

BUT…does not directly run the cellBUT…does not directly run the cell

Proteins are “molecular hardware”Proteins are “molecular hardware”That is, they are the That is, they are the tooltool for biological for biological functionfunction

EX: the protein hemoglobin carries EX: the protein hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, not the DNA that oxygen in the blood, not the DNA that specifies the structure of hemoglobinspecifies the structure of hemoglobin

Let’s Get Pumped Let’s Get Pumped Up about Up about

Proteins!!!Proteins!!!

ProteinsProteinsThe goal of the cell is to MAKE The goal of the cell is to MAKE PROTEINS (aka Polypeptides)PROTEINS (aka Polypeptides)

Made up of the elements Made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfurnitrogen, and sulfur

Found in cell membrane, help Found in cell membrane, help make up many organelles, make up many organelles, hair, finger nails, spider webs, hair, finger nails, spider webs, feathers, etc.feathers, etc.

Examples: meat, eggs, beans, Examples: meat, eggs, beans, enzymesenzymes

Structure of Structure of ProteinsProteinsProteins are made up of long chains of Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acidsamino acids

20 different amino acids can form thousands of 20 different amino acids can form thousands of different proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet different proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet can form thousands of words)can form thousands of words)

Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids will determine which protein it iswill determine which protein it is

Polymer = Proteins

Monomer = Amino Acids

EnzymesEnzymesProteins that speed up chemical Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in organismsreactions in organisms

Without enzymes, many chemical Without enzymes, many chemical reactions needed for life would not reactions needed for life would not occur or would occur to slowlyoccur or would occur to slowly

Example: enzymes (proteins) in your Example: enzymes (proteins) in your saliva speed up digestion of food by saliva speed up digestion of food by breaking it down into simpler sugars in breaking it down into simpler sugars in your mouthyour mouth