progressive era 1868 - 1920. what is progressivism? promoting political or social reform through...
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Progressive Era1868 - 1920
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What is Progressivism?
Promoting political or social reform through government action in an attempt
to improve or change society.
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Progressivism• The idea arose due to the vast changes that modernization/industrialization had
caused in American society.
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Progressivism• Progressives tried to eliminate the causes of
such problems as crime, disease, poverty, poor working conditions, corrupt politicians, and a lack of education in poor areas.
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Progressives• Many people believed that the government had
the power and the means to help fix these inequalities.
• This gave rise to reformers who were known as: Progressives
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The Gilded Age• The late 1800’s in the U.S. was also known as
the “Gilded Age”.
• This term represented the inequalities that existed between business owners and
the workers.
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Muckrakers• These were journalists who wrote stories
that exposed the problems and corruption in society.
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They were nicknamed Muckrakers because they “raked up” and exposed the muck or
filth of society.
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Upton Sinclair• He wrote the “The Jungle” in 1906.
• This book documented the horrible conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry.
• Resulted in legislation to protect the public from unsanitary food.
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Jacob Riis
• He published the book “How The Other Half Lives” in 1890.
• Made Americans aware of the extreme poverty suffered by some working people.
• Led to reforms and improved housing conditions.
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During this period in America the work in factories could be boring, unhealthy, and
even dangerous.
Unions
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There was also very little safety regulations from the government.
Unions
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Companies were more concerned about profits than worker safety and quality of life.
Unions
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UnionsThis was the time when workers began to join
together to protect their common interests and improve their working conditions.
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Unions
• The idea that workers act together as a group to improve their working conditions is known as
collective bargaining.
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• Labor unions were then formed so that workers could use collective bargaining to
improve their working conditions.
Unions
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Unions• Most employers were
hostile towards workers efforts to unionize.
• This was because it cost companies more money to provide higher wages, better working conditions, etc.
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Companies blacklisted pro-union workers so they would not be able to get a job.
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• This opposition by companies was the main factor that limited the growth of unions during the late 1800’s.
Unions
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• While companies opposed unions, the unions opposed immigration.
• Unions tended to oppose immigration because they feared immigrants would take jobs from native-born Americans.
Unions
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Samuel Gompers
• Led the AFL (American Federation of Laborers), and worked on organizing national unions. Ex: Mineworkers, Steelworkers
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Types of UnionsTrade Unions – Craft workers who have special
skills. (machinists, stonecutters, welders, etc.)
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Industrial Unions – All the workers in an entire industry. (automotive, steel)
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Temperance Movement
• In the early 1800’s many progressives began a movement to restrict, and then to ban the consumption of alcohol.
• They were against alcohol because they felt it was destroying peoples lives and ruining families.
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• These reformers believed in an idea called temperance, or the avoidance of alcohol.
Temperance Movement
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• Mainly women lead the Temperance Movement because they lived with the effects of excessive drinking by their husbands.
Temperance Movement
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• They fought for the passage of laws restricting the sale of alcohol.
Temperance Movement
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• This movement helped pass
the 18th Amendment.
Temperance Movement
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18th Amendment
• It passed in 1919.
• The amendment banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol.
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Prohibition
• The passage of the 18th Amendment started a time period known as prohibition.
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• Government officials found it nearly impossible to enforce prohibition.
Prohibition
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• Americans found ways to make alcohol at home, illegal bars called speakeasies opened in cities, and crime increased.
Prohibition
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• Organized crime and gangs began fighting for control of the illegal alcohol business.
Prohibition
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• Alcohol was illegal in the U.S. from 1920 -1933, and then the 21st Amendment was passed that
ended prohibition.
Prohibition
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• Many women reformers fought for suffrage, or the right to vote.
Suffrage Movement
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• Some in society believed that women should only be homemakers and mothers, and not politically active because it would distract them from their families.
Suffrage Movement
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• The first public meeting about women’s rights was held in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY.
Suffrage Movement
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• At the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 they came up with the Declaration of Sentiments.
• These were a list of grievances against the way women had been treated in the past.
Suffrage Movement
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Suffrage Movement
• Two famous women who worked to make Women's Suffrage happen were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
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• These two women founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to fight for women’s rights.
Suffrage Movement
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• In 1913 a woman named Alice Paul founded the National Women’s Party (NWP).
• The NWP organized parades, public demonstrations, and picketing to draw attention to the suffrage movement.
Suffrage Movement
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• The NWP picketed in front of the White House and were jailed for all of their
“radical” views.
Suffrage Movement
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19th Amendment• The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920. It
finally guaranteed women the right to vote!
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Suffrage
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Political ReformsTo force state legislatures to respond better to voters, reformers passed new laws:
Referendum –Permits voters to
approve or reject a law that has already been passed by the government.
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Political ReformsRecall – Allows voters to hold a special election to remove an elected official from
office.
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17th Amendment• Originally state legislatures elected two senators from each state.
• To reduce influence from special interest groups, reformers fought to change this.
• They helped pass the 17th Amendment in 1913, which then had voters choose the senators.
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Government Corruption• One reason there was corruption in many of
our city and county politics was because they were dominated by:
Political Machines
• These were powerful organizations that used legal and illegal methods to influence politics to get their candidates elected.
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Government Corruption
• These machines were lead by bosses. They traded favors for votes, stuffed ballot boxes, and even stole money from the govt.
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Government Corruption• One of the political machines was New
York’s organization called Tammany Hall.
• In one example of corruption they helped win an election, rewarded supporters with jobs, and stole an estimated 200 million dollars from the city government.
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Government Corruption
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Triangle Shirtwaist Company
• A fire in NYC in 1911 killed 146 women. Exits from
the building were locked, among other
safety failures.
• This tragedy resulted in new building codes to
protect workers.
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Child Labor
• Parents often needed the income from their children working.
• Children were paid a fraction of what adults made.
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• Laws were eventually passed that required children to attend school.
Child Labor
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• When John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration he was creating a monopoly.
• A monopoly is when you have total ownership of a product or service.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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• Having a monopoly is bad for consumers because it restricts competition.
• This can lead to higher prices and a lower quality of goods and services.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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• In 1890 Congress acted to ban trusts and monopolies.
• A trust is when you run several companies using a single board of directors.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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• This law made it illegal to create monopolies or
trusts that restrained trade.
• Teddy Roosevelt was the first president to use this law.
• He became known as a “trust buster”.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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W.E.B. Du Bois
• He was a civil rights leader.
• He believed African Americans should protest unjust treatment and demand equal rights.
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• In 1909 he helped found the civil rights group the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).
• In 1915 the NAACP won an important court case which made grandfather clauses illegal.
W.E.B. Du Bois
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Booker T. Washington
• Booker was from the last generation born into slavery.
• He was an educator, author, and an advisor to several presidents.
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• He felt that self-improvement (hard work) by African Americans would lead
to the end of discrimination.
Booker T. Washington
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Teddy Roosevelt
• Teddy was president from 1901-1909.
• He was known as one of the progressive presidents.
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• He helped Congress pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in
response to the book “The Jungle”.
Teddy Roosevelt
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Teddy Roosevelt• Teddy was also a great conservationist. He
doubled the number of national parks.
Montezuma Castle - 1906
Grand Canyon - 1908 (made it a monument) TR fought unsuccessfully to make it a national park.(became park in 1919)
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• Roosevelt’s reforms to balance the interests of everyone was known as the:
“Square Deal”
Teddy Roosevelt
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“Walk softly and carry a big stick”
Teddy Roosevelt
His philosophy on foreign policy was to:
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The Progressive Party• During the election of 1912, Roosevelt
decided to run for president again.
• William Taft was chosen to run for the Republicans.
• Roosevelt split from the Republican Party and created the Progressive, or “Bull Moose” Party.
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• Woodrow Wilson, a democrat, won the election because of Taft/Roosevelt
splitting the Republican vote.
The Progressive Party
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Timed Pair Share Sentence Starters
Q1 - The most significant change to come out of the Progressive Era was _________, because__________.
Q2 -