programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement

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January 2014

Artem Polomannyy

Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor

thermal comfort improvement

Term 1 Research Paper

A E+E Environment & Energy Studies Programme

AArchitectural Association School of Architecture

MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2013-14

Graduate School


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AA E+E Environment & Energy Studies Programme_Architectural Association

School of Architecture

MSc+MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2013-14

AUTORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

Term 1 Research Paper

TITLE: Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement

NUMBER OF WORDS: 3117

STUDENT NAME: ARTEM POLOMANI

DECLARATION

I certify that the content of this document is entirely my own work and that

any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is

duly acknowledged.

SIGNATURE:

DATE: 17/01/2014


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Summary and Introduction

A theory

A test

Conclusions

References

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

1

3

7

9


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It nally has become a good trend to include people in

the building performance system, rather than leave them

alone as space consumers. Today we can come across

headlines such as Burn calories, not electricity and

the others fostering us to pay attention to environment.

This tendency is a result of the global energy crisis in

different elds including transport, construction andothers.

Before the epoch of articial light our schedules

were driven and constrained mostly by the solar

rhythms. Currently we are almost totally independent

in our activities from illuminance of the sun and take a

exibility in scheduling our activities for granted without

any idea that articial light can by any chance contribute

in a deviation to our harmony with the environment or

bring danger to the earth.

Should we blame people for irresponsibility?

Average lifestyle is dictated by such superstructures

as the global market. Changes usually emerge

unnoticeable for the majority and they simply adapt to

the given circumstances. In a similar way architectural

programmes lead people. Ones attitude to what he or

she does in a building is neutral since we rely on intention

of an architect. Meanwhile architects omit interfering

lifestyle and simply serve the needs. Can architectural

interference in a building programme bring positive

result in performance and improve life in a whole?

For centuries human life was constrained by the

seasons. Nomadic settlements lived in a harmony with

the environment coping with the extreme conditions by

changing locations rather than adjusting a built form.

Now we can seal and heat building and therefore itbecomes inert and independent to the outdoors and

we unfortunately have already got used to it. Today

we know that exactly this effortless attitude brought

us to the energy crisis. Author assumes that several

environmental issues could be xed by subtle work

with programmes inside the built form, in particular by

adapting of environment with the change of function.

Author interrogates how signicant is the inuence of

activity on the building performance proportionally to

the other factors?

The idea arises from the concepts widely implemented

in the mixed-use architecture design approach. Theresults of research tend to contribute in the scope of

knowledge in the eld of programme combinations.

Author seeks for the possibility to make buildings

take advantage of internal activities regarding thermal

conditions and performance.

Provided discussion is maintained by practical test,

which was done to evaluate potentials of programme

managing in building comfort and perfomance.

To set up the scientic basis for discussion of

programme inuence on performance and comfort we

should rst dene a position of a human in building

as a system of thermal processes. In the context of

environmental topics we can dene a person as the

comfort and energy consumer. This research is focused

solely on thermal comfort. The illustrative mechanism toexplain elements of thermal comfort turned out to be the

Fangers thermal comfort equation. It is representative

due to its mathematical form. Schwede (2007) explains

that symbols of equations are allocated into four groups.

The rst group are physical parameters that cannot be

changed. The second group physiological parameters

is dened through body functions which cannot be

changed intentionally to achieve thermal comfort. The

third group contains variables that are subject to human

interaction with the environment and behaviour. The

fourth group contains environmental parameters that

can be adjusted through environmental conditioning

systems.

Most of the architectural history was concentrated on

how to deal with the last part of equation by improving

a building envelope through constructions and details

designed by architects and adjusting the environment

qualities through the plants developed by the engineers.

Even now the majority of architectural projects focuses

on space improvement strategies making buildings

literally moveable and exible to meet ones need in

comfort by auxiliary energy input. Conventional design

process imply direct course of servicing the clients

need and concentrate on strategies to adjust space

to the human. Design process becomes inverse onlyin a city scale where a masterplan by law regulates

distribution of activities by obligating the existence of

particular programmes and prohibiting others based on

hygienic, infrastructural and aspects. Then what is the

right direction of design?

A person existence in architecture is described

by programme. Up to now it has not been accurately

estimated what is the inuence of three other

elements embedded in Fangers formula on the energy

consumption and architectural design on the whole.

Nick Baker (2007) did the general estimation based on

multiple case studies. He claims that building simulationsand analysis of data have shown that the building

fabric alone does not narrowly determine the energy

performance. The performance is determined by three

sub systems each having a variance in performance of

about two-fold. The components include a building, a

plant and behaviour.

On the one hand the architectural design should

service the required activities rather than establish them.

On the other hand comfort and building performance

are related to behaviour, programmes and activities of

people inside in the same way they relate to a built unit.

Here we reach a point of doubt where from one point

of view we realize a human component to have a greatinuence, but simultaneously neglect the attempt to x

or tness it. For the author it is evident that programmes

A theorySummary and introduction


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provide us with different activities that can occur in

given space. And in adapting architecture the most

exible part is a human.

Regarding the above-discussed author suggests

that architecture can become exible and adaptable by

changing not built form, but programmes inside. Say

comfort occurs where level of ones expectation is equalto existing conditions. Expectation for each function is

static but conditions are dynamic, driven by diurnal and

yearly outdoor conditions change. Normally, each time

expectation doesnt match the given conditions, we

either constitute a built form as an uncomfortable or gain

comfort with the additional mechanisms, maintaining the

required thermal parameters and therefore increasing

energy consumption. The opposite idea would be to

change activities on an hourly and seasonal basis to

correlate them with the existing conditions keeping

people in comfort without any additional energy

consumption. Now how can we imagine the change

of function when speaking about diurnal and seasonal

changes?

As soon as we embrace an idea of programme

matching to the outdoors environment thermal

conditions we then face a following challenge. If given

activity is relevant to a space only for a certain period of

time in order to reduce change of a built form, how can

we ll the empty time slots of a space.

Opportunities are sometimes missed because

designers impose stereotypical solutions, often ignoring

the serendipity of tting a new function into a building

generated by a different set of aims states Nick Baker

(2007) on the problem of refurbishment. But what ifthe refurbishment meaning the change of programme

occurs hourly? Is it possible to design a space that can

include several functions? Actually examples of such

spaces exist globally and appear throughout the whole

history.

Vernacular architecture provides several examples of

programmes disposition movement in time and space

as a tool of adaptation to diurnal and yearly outdoor

thermal conditions uctuations. Recent work (Crichton,

2004) states that migration has traditionally been seen

as a reaction to environmental disasters, but in an age

where we have tools and methodologies to predictand imagine future impacts the movement of peoples

must be developed as a proactive tool. In permanent

settlements people do not have the choice to move

to more comfortable climates but they can practice a

different form of migration, as they move around their

own homes in search of optical microclimates.

There is an opportunity to concentrate on intramural

migrations and evolve lifestyles to accommodate

thermal changes rather than change building or import

heat into buildings. One can mitigate cold by increasing

the level of activity or nding a warmer spot in a given

space as well as cope with heat by the opposite,

matching the activity to the thermal environment. Thisstrategy means a preference of regulating the rate of

internal heat generation and loss, and selection of a

different thermal environment instead of the thermal

environment regulation. This tendency to order and ll

space with activities is natural to people and takes place

without architects intention.

But architects also have something. Mixed-use

architecture became a trend in recent decades. A

design approach concentrated on programmes takingadvantage of their mixture and order has become

extremely popular in contemporary architectural

practice. Author already have made analyses of why

did this new typology emerged and whether design

of mixed-use developments could be mastered as a

scientic knowledge.

Mixed-use comprehensive approach includes two

main methods of design. They are multiplexing and

coupling, which are, overlay of functions in time on

one space and combination of functions in adjacent

position, respectfully. Successful multiplexing could be

achieved by composition of programs and functions in

a year calendar, week schedules mixing and in one-day

timetable. Previously the mixing success was mainly

valuable due to the nancial or market interest, regarding

how one programme can foster the development of

another and how they maintain each other working as

the attractors.

Among all the possibilities of mixing and multiplexing

recently quite trendy became the topic of coupling

functions in order to achieve environmental success.

Santamouris (2006) claims that without mixed uses it

is inevitable that the inhabitants will need to travel (by

car or otherwise) outside of the development for retail,

employment and entertainment, and will, as result,consume energy for such journeys. Another potential

advantage of dense, mixed-use programmes is that

energy supply can be centralized and more efcient.

Yet the author believes that in environmental aspect

more benecial in mixed use approach is the attitude to

programme regarding its time of occurrence.

Now when we realize that we can match activities with

conditions by means of vernacular or mixed use design

or just by taking an advantage of adaptive behaviour,

what then we can take from that?

By ordering the processes it becomes possible to ll

voids of use with different functions.Firstly, it becomes possible to decrease consumption

without investing in buildings by permanent use of

embodied energy increasing its amortization.

Secondly, blank periods during off seasons might

become liveable by lling them with a more appropriate

programme what in turn will lead to another increase

of embodied energy use efciency. Today when we

talk about density we already consider such complex

denitions and parameters as GSI and FSI. Now if we

relate density with period of space use we can nd out

two totally same spaces could be different in passability

and therefore different in efciency of space use. The

idea of multiplexing is to use as much as possible.

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With the intention to demonstrate numerically the

potentials of functional programming an experiment

with the following generalization was undertaken.

Author decided to make a simple test whether it

is possible to achieve a thermal comfort by change

of function in a space on hourly basis keeping the

hypothetic built circumstance untouched. The particulartest is fostering the discussion of hypothesis that variety

of activities held in a space can respond the environment

in a better reasonable way by means of changing only

the internal gains. The interest of the test is in limits

of programmes on its own to adapt to environmental

thermal circumstances. The numerical target is to

examine whether the scheduling of programmes can

reduce the backup heating regarding the diversity

of activities and internal gains they produce. Author

assumes that the subtle compilation of the gains held

in a place with the outdoors temperature can drift the

space to reduction of auxiliary heat demand.The polygon to test the hypothesis is set in Minsk,

capital of the Republic of Belarus(g.1). The city

architectural features can be described as limited in

construction and engineering technologies comparing

to Europe and high yearly change of temperature.

Because of the proximity of the Baltic Sea, the country

has a temperate continental climate. Winters last

between 105 and 145 days, and summers last up to 150

days. The average temperature in January is 6 C and

the average temperature for July is about 18 C, with

high humidity. The gure 2 shows climate according

to weather data for the 2005. It should be noticed that

derived data is accurate, but in architectural could not

be directly used in Belarusian architectural design since

local regulations exist and have discrepancies with it.

The difference can be seen in tables 1-3.

A test

g.1 Belarus on the map of Europe

g.2 Climate summary of Minsk

table 1-3. Weather data sources comparison

EPW MINSK (2005)

MONTH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -3.65 -4.12 0.94 8.39 13.88 16.80 20.08 18.76 13.04 7.19 1.80 -2.31

AMPLITUDE 5.12 6.01 6.67 8.80 9.52 9.64 8.98 8.51 8.45 5.82 4.44 5.60

AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.36 0.72 1.38 1.99 2.53 2.75 2.74 2.10 1.49 0.92 0.36 0.22

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.07 0.20 0.91 2.14 1.96 2.53 2.40 2.05 1.38 0.45 0.17 0.05

REGULATIONS (1987)


AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -6.9 -6.2 -2 5.5 12.7 16 17.7 16.3 11.6 5.8 0.2 -4.3

AMPLITUDE 6.2 6.6 7.3 8.9 11 10.6 10.3 10.1 9.2 6.6 4.3 4.7

AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.4722226 0.8611118 1.527779 2.018520133 2.638891 2.740742933 2.7222244 2.240742533 1.564816067 0.898148867 0.416667 0.3055558

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.1666668 0.370370667 1.1666676 1.620371667 2.6111132 3.037039467 2.740742933 2.185186933 1.351852933 0.5277782 0.129629733 0.074074133

DELTA


AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -3.25 -2.08 -2.94 -2.89 -1.18 -0.80 -2.38 -2.46 -1.44 -1.39 -1.60 -1.99

AMPLITUDE 1.08 0.59 0.63 0.10 1.48 0.96 1.32 1.59 0.75 0.78 0.14 0.90

AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.03 0.11 -0.01 -0.02 0.14 0.07 -0.02 0.06 0.09

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.10 0.17 0.26 -0.52 0.65 0.51 0.34 0.13 -0.03 0.08 -0.04 0.03

3


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As we can see from gure 5 typical summer day

(1.07) outdoors conditions can be characterized as mild.

Winter typical day (8.01) provide no other choice but use

of back up heating which for public building is set to

18 C by law. The heating period in Minsk according to

regulations starts on the 5 of October and nishes on

the 24 of April. Majority of Minsks buildings in contrastto English one have a centralized heating. Old buildings

that dont have thermostat on the heating source

(convector, radiator) become uncomfortable to stay.

In this test period of interest becomes a mid season.

October and May can be described as unpleasant and

become a drawback of centralised heating. Locals

can describe them as a waiting period for heat. For

midseason conditions the test is about compilation of

outdoor conditions with activities held to gain comfort

as it was described in the previous passages.

The test default space prototype is based on a

generalized built precedent called Measto, which

choice is based on its specicity of modern Minsks

multifunctional spaces. In recent years several bottom-

up model cultural centres have emerged in the city.

Normally they tend to occupy abandoned industrial

spaces. The base case is situated in former block of

factory. For the purpose of simplication the space

is generalized to a typical to this period (see g. 3-4).

The USSR precast concrete industry as well as current

Belarusian industry has as a standard a column beam

system of 36 square meters cells with distance of 6

meters between columns and 3 meters of height. Glazing

area ratio would be set 15% close to the prototype.

Belarusian building regulations set R values instead ofU. They would be converted and set as default. In this

research ventilation rate would be assumed equal to the

demand for the purpose of simplication. The demand

g.3 Precast concrete column beam system

(Shereshevsky, 1986)

g.4 Space for the test

depth 6 area 72

length 12 volume 216 R value U value

height 3 area of glazin 10.8 wall 3.2 0.3125

glazing ratio 0.15 area of expo 25.2 glazing 1 1

g.5Typical summer and winter days

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for one person is set according to regulations 50 m3/h

for standard activities, 80 m3/h for sport and similar.

The list of activities includes cultural, leisure,

educational and sport activities (see table 4). They differ

by parameters of density, metabolic heat dependent

on activity and age of participant (for children sensible

occupancy load was assumed 75% of grown up male),

ventilation requirement, equipment and articial used.

Articial light was assumed to be 2 bulbs of 24W for

each lighting xture as it is one of the most affordable

and typical for Minsks public buildings (normally the

one used in Armstrong ceiling system).

The functions chosen are then adapted (see gure 7)

to diurnal temperatures solely by how they complement

the outdoor conditions not regarding whether they

would occur in real life in a way we know it. The purpose

of this tolerance is to avoid preconception. The test

implies the condition that the only adaptive opportunity

to improve or maintain comfort would be to change the

programme. The limit might be not totally reecting

reality although it is based on the purpose to focuson one option. Activities are connected with outdoor

temperature in order to gain best performance and

achieve comfort

Two aspects complicate the sequencing process.

Firstly a solar radiation provides an additional internal

gain, which will be essential for the programmes such

as those with the need of natural light. But for some

of them like a movie show or a conference the gains

were excluded as such activities need the darkness

to project pictures on a screen. Secondly, a heat loss

through the ventilation process appeared to be a gain

reducing factor since its effect is reciprocate regardingthe number of people. The more people we have inside

the more is their need in fresh air supply.

According to gure 7 we can generalize next statements.

As we can see the effect of programme matching

acts like heating, replacing the backup heat. The results

illustrate that scheduling and coupling with the weather

programme

degree rise

above

outdoors, K

densit

y

peopl

e met k*

sesnible

occupancy

load, W appliances

eqipment

load, W

total

appliances

gains, W light, W

total light

gains, W m3/h/p ACH

ventilation

heat loss,

W/K

total heat

loss, W/K

concert 4.6 1.2 60.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 loudspeakers 250.0 500.0 - - 50.0 13.9 990.0 1,008.7

kids lectures 5.0 3.0 24.0 115.0 0.8 51.8 projector 450.0 450.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7

dancing classes 8.0 6.0 12.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 loudspeakers 250.0 500.0 48.0 384.0 80.0 4.4 316.8 335.5

fitness 6.8 6.0 12.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 48.0 384.0 80.0 4.4 316.8 335.5

conference 4.6 1.2 60.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 projector 450.0 450.0 - - 50.0 13.9 990.0 1,008.7

kids party 5.1 3.0 24.0 115.0 0.8 51.8 stereo 250.0 500.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7

kids classes 6.0 4.0 18.0 130.0 0.8 58.5 projector 450.0 450.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 4.2 297.0 315.7

market 5.4 2.0 36.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 8.3 594.0 612.7

movie 3.8 1.0 72.0 95.0 1.0 57.0 projector 450.0 450.0 - - 50.0 16.7 1,188.0 1,206.7drawing 5.3 2.4 30.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 - - - 48.0 384.0 50.0 6.9 495.0 513.7

lecture 6.7 2.0 36.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 laptops+projector 45.0 1,620.0 - - 50.0 8.3 594.0 612.7

exibition 6.1 6.0 12.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 - - - 48.0 384.0 50.0 2.8 198.0 216.7

party 6.6 2.0 36.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 loudspeakers 250.0 1,000.0 - - 80.0 13.3 950.4 969.1

workshop 8.4 3.0 24.0 140.0 1.0 84.0 laptops 45.0 1,080.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7

coworking 8.9 6.0 12.0 140.0 1.0 84.0 laptops 45.0 540.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 2.8 198.0 216.7

caf 6.2 5.0 14.4 150.0 1.0 90.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 24.0 192.0 50.0 3.3 237.6 256.3

conditions can have a considerable effect. The increase

of temperature above outdoor provided by the internal

gains is considerable and varies from 4 to 8 K. The

delta of 4 K between can be used to ll the given space

with various programmes to achieve comfort zone

according to EN 15251. It should be noted that in this

particular case the delta between the most and least

contributing programmes has a correspondence with

the diurnal outdoor dry bulb temperature uctuation.

The difference of increase can therefore provide uniform

indoor thermal conditions without signicant picks or

drops, which might have occurred in a monofunctional

space. The indoor thermal microclimate is maintained

solely by activity in a form of metabolic and equipment

gain.

The overall generalization to transpose knowledge

would be next. The internal thermal conditions in relation

to outdoors can be described as sinusoid formula

{y=a+b*cos(x),0


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gure 7. Test illustration scheme

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Famous quotation form follows function fosters

us to think on how we can change the building to be

adaptable to the human need. Instead author thinks

function follow the form, since at list to a certain

limit it is possible to achieve comfort by changing the

distribution of programmes in time and space to match

the environmental circumstances.The inuence of internal activity on the building

performance is considerable and reasonable order of

them can bring favour. People in a building, what we

call a programme, appear to be the most exible part of

the building thermal system and therefore contribute to

adaptability of architecture directly.

As it was examined for a case of Minsk indoor

temperature rise above outdoors can reach considerable

values even with obstructed sky. Accurate order of the

gains taking place in a built form matching with the

outdoor thermal conditions can lead to the decrease of

back up heat use for certain periods.

Conclusions

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