productive and physiological performance of nili...

PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF

NILI-RAVI BUFFALOES UNDER VARIOUS HOUSING

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DURING SUMMER

UMAIR YOUNAS

2002-VA-58

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE

OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

FACULTY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES,

LAHORE

2014

To

The Controller of Examinations

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

Lahore

We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of the thesis,

submitted by Mr. Umair Younas, have been found satisfactory and recommend it to be

processed for evaluation by the External Examiners for the award of degree.

SUPERVISOR _________________________________

PROF. DR. MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH

MEMBER __________________________________

DR. JALEES AHMAD BHATTI

MEMBER __________________________________

PROF. DR. TALAT NASEER PASHA

In the Name of ALLAH

The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful

i

DEDICATION

THIS ACHIEVEMENT OF LIFE IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS

WHO ALWAYES PRAYED FOR ME, SUPPORTED ME AND INSPIRED ME

TO GO FOR HIGHER IDEALS

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of almighty ALLAH, the inspirer of truth. All praise and gratitude is to

almighty “ALLAH” Who provided ease on my way, and gave me will, strength and health to

accomplish this research, who gave me the power to do, the right to observe and mind to think,

judge and analyze.

I bow my head before the HOLY PROPHET (P.B.U.H) who are a light of guidance and

role model for entire mankind.

I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my respected supervisor, Prof. Dr.

Muhammad Abdullah, Eminent Professor, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology,

UVAS whose excellent guidance, constructive criticism, encouragement, learning me

professional and applicable matters of field and moral support that enabled me to develop an

understanding of the subject.

I am grateful to the members of my Supervisory Committee Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti,

Associate Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha,

Vice Chancellor, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for their patronage,

valuable inputs, encouragement and unabated advice throughout the study period and they gave

moral support that enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject.

Special thanks to “Higher Education Commission of Pakistan” for providing financial

grants through HEC-PhD indigenous scholarship and IRSIP scholarship to understand the latest

research techniques from top ranked and renowned institute University of Florida, USA.

The cooperation of Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab is highly

acknowledged. Thanks to Dr. Tasneem Akhtar (Ex-Chief Research Officers; Buffalo Research

Institute), Dr. Asim Tausif (Veterinary Officer) and Dr. Burhan-e-Azam (Veterinary Officer),

Buffalo Research Institute Pattoki, District Kasur for necessary permission and their personal

interest in the research experiments. Thanks to Dr. Muhammad Junaid, Lecturer (Department of

Dairy Technology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki) for his guidance and moral support throughout study

period.

iii

Finally, my deepest gratitude towards Syed Sheikh Allaudin Shah Sahab (Late), who has

been my greatest mentor, under the guidance of which I learned to take stand against the difficulties

of life; my father Muhammad Younas (Late) who inspired me always through his hard work and

struggle for my education; Mother, always kind, loving and affectionate to me; my elder brothers,

Shahzad Younas and Shoaib Younas as well as sister Myra Younas, those supported me morally

especially during research work

Love to my niece Fatima Shahzad and nephews Abdullah shoaib, Hamza Shoaib and

Abdul-Rahman and most importantly, thanks to all those hidden hands which constantly raised in

prayers for my success and triumph.

Umair Younas

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION------------------------------------------------------- (i)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ----------------------------------------- (ii)

TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------ (iv)

LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------- (v)

LIST OF FIGURES ----------------------------------------------- (vii)

ABREVIATIONS -------------------------------------------------- (viii)

ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------- (ix)

Sr. No. CHAPTERS PAGE No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

3 EXPERIMENT 1 25

4 EXPERIMENT 2 59

5 EXPERIMENT 3 91

6 EXPERIMENT 4 124

7 SUMMARY 156

v

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 Treatments and Experimental Layout 32

3.2 Ingredients and chemical composition of concentrate ration fed to

lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes 32

3.3 Vaccination schedule for lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes 32

3.4 Physiological performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during early

summer 56

3.5 Biochemical constituents and thyroid hormones in Nili-Ravi

buffaloes during early summer 56

3.6 Milk production (lit.) and composition of Nili-Ravi buffaloes

during early summer 57

3.7 Dry matter intake (Kg), water intake (lit.), feeding and water intake

time in Nili-Ravi buffaloes during early summer 57

3.8 Milk production economics in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes 58





4.4 Physiological performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot dry

summer 88


buffaloes during hot dry summer 88

4.6 Milk production (liter) and milk composition of Nili-Ravi buffaloes

during hot dry summer 89


time in Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot dry summer 89


vi





5.4 Physiological performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot humid

summer 121


buffaloes during hot humid summer 121

5.6 Milk production (lit.) and milk composition of Nili-Ravi buffaloes

during hot humid summer 122


time in Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot humid summer 122






6.4 Physiological performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during late

summer 153


buffaloes during late summer 153

6.6 Milk production (lit.) and milk composition of Nili-Ravi buffaloes

during late summer 154


time in Nili-Ravi buffaloes during late summer 154


vii

LIST OF FIGURES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 Meteorological Indices for the month of March 55

3.2 Meteorological Indices for the month of April 55

4.1 Meteorological Indices for the month of May 87

4.2 Meteorological Indices for the month of June 87

5.1 Meteorological Indices for the month of July 120

5.2 Meteorological Indices for the month of August 120

6.1 Meteorological Indices for the month of September 152

6.2 Meteorological Indices for the month of October 152

viii

LIST OF ABBEREVIATION

Ad libitum Ad lib. Total mixed ration TMR

Food and Agricultural Organization FAO Heat stress HS

Dry matter intake DMI Relative humidity RH

Temperature humidity index THI Pulse rate PR

Body condition score BCS Standard Error SE

Body weight BW Total digestible nutrients TDN

Thermo-neutral TN Litre Lit.

Crude protein CP Milk production MP

Dry matter DM Nano-gram Ng

Average daily gain ADG Millilitre Ml

Rectal temperature RT Celsius C

Respiration rate RR Milligram mg

Australian Milking Zebu AMZ Total protein TP

Tri-iodothyronine T3 Dry bulb temperature Tdb

Tetra-iodothyronine/Thyroxine T4 Body surface temperature BST

Thermo-neutral zone TNZ Association of Analytical Chemists AOAC

Buffalo Research Institute BRI Completely randomized design CRD

Livestock Experiment Station LES Least significant difference LSD

Wind velocity WV Duncan multiple range test DMRT

G Gram Water intake WI

Foot and mouth vaccine FMV Solid not fat SNF

Microgram µg Minute Min.

ix

ABSTRACT

Heat stress is a challenging issue for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical

location of Pakistan is sub-tropic. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of housing

strategies on the production performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during period of early (March

and April), mid (hot-dry: May and June; hot-humid: July and August) and late summer

(September and October). The study was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI),

Livestock Experiment Station (LES), Bhunike, Distt. Kasur, Punjab. Mature lactating

multiparous (3rd

, 4th

, 5th

and 6th

parity) Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n=20) with similar level of milk

production and stage of lactation were selected from the herds maintained at LES, Pattoki.

Buffaloes were divided into four different treatment groups with 5 buffaloes in each group.

Animals were re-randomized after each experiment to balance for milk production and stage of

lactation. Group A was kept under roof shade only; B was given anti-stress product (dry yeast

powder; saccharomyces cerevisiae); C under fans and group D buffaloes kept under showers and

fans, provided with roof shades. During early-summer (Experiment-1) temperature humidity

index (THI) value was recorded as 73.1 and 81.0 during months of March and April,

respectively. Significant (P

x

value were 85.6 and 87.6 for May and June, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI; Kg) was

significantly (P

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is agriculture based country and the role of livestock cannot be ignored that is

fulfilling the essential needs of human diet and use of large ruminants as animal traction power

in agricultural lands of rural areas. In Pakistan, there are different production systems for cattle

and buffaloes like subsistence small holding, market oriented small holding, rural commercial

farms and peri-urban dairy farms (Afzal and Naqvi, 2004). Livestock is also important for the

conversion of crop residues and agricultural by products in to valuable items like milk, meat,

leather, wool and hair with special focus on buffaloes which are considered to have high

efficiency for conversion of poor quality roughage in to food items (Bilal et al., 2006). Milk

production in Pakistan has increased by 43.8% during past ten years with current value 50,990

(‘000 tons) and buffalo contribution towards total milk production is 61.2% (GOP, 2013-14).

There are two best buffalo breeds in Pakistan, namely Nili-Ravi and Kundi that are

normally inherited in the irrigated areas and alongside rivers with a potential of more than 5000

liters of milk production per lactation (Bilal et al., 2006). About 76.7% buffaloes of Pakistan

belong to Nili-Ravi breed, which is the most popular of buffaloes in Pakistan (Khaliq and

Rahman, 2010)

Among various factors that are affecting buffalo productivity, heat stress is a challenge

for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical location of Pakistan is in the sub-tropics

(FAO, 2006) as it is situated 23.6 degree above the line of equator between Tropic of Cancer and

Tropic of Capricorn. Therefore, summer season prevail for long duration with high ambient

temperature and relative humidity. Environmental temperature may rise up to 45-50oC in hot dry

conditions and relative humidity above 85% in hot humid conditions which is far above the

comfort or thermo-neutral zone for large ruminants.

INTRODUCTION

2

The productivity of dairy cows during summer is more than that of buffaloes and

therefore used by farmers to compensate shortage of milk supply (Pasha, 2007). Some

parameters need to be critically identified in hot conditions like rectal temperature which may go

up to 102.5oF; DMI reduced by 10% in hot weather; milk production drops 10% and respiration

rate exceed 80 per minute. Farm animals exposed to increasing level of environmental

temperature, temperature-humidity index (THI) and high rectal temperature were found to be

associated with reduced feed intake that ultimately leads to decrease in milk yield and reduced

efficiency of milk yield (West, 2003).

It was studied that lactating dairy cows begin to suffer the mild heat stress at temperature

humidity Index (THI) of 72; become moderately stressed at THI >80 and severely heat stressed

at THI>90. Heat stress also results in acidosis condition that ultimately leads to reduced cellulose

digestion, laminitis and milk fat depression. West et al. (2003) reported that temperature

humidity index (THI) is most important of all environmental variables that have significant

effect on production of milk (lit.). Similarly, dry matter intake (DMI) is found as most sensitive

to the ambient temperature during summer.

The capacity of buffalo to tolerate heat is low as a consequence of less sweat gland

density that results in reduced sweating ability of buffaloes (Marai and Haeeb, 2010). So,

buffaloes pay sensible level of sweating and open their mouth to exhale by panting under

considerable heat load. Various studies have been conducted so far to evaluate effects of heat

stress among various exotic dairy cattle. Chauhan (2004) reported that high milk yield and feed

intake can be achieved by adapting water shower strategy for lactating buffaloes. Avendano-

Reyes et al. (2006) reported increase milk yield by adapting various housing strategies like

sprinklers, fans and foggers under roof shade during day light hours (Igono et al., 1992) to

INTRODUCTION

3

minimize stress. Also, the rising trend for feed utilization can be achieved in dairy animals by

changing housing strategies (Kamboj et al., 2000; Davis and Mader 2002; West, 2003) as a

measure to enhance productivity per animal.

The information on capability of Nili-Ravi buffaloes to withstand against heat stress and

its adaptability to the sub-tropical conditions of Pakistan has not documented before. In this

regard, study is designed to understand the relationship of environmental stress with productive,

physiological and behavioral responses in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. This information is likely to help

in suggesting strategies for reducing heat stress in Nili-Ravi buffaloes and also in judging the

appropriate housing management under hot climatic conditions to reduce heat load on buffaloes.

Objectives of study:

To evaluate the productive and physiological performance of lactating Nili-Ravi

buffaloes under moderate hot climatic conditions.

Evaluation of various housing management strategies for lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes

according to hot-dry and hot-humid conditions.

To study the effect of meteorological factors including temperature, humidity and wind

velocity speed on the milk production from lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

To evaluate economics of heat stress mitigation systems and strategies

Hypothesis:

Heat stress tends to reduce the milk production (lit.) in lactating buffaloes that

leads to economic burden both at farmer and national level. Various management strategies

might be helpful for minimizing the stress and thermal load on Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot

dry and hot humid seasons.

4

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Among livestock species, susceptibility to heat stress in water buffalo has been observed

more due to their dark color, sparse coat or hair and inefficient evaporating cooling system due

to their poor sweating ability (Marai and Haeeb, 2010). Jones and Hennessy (2000) described the

two levels of its thresholds that are considered to be the critical Temperature humidity index

(THI); >72 for dairy cattle which do not have shade, at this level milk production starts to

decrease. And >78 for dairy cattle which have shade but at this stage of THI milk production

starts to decrease.

2.1: Productive performance of lactating buffaloes affected by heat stress condition

It was studied the that productive parameters like milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI)

are decreased in heat stressed Murrah buffaloes at temperature humidity index (THI) of 80.3 in

hot dry climate and 83.6 during hot humid climate (Aggarwal and Singh, 2010).

Spiers et al. (2004) housed the multiparous Holstein Frisian cattle (12) in a tie stall

housing system of Missouri-Columbia, and acclimated to thermo-nuetral (TN) conditions. One

group of animals (6) was provided thermo-neutral condition while other group was exposed to

heat stressed condition. It was noted that during heat stress period, the feed intake of lactating

dairy animal’s decreased within 1 day after onset of heat stress, however milk production

decreased 2 day after initiation of heat stress.

Various other workers found that high milk yield and feed intake can be achieved by

providing water cooling showers to lactating buffaloes (Chauhan et al., 1998; Chauhan, 2004).


5

Increase intake of dry matter (DM) was observed in Nili-Ravi buffalo calves in association with

rising frequency of washing them, that subsequently resulted into increase average daily weight

gain (ADG; Das et al., 2011).

Increasing environmental temperature and relative humidity resulted in elevated rectal

temperature (RT) above threshold limits that in return decreased the intake of dry matter (DMI)

along with reduction in milk yield and efficiency of milk produced (West, 2003). Ambient

temperature and humidity in summer conditions tends to decrease milk production from 10-35%

below yearly means (St.Pierre, 2003) which is mediated as a consequence of reduced feed intake

(Marai and Haeeb, 2010). Decline in milk yield can be minimized despite high ambient

temperatures by providing cooling phase of not more than 21°C for 3-6 hours during day hours

(Igono et al., 1992). These findings strongly imply that it is necessary to improve the housing

strategies that play critical role to minimize cow’s body temperature during day light hours.

Tapki and Sahin (2006) exposed animals to heat stress consisting of high producing

Holstein Friesian of first parity and low producing Holstein Friesian of first parity in Turkey and

observed that for 3 to 5 months high producing dairy animals suffered more from heat stress and

resulted in decline in milk production because high milk production increases 10% more heat

generation as compared to low milk producing animals.

To measure the milk efficiency in Holstein Friesian in response to heat stress the study

was carried out on 193 dairy cattle in Czech Republic (East Central Europe) during summer.

During the experiment period from May to September, 86 days were observed having THI > 72

while 26 days were observed having THI > 78. The effect of elevated environmental temperature

on milk production showed that the increased environmental temperature, resulted in decreased

the milk production (P


6

Rhoads et al. (2009) used Holstein Friesian cattle to determine the effect of heat stress on

animals and their milk production. It was noted that during the period of high temperature the

feed intake of dairy animal’s decreased and this decreased approximately accounts for 35%

decrease in milk production for Holsteins Frisian cows due to change in the post-absorptive

metabolism.

Kendall (2006) studied the effect of shade on milk production from Holstein Friesian in

summer months of New Zealand and divided forty (40) cattle into four equal groups whereas,

two groups were given access to shade while other two did not. The result revealed that in high

producing animals the metabolic heat production was higher due to increased feed intake and

higher rate of metabolic activity. Milk yield was significantly (P0.05) drastically in both groups.

Environmentally controlled chamber station was used in Arizona to measure the effect of

increased rectal temperature on milk production on one hundred (100) multiparous Holstein

cows with the help of eight (8) different trials that were conducted over a period of 3 years.

Zimbelman et al. (2009) concluded that rectal temperature increased during the heat stress period

that resulted in decreased milk production simultaneously. There is negative relationship

between milk production and rectal temperature.

Three groups having equal number of animals were used to measure the effect of heat

stress on milk production on lactating Holstein Frisian, Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) and

Jersey of similar age and parity in shaded condition of Oman. All the animals were spray cooled

water daily from 9.00 am to 1500 pm during the summer months to prevent the animals from

harsh environment. The milk yield were more in AMZ than Jersey followed by HS during the


7

months of summer in Oman, when THI exceeded >92. Although during winter months reverse

was case in same study. Heat stress reduces the milk production in Holstein cows (P


8

movement and is a better method for providing the relief of heat load to dairy animals, if

properly installed (Bucklin et al. 1991).

Under heat stress conditions, shade and ventilation proved the efficient and effective tool

in mitigating a heat load problem. Spraying or showering of water in heat stress condition is also

an effective method because it reduces the body temperature of dairy animals and lowers the

pulse and respiration rate of heat stressed animals, and dry matter intake (DMI) is increase as the

consequences of that process (Strickland et al., 1989).

Valtorta et al. (1997) stated that contribution towards milk loss in cattle has been reached

3.3% per annum due to unavailability of roof shade structure. And by the end of 2030, the

average milk production losses for cattle provided no shade structure would rises up from 3.3%

to 4% per annum production. Hence the same losses due to existing climatic condition would

reach up to 6% of annual production in 2070.

It is noted that when air temperature exceeded 86 0F, preference of dairy animals shifted

towards standing position in shaded structure instead of laying down in hot conditions. Dairy

animals engage themselves into some aggressive behavior to get access to the shaded part and

this behavior is especially increased in heat stress period. So importance of shade increases with

increase in the environmental temperature and relative humidity (Schutz et al., 2008).

Provision of proper shade structure may also decrease the negative effects of high

temperature and high humidity as well as direct effect of solar radiation. There is direct

relationship between high environmental temperature and use of shaded structure by lactating

animals. Sprinkling of water provides another useful tool to decrease the respiration rate (60%)

combined with shade and fan ventilation during the period of harsh, hot, and humid season of

heat stress (Kendall et al., 2006).


9

Increase yield of milk was noted (0.8kg/head/day) with reduction in the body temperature

of about 1.95°C seen by using sprinklers only and fans, installed in holding pen area (Collier et

al., 2006). The physiological parameters like rectal temperature and DMI can be improved by

doing modification in animal housing like use of shades, barns with enhance ventilation, water

sprinklers and fans (West, 2003).

Milk production can be increased by 2kg/day among lactating cows treated with spray

and ducted air system for 20 min than shaded controls. That is also helpful in maintaining of

body temperature near to the normal (below 39°C; Igono et al., 1987). It was observed that dairy

cows treated with fans and spray systems exhibited less incidence of elevated respiration rate.

However, it is recommended that construction of free stall should be encouraged so to provide

the natural and better means of ventilation beside these types of cooling systems (Armstrong et

al., 1994).

The study conducted in Louisiana reported the advantages of proper air flow and soaking

body surface of dairy cows. It was studied that respiration rate of cows reduced by 65-81% and

body temperature by 46-50% by using shade alone. However, using sprinklers in combination

with fans is better option rather than using shade, sprinklers or fans alone. Similar to this, it was

reported by Floridian researchers that improvement in milk yield achieved by 11.6% when cows

were sprayed for time period of 1.5 min in every 15 min. There was sharp reduction in

respiratory rate of cows i.e. 57 vs. 95 breaths per minute, as well as progress noted in the

production efficiency of kg of milk per kg of dry matter intake in cooled cows.

Das et al. (2011) observed average daily gain (ADG) in Nili Ravi buffalo calves and

found maximum growth (520 g/day) in group that was simply washed with water four times

(8 am, 11 am, 2 pm and 5 pm) a day followed by group with washing frequency three (8 am,


10

12 noon and 4 pm; 459 g/day) and two (9 am and 3 pm; 404 g/day) times per day. One of

important essential consideration to minimize the loss of milk yield and reproductive efficiency

is the availability of proper shade for dairy cows in order to protect from direct light and solar

intensity. Total heat load from lactating dairy animals could be reduced by 30-50% using well

designed shade. By doing comparison of dairy lactating cows for shade environment versus no

shade design, it is observed that rectal temperature was reduced from 39.4°C and 38.9°C, milk

yield increase by 10% and respiratory rate was fell from 82 to 54 breaths per minute.

High environmental temperature influences lactating cows. Introductory expense of

change of existing environment demonstrates the fiscal profits and these will build the profits

regarding benefit through expanding milk production strategies. It is critical, however, to

evaluate added revenue versus added costs of environmental changes to assess overall margins

and profitability (Jones and Hennessy, 2000).

2.3: Meteorological factors affecting the physiological performance of buffaloes

Haque et al., (2011) found significant (P


11

Herbut and Angrecka (2012) reported that heat stressed animals produced lower quantity

of milk. Therefore, most important challenges of current age is to maintain appropriate level of

air temperature, humidity, air velocity and low contents of gases. Animal comfort and welfare in

turn significantly increases milk production and reproduction.

Collier and Zimbelman (2007) reported the significant relationship of decrease in milk

production when temperature humidity index (THI) increases from 72 to 80 for a period of 4

days. Twelve multiparous Holstein Friesian cattle were housed in tie stall housing system of

Missouri. The cows were divided into two groups, 6 in each group. One group was controlled

group provided thermo-neutral condition while other group was exposed to heat stressed

condition. Cows were provided a temperature (T) of 29oC and Relative Humidity (RH) ~ 50%

for a period of 24 h and six (6) HS cows were used. At 48 h, 4 animals were used for

experimental data and at 96 h, 2 animals were used. In heat stress period, the feed intake of

lactating dairy animals decreased when THI level exceeded above 72. (Spiers et al., 2004).

Data was analyzed from 1987 to 1989 on 185 Holstein Friesian under South African

conditions. It was noted that animals suffered from heat stress severely when THI value was in

between 78 to 82, and cooling by any method is utmost essential to get rid of heal load by the

animal. Animal might die due to heat stress when THI value exceeds 82 (Du-Preez et al. 1991).

By using various cooling methods like fans, sprinklers and foggers, decline in respiration

rate (RR), pulse rate (PR) and rectal temperature (RR; Marai et al., 1995; Davis et al., 2002;

Singh et al., 2005; Aggarwal and Singh, 2008; Rahangdale et al., 2010) can be achieved. It was

observed that rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) values were found non-

significant in the early morning among two groups of buffaloes viz. water showering and

wallowing group. However, decline in rectal temperature (RT) was observed as well as in


12

respiration rate (RR) in the wallowing group of buffaloes during evening, that significantly

implies that water pond as a source of more comfort to buffaloes than water shower system

similar to the findings of Chikamune (1986).

Taweel et al. (2005) reported the lower peak for milk yield and higher mean body

temperature in a non-shaded group of animals during the day time when twenty lactating

Holstein Frisian cows were studied to determine the effect of heat stress. They reported that

when temperature exceeded thermo-neutral zone of a specific specie of animal then animal have

reduced feed intake and this phenomenon is more pronounce especially in the afternoon.

In a study on heat stress in Murrah buffalo, they found significant changes in respiration

rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature associated with exposure to sun light

throughout the day. Daily four time washing of Nili-Ravi calves aids in reducing the heat stress

by decreasing the value of pulse rate, respiration rate (RR) as well as rectal temperature (RT)

thereby help in increasing the utilization of feed on average basis and average daily gain (ADG)

under tropical climate (Das et al., 2011).

Fisher et al. (2008) conducted experiment to determine the effect of shade availability on

body temperature in New Zealand in the month of February. The respiration rate and body

temperature of heat stressed animal were higher than from the normal rates. Under some kind of

shade, the mean body temperature was lowered during the warmer part of the day when

compared to non-shaded animals. The peak body temperature was also lowered.

The behavior of low and high producing dairy animals in hot environment showed that

the low producing animals has less frequency of feed intake, water intake and standing, and high

frequency of locomotion, resting and rumination as compared to high producing animals (Tapki

and Sahin, 2006).


13

Young Murrah buffaloes were found unable to maintain their rectal temperature during

summer season with high ambient temperature and maximum solar radiations. Also, pulmonary

frequency was found increased by 5-6 times. Protruded tongue and excessive salivary secretions

were also noted (Das et al., 1999). Significant reduction of heat stress was obtained with air

speeds of 0.8 to 1.0 m/s that are obtainable with relatively simple and inexpensive ventilation

equipment (Frazzi et al., 2000).

Honig et al. (2012) studied the effect of different cooling system on physiological

parameters in multiparous Israeli Holstein dairy cows during hot climatic condition. He noted

that respiration rates were 49.1vs.54.6 breaths/min in 8 and 5 cooling sessions, respectively and

the rectal temperature were 0.16 vs. 1.08oC lower in 8 cooling sessions than 5 cooling sessions.

The result suggested that the cooling frequencies improve the physiological responses of dairy

cows under hot and humid area.

Increased respiration rate and rectal temperature had direct effect on milk production but

milk fat was not affected by heat stress in lactating animals (Avendano-Reyes, 2010). Andersson

(2009) evaluated the importance of shade for lactating dairy cattle of Sweden Red breed and its

effect on cow’s physiology during hot months. When THI increased above 72, then respiration

rate and body temperature increases. Therefore it might be concluded that respiration rate and the

body temperature were the most valuable indicator of heat stress.

Berman et al. (1985) conducted experiment on 170 Israeli Holstein to determine the

effect of upper critical temperature on high yielding dairy cows under subtropical conditions.

Respiration rate and rectal temperature were recorded from July to March having air temperature

from 10 to 36 0C. Results showed that when air temperature increased above 26

oC then both the


14

rectal temperature and respiration rate increased. At high temperature, the respiratory frequency

of Israeli Holstein was raised by 60 breaths/ min.

Cattle drink about 2 to 5 times in a day depending upon the weather condition. The water

intake is maximum when animals come to pasture after milking (Phillips. 1993). Three-fourth of

water intake occurs between 6 am to 7 pm (Cardot et al. 2008). The water and feed should be

provided inside the shade otherwise cattle must choose between staying under shade or drinking

or eating. This behavior may leads to lower water intake and lower feed intake and to a

decreased milk production (Bucklin et al. 1991).

Water intake is affected by different factors; dry matter intake, ambient temperature, milk

production, body weight, lactation number, Na intake and K intake, these all shows positive

correlation to water intake (Meyer et al. 2004). The higher dry matter content in the ration, the

water consumption increases (Phillips. 1993). During hot summer period, water intake increases

compared to winter conditions (Holter and Urban. 1992). Increase in every degree Celsius

increase the water intake of 1.52 kg/day (Meyer et al. 2004). High producing animals have faster

dehydration rate when comparing high and low producing cattle (Maltz et al. 1994).

2.4: Thyroid activity and serum biochemical profile of buffaloes in relation to climatic

stress conditions

Aggarwal and Singh (2010) evaluated the physiological changes in heat stressed Murrah

buffaloes kept under water showers (group 1) and in water pond for wallowing (group 2).

Various hormones were studied like tri-iodothyronine (T3), plasma thyroxine (T4), cortisol and

insulin under hot dry and hot humid environment with THI 80.3 and 83.6, respectively. Plasma

thyroxin (T4) was significantly higher in group 2. However, Plasma T3 level didn’t vary

significantly in same group.


15

Khurana (1983) reported the that buffalo facing the hot and dry climate were found with

low concentration of plasma thyroxine (T4) i.e. 39.10 ng/ml in buffaloes during the hot-dry

climate as compared to the buffaloes raised in hot humid season, 41.44 ng/ml. Similarly, shower

cooled group were found with rising level of plasma thyroxin (T3).

Calderon et al., (2004) compared two different cooling systems (spray/fan and

evaporative cooling) and found that both systems increased the relief from heat stress and

comfort of Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in dry hot environment. Ronchi et al. (1997) reported

the dairy cattle that were exposed to hot climate were found with decrease level of total

cholesterol, similar to the findings of Shehab-El-Deen et al. (2010) and Gudev et al. (2007).

The lower level of acetic acid in blood plasma (precursor as cholesterol synthesis) in

period of heat stress and elevated synthesis of adrenal steroid as a result of increased activity of

ACTH during these conditions might be the possible reason for lower cholesterol level. These

findings coincide with the results of Lehloenya et al. (2008) and Bruno et al. (2009) in lactating

dairy cows.

Similarly, decrease concentration of glucose in serum of young cross-bred calves during

summer has been reported by Bahga et al., (2009). Rasoli et al., (2004) studied the physiological

changes among Holstein heifers and found depressed thyroid activity in summer condition.

Concentration of T3 and T4 were found significantly (P


16

plasma T3 in young Murrah buffalo in thermo-neutral zone (22°C) only. Decrease in plasma T4

concentration (from 5.78 to 4.93 in young and from 4.96 to 3.35 ng/ml in 22° and 45°C,

respectively) was noted as affected by high temperature significantly lower (P0.01) in all groups of dairy animals

(Sreedhar et al., 2013).

Experiment was carried out on 32 Holstein Friesian cows to compare the cooling

management system with an objective to improve the physiological status and lactation

performance in hot weather conditions. The result revealed that the blood glucose level were

higher (P


17

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pp. 158-168.

25

CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENT 1

PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF NILI-RAVI

BUFFALOES SUBJECTED TO HOT DRY CONDITIONS DURING EARLY

SUMMER U. Younas, M. Abdullah, J. A. Bhatti, T. N. Pasha*

Department of Livestock Production, *Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal

Sciences, Lahore54000, Pakistan

Corresponding author: [email protected]

3.1: INTRODUCTION

Various factors are affecting buffalo productivity. Among them, heat stress is challenging

issue for the dairy farmers of Pakistan. Geographical location of Pakistan is in sub-tropic as it is

situated 23.6 degree above the line of equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of

Capricorn. Therefore, summer season prevails for long duration with high ambient temperature

and relative humidity. Environmental temperature may rise up to 45oC in hot dry conditions

(FAO, 2006) and relative humidity above 90% in hot humid conditions which is far above the

comfort zone for high producing lactating animals.

The best milk breeds of buffaloes are essentially of the river type and are mostly confined

to areas where the summer temperature rises above 46 °C and the winter temperature may fall

below 4 °C, in India and Pakistan (Payne, 1990). There are two best buffalo breeds in Pakistan,

Nili-Ravi and Kundi primarily inhabited in the irrigated areas and alongside rivers with the

potential of providing more than 5000 liters of milk production per lactation (Bilal et al., 2006).

Thermo-neutral zone (TNZ) is defined as the range of environmental temperature inside

which dairy animals requires no additional energy to maintain their body temperature. Within the

range of thermo-neutral zone physiological costs are less with maximum productivity (Du Preez

et al. 1990).

mailto:[email protected]

EXPERIMENT 1

26

Naz and Ahmad (2006) described the climatic conditions of Pakistan defining March and

April as spring season. However, data obtained from Pakistan meteorological department

(Lahore) indicated the maximum THI level of 77 and 85 with maximum temperature (29.3oC and

34.6oC) and humidity (51.3% and 54.6%) in the months of March and April, respectively during

2012. From these findings, it is evident that environmental temperature and humidity are

moderately high that might lead the high producing lactating animals beyond the comfort or

thermo-neutral zone.

West et al. (2003) reported that temperature humidity index (THI) is most important of

all environmental variables that have significant effect on production of milk (lit.). It was studied

that lactating dairy cows begin to suffer the mild heat stress at temperature humidity Index (THI)

of 72; become moderately stressed at THI >80 and severely heat stressed at THI>90. Similarly,

Zimbelman et al. (2009) reported that milk yield of high-yielding dairy cows started to decline at

THI of approximately 68. Heat stress also results in acidosis condition that ultimately leads to

reduced cellulose digestion, laminitis and milk fat depression.

Various authors reported heat stress as major factor affecting animal productivity (Marai

et al., 2002, 2007; Shelton, 2000). Effect of heat stress is aggravated when high relative humidity

is accompanying it (Marai et al., 2002, 2007). Collier and Zimbelman (2007) reported significant

relationship of decrease in milk production when temperature humidity index (THI) increases

from 72 to 80 for a period of 4 days. It is reported that thyroid functioning starts declining in

terms of tri-iodothyronine (T3) in the spring season and continue to decline with its lowest value

in extreme summer in both buffaloes and Friesians (Kamal and Ibrahim 1969).

EXPERIMENT 1

27

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hot dry conditions in early

summer on the productive and physiological performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes under different

housing and cooling conditions.

3.2: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.2.1: Experimental Site

The research was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Livestock Experiment

Station (LES), Pattoki, Distt. Kasur, Punjab. The experimental station is located in central

irrigated area of Punjab (31o North, 73

o East).

3.2.2: Experimental Treatments

Mature lactating multiparous (3rd

, 4th

, 5th

and 6th

parity) Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n=20) with

similar level of milk production and stage of lactation were selected from the herds maintained at

LES, Pattoki and were raised to observe the effect of heat stress during months of March and

April (early summer). The Nili-Ravi buffaloes were randomly assigned to 4 different groups i.e.,

group A, B, C and D (Table-3.1). Group A buffaloes were taken as control and kept under the

roof shade only. Group B buffaloes were given anti-stress product (10gm, dry yeast powder;

Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Yea-Sacc by Alltech) in their feed, regularly on daily basis. Ceiling

fans were provided to group C buffaloes and Group D buffaloes were given treatment of ceiling

fans as well as showers under roof shade. Group A and B were kept in one shed and group C and

D was kept in another shed. Partition was made for the groups under the same shed so as to

maintain the micro-climate of each respective treatment group. Milk production was similar for

all treatment groups. Silage was offered ad-libitum to meet the maintenance requirements at

11.00 AM daily and was accessible till next morning milking whereas, concentrate was offered

along silage as 1 kg for every 2 liter of milk produced (SMEDA, 2008; Shah, 1994; Table-3.2).

EXPERIMENT 1

28

The animals from each group were ear tagged for their identification. Space requirement

for each animal was maintained according to body size of animals as described by Banerjee

(1998). The experiment was conducted in the months of March and April having comparatively

mild environmental conditions for lactating buffaloes. First seven days were taken as adjustment

period followed by 54 days for data recording and sample collection.

3.3: Housing and health condition:

All animals were kept under shade. Provision of fresh drinking water to animals of each

treatment group was made available ad-libitum. Before the start of experiment, all animals were

provided adjustment period of seven days and treatment of internal and external parasites was

done during this period. The vaccination for Black Quarter (BQ) was done according to the

vaccination schedule as recommended by Livestock and Dairy Development (L&DD)

department (GOP, 2010) for large ruminants (Table- 3.3). Each animal was observed daily for

any abnormality and was treated accordingly.

3.4: DATA RECORDING

3.4.1: Meteorological Parameters

A: Environmental Temperature and Relative Humidity

Ambient environmental temperature (oC) and relative humidity (%) was recorded during

peak hours of day (12:00pm to 2:00pm) using hygrometer (Thermo-Hygro; TH-208 B).

B: Wind velocity (WV)

Wind velocity (Km/hour) was determined during peaks hours of day (12:00pm to

2:00pm) with the help of digital anemometer (Intel Smart Sensor; AR-816).

EXPERIMENT 1

29

C: Temperature Humidity Index (THI)

Temperature humidity index was calculated by collecting data on air temperature and

relative humidity, which was then, calculated using following formula as described by Mader et

al., (2006).

THI = (0.8 × Tdb) + [(RH/100) × (Tdb − 14.4)] + 46.4

Whereas;

THI: Temperature humidity index

RH: Relative humidity

Tdb: Dry bulb temperature

3.4.2: Production parameters

A. Milk Production

Milk production (lit.) was recorded daily in the evening 6:00PM and Morning 6:00AM

following the practice of hand milking.

B. Milk composition

Milk samples were collected in plastic vial from each animal, stored at 4oC and analyzed

for milk composition i.e. total solids (TS%), solids-not-fat (SNF%) and milk fat% by the method

as described by AOAC (1999). The samples were analyzed on fortnightly basis.

C. Dry matter intake (DMI)

Buffaloes in each treatment were fed on maize silage (ad-libitum) and concentrate (1 kg

behind 2 liter of milk production) in morning. The orts were collected next morning for daily

feed intake and dry matter intake was calculated after drying the samples in hot air oven on

weekly basis.

EXPERIMENT 1

30

D. Water Intake (lit.)

Water intake (liter) was measured by measuring the initial and final volume of water in

the water trough and subsequently subtracted final value from initial value after 24 hours. The

reading was noted regularly on weekly basis.

E. Body condition scoring (BCS)

A panel of four scientific personnel examined the body characteristics of lactating

buffaloes for determination of body condition score before the start of trial and subsequently at

the end of trial.

3.4.3: Physiological Parameters

A: Pulse rate (PR):

All buffaloes were observed for their pulse rate (PR) in the peak hours of the day

(01:00pm to 02:00pm). Whereas, pulse was taken from the coccygeal artery on the sides of the

ventral part of the tail (Wankar et al., 2014); the hand grasps the tail from the dorsal aspect and

the fingers readily perceived the pulsations.

B: Respiration rate (RR):

Respiration rate (RR) was observed (01:00pm to 02:00pm) in terms of counting the flank

movement, one inward and one outward movement taken as one breath (Das et al. 1999).

Respiration rate was taken for 1 minute.

C: Rectal temperature (RT; oF):

Rectal temperature (RT) of Nili-Ravi buffalos was taken (01:00pm to 02:00pm) by

inserting digital thermometer 2-2.5 inches deep per rectum (Wankar et al., 2014) and RT value

was recorded once it became stable on digital display.

EXPERIMENT 1

31

D: Body surface temperature (BST)

Body surface temperature (BST) of the buffalos was taken (01:00pm to 02:00pm) using

non-contact infrared temperature measuring instrument (Model: Smart Sensor AR 330+) and

pointing laser towards targeted skin part with a distance of 4-5 inches. Middle neck, middle back

and rump site were selected for determination of BST on regular weekly basis.

3.4.4: Serum Biochemical analysis

Blood samples were taken from individual buffalo for the assessment of thyroid functions

by determining thyroid hormones (Tri-iodothyronine, T3; thyroxine, T4) as well as serum bio-

chemical profile including glucose (mg/dl), total proteins (g/dl) and cholesterol (mg/dl). Blood

analysis was conducted in Quality Operation Laboratory (QOL), UVAS, Lahore.

For serum biochemical analysis, blood samples were taken from jugular vein in a sterile

container (20ml) without anti-coagulant. Blood was initially allowed to rest for 2 hours at room

temperature and then centrifugation was done at 750 g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was

separated and stored in freezer at -20oC until use for serological test (Nazifi et al., 2011). Serum

biochemical analyses were conducted for glucose, total protein, cholesterol by using serum

chemistry analyzer.

Similar procedure was followed to determine the level of Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and

thyroxine (T4) using ELISA kits as a measure of thyroid functioning.

3.4.5: Behavioral parameters

Allocation of time for feeding and drinking by buffaloes under different housing

strategies was observed visually by one person in each shed (8am-7pm) on weekly basis.

Feeding time was calculated during 11 hours (8am to 7pm) without extrapolated to 24 hours by

observing how much time is spent on manger by buffalo for feeding only and the same way

EXPERIMENT 1

32

drinking time was calculated by observing water intake by buffalo while standing on water

trough with her mouth inside water.

Table 3.1: Treatments and Experimental Layout

Sr. No. Group No. of animals Description

1. A 5 Buffaloes under roof shades only (control)

2. B 5 Roof shades with anti-stress supplement

3. C 5 Roof shades with ceiling fans

4. D 5 Roof shades with showers and ceiling fans

Table 3.2: Ingredients and chemical composition of concentrate ration fed to lactating Nili-

Ravi buffaloes

Ingredients Inclusion level (%) Maize 8 Cotton Seed cake 22 Rape seed cake 3

Wheat bran 32

Maize gluten 20 Molasses 14

Mineral mixture 1 Crude Protein (CP) % 18.0

TDN 76.0

ME 2.6 M.cal/Kg

Table 3.3: Vaccination schedule for lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes

Months Vaccine

February-March Foot and mouth disease (FMD)

April Black Quarter (BQ)

May-June Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)

August Anthrax

September-October Foot and mouth disease (FMD)

November-December Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)

GOP (2010)

EXPERIMENT 1

33

3.4.6: Economics of milk production

The production cost per liter of milk was calculated for each group at the end of trial. The

cost per liter of milk was calculated by considering feed (silage and concentrate), anti-stress

supplement, electricity and labor cost. These total production costs were subtracted from the

daily milk sale value to give overall economic margins for each group (Table 3.8).

3.5: Statistical analysis

The recorded data were subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance

technique (ANOVA) under completely randomized design (CRD). The difference of means

among treatment groups were determined by using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT; Steel

et al., 1997) for the interpretation of results and plausible conclusions with the help of statistical

software (Statistical packages for social sciences; SPSS).

3.6: RESULTS

The effect of various housing strategies was observed over the period of 2 months i.e.

March and April. The results for meteorological, productive and physiological parameters are as

below.

3.6.1: Meteorological Study

The weather was generally comfortable in the beginning of experiment accompanied by

wind gusts but tends to become harsh towards end of trial as well as declining trend in wind

speed. Data regarding meteorological parameters including temperature (oC), humidity (%),

temperature-humidity index (THI) and wind speed (Km/h) was collected.

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3.6.1.1: Environmental Temperature (oC)

Average temperature during peak hours was found as 27.5oC and 33.9

oC for the months

of March and April, respectively (Fig.3.1 & 3.2). Whereas, overall average temperature during

peak hours of trial was noted as 30.7 oC.

3.6.1.2: Humidity (%)

Average humidity during peak day hours was found as 36% and 38% for the months of

March and April, respectively (Fig.3.1 & 3.2). Whereas, overall average humidity during peak

hours of trial was noted as 37%.

3.6.1.3: Temperature-Humidity Index (THI)

Average temperature-humidity index value was noted as 73.1 and 81.0 in relation to

environmental temperature and humidity during March and April, respectively (Fig.3.1 & 3.2).

However, overall THI value was found as 77 over the course of 2 months trial.

3.6.1.4: Wind Speed (Km/h)

Wind speed was found as little variable component and its average value during peak day

hours was noticed as 8.7(Km/h) and 8.57(Km/h) for the months of March and April, respectively

(Fig.3.1 & 3.2). Overall average value was observed as 8.64 (Km/h) over the course of 2 months

trial.

3.6.2: Production Parameters

3.6.2.1: Dry Matter Intake (DMI; Kg)

The values for dry matter intake level (Kg) were observed and found as 14.3±0.11,

14.5±0.12, 15.6±0.09 and 15.8±0.11 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D (Table 3.7). Non-

significant (P>0.05) differences were observed between group A and B, whereas significant

variation was observed between control group with group C and D. Buffaloes raised under fans

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with or without showers showed higher (P 0.05) differences (Table 3.7).

3.6.2.3: Milk Production (MP; liter):

Daily milk production (liter) was recorded and values were found as 7.97±0.10,

8.07±0.08, 8.14±0.09 and 8.37±0.08 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. Control group A, B

and C were found to have non-significant (P>0.05) differences. Whereas, significant (P

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C (but both higher than A group) whereas group D showed significant (P>0.01) increase in TS%

value over all groups.

3.6.2.5: Body condition Scoring (BCS):

In the start of research trial, the body condition score (BCS) for each treatment group was

kept as 3.1±0.1. At the end of research trial, lactating buffaloes were examined for any change in

their body mass cover and BCS values were found as 2.95±0.09, 3.10±0.10, 3.15±0.06 and

3.15±0.06 for group A, B, C, and D. However, these variations were found as statistically non-

significant (P>0.05).

3.6.3: Body Physiological Parameters

3.6.3.1: Rectal Temperature (RT; oF)

The rectal temperature (Mean ± S.E.) in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes for the treatment

groups A, B, C and D was found as 101.12±0.06, 100.92±0.09, 100.37±0.05 and 100.08±0.07

(Table 3.4). Rectal temperature was higher (P

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3.6.3.3: Respiration Rate (RR)

The mean respiration rate (RR) of animals raised under different housing strategies was

observed and found as 19.0±0.31, 19.9±0.32, 16.8±0.30 and 16.6±0.21 for the treatment groups

A, B, C and D (Table 3.4). The highest RR was observed in control group B buffaloes

supplemented with anti-stress product and lower RR was observed in group C and D animals

treated with fans with or without showers. There was significant difference of anti-stress group

(B) respiration rate with group C and D given housing treatment of fans and showers.

3.6.3.4: Body Surface Temperature (BST)

I) Middle Neck

The mean skin temperature (middle neck) of buffaloes was observed and found as

27.3±0.56, 27.4±0.53, 25.3±0.57 and 24.9±0.57 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D (Table

3.4). The highest (P

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III) Rump

The rump temperature of buffaloes under various housing schemes was observed and

found as 28.8±0.66, 29.1±0.63, 26.3±0.59 and 26.2±0.59 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D.

Non-significant (P>0.05) differences were observed between group A and B, similarly between

group C and D for rump temperature (Table 3.4). Buffaloes raised under fans with or without

showers showed least (P

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(P>0.05) differences were observed between group A and B, whereas group D has highest

(P0.05) differences were observed between group A and B, whereas significant

variation was observed between group C and D. Buffaloes raised under showers showed higher

(P0.05) value

of total protein was observed in group D buffaloes given treatment of showers with fans whereas,

control group A and B showed lower (P>0.05) value.

3.6.4.6: Cholesterol (mg/dl)

The values of cholesterol (mg/dl) in blood were analyzed and values found as

101.6±1.32, 109.0±1.26, 113.9±1.51 and 116.1±0.99. High (P>0.05) value of cholesterol was

observed in group D, intermediate in group C and control group A and B showed lower (P>0.05)

value.

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3.6.5: Behavioral Phenomenon

Nili-Ravi buffalo were observed for their feeding and drinking behavior in terms of time

they allocated for each activity during 8am to 7pm. After 7pm environmental temperature was

observed as quite low making animals more comfortable.

3.6.5.1: Feeding Time (min.)

The mean feeding time (min.) of Nili-Ravi buffaloes was found as 210±2.0, 226.2±2.3,

235±4.5 and 242.5±3.2 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D (Table 3.7). The feeding time was

noted higher (P0.05) drinking time as compared to buffaloes kept

under shade (A and B) which showed high water intake time.

3.6.6: Milk Production Economics

Milk production economics was compared among the buffaloes with different housing

strategies using prevailing variable costs as indicated in Table 3.8. Daily cost of milk production

was higher in treatment group B, C and D as compare to control group. Therefore, cost per liter

of milk production was less for control group (A) and gross margin was higher for control group.

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3.7: DISCUSSION

3.7.1: Production Performance

The values for dry matter intake level were observed and found as 14.3±0.11, 14.5±0.12,

15.6±0.09 and 15.8±0.11 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. Buffaloes raised under showers

showed higher (P

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(1999) reported that climate is the most important factor affecting water intake. Water

consumption increased with the rise of atmospheric temperature.

Daily milk production (liter) was noted and values were found as 7.97±0.10, 8.07±0.08,

8.14±0.09 and 8.35±0.08 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. Control group A, B and C were

found to have non-significant (P>0.05) differences, whereas significant (P

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16.57±0.07. Groups C and D had significantly higher fat while group D was significantly higher

in all milk components. The results are in-line with the study of Habeeb et al. (2000) who

reported that the relatively high total solid (fat, protein and lactose) percentages observed during

February can be ascribed to the favorable conditions of the mild climate and abundance of green

fodder in winter. Various other researchers (Habeeb et al., 1993; 1996 and Yousef et al., 1996)

reported the reduction values in milk constituents at high ambient temperature and high relative

humidity. It was noticed that body condition score was lower for control group (A) although non-

significant variation were recorded. Aggarwal and Upadhyay (2013) stated that exposure to hot

environment for long time may negatively affect the growth.

3.7.2: Physiological Parameters

The rectal temperature (Mean ± S.E.) in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes for the treatment

groups A, B, C and D was found as 101.12±0.06, 100.92±0.09, 100.37±0.05 and 100.08±0.07.

Singh et al. (2003) studied the effect of environmental effects on Murrah buffalo physiology and

stated that RT has a positive correlation with environmental temperature. Lowest RT was found

in buffaloes kept under fans and showers. The findings are similar to the results of Igono et al.

(1987) who reported the decline in rectal temperature when spray and fans were used. Similarly,

lower rectal temperatures were reported by Flamenbaum et al. (1995) for a group of Holstein

cows under the cooling system compared to cows that received no cooling. Our findings are

close in-line with the results of Chaiyabutr et al., (1987) and Chikamune, (1986) who reported

that dry air temperature up to 30o C has no adverse effect on rectal temperature.

The mean pulse rate of Nili-Ravi buffaloes was found as 50.6±0.90, 51.9±0.90,

45.3±0.41 and 44.8±0.51 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. Buffaloes showed high PR

kept under roof shades only as compared to lower PR in group treated with fans and showers

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with fans. Our findings are in-line with the Aggarwal and Upadhyay (2013) who stated that

buffaloes showed decrease pulse rate (PR) and respiration rate (RR) when provided cool

environment as compare to cattle. The findings are in accordance with Gaalas (1945) and Blaxter

and Prince (1945) who observed an increase in pulse rate with increase in environmental

temperature. Similarly, higher pulse rate was reported in summer months as compared to lower

in winter months. However, the results are close in line with the Joshi et al. (1982) who reported

that pulse rate increased moderately during exposure to hot environment in buffaloes.

The mean respiration rate (RR) of animals raised under different housing strategies was

observed and found as 19.0±0.31, 19.9±0.32, 16.8±0.30 and 16.6±0.21 for the treatment groups

A, B, C and D. The highest respiration rate was observed in group B and lowest respiration rate

was observed in group D animals treated with fans and showers. The results are in accordance

with the West (2003) who reported that cooled cows had sharply reduced respiratory rate (57

versus 95 breaths/min) probably due to lower energy expenditures for body cooling and Marai

and Haeeb (2010) who reported that RT and RR were found to be significantly higher from

spring to summer and in summer than in winter in Egyptian buffaloes, indicating that the animals

were heat stressed. Verma et al. (2000) stated that rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate

(RR) are the most sensitive indices of heat tolerance among the physiological reactions studied.

The results are similar to the findings of Lemerle and Goddard (1986) who reported that,

although rectal temperature only increased when THI was greater than 80, the respiration rate

would begin to increase above a THI value of about 73 and would probably increase steeply at

THI values 80.

The highest (P

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animals treated with fans and showers. Similarly, middle back and rump temperature were

highest for buffaloes kept under shade as compared to lower in fans and showers groups. This

might be due to the thickness and the black pigment of the buffalo skin help in absorption of

more heat and leads to disproportionate convective and radioactive heat losses from the

extremities during exposure to solar radiation as reported by Chaiyabutr (1993). Due to high

wind velocity for buffaloes under fans convection process helped to cool off buffaloes. Payne

(1990) suggested that a wind velocity (5-8 km/h) is the optimum for buffaloes. Aggarwal and

Upadhyay (1998) stated that heat loss through skin is more in cattle as compared to buffaloes.

However, in buffaloes respiration is main source of heat loss that might explain why skin

temperature was high for various points for control group (A) buffaloes as there was no suitable

source of convection as well as dark skin and less number of sweat glands make it difficult to

dissipate heat (Marai and Haeeb, 2010).

3.7.3: Serum Bio-chemical Profile:

The blood glucose level was examined for various treatment groups and found as

62.2±0.76, 63.5±0.52, 66.7±0.84 and 70.9±0.89 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. The

results are close in-line with the Kamal et al. (1962) and Shafferi et al. (1981) who noticed

decrease in glucose level under hot conditions and attributed this decrease in blood glucose

mainly to the high respiration rate (RR) which causes the increase utilization of respiratory

muscles. Also, decrease in feed intake also contributes to decrease in glucose.

The values of total protein in blood were analyzed and values found as 6.54±0.09,

6.59±0.07, 6.96±0.12 and 7.36±0.08 for groups B, A, C and D, respectively. The results are close

in-line with the findings of El-Masry and Marai (1991) who reported serum total proteins were

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estimated as 44 g/L in summer and 51 g/L in winter. Yousef (1990) reported the close values of

total proteins in Egyptian buffalo calves as 7.4 and 9.5 g/dl in the same seasons, respectively.

The cholesterol in serum was analyzed and values found as 101.6±1.32, 109.0±1.26,

113.9±1.51 and 116.1±0.99. High (P>0.01) value of cholesterol was observed in group D

whereas, control group A and B showed lower (P>0.05) value. The results of our study are in

accordance with the Verma et al. (2000) who reported the decrease level of cholesterol in

lactating Murrah buffaloes in response to the heat stress. Similarly, other researchers reported the

marked decrease in cholesterol level with the increase of ambient temperature (Shafferi et al.,

(1981) and Abdel-Samee (1987).

The mean±S.E value for tri-iodothyronine (T3) in Nili-Ravi buffaloes was found as

182.9±0.81, 184.9±0.77, 189.2±0.79 and 197.0±0.71 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D.

The T3 level was noted higher (P

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3.7.4: Behavior and Economics

The mean feeding time (min.) of Nili-Ravi buffaloes was found as 210±2.0,

226.2±2.3, 235±4.5 and 242.5±3.2 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D. The results suggested

a significant (P

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facility changes (fans and showers) did not offset marginal costs effectively to implement theses.

Since marginal revenue of shaded group A and group D (fans with showers) was not different

therefore, farmers especially the small scale farmers of rural areas are not required to install

showering system for early summer keeping their affordability in mind. However, providing

animal comfort through showers and fans would be a nicer strategy for commercial farmers and

those who may afford this strategy.

3.8: REFERENCES

Abdel-Samee AM. 1987. The role of cortisol in improving productivity of heat-stressed farm

animals with different techniques. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig

University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Aggarwal A. 2004. Effect of environment on hormones, blood metabolites, milk production and

composition under two sets of management in cows and buffaloes. PhD thesis submitted

to National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India.

Aggarwal A, Upadhyay RC. 2013. A book on Heat Stress and Animal Productivity. ISBN 978-

81-322-0878-5. Springer, India.

Aggarwal A, Upadhyay RC. 1998. Studies on evaporative heat loss from skin and pulmonary

surfaces in male buffaloes exposed to solar radiations. Buffalo J. 2:179–187.

Al-Haidary A, Spiers DE, Rottinghaus GE, Garner GB, Ellersieck MR. 2001. Thermoregulatory

ability of beef heifers following intake of endophyte-infected tall fescue during controlled

heat challenge. J Anim Sci 79: 1780–1788.

AOAC. 1996. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th

Ed., Washington, DC.

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Ashour G, Omran FI, Yousef MM, Shafie MM. 2007. Effect of thermal environment on water

and feed intakes in relationship with growth of buffalo calves. Egyptian J Anim Prod., 44

(1): 25-33.

Banerjee GC. 1998. A Textbook of Animal Husbandry. 8th Ed, Oxford and IBH Pub.

Bilal MQ, Suleman M, Razik A. 2006. Buffalo: Black gold of Pakistan. Livestock research for

rural development.

Blaxter KL, Prince H (1945) Variation in some physiological activities of dairy cows. Vet J. 101:

39-45.

Chaiyabutr, N. 1993. Buffalo physiological responses to high environmental temperature and

consequences for DAP. In: Draught Animal Power in the Asian– Australasian region. A

Workshop held in conjunction with 6th Asia–Australasia Association of Anim. Pryor,

W.J. (Ed.), Prod. Soc. Congress, 23–28 November, 1992, Bangkok, Thailand. ACIAR

Proceedings No. 46, pp. 100–108.

Chaiyabutr N, Buranakarl C, Muangcharoen V, Loypetjra P, Pichaicharnarong A. 1987. Effects

of acute heat stress on changes in the rate of liquid flow from the rumen and turnover of

body water of swamp buffalo. J Agril Sci Cambridge. 108: 549–553.

Chikamune T. 1986. Effect of environmental temperature on thermoregulatory responses and

oxygen consumption in swamp buffaloes and Holstein cattle. Buff J. 2: 151-160.

Collier RJ, Zimbelman RB. 2007. 22nd

annual southwest nutrition & management conference

February 22-23, Tempe, AZ – 78.

Das KS, Singh G, Paul SS, Malik R, Oberoi PS, Deb SM. 2011. Physiological responses and

performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves under different washing frequency during hot

summer months in tropics. Trop Anim Hlth Prod. 43: 35–39.

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