pro s09 renuka

Project on Flex Printing & Vinyl, Radium Cutting

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

&

A PROJECT REPORT ON

A project submitted to theSant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amaravati

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for theDegree of “Master of Commerce”

Submitted ByMISS. RENUKA SANJEEV GHADYALJI

Prof. L.R. SharmaProject Guide

Prof. L. R. SharmaHead of Project Committee

Dr. S. G. ChapkePrincipal


The Berar General Education Society’s

2008 - 2009

Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated toSant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati(Accredited with ‘B’+ Grade by NAAC, Bangalore)

FLEX PRINTINGFLEX PRINTING

VINYL, RADIUM CUTTINGVINYL, RADIUM CUTTING

Ratanlal Plot, Akola 444 001 (Maharashtra)

http://www.go2pdf.com



&

A PROJECT REPORT ON

A project submitted to theSant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amaravati

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for theDegree of “Master of Commerce”

Submitted ByMISS. RENUKA SANJEEV GHADYALJI






2008 - 2009

Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated toSant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati(Accredited with ‘B’+ Grade by NAAC, Bangalore)

FLEX PRINTING

VINYL, RADIUM CUTTING




Sant Gadge BabaAmravati UniversityAmravati




This is to certify that,

is a bonafide student of

M. Com. (Semister IV) of Smt. L.R.T. College of

Commerce, Akola.

1) That the candidate has satisfactorily conducted

the project

work for not less than one academic year and

2) That the project is the result of the condidate’s

Certificate






Place : Akola

Date :




I hereby declare that the Project report entitled

is the result of

my

own research work for the degree of Master of

Commerece

and it has been submitted by me to this University

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

Miss. Renuka S. GhadyaljiSmt. L.R.T. College of Commernce Akola

Place : Akola

Date :

I h ereb y d ecla re th a t th e P ro ject rep o rt en tit led

“ F le x P r in t in g & V in y l ,R a d iu m C u t t in g ” is th e re su lt o f m y

ow n resea rch w ork fo r th e d eg ree o f M aster o f C om m erce

an d it h as been su bm itted by m e to th is U n iv ersity

on ly an d n ot to an y oth er U n iv ersity .

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce,Akola




Miss. Renuka S. GhadyaljiSmt. L.R.T. College of Commernce, Akola

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project work has been a valuable aspect to practical approach of my study. It has beenan enriching and exciting experience which gives me full grasp of the theoretical work.

I feel immense pleasure to avail this golden opportunity to express my deep gratitude andindebtedness to my Honourable and Head of the project committee

for his valuable guidance and constant inspiration which proved to beyardstick in successful completion of the project. His constant and continuous support hascreated a harmonious, ambience, which moulded this project into a comprehensive one.

I feel it great pleasure and previlege to offer my sincere and cordial thanks

I am thankful to my teaching staff and our library staff and office staff for supporting me. Iexpress my indebt thanks and gratitude towards

and also his father for giving me a detailedinformation about the project without which the success of this research study would notbe completed.

I would like to put on record my appreciation of Mr. Shripad P. Dashrath for typing work andShri. Kamlesh Kothari Proprietor of Kothari Graphics for his earnest efforts and courteousco-operation in preparation of this, so attractive project.

I must also thank to my all friends for their encouragement towards me to complete thisproject.

Last but not least my words fails to express my feelings particularly in respect of mybeloved parent for their constant encouragement and blessings. I shall remain life longindebted to them for their constant inspiration towards my carrier without which I wouldhave not attended this stage in my life.

I am indebted to every respondent who gave me direct, indrect support incompletion of theproject.

GuideProf. L. R. Sharma

Principal Dr. S. G. Chapke.

Mr. Pranav Goud, Prop. of RADIANTsign and graphics Shri. Amar Goud


INDEX

PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER - 1

1.1 Introduction 011.2 Selection of Project 031.3 History of Printing 041.4 History of Flexography 051.5 History of Digital Pringing Technology 06

CHAPTER - 2

2.1 Concept 072.2 Importance And Objectives 102.3 Process of Flex Printing 122.4 Strategy about the Research of project 132.5 Limitations of The Project. 19

CHAPTER - 3

3.1 Technical and Financial aspect of the Project 203.2 Essential Things for project 213.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project 233.4 Purchase Details and Cost Details 24

a) List of plant and machineryb) List of raw materials.

3.5 Place of Availability & Types of Machine 26




LETTER OF TRANSMISSION

This is to certify that

a student of

Smt. L. R. T. College of Commerce, Akola studying

in

M. Com. IV Semester has visited our “ RADIANT Sign

and graphics” for getting all relevant information

Pranav GoudProprietor

RADIANT Sign and graphics

Place : Akola

Date :


PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER - 4

4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of 27Plant & Machinery & Raw Material

4.2 Names & Address of the Authority Iussuing License 29

4.3 Collection of Capital by Various Sources with 30Government Subsidies

4.4 Profitability 32

4.5 Estimated Expenditure of the Project 34

CHAPTER - 5

l Conclusions 42

l Questionnaire 43

l Bibliography 44


CHAPTER 11.1 Introduction

1.2 Selection of Project

1.3 History of Printing

1.4 History of Flexography

1.5 History of Digital Pringing Technology

Research is a systematic and objective inquiry in some field of knowledge.




1.1 Introduction

Globalization process starts from near about 1990. At that time Indian Industrywas not in a position to accept the challenges of globalization by physically,mentally, financially and politically also. But after that within few years the Indianindustry and Government have changed their mind and decided to accept all thechallenges arising out of the globalization and has acquired a grand position witha special status in national and international market.

Because of the globalization and new techniques in industries in various sectorswe observe the positive changes in social, financial, political, cultural,educational fields. And that’s why the various opportunities to get employed areopened before unemployed persons. As we have various basic fundamentalfacilities, modern techniques, and alos sufficient finance in all fields, in a shortperiod of time we will be top leader in the world.

We have develop our life because of the modern techniques. Besides the bigproject in various fields employment in small scale industries are also available.Not only that, we ourselves can start the small scale project like printing, flexprinting,offset printing, assembling, sales and services of other products etc.

Government has given various facilities to the unemployed persons to start theirown business. There are also various institutes to support and to give theknowledge about starting and development of the business, also there arevarious materials like books, journals etc. available about how to make businessand hence the unemployed persons can start their own business.

From various small scale industries / business “Printing” is one of them.

Printing technologies were developed during 19th century. Slow developmentsseen till 1980. For example offset printing, multicolour printing were in vogue till1980. Computer application in various fields created revolution in printing. A desktop mono colour printer (dot matrix) was developed. Later computer printers wereupgraded to multicoloured.

Simple idea of to make printing of big sized, revolutionalised the computerprinting process. Quality and printing was developed to the extent that photoquality printing become possible and process of exposing film, develop it and get

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prints from negatives become obsulete.

Wide format printing on different media developed during last 15 years. Differentprinting media developed for the purpose. In the initial stage wide format printingand printing media were expensive hence used in limited sphere Business /commerce, for example Cenema posters printing, advertising materials for bigcompanies.

Now a days media become cheap and printing machines are also available atcompetitive rates, hence printing become very popular.

In addition to flex print ( wide format printing) a vinyl (radium) sign business alsobecome popular and which can be a supporting business with the flex print as noseparate machines or labour is required.

A vinyl sing business does not demand excessive resources to get sailing. Thevinyl sign business industry does not required extensive undertaking. The cashoutlay for supplies and equipment is probably less than we imagine.

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1.2 Selection of Project

Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.Industry based on computer and innovation in nature are interesting andbeneficial to the students in future life. Hence researcher selected the projectwhich involves computer aided printing popular now a days, because of itseconomical and quality printing.

Also this project / business / industry can be started in a small specific area withlimited workers.

The Flex Print Banners can be prepared attractive with low price. Also it takesvery low time for its preparation than any other printing or painting. Flex PrintBanners now a days are very popular and used by social organi zations and alsoin personal functions. Hence there is a wide scope for the business.

The flex print banners has the advantage of protection from rain as compared topainted banners or other print banners.

As a vinyl sign business (radium cutting) is also a popular one now a days andwhich can be easily start with flex print business with the same machinery, labourand other expences hence the researcher select this project also with the flexprint.

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1.3 History of the Printing

Printing methods were invented in 17th century. Development in education andnewspaper printing resulted in popularity of printing. Monocolour printing was invogue. Printing machines were called as tredal machines.

Printing process was clumsy. Types were required to be setbefore printing. Slow printing process of tredal machines encouraged engineersto develop fast printing machines. Offset printing made obselete tredaltechnology.

Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.Industry based on computer and

For printing of the data generated by computer, dot matrix printers were inventedtechnology for computer printing developed in stages i.e. dot matrix, laser, inkjet,multicolour – inkjet.

Inkjet printing on different media rather than paper become possible due totechnology development. For development of printing on wide media was not abig challenge. United Kingdom engineers develop Heads for printing of suchwide format printing. United States of America also develop such heads. Printingon different media for eg. Flex, rigid sheets, reflective cloth and vinyl (radium)become popular. This technology spreads over develop countries because of itsexpensive nature.

Assembling of machines in China made machines cheaper and affordable indeveloping countries like India. Mass production of machines in China furthermade the machines cheaper, hence installed in almost every district place.

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1.4 History of Flexograhy

The process of flexography was then dubbed “ aniline printing,” named for theaniline oil used in the ink, that would be jetted out by the use of Anliox roll. In1890, the first patented press was built in England by Bibby, Baron and sons. Thewater based, ink smeared easily, leading the device to be known as “Bibby’sFolly.” In the early 1900’s other European presses were developed using rubberprinting plates. But by the 1920’s most presses were made in Germany, wherethe process was called “gummidruck”.

During the early part of the 20th century, the technique was used extensively infood packaging in the United States. However, in the 1940’s the food and DrugAdministration classified aniline dyes as unsuitable for food packaging.Printing sales plummeted. Individual firms tried using new names for the processsuch as “ Lustro Printing” and “ Transglo Printing”, but met with limited success.Even after the Government approved the aniline process sales continued todecline. Intent on re-popularising aniline printing by changing its name, FranklinMoss, President of Moss type. Corporation surveyed the industry in 1951 andreceived over 200 different name suggestions. In October 1952, the new namewas announced, “ Flexography”.

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1.5 History of Digital Printing Technology

Digital printing of fine art photographs - and a broad-based concern about thepermanance of digital prints- can be traced on the founding of Nash Editions inManhattaFn Beach, California, in 1991. At that time, the only printer capable ofproducing high-quality, large photographic prints ( up to 34x46 inchs) on a widerange of papers and canvas was the Iris Graphics Model 3047 inkjet printer madeby Iris Graphics, Inc. in Bedford, Massachusetts. The Iris 3047, which had beendesigned for direct digital graphic arts proofing, was an expensiv machine,costing $126,000. As recounted by Steve Boulter, then national sales managerfor Iris Graphics.

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CHAPTER 22.1 Concept

2.2 Importance and Objectives

2.3 Process of Flex Printing

2.4 Strategy about the Research of project

2.5 Limitations of The Project.

The researcher needs to select and formulate a problembefore collection of data.




2.1 Concept

Flexography is a form of printing process which utilises a flexible relief plate. It isbasically on a updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing onalmost any type of substrate including, plastic, metalic films, cellophone andpaper. That is why it is widely used for printing on non corus substrate requiredfor various types of food packaging.

In contrast to offset printing which is a planographic printing technique in whichthe image and non image areas of a print job are on the same level on aprinting plate, flexography is a relief printing process.

That is the image area is raised above the non image area. Cutting a reliefimage in a linolium blcok or even in a potato, or many of us did as children andthen pressing the block (or-potato) into ink and then onto paper approximates theflexographic process.

Unlike offset printing, flexography does not transfer the image from the printingplate to a blanket and then to the paper. Instead, flexography, like letterpress,transfers the ink directly from the plate to the paper. But whereas letterpressplates are made of metal, flexographic plates are made from a more flexiblesubstance such as rubber or photopolymer materials.

Flexography is most often used for printed product such as envelopes, bags,tags, wrapping paper, corrugated boxes, milk cartons, newspapers, packaging,pressure sensitive labels, and flexible films.

Flexopgaphic PrintingApplications - Process Overview – Image Preparation – Plate Making-PrintingPresses – Inks – Finishing.

ApplicationsFlexography is the major process used to print packaging materials. Flexographyis used to print corrugated containers, folding cartons, multiwall sacks, papersacks, plastic bags, milk and beverage cartons, disposable cups and containers,labels, adhesive tapes, envelops, newspapers and wrappers (candy and food)

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Process OverviewIn the typical flexo printing sequence, the substrate is fed into the press from aroll. The image is printed as substrate is pulled through a series of stations,or print units. Each print unit is printing a single color. As with Gravure andLithographic printing the various tones and shading are achieved by overlayingthe 4 basic shades of ink. These are Magenta, Cyan, Yellow and black. Magentabeing the red tones and cyan being the blue.

The major unit operations in a flexographic printing operation are :-• Image preparation• Plate making• Printing• Finishig

Below is a process flow diagram for flexographic Printing.

Finished Product

Preproduction

SubstrateManagement

Make Readyand Printing

Binding andfinishing

Preparefor Shipment

InkManagement

ImagePreparation

Press Cleaningand

Maintenance

Platemaking

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Image PreparationImage Preparation begins with camera-ready (mechanical) art/copy orelectronically produced art supplied by the customer. Images are captured forprinting by camera, scanner or computer. Components of the image are manuallyassembled and positioned in a printing flat when a camera is used. This process iscalled stripping. When art / copy is scanned or digitally captured the image isassembled by the computer with special software.

A simple proof (brown print) is prepared to check for position and accuracy.When colour is involved a colour proof is submitted to the customers for approval.

Flexographic Plate MakingFlexographic and letterpress plates are made using the same basic technologiesutilizing a relief type plate. Both technologies employ plates with raised images(relief) and only the raised images come in contact with the substrate duringprinting. Flexographic plates are made of a flexible material, such as plastic,rubber or UV sensitive polymer (photo polymer) so that it can be attached to aroller or cylinder for ink application. There are three primary methods of makingflexographic plates, photomechanical, photochemical and laser engraved plates.

Flexographic Printing PressesThe five types of printing presses used for flexographic printing are the stacktypes, central, impression cylinder (CIC), in –line, newspaper unit, anddedicated 4-, 5-, or 6- color unit commercial publication flexographic presses.All five types employ a plate cylinder, a metering cylinder known as the aniloy rollthat applies ink to the plate, and an ink pan. Some presses use a third roller asa fountation roller and in some cases, a doctor blade for improve ink distribution.

Flexographic InksFlexographic inks are very similar to packaging gravure printing inks in that theyare fast drying and have a low viscosity. The inks are formulated to lie on thesurface of nonabs or bent substance and solidify when solvents are removed.Solvents are removed with heat, unless U.V.curable inks are used.

FinishingAfter printing, the substrate may run through a number of operations to be“finished” and ready for shipment to the customer.

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2.2 Importance And Objectives

A) ImportancePrinting industry is an important aspect of market life. The globalization andcomputer applications in various field have created a revolution in printingindustry also. As such the printing becomes more cheaper. Because ofcompetition also the printing is going cheaper and cheaper.

The wide format printing (flex printing) is so easy to print and cheapest in thefield. Hence it becomes popular. Because of its easy printing low price withattractive and colourful matters, this industry has a wide scope in business.The advertising market, now a days, turning over the to flex print rather thanpainting, screen printing etc. Because of wide format printing banners of any sizewith multicolour printing & with various designs can be prepared. This is the oneof the most important features of flex printing. Also it has an advantage ofprotection from rain.

As vinyl (radium) sign business is also going popular because of its specialfeature that is sparkling. Generally this is used in name plates, boards etc.

As flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign business needs low space and can bestarted anywhere in rural or urban area. Persons having competency in businessfield has opportunity of self employment.

Other important features are as follows :-1. Research guides social and business planning.2. Aids in prediction.3. Research brings new knowledge.4. Removal of ignorance.5. Removal of superstitions.6. Analysis of social problems.7. Satisfaction of intellectual curiosity.8. Reliable information provider.9. Scientific study of business and society.10. Evaluation of projects and plans.11. Employment opportunity for unemployed persons.12. A good profitable business.13. A good support for advertisement market development.14. A chance of development in our social and economical field.15. Creation of self- confidence.

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B) ObjectivesThe main objectives of this project are as follows -1) To study the opportunities for new entrepreneurs in the field of printing.2) To identify the need of skilled persons.3) To know the market of flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign.4) To search the market from where the good equipment needed can be made

easily available with low price.5) To study the government rules and regulations and policies for starting the

business.6) Mental preparation for the business.7) To develop commercial aspects.8) To know the characteristics of business.9) To bring to lime light the most accurate information that could have never

been brought to the knowledge under normal course.10) To analyse the interrelationships between the different variables \ relating to

the subject under study.11) To diagnose, evaluate and understand the various business problems and

the implications in the working of business house, so that proper decisionsare made and remedial actions are taken to improve their performance.

12) To improve the operating efficiency, productivity, profitability and functioningof different organization in the society.

13) To contribute to the general funds of knowledge.

C) Positive AspectsThe wide format printing and vinyl (radium) sign business can start anywhereand has the following positive aspects.1. We can set our own business hours.2. The business is of limited workers and hence it has more profit margins.3. No overhead expenses.4. Because of its popularity easy marketing.5. Flex print and vinyl sign is the cheapest one than any other printing or

painting.

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2.3 Flex Printing Process

Inkjet printing on media like flex, vinyl, reflective (Radium) etc. Is similar as incase of simple inkjet multicolour printer attached to our P.C. However sincethe printing involves huge media hence some extra preparations are requiredto be done.

We should first ascertain the job to be printed. The job should be feed in thecomputer JPEG / TIFF format in our P.C. For operating the digital printingmachine a software provided by the machine manufacturer must be installed inour P.C. Without the software machine will not operate.

Our data to be printed may be exported to the machine software. We can setthe required size in this programme. After setting the size the data is readyfor printing. Now we should make setting in the machine. Machine may be turn‘on’. The carriage will take its position. We field the media in required sizewe should insure that ink tanks are having sufficient ink. Now we should set thepoint were printing will start i.e. required margin on the media may be set. Beforeprinting we should ensure that of what quality printing is required i.e. 2 pass,3 pass, 4 pass. No of passes increased will enhance quality, however moretime will be required. Hence according to our requirement number of passesmay be given to the printer. Now we can give command on our computer to print.The programme will display required time for printing, presented of printingcompleted etc.

After completion of printing media may be detached from the machine. Ink willtake 5 to 10 minutes to dry.

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2.4 Strategy about the research of Project.

Research is a systematic investigation which tries to throw light on the factwhich are not known to anybody. The Researcher should possess the necessaryskill and expertise to conduct the research. He should be well ersed withresearch methodology. We should employ proper methods and tools for thecollection, record, analysis, interpretation of accurate data. We should plan,organize and control the entire research process properly.

Research has to be free from personal bias of the researcher. Researcher hasto resist the temptation to seek only that information and data that support hispersonal prejudice. He should be totally objectives and impartial during theconduct of research.

Research is based on factual observation or empirical evidence which the otherobservers can see and check. It is not based on speculation. More-over, itattempts to organise the data in quantitative terms as far as possible.

Conclusions based on recalled or unrecorded data are not trustworthy. Henceresearcher should maintain the systematic record of all the data collected. Suchrecords forms the basic of research. Researcher will not rely upon the recalledfacts but will analyse the problem on the basis of the recorded data.

Research places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles, scientificgeneralizations and evolution of theories that will be helpful in predicting thefuture occurrences and guide the future course of action. Its findings andsuggestions should provide solutions to wide range of locial and business.

During the course of research the standard research methodology consisting ofproved methods and procedures is strictly observe for collecting, presenting,analyzing and interpreting the numerical data and sobservations.

During the conduct of majority of research workers all the related variablesexcept one are controlled to examine what happen when that variable is varied.

Research is a prolonged pains taking activity which requires lot of patience on thepart of researcher. The research should be straight forward and bold enough tospeak and record the truth. He should not be afraid of unpleasant consequencesof his findings.

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Types of ResearchThe research can be made by different ways. Following are the differentcategories of research from various points of views :-

Types of Research

(I) On the basis of (II) On the basis of (III) On the basis ofpurpose application character of data

1) Descriptive 1) Pure or Basic 1) Qualifative2) Exploratory 2) Applied on action 2) Quantitative3) Explonatory

(IV) On the basis of comparison (V) Other Types1) Longitudinal 1) Conceptual v/s empirical2) Comparitive 2) Historical

3) LaboratoryI) On the basis of purpose

1) Descriptive ResearchThe kind of research merely describe and depicts the current state of affairsof different variables. The research has no control over these variables.The best example of descriptive research is census in India.

2) Exploratory ResearchThe research attempt to gain better understanding of different dimensionsthe problem. It studies the subject about which either no information or a littleinformation is available. In this kind of research the assumption is that theresearcher has little or no knowledge about the problem or situation understudy.

3) Explanatory ResearchThe kind of research explains the causes of social and economicphenomena. Describing or exploring the nature of phenomena is one thingbut explaining the causes for the same is its explanatory aspects for eg.What are the causes for decline in productivity and profitability of abusiness.

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II) On the basis of application

1) Pure ResearchPure research (which is also known as basic, theoretical or fundamentalresearch) is mainly concerned with guest for knowledge and knowing moreabout the phenomenon without concern for its practical use or application.

2) Applied ResearchApplied research (which is also known as action research) always aims ofenriching the application of the theory by discovering various new uses towhich findings of pure research may be put and by showing thelimitations of these findings. It helps to solve many problems faced by thebusiness and society by using the findings and theories developed by pureresearch.

III) On the basis of character of data.

1) Qualitative ResearchQualitative research is concered with qualitative phenomenon which cannotbe expressed in terms of quality. It deals with subjective assessment ofattitude, opinions and behaviour. It describes the reality as experienced byindividuals, groups or communities. It uses the technique of depth interview,focus group interview and projective technique.

2) Quantitative ResearchQuantitative research measures the characteristics which can benumerically expressed such as turnover, profit, income, expenditure,costs, exports and so on. It employs various quantitative and statisticaltechnique to generate, record, analyse and interpret the data.

IV) On the basis of comparisions

1) Longitudinal ResearchThis kind of research studies variation in the phenomena over a period oftime and makes trend analysis.

2) Comparative ResearchIn this type of research characteristics of different units, cultural and socialgroup are studied.

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V) On other basis

1) Conceptual vz Empirical ResearchConceptual research deals with some abstract ideas and theories. It isnormally used by philosophers and thinker to develop new concept or to7varify and interpret existing ones. Empirical research is data basedresearch. It comes out with conclusions on observed data.

2) Historical ResearchThis kind of research is based on historical sources of information such asancient literature, historical documents leaflets, etc. to analyse and interpretthe events and phenomena in past. It uses either traditional method orscientific methods.

3) Laboratory ResearchThe research of this type is confined to laboratory experiments alone. TheEmphasis in such research is to control artificially certain independentvarible so as to observe the interrelationship between remaining varibleswhich are left uncontrolled.

The research is careful, systematic, critical and objectives enquiry in somefield of knowledge which aims to discover new facts or to test the old facts byuse of scientific methodology.

Data CollectionThe collection of data means a purposive gathering of information relevantto subject matter of investigation.

Collection of data makes the most important step of any research enquriyor statistical enquiry. If data collected is not correct, reliable, relevantand appropriate one cannot obtain valid and useful results from the enquiry.Collected data makes the pillars for entire structure of research enquiry.Collection of data requires common sense, experience & knowledge.To establish a flex print and vinyl (radium) sign business the researcher choosedata collection method for her research.

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The data collection can be made as follows :1) Primary Data2) Secondary Data

1) Primary DataThe data collected originally by the investigator for his research project iscalled Primary Data.Following are the methods of collecting primary data.1) Observation Method2) Interview Method3) Questionnaire Method4) Questionnaire sent through enumerators5) Information from correspondent

2) Secondary DataWhen the investigator does not cFollect data originally for research enquriyuses data already collected and available in published or unpublished formdata is called secondary data. There are various sources from whichsecondary data can be collected. The main sources are as follows : -

A) Published Sourcesi) Govt.Publication.ii) Semi Govt. Publication.iii) Publication of commercial and Financial institutaion.iv) Publication of universities and research institutionsv) Reports of committees and commissions.vi) Newspaper and Periodicals.vii) Publication of International Bodies.

B) Unpublished SourcesAll statistical material is not always published. There are various sources ofunpublished data such as records maintained by various government andpost offices, studies made by research institutions, scolcars etc.

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C) WebsiteThe published and unpublished or any other information by some persons orprivate institutions organization can be collected from the website.The researcher has visited to RADIANT Sign And Graphics and collectedthe information from the Prop. Mr. Pranav Gaud.

The researcher has also given the questionnaire to Mr. Gaud by which somemore information is sought. The researcher has also collected theinformation from internet, some books etc. and by observing some otherconcerns of the such business.

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2.5 Limitations of The Project

It is essential for every researcher to have some limitations so that the researchcan be completed in a good manner and researcher can save time, money andlabour work, also the physical and mental exertion.

If the researcher kept some limitations about the project the researcher canconcentrate on the essential and special aspects of the project, by which it iseasier to complete the project in every respect.

As the researcher has kept the limitations on the project it makes easier to studyand to collect the information about the research work and supported to solvethe problems and objectives. It also makes easier to prepare the commerciallybased research project.

As the limitations were fixed, the researcher fixed her mind about using of theresearch method and has studied as such.

Because of the limitations of the project it made easier for researcher about allthe aspects i.e. management, sales, purchases, marketing, financial investmentsand all other related things.

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CHAPTER 33.1 Technical and Financial aspect of the Project

3.2 Essential Things for project

3.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project

3.4 Purchase Details and Cost Detailsa) List of plant and machineryb) List of raw materials.

3.5 Place of Availability & Types of Machine

Qualities of good researcher are truthfulness, alertness,moral courage, ability, self motivation and professional ethics.




Technical For operation of printing machine qualified personknowing technical things and computer program foroperation of the machine and computer operatorknowing Coral Draw and Photo Shop programmes.

Financial Total cost of the project comes to Rs.31,40,000/- Loancan be raised from nationalized bank up to 80% of the cost.Cost of wide format solvent printer 13,00,0000Cost of vinyl cutting machine 2,00,000Cost of raw material 1,00,000(per month)

Utility The project is very useful to the society.Printing used to be done by painter in 4-5 days can beprinted in min. The cost is very low hence, affordable tothe common man. Due to costly painting we used to avoidpainting of banners etc.Now cheap printing made it popular in publicity field.Common man is benefited employment to 8-10 personsguaranteed. Indirect 10-15 persons are getting employment.

3.1 Technical and Financial aspects of the project

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3.2 Essential Things for the Project

Solvent Ink wide format printing project essentially need a printingmachine with peripherals, U.P.S., Computers, A.C. & a space about 300 sq.to 500 sq. etc. Details are given below :-

1) Area Urban / Rural area (Dist. / Tq. Place)

2) Space 300 to 500 sq.ft.

3) Plant and Machinery Solvent Ink wide format printer,Vinyl cutting machine,U.P.S. (5 kv.), Computers , A.C.

4) Raw Materials Media eg. Flex, Vinyl, Reflective etc.Ink, Solvent.

5) Power 2 K.V. power supply.

6) Water 50 lts. Water for spray.

7) Man Power A. 2 qualified persons to operate the machine.B. Computer operator knowing Coral Draw andPhoto shop, software, Flexi-sign Pro(for Vinyl cutting)C. 2 Attendants for cutting and pasting ofbanners.

8) Managment Every business need a body to performand mentain the activities of businessin good manner. Management playsan important role in the business.Managment needs in every sector ofthe business. The manager / proprietoris the person who manage and performthe duty to matain the sale - purchasetransactions and quality of the product.He has to see that there must notbe any waste or must less waste in raw material

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and also in production of goods. Also he has tolook after the competition in the market so asto maintain profitability.

9) Market In metropolitan cities, Big companies arerecustomers. In District and Tq. Places retailcustomers eg. Small business houses personalrequirement of customers, political work are themain sources of work. Seasonal work ofprogrammes orgainised by social religiousorgainsations and exhibitions are also available.

10) Licenses / Permissions For commencement of project no specificlicense or permission required.Shop license issued by municipalty is essentialfor the project opened in municipal limits.WAT registration is essential if the turn overcross the limit.

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Wide Format Solvant Printer

Vinyl Cutting Machine

ComputerComputer




Flex, Vinyl, Radium




Ink / Solvent




Discription of No. of Use of Power Size of PriceMachinery Labour Machinery Required Machine

Wide formatSolvant Printer 1 Printing 3 KVA 16’ x 3’ 13 lakhVinyl (Radium) 1 Cutting 2 lakhcutting machineComputer, 2 For operating 700 VA 50 Thou.Scanner machinery and 15 Thou.

Design Making

3.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project

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3.4 Purchase Details and Cost Details

A) List of Plant And Machinery

Sr. No. Particulars

1. Wide format solvent Printer.2. Vinyl cutting machine3. Computer4. Scanner5. UPS6. A.C.

B) List of Raw Materials

Sr. No. Particulars

1. Flex2. Ink3. Vinyl4. Solvent5. Tools and spars

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Types of MachineThere are various type of models of flex printing machines with various specifications and sizes.




Sr. No. Particulars Amount

1. Wide format solvent Printer 13,00,000 = 002. Vinyl (Radium) cutting machine 2,00,000 = 003. Computer 50,000 = 004. Scanner 15,000 = 005. U.P.S. 1,00,000 = 006. A.C. 35,000 = 00

Total 17,00,000 = 00

Sr. No. Particulars Amount

1. Flex 75,000 = 002. Ink 10,000 = 003. Solvent 5000 = 004. Vinyl 10,000 = 00

Total 1,00,000 = 00

C) Cost Details of Plant Machinery

D) Cost Details of Raw Materials

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Sr. No. Particulars Place of Availability

1. Wide format solvent Printer Ahmadabad2. Vinyl Cutting Machine Ahmadabad3. Computer Akola4. U.P.S. Akola5. A.C. Akola6. Scanner Mumbai, Akola7. Tools and spars Ahmadabad8. Flex Mumbai9. Vinyl Mumbai10. Ink Mumbai11. Solvent Mumbai

3.5 Place of Availability

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CHAPTER 44.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of

Plant & Machinery & Raw Material

4.2 Names & Address of the AuthorityIussuing License

4.3 Collection of Capital by Various Sourceswith Government Subsidies

4.4 Profitability

4.5 Estimated Expenditure of the Project

Research in commerce and management is an applied social researchwhich aids in managerial decision making to solve the problems and

enhance the operating efficiency of organisations.




4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of Plant& Machinery & Raw Material

A) Plant and Machinery , Raw materials and spares and toolsB) Other Equipments

A) Plant and Machinery

1) Paras Auto EnterpriseCorporate Office :- Madhav Compex, Opp. City Puis Cenena,Raipur, Ahmedabad.

2) Mehta CAD CAM SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.,485, Sumel Complex, Opp. GNFC Info Tower,Near Taj Moton, Sarkhej- Gandhi Nagar, Higway Road,Ahmedabad (Gujrat State)

3) APSOM INFOTECH LTD.A-53, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase - II, New Delhi.

4) APSOM TECHNOLOGIES (INDIAN) PVT. LTD.H.O. - P-25, Laxmi Industrial Estate, New Link Road,Andheri West, Mumbai.

5) YISHAN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY (HONG KONG) CO. LTD.Room 1202, Capital Centre, 5-19, Jardine’s BazaarCauseway Bay- Hongkong.

6) Siare Technologies15, 1st Floor, BJS Main Road, End,Opp. MICCO Bank Gate,Wilson gardon, Bangalore, (Karnatka State)

B) Other Equipment1) Computer, Scanner, U.P.S. , A.C.

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v ZENITH COMPUTERSOpp. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola.

v MATRIX COMPUTERSNear Dr. Sardesai’s Hospital, Ratanlal Plot, Akola.

v AGRAWAL ENTERPRISESZ. P. Road, Akola.

c) A.C.v NISHANT ELECTRONIX,

Nishant Tower, M.G. Road, Akola.

v MITTAL ELECTRONIXRatanlal Plot, Akola.

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4.2 Names & Address of the Authority Iussuing License

1. Corporation for issuing shop act lisence.Gandhi Chowk, Akola.

2. Sales Tax office for issuing lisence about sales tax / VAT.Near bypass Nimwadi, Akola.

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4.3 Collection of Capital By Various sources withGovt. Subsidies

Finance is the blood of any industrial or commercial concerns. It is theessential need for starting any business. Without finance no any businesscan progress. Even the small scale industry can’t run without finance.It plays the important role in business transactions. The finance or capital raisingmay be done by following media.1. DIC (District Industrial Center)2. Bank3. Private financial compains.4. Money lenders.5. Finance from own fund.6. Finance from relatives etc.

1. DIC

For starting our business we can apply to DIC (i.e.Govt. undertaking) by givingour details about the project. On scrutiny of the application and our projectdetails DIC (govt.) provides bank loan by sending the proposal to the bank. TheGovt. provides the infrastructure facility to the business. Govt. also provides thesubsidies near about 20 to 30 percent on the business cost or on ourrequirement taking in to consideration the strategy and development ofbusiness.

Different schemes and policies are adopted by the Govt. for unemployedpersons to get them self employed by way of giving financial assistancethrough bank.

2. Bank

For any business the finance is essential. The business needs the finance in verylarge scale, hence many of the businessman approaches various financialinstitutions bank is one of them. Bank provides loan to the business man byvarious ways i.e. on mortgage of land and building, cash credit facility or loan inperson, on minimum interest. Bank also provides minimum installment facilityto repay the loan. Hence the businessman start their business or develop theirbusiness in good manner.

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3. Private Financial Companies

The private financial companies or institutions also provides finance to thebusiness by looking into the condition of the owner and development of thebusiness. But the finance provided by the financial institutions charge moreinterest than bank.

4. Money Lenders

As every businessman needs finance he has to approach to bank financialinstitutions etc. But when the bank or other financial institutions can’t provide oravoid to provide the finance to a certain limit, the businessman has to approachthe money lenders. Money lenders can provide finance in large scale also withless paper work. But they charge more by bank and financial institutions. To thedeveloping businessman the interest rate is not important one as he is in need ofmoney . As the money lender provide loans on less paperwork it is the advantageto the businessman and they seems to ready to take loan from these moneylenders by paying high rate of interest than bank. The money lenders providethe finance by giving some attraction that is to provide the finance in simplemanner, less paper work and without security of wealth.

5. Finance from Own Fund

The businessman can start his business by funding from his own source.So that he has to take very low finance from the financial institutions.

6. Finance from Relatives

The businessman who does not want to take financial assistance from bankor other institutions because he has to pay the interest on it. They approach totheir relatives to assist them in their business. Because of relation thebusinessman need not worry about paying the interest or pay very low interest.

When the business is on progress or on development and banks or financialinstitutions are unable to provide the finance then businessman approaches tothe relatives to finance in such emergency period. The relatives also assist thebusinessman looking to the progress and provides assistance without anysecurity and without any interest.

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4.4 Profitability

Every businessman starts his business with a moto to gain good income from thebusiness hence, he always tries how the gain or profit increases. For that hehas to analyze the cost of project and finished product. The main elements ofthis project are :1. Wide Format solvent Printer2. Vinyl cutting machine3. Computers4. UPS5. A.C. etc.

The main elements for cost of element for the cost of finished product are :1) raw material i.e. flex, vinyl, ink2) Labour 3) Other related direct or indirect expenses.

When the businessman starts his business he has to look first that how the costof the project comes low. For that he tries to purchase the machinery and otherequipment at lower cost by calling tenders, quotations or personal visit towholesaler or company etc. Also, for the finished products he tries to purchaseraw material by calling tenders, quotations or personal visit to the wholesaler.When the businessman actual starts for the production he also look forward tominimise direct and indirect expenses like labour and other services such aspower, water, telephone, posters, conveyance, Travelling and other misc. expensesto earn more profit.

For the present project the initial investment is for land and building andmachinery & other equipment. The researcher will have to invest near about2,00,000 for furniture fixtures and spares and tools.

For the working capital, there should be investment of Rs. 1,50,000 p.m. for rawmaterial, (flex, vinyl ink etc.) labors, services and other expenses.

For all above investment the researcher will invest an amount of 10,90,000for land, building. For the investment of plant & machinery and other expenses(raw material etc.) researcher will borrow an amount of Rs.20,00,000 from bank.

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After the initial investment researcher will look forward to market the finishedproduct i.e. flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign business i.e. number plates,radium boards etc.

The researcher expect the cost per sq,ft. for finished product (flex printing etc.) isRs. 5 per sq.ft. ( details – Rs. 3.25 for flex, Rs 0.75 for ink, Rs. 1 for misc = Rs. 5).Researcher expect the sell of the flex printing a minimum of 1600 sq. ft. per day.Now for the profitability by taking into consideration all the other directand indirect expenses for the business and interest on borrowings. The researcherwill sell the finished product @ Rs. 7.50 per sq.ft.

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4.5 Estimated Expenditure for the Project

From the following tables all the detail information about cost of the projectand profitability can be sought which are prepared for a financial year.

1) Capital Expenditure

A) Land & Building

a) Land -(minimum area 700 sq.ft.) Rs. 1200 per sq.ft. 8,40,000 = 00

b) Building(minimum area 500 sq.ft.) Rs. 500 per sq.ft. 2,50,000 = 00

Total A 10,90,000 = 00

B) Plant & Machinery

1. Wide Format Solvent Printer 13,00,000 = 002. Vinyl Cutting Machine 2,00,000 = 003. U.P.S. 1,00,000 = 004. Computers (two in number) 50,000 = 005. Air conditioner 35,000 = 006. Scanner 15,000 = 00

Total B 17,00,000 = 00

C) Furniture & Fixture

1. Office Funiture 50,000 = 002. Rack / Almari 25,000 = 003. Computer Table / Chairs 15,000 = 004. Electrical Fitting, Fans etc. 10,000 = 00

Total C 1,00,000 = 00

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D) Spares & Tools 1,00,000 = 00

Total D 1,00,000 = 00

Total Capital Expenditure 29,90,000 = 00(A+B+C+D)

2) Working Capital (per month)

A) Raw Material (Flex, vinyl, ink) 1,00,000 = 00B) Labour / operator charges 13,000 = 00C) Services 37,000 = 00

Total Working Capital 1,50,000 = 00

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Machinery / Assets

Sr No. Discription Quantity Cost per head Amount in total

1. Wide format 1 13,00,000 = 00 13,00,000 = 00solvent printer

2. Vinyl Cutting 1 2,00,000 = 00 2,00,000 = 00Machine

3. UPS 1 1,00,000 = 00 1,00,000 = 004. Computer 2 25,000 = 00 50,000 = 005. Air conditioner 1 35,000 = 00 35,000 = 006. Scanner 1 15,000 = 00 15,000 = 00

Total 17,00,000 = 00

Services

Sr.No. Discription per month Per Annum

1. Power 4,000-00 48,000-002. Water 100-00 1,200-003. Telephone 1,000-00 12,000-004. Postage 200-00 2,400-005. Statinery / Printing 200-00 2,400-006. Travelling Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-007. Carraing Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-008. Misc. Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-009. Interest 24,000-00 2,88,000-0010. Conveyance 1,500-00 18,000-00

Total 37,000-00 4,44,000-00

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Working Capital

Sr.No. Particulars per month Per Annum

1. Raw Material 1,00,000-00 12,00,000-002 Labour ./ Operator 13,000-00 1,56,000-00

charges3 Services 37,000-00 4,44,000-00

Total 1,50,000-00 18,00,000-00

Total Expenditure of the project ( for starting the business)

Sr.No. Particulars Amount

1. Land & Building 10,90,000-002. Plant & Machinery 17,00,000-003. Furniture & Fixture 1,00,000-004. Spares & Tools 1,00,000-005. Working capital (for the month) 1,50,000-00

Total 31,40,000-00

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Capital Raising


1. Own Capital (Proprietors Capital) 11,00,000 = 002. Bank loan 20,00,000 = 00

Total 31,00,000 = 00

Sale Details (per month)


1. Flex prtint & Vinyl (radium) Sign1,31,250-00

Approx sale ofFlex print / Vinyl (Radium) sign. 700 sq. ft. perday@ Rs. 7.50 sq.ft. (and the sale of 25 days is taken in to consideration forthe month)

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Trading & Profit and loss Account for the year

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount

Opening stock - Sale 20,25,000 = 00(Raw Material)

Purchases 15,00,000 = 00 Closing stock 1,50,000 = 00(Raw Material)Gross Profit 6,75,000 = 00

21,75,000 = 00 21,75,000 =00

Gross Profit 6,75,000 = 00

Power 48,000 = 00Water 1,200 = 00Telephone 12,000 = 00Postage 2,400 = 00Statonery/Printing 2,400 = 00Travelling Exp. 24,000 = 00Carraige Exp. 24,000 = 00Misc 24,000 = 00Interest 2,88,000 = 00Conveyenee 18,000 = 00Labour/ MachineOperator charges 1,56,000 = 00Net Profit 75,000 = 00(transferTo Proprietor’sCapital A/C)

6,75,000 = 00 6,75,000 = 00

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Balance Sheet for the year ended on ...........

Funds & liabilities Amount Property & Assets Amount

Propritors Capital11,00,000=00 Immovable properties

Add: Net profit 75,000=00 11,75,000=00 Land 8,40,000=00

Building 2,50,000=00

Loans & Advances Movable Property

Bank Loan 20,00,000=00 a) Plant & Machinery

wide format solvent 13,00,000=00

printer

Other liabilities --- Vinyl Cutting Machine 2,00,000=00

U.P.S. 1,00,000=00

Computers 50,000=00

A.C. 35,000=00

Scanner 15,000=00

b) Furniture & fixture 10,00,000=00

c) Spares & Tools 1,00,000=00

Other assets ------

Closing stock 1,50,000=00

Closing Balance

Cash in hand ---

Cash at Bank 35,000=00

31,75,000=00 3,17,5000=00

From the above tables i.e. in trading & profit & loss A/c and Balance sheet weget clear idea about the profitability and financial position about the business.

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RatiosFrom the trading and profit & loss account we can see the various ratios asfollows :1) Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit

Sale

= 6,75,00020,25,000

= 33.33 %

2) Net Profit Ratio = Net ProfitSale

= 75,00020,25,000

= 3.70 %

3) Operating Exp. Ratio = Operating Exp.Sale

= 6,00,00020,25,000

= 29.62 %

4) Operating Ratio = Cost of goods sold + Operating Exp.Sale

= 13,50,000 + 6,00,00020,25,000

= 96.29

(Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + purchases - closing stock= Nil + 15, 00,000 - 1,50,000= 13,50,000 )

x 100

x 100

x 100

x 100

x 100

x 100

x 100

x 100

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CHAPTER 5Conclusions

Questionnaire

Bibliography

Research can be seen as a process consisting of a series oflinked activities moving from a beginning to an end.




l ConclusionsAs per the stydy of the project, Researcher here by concludes that :-1) The business of flex printing and Vinyl / Radium cutting is totally based on

digital technology.2) Computers are must for the business.3) Business can be started in rorual or urban area.4) The business can be started anywhere that is without market area also.5) The business can also be strated at our own home if there is minimum space

of 400 to 600 ft.6) The business can be started with imited workers. If the persons in the family

are with the education in computer field no need to appoint compute opertors.7) Less need of special marketing.8) No need of special advertisement as it needs much less advertisement.9) No need to kept ready the finishes goods as the business is on demand only.10) As there is no need to kept ready to finished goods hence there is no loss of

our raw material.11) It takes very low time for its preparation than any other prining or painting

hence saves the time.12) Attractive and multicolour printing could be done with low price than any

other printing business.13) Family person can be also help in the business.14) Students who are in the field of computer education has scpoe in the

business.

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l Questionnaire1) What is the reason for you to start this business.2) What is the minimum space / area for the starting the business .3) What are the requirments to that the business.4) What type of machinery and raw matarial is essential for the business.5) How much finanance needs for the business.6) Availability of finanance for the business.7) From where the machinery and raw material can be purchase.8) Minimum requirement of stock and raw material.9) Minimum requirement of worker to be appointed .10) Does it needs marketing?11) Does it needs advertisement ?12) What is the scope for the business.13) What will be the minimum sale it me start the busniess today.14) What is the expenditure for the business.15) Do you keep the accounts or record of sale & purchase.16) What is your annaul income and expenditure.17) What is salary of employes / workers.18) What are the other expenses (service etc.) for the business.19) How much time needed for developing of the business.20) What are the names & addresses of suppliers of machinery & raw material.21) What type of license are necessary to start the business from whom the can

obtained?22) Are the any training centres at Akola or near by ? If not where they are ?

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l Bibligraphy

1) Project ReportHimalya Publishing House, Nagpur.

2) Research MethodologyDr. P. M. HerekarPhadke Prakashan

3) Internate

4) ñd§amoOJma_mJ©X{e©H$mCX²{_Vm{dH$mgHo$ÝÐ_ÜàXoe(goS>_¡n)

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