principles pervious concrete testing
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concreteTRANSCRIPT
Principles Pervious Principles Pervious Concrete Testing
Charles Mitchell, P.E.
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Test Methods for Previous C tConcrete
Plastic TestHardened Sample TestsHardened Sample TestsIn-situ Tests
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Test Methods Specific to P i C tPrevious Concrete
2 current ASTM tests ASTM C1688 – Density & Void Contenty ASTM C1701 – In Place Infiltration
3 draft test methods in ASTM3 draft test methods in ASTM Committee C09.49 (2012) Compressive Strength Compressive Strength Surface Durability Hardened Density & Porosity Hardened Density & Porosity
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10aASTM C1688/C1688M 10a
Standard Test Method forD i d V id C f F hlDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
Method not listed in ACI 522.1-08Method not listed in ACI 522.1 08 (Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement)1.6.2 & 1.6.5.1 reference C138/C29 jiggingACI 522R-10 (Report on Pervious Concrete) ( p )references C1688Use C1688, not C138/C29 jiggingMake sure mix design density references C1688
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
Purpose:Compare density and void content ofCompare density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete with mix design values (± 5 pcf per ACI 522R-10) des g a ues ( 5 pc pe C 5 0)
Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density and void content”
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
Appa at sApparatus
BalanceStandard Proctor HammerMeasure (1/4 cf - similar to ASTM C231 pressure meter)Strike off plateStrike off plateScoop
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
P oced eProcedure
Moisten inside of measure and weighf f f fPlace on flat, level surface free from
vibrationFill in 2 layers, approximately equal thickness20 hammer drops per layer
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
2nd (Final) La e2nd (Final) Layer
After 10 hammer drops:If t h t dd If not enough concrete, add more
If too much concrete, remove some
Complete 2nd layer with 10 more hammer drops (20 total)
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ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a
P oced e (cont )Procedure (cont.)
Strike offC 2/3 & ithd ith i ti Cover 2/3 & withdraw with sawing motion
Cover same 2/3 & advance with sawing timotion
Finish with several sawing motion strokes with inclined edge of platewith inclined edge of plate
Weigh measure with concrete
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09ASTM C1701/C1701M 09
Standard Test Method forI fil i R f I PlInfiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Purpose:Purpose:Determination of the field water i filt ti t f i l iinfiltration rate of in place pervious concrete (surface)
Restrictions:Does not determine if bottom of pervious pconcrete is clogged, and does not determine infiltration of underlying
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y gdrainage layer and soil
ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Appa at sApparatus
Infiltration ring - 12±½” diameterBalanceContainer – 5 gallonsStop WatchPlumbers PuttyPlumbers PuttyWater
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Test LocationsTest Locations
3 tests for up to 25,000 sffAdditional tests each 10,000 sf
Minimum 3’ between test locationsDon’t test if standing water on surfaceDon’t test within 24 hours ofDon t test within 24 hours of precipitation
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Infilt ation Ring InstallationInfiltration Ring Installation
Clean surface by broomingfApply plumbers putty on bottom of ring
Place ring on pervious concrete surfacePress putty into surface and around ring edge, use more putty if needededge, use more putty if needed
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
P e ettingPrewetting
Pour 8 lbs. of water into ringf fMaintain a head of ½” inside of ring
Determine time from start until no free water is on surfaceDetermine water quantity for testDetermine water quantity for test 40 lbs. if time is less than 30 seconds 8 lbs if time is 30 seconds or more 8 lbs. if time is 30 seconds or more
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
TestTest
Start within 2 minutes of prewettingfRecord the weight of water to be used
Pour water into ringMaintain a head of ½” inside of ringDetermine time from start until no freeDetermine time from start until no free water is on surface
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Repo tReport
Test locationsDateAge of Pervious ConcretePrewetting timeAmount of last rainAmount of last rain Weight of water used for test
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ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09
Repo tReport
Inside diameter of ringTime elapsed during testInfiltration rateNote retests if any
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Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete
ACI 522R-10ACI 522R-10Affected by mix proportions and
ti ff tcompaction effortStrength dependent on porosityC39 has not proven effectiveVariable porosity (and strength) withVariable porosity (and strength) with depth of in place pervious concrete
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Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete
ACI 522R-10 (cont )ACI 522R-10 (cont.)Field cores differ significantly from cast
li dcylindersRelation between w/cm and comp. strength unlike conventional concrete High w/cm = low porosity Low w/cm = reduced durability
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 Task G o pASTM C09.49 Task Group
There have been 4 sets of testingThere have been 4 sets of testing performed under the task group
2008200820092010 (Jan & Dec)
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
200820085 labs participated, making 8 batches totalEach lab mixed their own batches with locallyEach lab mixed their own batches with locally available materials, made and tested their own cylinders4x8 and 6x12 cylinders were madePad caps and sulfur caps were usedConsolidation was by proctor hammer6x12 consolidation – 3 lifts – 10 blows/lift4x8 consolidation 2 lifts 5 blows/lift4x8 consolidation – 2 lifts – 5 blows/lift
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2008 l i2008 conclusionsIt was decided that compressive strength of pervious concrete should not be measured using durometerconcrete should not be measured using durometerpads (ASTM C 1231)The variability of compressive strength testing of pervious concrete is 3 times higher than conventional concrete.This variability of compressive strength is so highThis variability of compressive strength is so high that the current method of testing will not produce data that can be relied upon.
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2008 l i ( t )2008 conclusions (cont.)It may be necessary to cast 4" x 4" cylinders, or 6" x 6" cylinders Casting 4x8s or 6x12s and cutting them6 cylinders. Casting 4x8s or 6x12s and cutting them in half may also work, but this was not universally agreed upon.It may also be necessary to increase the number of blows to reduce the coefficient of variability down to acceptable levels.acceptable levels.
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2009 th d l2009 methodology5 labs participatedEach lab mixed their own batch with locally availableEach lab mixed their own batch with locally available materials, made and tested their own cylinders4x8 and 4x4 cylinders were madeySulfur and gypsum caps were used
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2009 th d l ( t )2009 methodology (cont.)Consolidation with standard proctor hammer4x8 consolidation 2 lifts4x8 consolidation – 2 lifts 5 &10 blows/lift Sawn and unsawn tops
4x4 consolidation – 1 lift 5 &10 blows/lift
C i b lfCapping by sulfur or gypsum
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2009 C l i2009 ConclusionsHigh variability of compressive strength testing of pervious concrete compared to conventionalpervious concrete compared to conventional concrete.Do a trial with cylinders made at the same lab tested at various labs
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2010 (J ) M th d l2010 (Jan.) Methodology3 labs participated2 labs mixed their own batch with locally available2 labs mixed their own batch with locally available materials, and made their own cylinders – each lab made 18 cylinders with 6 to be tested at each of the 3 labs4x8 cylinders were made – 2 layersC lid ti ith t d d t hConsolidation with standard proctor hammer
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2010 (J ) M th d l ( t )2010 (Jan.) Methodology (cont.)After 10 days of moist room curing, 12 of the cylinders from Lab 1 were mailed to Lab 2 and 6cylinders from Lab 1 were mailed to Lab 2, and 6 were transported from Lab 2 to Lab 3After 10 days of moist room curing, 6 of the cylinders from Lab 2 were mailed to Lab 1, and 6 were transported from Lab 2 to Lab 3Sulfur capping used by Labs 1 & 2 and gypsum capsSulfur capping used by Labs 1 & 2 and gypsum caps were used by Lab 3
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2010 (D ) M th d l2010 (Dec.) Methodology6 labs participated1 lab obtained 3 samples from Ready Mix trucks and1 lab obtained 3 samples from Ready Mix trucks and made cylinders by 2 technicians – each technician made 18 cylinders from each batch with 3 to be tested at each of the 6 labs4x8 cylinders were made
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2010 (D ) M th d l ( t )2010 (Dec.) Methodology (cont.)1st set - consolidation with standard proctor hammer, 2 layers 10 drops/layer hand finish surface2 layers, 10 drops/layer, hand finish surface2nd set - consolidation with Marshall hammer, 1 layer, 5 drops/layer, no hand finishing3rd set - consolidation with Marshall hammer, 2 layers, 5 drops/layer, no hand finishing
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Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group
2010 (D ) C l i2010 (Dec.) ConclusionConsolidation with standard proctor hammer, 2 layers 10 drops/layer hand finish surfacelayers, 10 drops/layer, hand finish surface Lowest Standard Deviation Lowest Coefficient of Variability
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ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthASTM draft Compressive Strength
Standard Test Method forC i S h f P iCompressive Strength of PerviousConcrete (Proposed)
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ASTM draft – Compressive Strength
Purpose:Determine the compressive strength ofDetermine the compressive strength of hardened pervious concrete cylinders. The cylinders are molded using freshThe cylinders are molded using fresh pervious concrete.
Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place compressive strength”place compressive strength
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ASTM draft – Compressive Strength
Appa at sApparatus
4x8 cylinder mold & collarStandard Proctor HammerScoopBalance
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ASTM draft – Compressive Strength
Purpose:Determine the compressive strength ofDetermine the compressive strength of hardened pervious concrete cylinders. The cylinders are molded using freshThe cylinders are molded using fresh pervious concrete.
Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place compressive strength”place compressive strength
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ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d M ldi C li dProcedure – Molding Cylinders
Fill in 2 layers, approximately equal thicknessthickness20 hammer drops per layer
dUse collar for 2nd layer
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ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d C i C li dProcedure – Curing Cylinders
Initial curing similar to C31Do not remove molds in fewer thanDo not remove molds in fewer than 6 daysLaboratory curing in moist room
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ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d T i C li dProcedure – Testing Cylinders
Allow cylinder to drain 5 minutesRemove surface waterRemove surface waterWeigh and measureCap – ASTM C617 (sulfur or gypsum – no pad caps)gypsum no pad caps)Test – ASTM C39
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityASTM draft Surface Durability
Standard Test Method forD i i P i l R iDetermining Potential Resistance to Degradation of Pervious Concrete by Impact and Abrasion (Proposed)
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ASTM draft – Surface Durability
Purpose:Purpose:Evaluate the potential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion of pervious concreteby impact and abrasion of pervious concrete mixtures. Allows the comparison of the relative potential resistance to raveling of pervious pote t a es sta ce to a e g o pe ousconcrete mixtures of varying proportions and raw materials. Note: Test method not for cores
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityAApparatus
BalanceBalanceMarshall hammer4x8 cylinder moldLA Abrasion machineLA Abrasion machine1” SieveRuler
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityP d M ldi C li dProcedure – Molding Cylinders
Get C1688 densityGet C1688 densityCalculate mass needed to fill 4x8 mold halfwayWeigh out calculated mass in moldWeigh out calculated mass in moldDrop mold 10 times on level, rigid
f f h i ht f 1”surface from a height of 1”
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityProcedure – Molding Cylinders (cont.)
Use Marshall Hammer toUse Marshall Hammer to consolidate sample to 4” heightCap to prevent moisture loss
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityProcedure – Curing Cylinders
Initial curing similar to C31Initial curing similar to C31Cure at 70-76°F until cylinders are 7 days old
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityTest Procedure
Remove moldsRemove moldsWeigh 3 cylindersPlace 3 cylinders together in LA Abrasion machine with no chargesAbrasion machine with no charges for 500 revolutionsH d i 1” iHand sieve on 1” sieveWeigh material retained on 1” sieveg
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ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityCalculate
Divide the mass loss by the originalDivide the mass loss by the original mass of the three cylinders and
lti l b 100multiply by 100.Record the mass loss as a percentage of the original mass.
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete Density & Porosity
Standard Test Method forD i d V id C f P iDensity and Void Content of PerviousConcrete (Proposed)
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P iDensity & Porosity
Summary:Summary:A specimen of hardened pervious concrete is measured to determine its volume Themeasured to determine its volume. The specimen is subsequently dried to constant mass and immersed to determine the ass a d e sed to dete e t esubmerged mass. Void content is calculated using the difference between the total volume and the displaced volume when submerged.
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i ADensity & Porosity - Apparatus
BalanceBalanceJaw CalipersThermometerWater BathWater BathOvenMallet
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i S lDensity & Porosity - Sample
4” cylinders approximately the4 cylinders approximately the same length as the in-place
tpavementor
4” diameter core
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i S l PDensity & Porosity – Sample Prep.
Trim cylinder or core so ends areTrim cylinder or core so ends are generally perpendicular to sidesLight brushing to remove loose particlespMeasure length and diameter
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i D iDensity & Porosity – Drying
Method AMethod A 100°F for 24 hours = 1 cycle
W i h ft h l til l th 0 5% Weigh after each cycle until less than 0.5% mass loss between cycles
M th d BMethod B 230°F for 24 hours then weigh after
licooling Additional 2 hour cycles at 230°F until less
than 0 5% mass loss between cyclesthan 0.5% mass loss between cycles
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i W B hDensity & Porosity – Water Bath
Submerge for 30 minutesSubmerge for 30 minutesTap specimen 10 times with malletDetermine submerged massDetermine water temperatureDetermine water temperature
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ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i C l l iDensity & Porosity – Calculation
Density = A / VDensity = A / V A = Dry mass of the specimen
V V l f i f i V = Volume of specimen from measuring
Void Content = [1-((A-B)/ ρw)/V]x100 B = submerged mass of the specimen ρw = density of water at temperature of the ρ y p
water bath
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O h TOther TestsSubgrade Infiltration Testing (note: aSubgrade Infiltration Testing (note: a rate less than 0.52in/hr acceptable for pervious) - Double Ring Infiltrometer,pervious) Double Ring Infiltrometer, ASTM D 3385
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O h TOther TestsASTM D3665, random core locationASTM D3665, random core locationASTM C42, Coring, 3 cores/5,000 sfASTM C174 Core Thickness ½”ASTM C174, Core Thickness, -½”, +1½”
f dASTM C140, Density of Core, density +/- 5 pcf (until new pervious density is
d)approved)
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