principles of ecology - handout for biology chapter 2
DESCRIPTION
http://www.interactive-biology.com - In this lecture, I give an introduction to the study of ecology, nutrition and energy flow. We look at the 5 levels of organization in ecology and talk about where energy comes from.TRANSCRIPT
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Ch 1: Principles of Ecology
2.1 - Organisms and their Environment
Section 2.1
What is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Living Relationships
Inside This Section...
The systematic study of ____________ and their Interactions with the _______________
Reveals the relationships between _______ and _____________ parts of the environment
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
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Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:
Geology
_________
Chemistry
______________
Others
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
Organisms CANNOT exist in ___________
They depend on each other for survival
They also depend on _____________ things
Section 2.1
_________ Factors: All of the ___________ parts of the environment
Examples: Rocks, Sand, Water, Rainfall, Sunlight, etc.
The Nonliving Environment
Section 2.1
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_______ Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an ______________
Examples: Animals, plants, insects, etc
The Living Environment
Section 2.1
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
What is an Organism??
Section 2.1
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A group of organisms that live together and _____________, living in the same place at the same time.
How organisms share their ______________ determines how far apart they live and how big the population gets.
Populations
Section 2.1
A community is made up of several _____________ that interact.
A change in one population of a community will cause changes in ___________ population.
Communities
Section 2.1
Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Three types of ecosystems
______________
______________
_____________
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
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The portion of Earth that supports ______.
This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the ________________.
If you could shrink the Earth to the size of an apple the biosphere would be the size of an apple peel.
Biosphere
Section 2.1
A habitat is the place where an organism ______ _____ its life.
Grasslands, Deserts, the ocean floor are examples of ____________.
What is a Habitat?
Section 2.1
A niche is the ______ and _________ a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and ___________, how it survives, and how it reproduces.
It is an advantage for a species to occupy a different _______ than another.
What is a Niche?
Section 2.1
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Some species enhance their chances of _________ by forming relationships with other species
There are three types of Living relationships (__________ relationships)
Symbiosis (Living Relationships)
Section 2.1
Tapeworm
__________________: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
______________: When both species benefit from the relationship.
_____________: When one organism benefits from harming the other organism.
Symbiotic Relationships
Section 2.1
Ch 1: Principles of Ecology
2.2 - Nutrition and Energy Flow
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Section 2.2
The Source of Energy
Consumers and Producers
Cycles in Nature
Inside This Section...
The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires _________.
Ultimately we will see that all energy comes from the _____.
Where does Energy come From?
Section 2.2
X-Ray of the Sun
Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food
A.K.A. _____________
Examples are plants and some weird __________ that we call chemosynthetic autotrophs.
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Pyrachantha Berries
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Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy
A.K.A. ________________
Examples are Animals
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Moose feeding on Fireweed
_______________: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
_____________: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
_____________: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats
____________: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.
_______________: Break down and use nutrients from dead organisms. E.g. Fungi
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Food chains are the pathways of ________ and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
Matter is in the form of _____________ that organisms require.
When one organism _______ another it receives the nutrients and energy from the organism it ate.
Food Chains
Section 2.2
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Nutrition and energy start with _____________ and proceed to ________________ and eventually to ________________.
Every link in the chain only has about ____ of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)
How Food Chains Look
Section 2.2
Trophic levels are _______________ in the food chain.
A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an _____________.
Trophic Levels
Section 2.2
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
TopCarnivores
Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding ________________ among animals.
These are more realistic than food chains because they show how animals rely on ___________ ____ type of food.
Food Webs
Section 2.2
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Section 2.2
An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the _______________ of matter and energy in an ecological system.
Autotrophs are on the bottom followed by __________________ as you move up.
Ecological Pyramids
Section 2.2
There is a law in science that says that matter can never be _________ nor _____________.
Thus the atoms that make up the nutrients we need to live must be ___________.
Cycles in Nature
Section 2.2
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__________________: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.
_______________: When water is turned into a vapor.
_______________: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.
________________: When water passes through plants into the air as water vapor.
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Section 2.2
Even though the air contains _____ Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
_________ and certain ____________ convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.
_____________ is a useable form of Nitrogen for plants.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 2.2
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SECTION 2.2