AP* Biology: Ecology Practice MC [Version Map]

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A B C DMC 1 8 9 7MC 2 9 8 6MC 3 12 13 12MC 4 7 11 8MC 5 10 12 13MC 6 13 14 5MC 7 2 4 2MC 8 4 3 4MC 9 3 5 3MC 10 11 7 9MC 11 6 6 14MC 12 1 2 11MC 13 5 1 10MC 14 14 10 1

ID: A

1

AP* Biology: Ecology Practice MCAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: DIn considering energy flow through an ecosystem, the base (lowest trophic level) is the producer level. A producer is an organism that can fix carbon dioxide into an organic compound like sugars and starches. Primary consumers (herbivores) must use the energy from the producers to obtain energy. Now there are other consumers that obtain their energy from consumers (carnivores eating herbivores or other carnivores eating other carnivores). This can continue until there are four to five trophic levels. The apex of food chain is usually referred to as being at the “top of the food chain”. It usually does not go beyond that because as energy goes from one level to the next it loses on the average 90% of its energy. Energy flow through an ecosystem usually takes the form of an energy pyramid

Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present, and the amount of biomass present at any level depends on the amount of energy present. The biomass of an ecosystem reflects the energy pyramid or pyramid of productivity. The animals that will be at the apex of either pyramid will be the top consumers. In the example given, the hawk will be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass because there will be fewer hawks and that is because there is less energy.

DIF: Easy MSC: 77% correct NOT: 1990 #106

ID: A

2

2. ANS: AThere are more than two trophic levels depicted. There are four trophic levels depicted, the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

This diagram is a food web. The arrows shows the flow of energy. The animals that eat the plants are herbivores and called primary consumers. Animals that eat the primary consumers are secondary consumers or carnivores like the chipmunk and the bear. Animals that eat the secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. For example the chipmunk ate the grasshopper and the grasshoppers ate the Idaho fescue. However, some animals operate at more than one trophic level. For example when the owl eats the mouse, it is a secondary consumer, but when the owl eats the snake, the owl is now a tertiary consumer.

A- Incorrect- Sweet Cicely Root is a producer

-

DIF: Easy MSC: 81% correct NOT: 1990 #107

ID: A

3

3. ANS: BDenitrification is a biochemical pathway in which anaerobic bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3) in their cellular biochemical pathway of respiration instead of oxygen and produces nitrogen gas (N2) which is released back to the atmosphere. Plants or animals cannot use atmospheric nitrogen or N2. This information is usually presented with the nitrogen cycle. Caution: Gory Chemistry Details Approaching!

The Nitrogen Cycle is actually a disproportionation reaction because Nitrogen is being oxidized and

reduced. Remember the mnemonic OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Losing Reduction Is Gaining in terms of electrons.

Nitrogen cycle redox reactionsThere are 2 oxidation reactions and 1 reduction reaction.

OxidationNH4

+ + O2 NO2- + 4H+ + 2e-

OxidationH2O + NO2

- NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-

Reduction10e- + 12H+ + 2NO3

- N2 + 6H2O

The denitrification pathway is as follows:

2 NO3 + 10e- + 12H2+ N2 + 6 H2O (reduction equation (RIG- gained electrons))

We think the picture below explains it best.

ID: A

4

-The reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called nitrogen fixation, and plants can utilize ammonia.-The oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both nitrites and nitrates can be utilized by plants.-The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both ammonia and nitrite can be utilized by plants.-The breakdown of proteins to amino acids is called hydrolysis. Neither proteins or amino acids can be utilized by plants unless they are broken down further

DIF: Hard MSC: 29% correct NOT: 1990 #57 4. ANS: B

By crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties, you increase the variation of potential alleles in the plants creating greater variations.

A- Uniformity leads to a reduction in variationC- Creating new species does not increase genetic diversity in another speciesD- Genetic diversity in the common crop of corn is typically low

5. ANS: BThe carbon cycle has not increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels causing global warming. Global warming is attributed to increased burning of fossil fuels.The carbon cycles leads to an increase in aquatic biomass.

6. ANS: DBiodiversity describes the range of all genetic traits, the number of species in any given area, and the range of habitats found in a given area for organisms to move to if their environment changes.

ID: A

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7. ANS: AExamine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram widens as we progress through generations then more offspring were produced and the population is increasing.

8. ANS: CExamine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram appears more rectangular than triangular or pyramidal, then the population is stable. In other words the numbers of individuals is remaining fairly constant, neither increasing nor declining.

9. ANS: AMore individuals with successive generations will require more jobs. If the industrial base of the geographic region this data was taken from does not keep pace with “a job per family unit”, then unemployment will abound.

10. ANS: AIt is the largest island, thus it most likely had the greatest abundance of resources to support a greater number of species.

11. ANS: CThe ocean represents roughly 75% of the earth, so it has the largest area. If you divide the net primary productivity by the area of the ocean, it appears low.

12. ANS: CThe growth rate may be constant. For example, for every 5 births there may be just 1 death and r would be equal to 4. This would result in exponential growth.

DIF: Easy 13. ANS: C

This plant self-regulates its population by producing fewer seeds when there are more mature plantains in a given area.

DIF: medium 14. ANS: B

There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the caloric energy in the matter consumed can be used, thus within a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.

DIF: medium

ID: B

1

AP* Biology: Ecology Practice MCAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: CThe growth rate may be constant. For example, for every 5 births there may be just 1 death and r would be equal to 4. This would result in exponential growth.

DIF: Easy 2. ANS: A

Examine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram widens as we progress through generations then more offspring were produced and the population is increasing.

3. ANS: AMore individuals with successive generations will require more jobs. If the industrial base of the geographic region this data was taken from does not keep pace with “a job per family unit”, then unemployment will abound.

4. ANS: CExamine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram appears more rectangular than triangular or pyramidal, then the population is stable. In other words the numbers of individuals is remaining fairly constant, neither increasing nor declining.

5. ANS: C This plant self-regulates its population by producing fewer seeds when there are more mature plantains in a given area.

DIF: medium 6. ANS: C

The ocean represents roughly 75% of the earth, so it has the largest area. If you divide the net primary productivity by the area of the ocean, it appears low.

7. ANS: BBy crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties, you increase the variation of potential alleles in the plants creating greater variations.

A- Uniformity leads to a reduction in variationC- Creating new species does not increase genetic diversity in another speciesD- Genetic diversity in the common crop of corn is typically low

ID: B

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8. ANS: DIn considering energy flow through an ecosystem, the base (lowest trophic level) is the producer level. A producer is an organism that can fix carbon dioxide into an organic compound like sugars and starches. Primary consumers (herbivores) must use the energy from the producers to obtain energy. Now there are other consumers that obtain their energy from consumers (carnivores eating herbivores or other carnivores eating other carnivores). This can continue until there are four to five trophic levels. The apex of food chain is usually referred to as being at the “top of the food chain”. It usually does not go beyond that because as energy goes from one level to the next it loses on the average 90% of its energy. Energy flow through an ecosystem usually takes the form of an energy pyramid

Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present, and the amount of biomass present at any level depends on the amount of energy present. The biomass of an ecosystem reflects the energy pyramid or pyramid of productivity. The animals that will be at the apex of either pyramid will be the top consumers. In the example given, the hawk will be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass because there will be fewer hawks and that is because there is less energy.

DIF: Easy MSC: 77% correct NOT: 1990 #106 9. ANS: A

There are more than two trophic levels depicted. There are four trophic levels depicted, the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

This diagram is a food web. The arrows shows the flow of energy. The animals that eat the plants are herbivores and called primary consumers. Animals that eat the primary consumers are secondary consumers or carnivores like the chipmunk and the bear. Animals that eat the secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. For example the chipmunk ate the grasshopper and the grasshoppers ate the Idaho fescue. However, some animals operate at more than one trophic level. For example when the owl eats the mouse, it is a secondary consumer, but when the owl eats the snake, the owl is now a tertiary consumer.

A- Incorrect- Sweet Cicely Root is a producer

-

DIF: Easy MSC: 81% correct NOT: 1990 #107

ID: B

3

10. ANS: BThe carbon cycle has not increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels causing global warming. Global warming is attributed to increased burning of fossil fuels.The carbon cycles leads to an increase in aquatic biomass.

11. ANS: AIt is the largest island, thus it most likely had the greatest abundance of resources to support a greater number of species.

ID: B

4

12. ANS: BDenitrification is a biochemical pathway in which anaerobic bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3) in their cellular biochemical pathway of respiration instead of oxygen and produces nitrogen gas (N2) which is released back to the atmosphere. Plants or animals cannot use atmospheric nitrogen or N2. This information is usually presented with the nitrogen cycle. Caution: Gory Chemistry Details Approaching!

The Nitrogen Cycle is actually a disproportionation reaction because Nitrogen is being oxidized and

reduced. Remember the mnemonic OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Losing Reduction Is Gaining in terms of electrons.

Nitrogen cycle redox reactionsThere are 2 oxidation reactions and 1 reduction reaction.

OxidationNH4

+ + O2 NO2- + 4H+ + 2e-

OxidationH2O + NO2

- NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-

Reduction10e- + 12H+ + 2NO3

- N2 + 6H2O

The denitrification pathway is as follows:

2 NO3 + 10e- + 12H2+ N2 + 6 H2O (reduction equation (RIG- gained electrons))

We think the picture below explains it best.

ID: B

5

-The reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called nitrogen fixation, and plants can utilize ammonia.-The oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both nitrites and nitrates can be utilized by plants.-The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both ammonia and nitrite can be utilized by plants.-The breakdown of proteins to amino acids is called hydrolysis. Neither proteins or amino acids can be utilized by plants unless they are broken down further

DIF: Hard MSC: 29% correct NOT: 1990 #57 13. ANS: D

Biodiversity describes the range of all genetic traits, the number of species in any given area, and the range of habitats found in a given area for organisms to move to if their environment changes.

14. ANS: BThere is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the caloric energy in the matter consumed can be used, thus within a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.

DIF: medium

ID: C

1

AP* Biology: Ecology Practice MCAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C This plant self-regulates its population by producing fewer seeds when there are more mature plantains in a given area.

DIF: medium 2. ANS: C

The growth rate may be constant. For example, for every 5 births there may be just 1 death and r would be equal to 4. This would result in exponential growth.

DIF: Easy 3. ANS: C

Examine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram appears more rectangular than triangular or pyramidal, then the population is stable. In other words the numbers of individuals is remaining fairly constant, neither increasing nor declining.

4. ANS: AExamine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram widens as we progress through generations then more offspring were produced and the population is increasing.

5. ANS: AMore individuals with successive generations will require more jobs. If the industrial base of the geographic region this data was taken from does not keep pace with “a job per family unit”, then unemployment will abound.

6. ANS: CThe ocean represents roughly 75% of the earth, so it has the largest area. If you divide the net primary productivity by the area of the ocean, it appears low.

7. ANS: AIt is the largest island, thus it most likely had the greatest abundance of resources to support a greater number of species.

ID: C

2

8. ANS: AThere are more than two trophic levels depicted. There are four trophic levels depicted, the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

This diagram is a food web. The arrows shows the flow of energy. The animals that eat the plants are herbivores and called primary consumers. Animals that eat the primary consumers are secondary consumers or carnivores like the chipmunk and the bear. Animals that eat the secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. For example the chipmunk ate the grasshopper and the grasshoppers ate the Idaho fescue. However, some animals operate at more than one trophic level. For example when the owl eats the mouse, it is a secondary consumer, but when the owl eats the snake, the owl is now a tertiary consumer.

A- Incorrect- Sweet Cicely Root is a producer

-

DIF: Easy MSC: 81% correct NOT: 1990 #107 9. ANS: D

In considering energy flow through an ecosystem, the base (lowest trophic level) is the producer level. A producer is an organism that can fix carbon dioxide into an organic compound like sugars and starches. Primary consumers (herbivores) must use the energy from the producers to obtain energy. Now there are other consumers that obtain their energy from consumers (carnivores eating herbivores or other carnivores eating other carnivores). This can continue until there are four to five trophic levels. The apex of food chain is usually referred to as being at the “top of the food chain”. It usually does not go beyond that because as energy goes from one level to the next it loses on the average 90% of its energy. Energy flow through an ecosystem usually takes the form of an energy pyramid

Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present, and the amount of biomass present at any level depends on the amount of energy present. The biomass of an ecosystem reflects the energy pyramid or pyramid of productivity. The animals that will be at the apex of either pyramid will be the top consumers. In the example given, the hawk will be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass because there will be fewer hawks and that is because there is less energy.

DIF: Easy MSC: 77% correct NOT: 1990 #106

ID: C

3

10. ANS: BThere is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the caloric energy in the matter consumed can be used, thus within a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.

DIF: medium 11. ANS: B

By crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties, you increase the variation of potential alleles in the plants creating greater variations.

A- Uniformity leads to a reduction in variationC- Creating new species does not increase genetic diversity in another speciesD- Genetic diversity in the common crop of corn is typically low

12. ANS: BThe carbon cycle has not increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels causing global warming. Global warming is attributed to increased burning of fossil fuels.The carbon cycles leads to an increase in aquatic biomass.

ID: C

4

13. ANS: BDenitrification is a biochemical pathway in which anaerobic bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3) in their cellular biochemical pathway of respiration instead of oxygen and produces nitrogen gas (N2) which is released back to the atmosphere. Plants or animals cannot use atmospheric nitrogen or N2. This information is usually presented with the nitrogen cycle. Caution: Gory Chemistry Details Approaching!

The Nitrogen Cycle is actually a disproportionation reaction because Nitrogen is being oxidized and

reduced. Remember the mnemonic OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Losing Reduction Is Gaining in terms of electrons.

Nitrogen cycle redox reactionsThere are 2 oxidation reactions and 1 reduction reaction.

OxidationNH4

+ + O2 NO2- + 4H+ + 2e-

OxidationH2O + NO2

- NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-

Reduction10e- + 12H+ + 2NO3

- N2 + 6H2O

The denitrification pathway is as follows:

2 NO3 + 10e- + 12H2+ N2 + 6 H2O (reduction equation (RIG- gained electrons))

We think the picture below explains it best.

ID: C

5

-The reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called nitrogen fixation, and plants can utilize ammonia.-The oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both nitrites and nitrates can be utilized by plants.-The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both ammonia and nitrite can be utilized by plants.-The breakdown of proteins to amino acids is called hydrolysis. Neither proteins or amino acids can be utilized by plants unless they are broken down further

DIF: Hard MSC: 29% correct NOT: 1990 #57 14. ANS: D

Biodiversity describes the range of all genetic traits, the number of species in any given area, and the range of habitats found in a given area for organisms to move to if their environment changes.

ID: D

1

AP* Biology: Ecology Practice MCAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: BThere is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the caloric energy in the matter consumed can be used, thus within a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.

DIF: medium 2. ANS: A

Examine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram widens as we progress through generations then more offspring were produced and the population is increasing.

3. ANS: AMore individuals with successive generations will require more jobs. If the industrial base of the geographic region this data was taken from does not keep pace with “a job per family unit”, then unemployment will abound.

4. ANS: CExamine each age structure diagram. The layers represent a snapshot of the numbers of individuals where approximately half are males and the other half are females. The first generation is represented at the top of the diagram. If the diagram appears more rectangular than triangular or pyramidal, then the population is stable. In other words the numbers of individuals is remaining fairly constant, neither increasing nor declining.

5. ANS: DBiodiversity describes the range of all genetic traits, the number of species in any given area, and the range of habitats found in a given area for organisms to move to if their environment changes.

6. ANS: AThere are more than two trophic levels depicted. There are four trophic levels depicted, the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

This diagram is a food web. The arrows shows the flow of energy. The animals that eat the plants are herbivores and called primary consumers. Animals that eat the primary consumers are secondary consumers or carnivores like the chipmunk and the bear. Animals that eat the secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. For example the chipmunk ate the grasshopper and the grasshoppers ate the Idaho fescue. However, some animals operate at more than one trophic level. For example when the owl eats the mouse, it is a secondary consumer, but when the owl eats the snake, the owl is now a tertiary consumer.

A- Incorrect- Sweet Cicely Root is a producer

-

DIF: Easy MSC: 81% correct NOT: 1990 #107

ID: D

2

7. ANS: DIn considering energy flow through an ecosystem, the base (lowest trophic level) is the producer level. A producer is an organism that can fix carbon dioxide into an organic compound like sugars and starches. Primary consumers (herbivores) must use the energy from the producers to obtain energy. Now there are other consumers that obtain their energy from consumers (carnivores eating herbivores or other carnivores eating other carnivores). This can continue until there are four to five trophic levels. The apex of food chain is usually referred to as being at the “top of the food chain”. It usually does not go beyond that because as energy goes from one level to the next it loses on the average 90% of its energy. Energy flow through an ecosystem usually takes the form of an energy pyramid

Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present, and the amount of biomass present at any level depends on the amount of energy present. The biomass of an ecosystem reflects the energy pyramid or pyramid of productivity. The animals that will be at the apex of either pyramid will be the top consumers. In the example given, the hawk will be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass because there will be fewer hawks and that is because there is less energy.

DIF: Easy MSC: 77% correct NOT: 1990 #106 8. ANS: B

By crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties, you increase the variation of potential alleles in the plants creating greater variations.

A- Uniformity leads to a reduction in variationC- Creating new species does not increase genetic diversity in another speciesD- Genetic diversity in the common crop of corn is typically low

9. ANS: AIt is the largest island, thus it most likely had the greatest abundance of resources to support a greater number of species.

10. ANS: C This plant self-regulates its population by producing fewer seeds when there are more mature plantains in a given area.

DIF: medium

ID: D

3

11. ANS: CThe growth rate may be constant. For example, for every 5 births there may be just 1 death and r would be equal to 4. This would result in exponential growth.

DIF: Easy

ID: D

4

12. ANS: BDenitrification is a biochemical pathway in which anaerobic bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3) in their cellular biochemical pathway of respiration instead of oxygen and produces nitrogen gas (N2) which is released back to the atmosphere. Plants or animals cannot use atmospheric nitrogen or N2. This information is usually presented with the nitrogen cycle. Caution: Gory Chemistry Details Approaching!

The Nitrogen Cycle is actually a disproportionation reaction because Nitrogen is being oxidized and

reduced. Remember the mnemonic OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Losing Reduction Is Gaining in terms of electrons.

Nitrogen cycle redox reactionsThere are 2 oxidation reactions and 1 reduction reaction.

OxidationNH4

+ + O2 NO2- + 4H+ + 2e-

OxidationH2O + NO2

- NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-

Reduction10e- + 12H+ + 2NO3

- N2 + 6H2O

The denitrification pathway is as follows:

2 NO3 + 10e- + 12H2+ N2 + 6 H2O (reduction equation (RIG- gained electrons))

We think the picture below explains it best.

ID: D

5

-The reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called nitrogen fixation, and plants can utilize ammonia.-The oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both nitrites and nitrates can be utilized by plants.-The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is part of the nitrogen cycle, and both ammonia and nitrite can be utilized by plants.-The breakdown of proteins to amino acids is called hydrolysis. Neither proteins or amino acids can be utilized by plants unless they are broken down further

DIF: Hard MSC: 29% correct NOT: 1990 #57 13. ANS: B

The carbon cycle has not increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels causing global warming. Global warming is attributed to increased burning of fossil fuels.The carbon cycles leads to an increase in aquatic biomass.

14. ANS: CThe ocean represents roughly 75% of the earth, so it has the largest area. If you divide the net primary productivity by the area of the ocean, it appears low.