primates in research timo nevalainen university of eastern finland
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Primates in Research
Timo Nevalainen
University of Eastern Finland
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MONKEY AROUND ??
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Definition of Primates
Large group of about 200 species
Definition necessitates the use of complicated technical terms, such as: Opposite grip in either hands of feet or
both Testes in scrotum Two mammary glands Closed orbital circle
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Taxonomy
P ros im ii
C eboideaN ew W orld Monkeys
C ercopithecoideaO ld W orld M onkeys
H om inoideaA pes
A nthropoideaP rim ates proper
P R IM A T AP rim ates
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Prosimii
Primitive primates Questionable whether primates at all
Look like squirrel or fox
Many are considered endangered
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Prosimii
Tree shrew (Tupaia glis) Native of Far East Size and looks like a rat Daylight animal Gestation 45-50 days Two pups born Difficult to house in
laboratory
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Other Prosimii Species
Galago senegalensis (Bushbaby) Looks of a squirrel Occasional research
use
Loris tardigratus Nocturnal - huge
eyes
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Wide and low nose
36 teeth
Some have prehensile tail
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) Considered pest
animal in South America
Most common NWM in research
About 800 g
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) Weighs less than a
kilo Nocturnal - large
eyes Requires high temp
and humidity
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Common marmoset (Callitrix jacchus) About half a kilo Only species among
primates proper with twins
First primate commonly raised in laboratory
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Spider monkey (Ateles) Larger than
previous sp. (7-15 kg)
Prehensile tail Bumpy abdomen,
spidery hands and feet
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Narrow nose
32 teeth
Often cheek pouches
If there´s a tail, it´s never prehensile
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvana) Only monkey
species native to Europe
Presence of the British Commonwealth and the species on the rocks of Gibraltar
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Standard monkey of the Pharmacopeias Monkey crisis Most widely used OWM Discovery of the rhesus-factor
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
Stumptail (Macaca arctoides or speciosa) Calm and friendly Weight 5-15 kg Difficult to get
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
Irus macaque (Macaca irus) Substitute for Rhesus
and stumptail Rough character Same size as
previous two
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
African green (Cercopithecus ethiops) Smaller than
macaques Kidney donor Marburg disease
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Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea
Baboons (Papio sp.) Rarely used in
research Remember Christian
Barnard ? Large and strong;
handling difficult
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Apes (Hominoidea)
Orangutang
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Apes (Hominoidea)
Gibbon
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
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Apes (Hominoidea)
Did we forget one of the hominoids ?
An important species ?
Humans Look around
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Primate Diseases
Tuberculosis Draining lymph
nodes Tuberculin testing Tissue changes Method of tb testing
in monkeys
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Primate Diseases
Herpes B Nodules on lips or
mouth Fatal for humans
Human herpes The other way
around to Herpes B
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Primate Diseases
Herpes T Fatal in owl monkey Mucosal changes in
tamarins
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Primate Diseases
Pox virus diseases for most species Monkey pox Small box Ecromelia in mice Vaccination with
vaccinia-virus
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Primate Biology and HousingSex skin Follows the
estrus/menstrual cycle
Gestation Species dependent 120
days (tamarins) 270 days (orang)
Number of offsprings Single, except marmosets
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Primate Biology and Care
Primates require external source of vitamin C.
New World Monkeys cannot utilize vitamin D2
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Primate Biology and CareCages Special design with
squeeze-back
Gang cages Prone for fighting &
beating each other Enrichment
Handling Protective measures and
handling techniques
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Research Techniques
Gastric tubing Via nose
IM-injection Much like humans Squeeze-back used to immobilize them
IV-injection Superficial veins on antebrachium
Blood samples Femoral triangle CDt
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Research Use
Research community waits for vaccine or therapeutic drug for AIDS Need for monkeys ?
New Directive Are F2 animals required?
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Working Safely with Nonhuman Primates
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.htm#primate
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Pop Quiz
Which animals, other than primates, require external source of vitamin C ?
Which group of primates has prehensile tail ?