PrevailingWorldReligionsMap

MajorReligions(ChronologicalOrder)• Hinduism~2500BCE(900million)• Judaism~2000BCE(14million)• Christianity33CE(2.1billion)• Islam~610CE(1.5billion)• Sikhism1469CE(30million)

MajorLifePhilosophies(ChronologicalOrder)• Taoism550BCE(20million)• Buddhism520BCE(360million)• Confucianism~495BCE(5-6million)

>93%(6.8billion)oftheworldclaimareligiousaffiliation

• Old Testament writings

• Hebrew heritage

• Monotheism• Abraham &

Prophets• Jerusalem (Holy

City)• SW Asia

• Teachings about Heaven and Hell

• Ishmael, son of Abraham

• The Prophets

Crash Course Videos:• Jews & Christians• Islam• Isis

Major Monotheistic Religions of the world from SW Asia

JUDAISMCHRISTIANITY

ISLAM

Thefamily…

Genealogy of Abraham

JUDAISM• Second oldest and continuously

practiced religion• First monotheistic religion• Founder: Abram whom God renamed

Abraham 2000-1500 BC• God: Yaweh• Salvation through belief in God of the

Torah• Holy Books: Torah, Talmud, Tanakh

(these make up the Law, Prophets, & Writings)

• No place of “Hell” or torment for sin• Called: Jews• Place of Worship: Synagogue or Temple

Judaism

• BeganinIsrael

12/7/16

• PleaseseetheUnit3testdate– MakesureyouREADONYOUROWN(orthistestwillbeverydifficult)chapter4,5,and6inthewhitebook(seecorrespondingchaptersforyellowontheboard)andreadthereviewbooksectiononculture

• Currentevents• Completevideoandquestions• Presentpostersandfillinreligionchart• RELIGIONVOCABWILLBEONWEBSITETONIGHT– DUEDAYOFUNIT3TEST

Confucianism• Confucius

– Scholar– Socialorderandgood– Educationgovernment– Respectforelders

• OfferssolutionstotheproblemsplaguingChina– Focusonliferatherthantheafterlife– Text:Analects

• Doesnotadvocateaspecificdeity– Emphasizesworshipofancestors

Drawing of Confucius

BasicBeliefsofConfucianism• Li drawsourattentionmore

tothesocialorconventionalaspectsofbenevolenthumanconduct

• Ren drawsourattentionmoretothemoralandspiritualaspectsofthatconduct

• Together,theycompriseasocial- moral- spiritualhumanphenomenathatcanonlybereducedforthepurposesofanalysis

• GoalistopromoteharmonyonEarththroughrelationships– FiveRelationships

Dacheng TempleinConfucius’hometownofQufu inChina.

Confucius5Relationships• 1)Emperor/subject- theemperorhastheresponsibilitytotakecareofhis

subjects,andsubjectsmustobeytheemperor2)Father/son- thefathertakescareoftheson,andthesonobeysthefather3)Olderbrother/youngerbrother- theolderbrothertakescareoftheyoungerbrother,whointurnobeyshim4)Husband/wife- thehusbandtakescareofthewife,whointurnobeyshim5)Friend/friend-Theonlyrelationshipthatdoesnotassumeinequalityshouldbecharacterizedbymutualcareandobedience

Confucius

StatueofConfuciusattheConfuciusTempleinBeijingChina

TombofConfuciusinQufu China

Confucius,TheAnalects,400sBCE• “Hewhoexercisesgovernmentbymeansofhisvirtuemaybe

comparedtothenorthpolarstar, whichkeepsitsplaceandallthestarsturntowardit.”

• “Themanofvirtueisnotlefttostandalone.Hewhopracticesvirtuewillhaveneighbors.”

• “Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers.”• “Themanofvirtueisdrivenbyresponsibility;thenon-virtuousman

isdrivenbyprofit. “• “Whenaruler’spersonalconductiscorrect,hisgovernmentis

effectivewithouttheissuingoforders.Ifhispersonalconductisnotcorrect,hemayissueorders,buttheywillnotbefollowed.”

• “Therelationbetweenwiserulersandtheirinferiorsislikethatbetweenthewindandthegrass.Thegrassmustbendwhenthewindblowsacrossit.”

• “Togiveone'sselfearnestlytothedutiesduetomen,and,whilerespectingspiritualbeings,tokeepdistantfromthem,maybecalledwisdom.”

SocialImpactofConfucianism• BecomesfoundationofChinesegovernment

• Itconfirmedthepoweroftheemperor,butheldhimresponsibleforhispeople

• Reinforcedimportanceofpatriarchalrelationships

• ReinforcedfamilyasthecenterofChinesesociety

• Japan,Korea,Taiwan,SingaporeareinfluencedbyConfucianethic

FamilyaltarinMalaysianChinesehome.FamilyisinvitingancestorstopartakeintheHungaryGhostfestival

Daoism(Taoism)

• FoundedbyLaozi inChina• SacredText:DaoDeJing• Goal:Createsocietalharmonybylivingaccordingtothenaturallawsoftheuniverse

• AppealedtopeasantsinChinabecauseoftheirconnectiontotheland

Taoist Values• Rejection of self-assertiveness and

competition– “Standing on tiptoe you are unsteady” (24)

• Avoidance of aggression– “If you want to grab the world and run it/I see

that you will not succeed” (29)• Naturalism, naturalness, simplicity• Relativity

• Daoists viewededucationandmoralstrivingasuseless

• Inthefaceofdisorderandchaos,urgedwithdrawalintotheworldofnature

• Encouragedbehaviorthatwasspontaneous,individualistic,andnatural

• Emphasizednatureanditsmysteriouspatterns• Daoismencouragedpeopletoliveinnatureandtolivenaturally

Laozi’sDaoismYang

“WhatIs”

Light

Masculine

Creative

Active

Heaven

Life

Yin

“WhatIsNot”

Dark

Feminine

Receptive

Non-action

Earth

Death

Daoism

Daoist ArchitecturalInfluence

• Theybuilttempleswhichconformedtothecontoursoftheland.Theyalsobuilttheirtempleswithwoodenframes,symmetrically,andincludedgardenswithpavilionsorwalkways,orincorporatedthenaturalsceneryintothebuilding

Hinduism

Basicfacts:1) Hasnosingle

founder2) 3rd largest

religionintheworlda)1Billion

world-wideb)Mostlivein

Indiatoday

Hinduism

• 3000yearsold• BroughttoIndusRiverValleyRegionbyAryans

• Vedas– HolyText• WritteninSanskrit

– Allarepartofanall-powerfulspiritualforcecalledBrahman

• NotexactlyPolytheisticormonotheistic….

Hinduism• ThreemostimportantHinduGods(formsofBrahman)– Brahma(creator),Vishnu(protector),Shiva(destroyer)

• Beliefinreincarnation:Rebirthofthesoul,orwhenthesoulentersthebodyofanotherbeing– RespectforALLlivingthings

• UltimategoalMoksha– Freethesoulfromthecycleofreincarnation&thesoulcanunitewithBrahman.

SacredCowofIndia

Hinduism

vKarma:EveryactionproducesaJustifiedeffectbasedonitsmoralworthiness.

vDharma:ethicaldutybasedonthedivineorderofreality.Thewordistheclosestequivalentto“religion.”

SocialImpactofHinduism

ModernUntouchables

ModernIndiahas160millionuntouchablesorapproximately15%ofIndia’spopulation.

GangesRiver

PollutionintheGanges

EarlySpreadofBuddhism

RiseofBuddhism• EmergedafterHinduism• BeganinNepal• SiddharthaGautama– FounderofBuddhism– Becameknownasthe“EnlightenedOne”– Bornintoroyallife,lefttopursuesearchforreligioustruthandendtolife’ssuffering

• Peopleseekenlightenmentthroughmeditation,insteadofpriests,formalritualsandgods

FourNobleTruths

– 1)Alllifeisfullofsufferingandsorrow

– 2)Sufferingiscausedbyadesiretosatisfyourselves(beingselfish)

– 3)Thewaytoendsufferingistoendalldesires

– 4)Enddesirebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath

*StepsyoumusttakeinordertoreachNIRVANA

• Nirvana– Releasefromallselfishnessandpain

• EightfoldPath:– 1)RightUnderstanding- 2)Rightaspirations– 3)Rightspeech– 4)RightConduct– 5)Rightlivelihood- 6)RightEffort– 7)RightMindfulness- 8)RightConcentration

EightFoldPath

Buddha• Acceptedtheideaofreincarnation• RejectedthemanygodsofHinduism• Rejectedthecastesystem• Didnotwanttobeworshipped

What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?

Desire!Ø Therefore, extinguish the self,

don’t obsess about oneself.

Three braches of Buddhism:• Theravada (Way of the Elders): Focus is the monastic

community and the need for self-discipline in order to attain nirvana

• Mahayana (Greater Vehicle): Focuses on compassion in the bodhisattva form (holy person who postpones nirvana in order to help people). This subdivision has the most followers, since it is geared towards the layman.

• Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle): Dominant form of Buddhism in Tibet. It is known for its mystical rituals, which include, tantras, mantras, and mandalas

Thelotusrepresentsapatternofgrowththatsignifiestheprogressofthesoulfromtheprimeval

mudofmaterialism,throughthewatersofexperience,andthenintothesunshineof

enlightenment.

BuddhiststupasinIndonesia

InJapan,BuddhismhasmixedwithShinto,whichoriginatedinJapan.AShintoshrineinKyoto

Whattheyhaveincommon

• Bothgoalsforthereligions–– Involveaperfectstateofunderstanding–Breakfromthechainofreincarnation–Nonviolence

SpreadofBuddhism

SocialImpactofBuddhism

• SpreadtoCentralAsia,EastAsia,&SEAsia– Oftenblendswithexistingbeliefs

• Builtmonasteriesformenandwomen– Provideselitewomenanalternativetotraditionalliving