prespective on sikh tradition

8/13/2019 Prespective on Sikh Tradition

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`matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb wbh `mpartm` irhj tbds whrc` dk 1>62. Ph aggmpt tbm agghukt hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s cdim ak` agbdmvmjmktsJgCmh` ases ihr a ghkvdkgdkn agghukt hi wbat wmkt hk dk tbm gmktury

aitmr bdj, th mxgcu`m tbm suspdgdhk tbat tbm tra`dtdhk dk qumstdhk dsbdsthrdh-nrapbdgac pbmkhjmka.

Bmrm dk tbds vhcujm @r. B.\. Nupta, tbm mjdkmkt bdsthrdak, basmxbaustdvmcy `mact wdtb tbm ihuk`dkn hi tbm Ebacsa. Bm idk`s ajpcmak` ukrmluttalcm mvd`mkgm dk supphrt hi dt. As Vrhi. Barlaks Wdknbrmjdk`s us, dt just kht lm ihrnhttmk tbat tbmrm ds uklrhemk tra`dtdhk dksupphrt hi tbm Wdeb agghukt hi tbm grmatdhk hi Ebacsa wbdgb stak`s

ukrmluttm` ak` gakkht lm `dsgar`m` hk jmrm suspdgdhk alhut dtsautbmktdgdty.

Pbm `mtadcm` agghukt hi tbds bdsthrdg mvmkt rmsts uphk autbmktdgshurgms, dkgcu`dkn tbm kmwswrdtmr hi tbm Junbac Ghurt, wbh was prmsmkthk tbm hggasdhk. Ebusbwakt Wdknb, wbh bas mact wdtb dt dk mtadc, baslmautdiuccy sujjm` up tbm djpagt hi tbds jhjmkthus stmp dk bds Bdsthry hO tbm Wdebs.

–Wdeb gbrhkdgcms jadktadk tbat laptdsj hi tbm twmkty tbhusak`Wdebs at Akak`pur was ihcchwm` ly jass laptdsj acc hvmr KhrtbmrkDk`da. Pbm Nuru ba` `dkkm` dkth tbm tdjd` pmasaktry hi tbm Vukoaltbat tbmy just taem tbm lrhhj hi @dvdkm ekhwcm`nm akswmmpaway tbm idctb hi tdjd`dty.

Pbus `d` Nhldk` ‒tradk tbm sparrhw th bukt tbm bawe ak` hkm jakth idnbt a cmndhk—. ^dtbdk a imw jhktbs a kmw pmhpcm wmrm lhrk -

lmar`m`, lmturlakm`, iuccy arjm`, ak` wdtb a grusa`mr—s zmac th ludc` akmw ghjjhkwmactb. Pbmy djpcdgdtcy lmcdmvm` tbat

Pbm Ebacsa sbacc rucm Pbmdr mkmjdms wdcc lm sgattmrm`.Hkcy tbmy tbat smme rmiunm.71

wdcc lm savm`.‚Bmrm tbm prmsmkt wrdtmr whuc` cdem th rmimr th bds iajdcy bdsthry. Bm

ds a `drmgt `msgmk`akt hi Jabak Wdknb wbh ba`



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nht laptdsm` as Ebacsa ak` rmgmdvm` Ajrdt irhj tbm bak`s hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci. Dk tbm bdsthry hi tbm iajdcy lasm` hk tbm iajdcy rmghr`s ak` `dardms dt ds rmghr`m` kht hkcy tbat Jabak Wdknb wmkt th

Akak`pur Wabdl ak` nht laptdsm` as a Ebacsa lut acsh tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci nragdhuscy a`jdkdstmrm` Ajrdt th bdj, gbaknm`bds kajm irhj Jmbtal Wbab th Jabak Wdknb ak` mkohdkm` uphk bdjth hlsmrvm tbm kmw gh`m hi dsgdpcdkm ak` acc tbm mssmktdacs hi tbm kmw Hr`mr, dkgcu`dkn tbm idvm mjlcmjs(Eaeas). Irhj tbat `ay JmbtalWbab lmgajm Jabak Wdknb, wdtb gbaknm` appmarakgm as a Ebacsa

wmardknEmsak` tbm rmst hi tbm ihur mjlcmjs, adcy rmgdtdkn tbm Nurlakd,

partdgucarcy Oapuod Wabdl ak` cap Wabdl.

YDD

Wdeb Wyjlhcs ak` @dsgdpcdkm Dt ds iurtbmr spmgdidgaccy rmghr`m` dk tbds agghukt bhw Nuru Nhldk`

Wdknb mkohdkm` uphk bdj th hlsmrvm tbm kmw Ebacsa Gh`m.

–^bmk D was laptdsm` ak` rmgmdvm` Ajrdt irhj tbm bak`s hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb Jabarao dt was mkohdkm` hk jm th emmpEmsak` wmarEdrpak, Eara, Eaknaak` Eatgb.D was `drmgtm` th lm rdnbtmhus dk jy ghk`ugt, `h nhh` `mm`s, whrsbdp Nh` ak` lm bhkmst ak` uprdnbt. D

was asem` th ghksd`mr acc Wdebs as jy lrhtbmrs, sbarm jy markdkns wdtbhtbmrs, ak` ghksd`mr tbm smrvdgm hi jy parmkts iar jhrm jmrdthrdhustbak pdcnrdjanm thtdratbs.Dt was mjpbasdzm` tbat Nh` ds kmdtbmr lhrk

khr `dms? Hkm wbh taems ldrtb ak` `dms gak kmvmr taem tbm pcagm hi Nh`. D was ghjjak`m` th sbuk dkthxdgakts, ghksd`mr acc whjmk, htbmrtbak tbmhkm wbhsm bak` D ba` nht dk jarrdanm, as jy jhtbmr, sdstmr hr aunbtmr,ak` avhd` mvdc ways.‚

Pbds ds phsdtdvm mvd`mkgm hi tbm autbmktdgdty hi tbm Wdeb tra`dtdhk, wbdgb ds uklrhemk, tbat Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ba`



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bdjsmci prmsgrdlm` tbm = Es, dkgcu`dknEmsak` Edrpak,ak` cad` `hwkrucms hi ghkùgt ak` `dsgdpcdkm ihr tbm Wdebs dkdtdatm` dkth tbm Hr`mrhi tbm Ebacsa taedkn vhw irhj tbmj th hlsmrvm tbm sajm.

Dt ds acsh rmghr`m` dk tbds iajdcy bdsthry tbat at tbm tdjm NuruNhldk` Wdknb lcmssm` Jmbtal Wbab wdtb Ajrdt bm gbaknm` bds kajmth Jabak Wdknb ak` tbmrmaitmr tbds akgmsthr hi jdkm whrm a gbaknm`pbysdgac appmarakgm as Ebacsa hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb. Acc tbds just`dspmc aky curedkn suspdgdhk alhut tbm Wdeb tra`dtdhkac agghukt hi tbmhrdndk hi tbm Wdeb syjlhcs ak` tbm lasdg rmqudrmjmkts hi tbm\mbat

Jaryaà wbdgb ak Ajrdt`bard, hr laptdsm` Wdeb, bas th hlsmrvm.

Pbm iagt tbat dk ghursm hi tdjm tbmsm rucms wmrm ghjpdcm` hrmcalhratm` ly shjm pmrshks `hms kht warrakt tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat tbm\mbat Jaryaà was a sulsmqumkt dkvmktdhk. Dt ds djphrtakt th rmjmjlmrtbat ly tbm ymar 1944 (A.@.), wbmk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ihuk`m` tbmEbacsa, bm ba` ihunbt jaky lattcms, stu`dm` ak` wrdttmk prhcdidgaccy,ghkvmrsm` wdtb tbm cmarkm` wbhj bm ba` natbmrm` arhuk` bdj at VhaktaWabdl, ghktmjpcatm` a cht hk tbm prhlcmjs iagdkn tbm ghuktry ak` pmhpcm

arhuk` bdj, lmsd`ms bavdkn ghkstakt ghjjukdhk wdtb tbm Grmathr wbhsm attrdlutms bm rmghuktm` dk bds hutstak`dkn ghjphsdtdhk Oap Wabdl,ak` dkvhem` Bds lcmssdkn dk bds htbmr dkspdrdkn ak` dkspdrm` byjks.Irhj bds marcy ays bm lmcdmvm` tbat bm was tbm jak wdtb a jdssdhk. Dkbds authldhnrapbdgac ghjphsdtdhkLagbdtar Kataebm assmrtm` tbat tbmChr` smkt bdj dkth tbds whrc` gbarnm` wdtb tbm ùty th upbhc` tbmnhh` ak` uprhht sdk ak` mvdc. Dt was aitmr mmp ak` chkn ghktmjpcatdhk

ak` ghksd`mralcm pcakkdkn tbat bm grmatm` tbm jdssdhkary ihrgm, Ebacsa,th agghjpcdsb bds jdssdhk. ^bmk bm grmatm` a kmw Hr`mr hi Wadkt-shc`dmrs, arjm` lut `mvhut ak` ghjjdttm` th tbm nhh` hi bujakdty,bm ghuc` kht bavm hjdttm` th cay `hwk a strdgt gh`m hi `dsgdpcdkm ak`dksdstm` hk dts hlsmrvakgm. Dt was dk`dspmksalcm ihr tbm kmw hrnakdsatdhk,tbat ba` th agtdvmcy mknanm dk lattcms ak` savm tbm hpprmssm`



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ak` tbm jmme. Lrha` ak` mssmktdac hutcdkms, mspmgdaccy tbm wmardkn hi tbm syjlhcs ak` hlsmrvakgm hi rmcdndhus dkoukgtdhks, just bavmlmmk cad` `hwk at tbm ihukàtdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ak` mxpcadkm` th tbm

jajjhtb natbmrdkn. Di cattmr tbmy wmrm ghjpdcm` ly vardhus pmrshksak` magb hi tbmj navm bds hwk agghukt, dt ds ukiadr th say tbat tbm\mbat Jaryaà was a sulsmqumkt dkkhvatdhk.

Dk `macdkn wdtb tbds qumstdhk dt ds kmgmssary th emmp dk jdk` tbattbm `mga`ms ihcchwdkn tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb wmrm hi ghktdkuhus nrdj strunncm ihr survdvac ihr tbm Wdebs. Lakà Labaùr,

wbhj Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, dk bds cast àys, gbarnm` wdtb tbm ùty hi

pukdsbdkn tbm pmrsmguthrs hi tbm Wdebs ak` tbhsm, wbh ba` jur`mrm`bds shks, pcaktm` tbm Nuru—s stakàr` dk a vdccanm tbdrty idvm jdcms irhjtbm gapdtac, ly tbm tdjm bm cmarkt alhut tbm jur`mrhus assauct hk NuruNhldk` Wdknb. Pbmrmaitmr dk rapd` strd`ms bm cm` tbm Ebacsa dkth tbmVukoal ak` wdtb tbm mstrugtdhk hi Wdrbdk` lmgajm tbm jastmr hi tbmtmrrdthrdms lmtwmmk tbm Oajaka ak` tbm Wutcmo. Yastcy hutkujlmrm` ly tbm Junbac ihrgms Lakà was gapturm` ak` mvmktuaccy mxmgutm`

achknwdtb bds ihur-ymar hc` shk ak` buk`rm`s hi Wdebs dk Oukm 1>19.M`dgts wmrm dssum` th gapturm ak` edcc tbm Wdebs wbmrmvmr ihuk` ak`prdgm was smt hk tbmdr bma`s. Pbm Wdebs kht hkcy iagm` tbm wratb ak`tbm jdnbt hi tbm Junbacs lut acsh jmt tbm hkscaunbt hi tbm dkva`mrs,Ka`dr Wbab ak` Abja` Wbab Alàcd. Pbm Wdebs wmrm bhuk`m` ak`lrutaccy jassagrm`. Hkm hi tbmsm bhchgausts ekhwk asGbbhta Nbaccunbara was dk Oukm, 1>09 ak` akhtbmr, iar jhrm `dsastrhus,Yaà

Nbaccunbara(Pbm Nrmat Bhchgaust) was hk Imlruary =, 1>9<.Dk tbds statm hi aiiadrs wbmk tbm Wdebs wmrm buktm` ak` bhuk`m`

ihr smvmrac mga`ms rdnbt irhj tbm matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, gak dtlm djandkm` tbmy whuc` ihrnm tbm idvm WdebEaeas hr syjlhcs ak` wmartbmj. Pbm uksbhrk badr, wbdgb ds hkm hi tbmsm, at hkgm jares hut aWdeb ak` mkalcms yhu th pdge hut hkm dk a juctdtu`m. Ba` dt kht lmmkak dkoukgtdhk hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, wbh ba` grmatm` tbm



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Ebacsa, tbm Wdebs garrydkn a prdgm hk tbmdr bma`s ghuc` kht bavmmvmk tbhunbt hi dktrh`ugdkn tbmsm syjlhcs wbdgb whuc` jaem tbmjmasy tarnmts. Pbm vmry iagt tbat tbrhunbhut tbmdr cdim-ak`-`matb strunncm

tbmy stuge th tbmsm syjlhcs ak` acc tbm Wdeb jartyrs rmiusm` th surrmk`mrtbmdr badr cmavms kh `hult alhut tbm tra`dtdhk. Wdkgm Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb was `mtmrjdkm` th jaem sparrhws idnbt bawes, as bm bdjsmci prhgcadjm`, dt gak wmcc lm lmcdmvm` tbat bm bdjsmci `mcdlmratmcy prmsgrdlm` tbm wmardkn hi chkn badr ak` htbmr ihur syjlhcs sh tbatjmk wdtb ghuranm th wmar tbm mxtmrkac jares hi d`mktdidgatdhk as Wdebsjay ichge uk`mr bds lakkmr ak` wbmk apprmbmk`m` whuc` kht lm alcm

th `mky tbat tbmy arm tbm Wdebs hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb.

YDDD

Nuru Nraktb Wabdl Pbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus ba` ghktdkum` ihr hvmr twh buk`rm`

ymars. Pbm Wdeb Gburgb wdtb dts gar`dkac tmkmts, lmcdmis, `hgtrdkms, ak`

vardhus dkstdtutdhks sthh` iuccy hrnakdsm` ak` mstalcdsbm`, gucjdkatdkn dk tbm Hr`mr hi tbm Ebacsa prhjucnatm` ly Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci.Wdkgm tbm ays hi Nuru Aroak, wbh ba` ghjpdcm` ak` dkstaccm` NraktbWabdl (A`d Nraktb) dk tbmsakgtuj sakgthruj,Bardjak`dr Wabdl (Nhc`mk

Pmjpcm) at Ajrdtsar, tbds ihrm jhst bhcy Wgrdpturm hi tbm Wdebs ba`hggupdm` gmktrac pcagm dk Wdeb rmcdndhus cdim lmdkn tbm trmasurm-bhusmhi tbm Nuru—s ^hr` (Wbala`).Dk tbm whr`s hi Vrhi. Barlaks Wdknb?

–Pbm ^hr` mksbrdkm` dk tbm Bhcy Lhhe was acways rmvmrm`ly tbm Nurus as wmcc as ly tbmdr dsgdpcms as hi @dvdkm hrdndk. PbmNuru was tbm rmvmacmr hi tbm ^hr`. Hkm `ay tbm ^hr` was thtaem tbm pcagm hi tbm Nuru. Pbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus ghuc` khtbavm ghktdkum` ihrmvmr. Pbm dkmvdtalcm gajm th pass wbmk NuruNhldk` Wdknb mgcarm` tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl th lm bds suggmsshr.Dt was tbrhunb tbm ^hr` tbat Nuru



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ghuc` lm ja`m mvmrcastdkn. Pbds hlomgt Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb smgurm` wbmk bm prhkhukgm` tbm Bhcy Nraktb th lm tbm Nuru aitmr bdj. Pbm Nuru Nraktb was bmkgmihrtb, ak` ihr acc tbm tdjms th ghjm,

tbm Nuru ihr tbm Wdebs.‚7<

Pbm qumstdhk jay lm mxajdkm` irhj akhtbmr akncm. @urdkn tbmcdim tdjm hi shjm hi tbm Nurus shjm aspdrakts ihr tbm mxactm` ak` bhcy hiidgm edgem` up dsputms ak` grmatm` diidguctdms ihr tbm agekhwcm`nm`Nurus. \aj \ad, tbm mc`mst shk hi Nuru Bar \ad pmrsdstmktcy hpphsm`tbm suggmssdhk hi bds yhuknmr lrhtbmr Bar Erdsbak wbh ba` lmmkkhjdkatm` as tbm kmxt Nuru ly tbmdr iatbmr. Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s hwk

iatbmr. Nuru Pmnb Labaùr, iagm` whrst hpphsdtdhk. Pbm cattmr—sprm`mgmsshr, Nuru Bar Erdsbak was ymt a gbdc` wbmk bm lmgajm tbmmdnbtb Nuru. Bm cdvm` hkcy ihr a ghupcm hi ymars tbmrmaitmr ak` wbmkbm dm` ukmxpmgtm`cy, hi sjacc-phx, dk`dgatm` tbat bds suggmsshr whuc`lm bds mc`mrcy rmcatdhk cdvdkn dk Laeaca ak` kht aky hi bds ghktmk`mrs\aj \ad hr @bdrjac. ^bmk, dk agghràkgm wdtb tbds dkoukgtdhk, Nuru

Pmnb Labaùr was tragm` ak` dkstaccm` ly tbm Wdeb jassms as tbmdr

Nuru, `mspdtm bds rmcugtakgm lmdkn hi rmtdrdkn baldts, bds a`vmrsardmsattmjptm` th rmjhvm bdj irhj tbm sgmkm ak` ghjpmccm` bdj mvmk thqudt Vukoal. Ds dt aky whk`mr tbat dk tbds lagenrhuk` Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb sanagdhuscy `mgd`m` th put ak mk` th pmrshkac suggmssdhk ak`dkstaccm` tbm Bhcy Nraktb Wabdl as tbm iuturm Nuru hi tbm Wdebs dkpmrpmtudty8 Pbds stmp was dk iucc agghr` wdtb tbm tmagbdkns hi bdsprm`mgmsshrs. \dnbt irhj Nuru Kakae dt bas lmmk mjpbasdsm` tbat tbm

–^hr`‚ ds Nuru, tbm Nuru rmvmacs tbm ^hr` as dt ghjms th bdj irhjNh` ak` as edk`cm` cdnbt sbhws tbm way, ihr tbm aiicdgtm` ak` thdcdkn bujakdty, th tbm iucidcjmkt hi tbm nhac hi bujak mxdstmkgm. Dt ds aiukàjmktac Wdeb tmkmt tbat Nuru rmsd`ms dk bds hr` ak` ds tbm vhdgmhi Nh`. Nuru Kakae ukbmsdtatdkncy `mgcarm`?

As tbm ^hr` hi tbm Chr` ghjms th jmD rmvmac dt th yhu, H Cach!77



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Pbds bas lmmk tbm ghksdstmkt stak` hi acc tbm Nurus. Mvmk wbmktbm pmrshk hi tbm Nuru was rmvmrm` ak` chyacty th tbm Nuru lmgajmukswmrvdkn dt was ^hr` hr Lakdhi tbm Nuru tbat was suprmjm ak`

smrvm` as dkspdratdhk ak` nud`m ihr tbm Wdebs, wbh navm dt ak bhkhurm`pcagm dk tbmdr adcy rmcdndhus rhutdkm ak` hk acc hggasdhks. Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb bdjsmci cmit kh hult alhut tbm pcagm hi ‒^hr`— dk Wdeb tbmhchny ak` ukajldnuhuscy `mgcarm`?

–^batmvmr tbm Nh` tmccs jmD ghkvmy dt th yhu‚Wdkgm tbm Wdebs bhc` tbat tbmdr—s ds tbm rmvmacm` rmcdndhk ak` tbm

rmvmcatdhk startm` wdtb Nuru Kakae, tbm suggmssdhk hi Nuru NraktbWabdl, mjlh`ydkn tbm ^hr` hr Lakdhi tbm Nurus, mk`dkn wdtb NuruNhldk` Wdknb, was katurac gucjdkatdhk hi tbat iadtb.

Nuru Nraktb Wabdl kh hult ghktdkums mvmk thày th smrvm as tbmprdjary ghbmsdvm iagthr ihr tbm Wdebs, lut dt ds ukiadr th sunnmst tbat dt

was dkstaccm` as Nuru, kht lmgausm hi aky dkoukgtdhk hi Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb, lut th smrvm as a ghbmsdvm ihrgm ihr tbm cma`mrcmss ghjjukdty

aitmr tbm mxmgutdhk hi Lakà Labaùr. Dt ds djphrtakt th rmjmjlmrtbat sdkgm tbm suggmssdhk hi Nuru Aroak, tbm Iditb Nuru, tbm hiidgm hi tbm Nuru ba` lmghjm bmrm`dtary. Acc tbm ihur yhukn shks hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb bavdkn ghurtm` jartyr`hj dk tbm smrvdgm hi tbm Ebacsa,khkm was cmit th suggmm` tbm Pmktb Nuru. Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb d` kht`dm su``mkcy, lut lmgausm hi lurstdkn hpmk hi a bmacdkn whuk`. Bm

was iuccy ghksgdhus ak` lmdkn awarm hi bds apprhagbdkn mk` bm ba`

ajpcm tdjm th khjdkatm bds suggmsshr. Agghr`dkn th tbm uklrhemk Wdebtra`dtdhk bm vmstm` Nuru`hj dk tbm Nraktb Wabdl dk pmrpmtudty,`mcdlmratmcy puttdkn ak mk` th tbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus. Dt dsukdjandkalcm tbat sugb ak astutm cma`mr as Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb whuc`cmavm tbm qumstdhk hi iuturm cma`mrsbdp hi bds trustm` ichge uksmttcm`,lmdkn iuccy ghksgdhus hi tbm iagt tbat hk prmvdhus hggasdhks smci-smmemrsak` mkmjdms hi tbm Nurus ak` tbm Vaktb ba` attmjptm`,



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tbhunb uksuggmssiuccy, th gapturm tbm hiidgm hi tbm Nuru. Ba` bmkht dktmk`m` th alhcdsb pmrshkac suggmssdhk bm whuc` bavm kajm`hkm hi bds alcm ak` trustm` `dsgdpcms th taem bds pcagm.

JgCmh`—s assmrtdhk tbat tbm tra`dtdhk alhut tbm vmstdkn hi Nuru—sautbhrdty dk Nraktb Wabdl hwms dts hrdndk kht th aky agtuacprhkhukgmjmkt hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb lut th –ak dksdstmkt kmm` ihrjadktadkdkn tbm Vaktb—s ghbmsdhk urdkn a catmr pmrdh`‚ just lm rmomgtm`ymt ihr akhtbmr rmashk. Pbm Wdebs, wbh ba` lmghjm cma`mrcmss hk tbmbmrhdg jartyr`hj hi Lakà Labaùr ba` ghktdkum` th idnbt anadksttbmdr mxtmrjdkatdhk ak` jmt rmpmatm` ak` idmrgm hkscaunbts hi dkva`mrs

`mspdtm `wdk`cdkn kujlmrs. Pbmy wmrm idrm` wdtb tbm spdrdt dkstdccm` dktbmj ly tbm ihuk`mr hi tbm Ebacsa, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, wbh ba`tradkm` –tbm sparrhws th bukt tbm bawes, hkm jak th idnbt a cmndhk.‚Ba` tbmy lmmk dk smargb hi a ghbmsdvm iagthr dk alsmkgm hi a pmrshkacNuru wby whuc` tbmy kht ndvm tbat rhcm th @asaj Nraktb (wbdgbghktadks ghksd`mralcm jartdac dkspdratdhk) dkstma` hi gbhhsdkn NuruNraktb as tbmdr Nuru dk pmrpmtudty8 Pbm iagt tbat tbmy hwkm` ak`

rmvmrm` Nraktb Wabdl as tbmdr Nuru cmavms kh hult tbat dt was lmgausmhi tbm dkoukgtdhk hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, wbhj tbmy ghuc` kmvmr tbdke hi dshlmydkn. Dt ds acsh gcmar mvd`mkgm hi tbm iagt tbat tbm Wdebs kmvmrmvmk mktmrtadkm` tbm d`ma hi aky dk`dvdùac suggmm`dkn tbm Pmktb Nuru,khr hi a suggmsshr htbmr tbak Nuru Nraktb Wabdl.

Bmrm wm bavm tbm lmkmidt hi tbm stu`dms ja`m ly twh mjdkmktDk`dak sgbhcars wbh bavm `mact wdtb tbm sulomgt at cmkntb. @r. Nakà

Wdknb, wbh bas `mvhtm` bds cdim th rmsmargb dk Wdeb Bdsthry, basmxajdkm` tbm qumstdhk hi suggmssdhk th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb dk acc dts`mtadcs. Bm bas rmimrrm` acc tbm avadcalcm jatmrdac hk tbm sulomgt. Hkgarmiuc appradsac hi tbm ghktmjphrary, kmar-ghktmjphrary mvd`mkgm,ukpulcdsbm` jakusgrdpts, ak` bdsthrdgac whres, dkgcu`dkn tbmsm hi Juscdj, Bdkù ak` Murhpmak, bm bas ukrmsmrvm`cy rmomgtm` tbmsunnmstdhk tbat aky dk`dvdùac ba` suggmm`m` tbm Pmktb Jastmr as tbm

Nuru hi tbm Wdebs. Bm ukmqudvhgaccy



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assmrts tbat lmihrm cmavdkn tbds whrc` Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ba` dkstaccm`Nraktb Wabdl as tbm pmrpmtuac Nuru hi tbm Wdebs mk`dkn tbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus.

Vrhimsshr Barlaks Wdknb hi tbm Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, basmxajdkm` tbm dssum irhj akhtbmr akncm as wmcc. Vhdktdkn hut tbat irhjtbm vmry dkgmptdhk, rdnbt irhj Nuru Kakae bdjsmci, dt was tbm ^hr`tbat was taemk as tbm vhdgm hi Nh` ak` tbm Nuru dts rmvmacmr, bm tmccsus?

–Hkm ày tbm ^hr` was th taem tbm pcagm hi tbm Nuru. Pbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus ghuc` kht bavm ghktdkum` ihrmvmr. Pbm dkmvdtalcm gajm

th pass wbmk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `mgcarm` tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl thlm bds suggmsshr. Dt was hkcy tbrhunb tbm hr` tbat tbm Nurusbdp ghuc`lm ja`m castdkn.‚70

Vrhimsshr Barlaks Wdknb—s ghkgcusdhks arm supphrtm` ly ajpcmbdsthrdgac mvd`mkgm, dkgcu`dkn ukpulcdsbm` rmghr`s cdemLbatt Yabdstbatbavm rmgmktcy ghjm th cdnbt.

DR Gastm ak` tbm Wdebs

Pbm Wdeb Nurus, rdnbt irhj Nuru Kakae, rmomgtm` tbm gastm systmjtbat ba` ghrruptm` tbm Bdkù Whgdmty, ak` ghk`mjkm` dt dk kh ukgmrtadktmrjs. Dk prhjhtdkn tbm Lrhtbmrbhh` hi jak ak` mnacdtardak gbaragtmrhi rmvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkt startm` ly bdj, mktry th tbm Wdebihc` washpmk th acc drrmspmgtdvm hi gastm, ghjjukdty hr status dk cdim, ak` wdtb

tbmdr partdgdpatdhk dk tbmcaknarak` saknat- tbm twh dkstdtutdhks startm`ly Nuru Kakae bdjsmci - mquacdty as jmjlmrs hi tbm kmw rmcdndhushr`mr was assurm`. Wu`ras rullm` sbhuc`mrs wdtb tbm Ebatrds, Lrabjdksak` htbmrs dk rmcdndhus ghknrmnatdhks ak` dkm` thnmtbmr dk tbm ghjjhkedtgbmk(caknar ). Nuru Aroak kht hkcy ba` tbm ihukàtdhk sthkm hi tbmWdeb tmjpcm(Bardjak`dr) cad` ly a Juscdj Wadkt, Jdak Jdr, lut wmktiurtbmr ak` dkghrphratm` tbm ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm chw gastm ak` shjm

Juscdjs dk tbm Nraktb



04

Wabdl, wbdgb ds khw tbm Nuru Mtmrkac ihr tbm Wdebs. dtb tbm grmatdhkhi tbm Ebacsa tbds jhvmjmkt ihr a gastcmss shgdmty rmagbm` dtsgucjdkatdhk. Hut hi tbm idrst idvm laptdsm` dkth tbds hr`mr ly Nuru

Nhldk` Wdknb, hkcy hkm was a Ebatrd, akhtbmr a Oat ak` tbm rmst accirhj tbm chwmr gastm. Ph mjpbasdzm tbat gastm ba` kh vacd`dty hr apcagm dk Wdeb shgdmty ak` tbmy wmrm acc mquacs tbm Nuru wmkt iurtbmrak` bdjsmci rmgmdvm` laptdsj(Ajrdt ) irhj tbm bak`s hi tbmsm vmry

pako Vdaras(tbm Idvm Lmchvm`).JgCmh` wbdcm ghkgm`dkn tbat tbm Wdeb Nurus wmrm –lmyhk` acc

`hult vdnhrhus ak` pragtdgac mkukgdathrs hi gastm‚ bas aggusm` tbmj

hi dksdkgmrdty ly ncmmiuccy dktrhùgdkn tbm idl tbat tbm Oats lmwadc tbmiagt tbat tbmrm was kmvmr a sdkncm Oat Nuru, ak` tbm Nurus `d` khtjarry hutsd`m tbm Ebatrd ihc`. Gaccdkn tbds as vdhcatdhk hi tbm Nurus—hwk dkoukgtdhk anadkst gastm systmj, bm tmccs us tbat shjm grdtdgs aggusmtbmj hi dksdkgmrdty ak` ases? –Bhw hkm gak rmspmgt a ghjjakàkt

wbmk dts prhjucnathrs dnkhrm dt8‚Dk tbm ihcchwdkn panms Oanodt Wdknb, bdjsmci a Oat, bas mxajdkm` tbm

Wdeb attdtu`m thwar`s gastm dk acc dts aspmgts ak` bm ba` `mjhkstratm`bhw uktmkalcm ak` ukiadr ds JgCmh`—s grdtdgdsj ak` gbarnm hi dksdkgmrdty anadkst tbm Nurus.

Pbm Wdeb Nurus hk tbm htbmr bak`, sh says Oanodt Wdknb, lrhemaway ghjpcmtmcy irhj tbm gastm systmj lhtb d`mhchndgaccy ak`hrnakdzatdhkaccy, ly grmatdkn tbm Wdeb Vaktb hutsd`m tbm gastm shgdmty.

Pbmy wmkt iurtbmr ak` grmatm` dkstdtutdhks cdemCaknar, Waknat, Ajrdt

wbdgb kht hkcy mkalcm`, lut rmqudrm`, tbm Wdebs irhj acc gastms thghknrmnatm, whrsbdp, dktmr`dkm ak` cdvm thnmtbmr, dk pmagm ak` war wdtbhut `dstdkgtdhk hi gastm. Wdkgm tbm Bdkùs ba` lmmk dk tbm nrdp hi gastm systmj ihr gmkturdms tbm prhnrmss hi tbm lrmae a way gastmcmssshgdmty was lhuk` th lm schw. Mvmk ajhkn Gbrdstdaks ak` Juscdjs,shjm hi tbhsm Ghkvmrtm` irhj Lrabjdks ak` Ebatrds arm mvmk khw rmcugtakt th jarry tbhsm wbh ghjm irhj chwmr gastms. Pbm jmrm iagttbat dktmrjarrdanms lmtwmmk Oats ak` khk-Oats hr



=6

sgbmùcm` gastms arm kht ghjjhk hms kht jmak tbat tbm Wdebs lmcdmvmdk gastm systmj. Dkgrmasdkncy Wdebs arm jarrydkn drrmspmgtdvm hi gastmghksd`mratdhks. Pbm `diidgucty dk ghjpcm tmcy nmttdkn rd` hi tbm gastm

dkicumkgm bas lmmk ùm th tbm iagt tbat tbm Wdebs, wbdcm smttdkn up a`dstdkgt rmcdndhus hr`mr d` kht lrmae away irhj tbm Bdkù shgdmty huthi wbdgb jhst hi tbmj ba` ghjm. Di hut hi a iajdcy hkm lmgajm aWdeb, tbm rmst, dkgcu`dkn bds lrhtbmrs ak` sdstmrs, rmjadkm` Bdkùs, ymttbmy cdvm` thnmtbmr ak` tbmrm was kh shgdac smnrmnatdhk. Dk tbmsmgdrgujstakgms di shjm Wdebs ghktdkum`th lm uk`mr tbm hc` iajdcy khtdhks alhut jatrdjhkdac accdakgms dt ds

ukiadr th aggusm tbmj hi khk-Wdeb ghkùgt. \momgtdhk hi gastm systmjgakkht lm ghkstrum` as ak dkoukgtdhk th jarry hutsd`m yhur gastm, lutas irmm`hj th jarry drrmspmgtdvm hi gastm ghksd`mratdhks.

Dt just lm kht lm ihrnhttmk tbat dk smmedkn a lrd`m hr a lrd`mnrhhjqudtm a kujlmr hi ghksd`mratdhks ardsm. Wudtaldcdty ds `mtmrjdkm`,ajhkn htbmrs, ly shgdac phsdtdhk, aldcdty th idt dk tbm kmw iajdcy, rmcdndhk,mùgatdhk, ghjjhk hutchhe hk cdim mtg. Di tbm Nurus `d` kht jarry

hutsd`m tbm Ebatrd ihc` dt ds ukiadr th aggusm tbmj hi vdhcatdhk hi tbmdrhwk dkoukgtdhk anadkst gastm systmj. Ihr ghktdkuatdhk hi tbm iajdcy tra`dtdhk ak` tbmdr jdssdhk tbmy ba` th smcmgt a cdim partkmr ihrtbmjsmcvms hr tbmdr gbdc`rmk aitmr taedkn dkth agghukt acc tbm rmcmvaktiagthrs. Ds dt sunnmstm` tbat dk hr`mr th `mjhkstratm tbmdr rmomgtdhk hi tbm gastm systmj tbmy sbhuc` bavm ja`m dt a phdkt th jarryYadsbayas hr Wu`ras8Dk `macdkn wdtb tbds qumstdhk dt ds ukiadr th sbut Hur myms th

tbm lhc` stmps tbat tbm Nurus, rdnbt irhj Kakae, thhe dk rhhtdkn hutukthugbaldcdty ak` dktrhùgdkn pragtdgms ak` dkstdtutdhks tbat prhjhtm`mnacdtardak ak` gastmcmss shgdmty.

JgCmh` tbmk tmccs us tbat tbm Oat ghjjukdty cajmkts tbat kh Oat wasja`m a Nuru. Dt ds ihr tbm idrst tdjm tbat hkm cmarks alhut sugb a nrhusm, ak`tbat thh, irhj JgCmh`. Kh sugb nrdmvakgm bas mvmr lmmk bmar` lmihrm mvmkdk prdvatm. As dt bas agtuaccy bappmkm`, hut hi tbm tmk Wdeb Nurus tbm cast

smvmk ba` ghjjhk `msgmkt irhj tbm sajm Wh`bd iajdcy



=1

ak` hkcy tbm idrst ak` smghk` gajm irhj `diimrmkt iajdcdms. Mvmk tbmtbdr` Nuru, Ajar @as Lbacca, was rmcatm` th bds suggmsshrs as tbmihurtb Nuru \aj @as was bds shk-dk-caw. ^m just kht ihrnmt tbat dk

gbhhsdkn tbmdr suggmsshrs tbm Nurus ba` th idk` hut wbh whuc` lmjhst sudtalcm th garry hk tbmdr jdssdhk ak` ghjjak` tbm ghkid`mkgmhi tbm Wdebs. Nuru Kakae gbhsm bds `msmrvdkn `dsgdpcm Cmbka (Nuru

Akna`), tbus `mprdvdkn lhtb bds shks, kht wdtbstak`dkn tbm iagt tbathkm hi tbmj, Lala Wrd Gbak`, was a `mmpcy rmcdndhus ak` bdnbcy rmspmgtm` yhuknjak mvhtm` mktdrmcy th spdrdtuac upcdit. Dt ds sdnkdidgakttbat wbmkmvmr shjm Wdeb Nuru iagm` hpphsdtdhk th bds suggmssdhk dt

was hkcy irhj bds gchsm rmcatdhks wbh aspdrm` th tbm aunust hiidgm hi tbm Nuru ak` kht irhj akyhkm wbh waktm` tbm suggmssdhk th lm huthi tbm iajdcy hr ihr a Oat hr akhtbmr khk-Ebatrd.

Pbm djphrtakt iagt tbat bas th lm empt dk jdk` ds tbat rdnbt irhj dtsdkgmptdhk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ukmqudvhgaccy rmomgtm` gastm systmj ak`strhvm suggmssiuccy th emmp hut dts attmk`akt mvdcs. Ak ukldasm`hlsmrvmr bas hkcy th chhe arhuk` ak` smm wbat a nrmat `dstakgm tbm

Wdebdsj bas travmrsm`. Pbm prmsmkt `ay cdnbt-bmartm` tace hi Oat ak`khk Oat ghkstdtutdhk hi tbm Vaktb bas khtbdkn th `h wdtb tbm Wdebd`mhchny lut ds prhjptm` ly mghkhjdg iagthrs ak` phcdtdgac ajldtdhkshi tbm imw.

R Jdcdtardzatdhk

Pbm jartyr`hj hi Nuru Aroak dk 1969 A.@. was a turkdkn phdkthi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. Bm was tbm Aphstcm hi Vmagm ak` `mvhtm` bdstdjm th tbm ludc`dkn up hi tbm Wdeb Gburgb. ]k`mr bdj, as EbusbwaktWdknb puts dt, tbm smm` shwk ly Nuru Kakae lchsshjm` dk dts iucckmss,ak` jmk irhj iar ak` kmar, dkgcu`dkn Juscdjs, ichgem` th bdj. Mjpmrhr

Ombakndr ghuc` kht lmar tbm nrhwdkn dkicumkgm hi Nuru Aroak ak`rmshcvm` th put ak mk` th wbat bm gaccm` –tbds iacsm traiidg tbat curm`

ihhcs irhj acc hvmr.‚ Pbus Nuru Aroak was taemk



=<

th Cabhrm ak` thrturm` th `matb. Pbds sbhgem` tbm Wdebs. PbmNuru—s shk ak` suggmsshr, Nuru Barnhldk` rmacdsm` tbat tdjm ba` ghjmth mimk` bds Wdebs ak` tbm Iadtb wdtb arjs. Wh bm dkvdtm` hiimrdkns hi

arjs ak` bhrsms th tradk bds jmk as shc`dmrs. At tbm tdjm hi bdsdkstaccatdhk as Nuru bm ndr`m` kht hkm lut twh swhr`s as `mimk`mrlhtb hi tbm Iadtb ak` tmjphrac dktmrmsts hi bds pmhpcm. Pbm kmw mcmjmkttbat tbus jhuc`m` tbm nrhwtb hi Wdebdsj rmagbm` dts gucjdkatdhk wbmkNuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm Pmktb Nuru, grmatm` tbm Ebacsa Lrhtbmrbhh`,jaedkn tbm swhr` ak` uksbhrk badr mssmktdac mqudpjmkt hi tbm Ebacsaly dkgcu`dkn tbmj dk tbm idvmeaeas (Wdeb syjlhcs) tbat bm prmsgrdlm`

at tbm laptdsj hi bds Vako-Vdaras(tbm Idvm Lmchvm`) wbh idrst rmsphk`m`th tbm gacc hi tbm Nuru ak` hiimrm` th cay `hwk tbmdr bma`s ihr bdjak` tbm Vaktb.

@r. JgCmh` bas gbaccmknm` tbds tra`dtdhkac ak` chkn aggmptm`agghukt hi tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ak` ghktmk`stbat tbm arjdkn hi tbm Vaktb ghuc` kht bavm lmmk tbm rmsuct hi aky `mgdsdhk hi Nuru Barnhldk`, lut tbm nrhwtb hi jdcdtakgy wdtbdk tbm

Vaktb just lm tragm` prdjardcy th tbm djpagt hi tbm gucturac pattmrkshi tbm oats wbh ba` mktmrm` tbm Vaktb dk carnm kujlmrs. Dk puttdkn ihrwar` tbds lhc` tbmhry JgCmh` bas kht hkcy dnkhrm` tbm bdsthrdgacpmrspmgtdvm lut acsh tbm vdtac iagthr hi d`mhchny ak` Wdeb mtbhs. At tbm

vmry hutsmt JgCmh` assujms tbat prdhr th tbm jartyr`hj hi Nuru Aroak, oatsdk carnm kujlmrs ba` kht hkcy mktmrm` tbm Wdeb ihc` lut acshlmgajm sh phwmriuc as th `dvmrt hvmrkdnbt tbm ghursm hi pmagmiuc

rmcdndhus jhvmjmkt dk ak mktdrmcy diimrmkt drmgtdhk. Pbmrm, bhwmvmr,ds kh lasds ihr tbm assujptdhk tbat tbm oats wmrm tbm prm`hjdkakt mcmjmktajhkn tbm Wdebs wbmk Nuru Barnhldk` lmgajm tbm Nuru hr tbat tbmy

wmrm assmrtdvm mkhunb th gbaknm tbm Ghursm hi a pmagmiuc rmcdndhusjhvmjmkt tbat ba` ichurdsbm` uk`mr Nuru Aroak. Dk iagt, tbm tmstdjhky hi Lbad Nur`as ak` Jhbasakiakd ds th tbm Ghktrary ak` tbat idk`ssupphrt irhj tbm partdgdpakts dk tbm prm Ebacsa lattcms ak` tbat hi

Gbajeaur. Anadk dt ds sdnkdidgakt



=7

tbat hut hi tbm jartyrs wbh wmrm wdtb Nuru Pmnb Labaùr ak` ajhkn tbm idvmVdaras,hkcy hkm was a oat,ak` bm thh was irhj Bastakapur, apcagm hutsd`m Vukoal. Dk Lakà—s gajpadnk tbm rmgrudts wmrm jhstcy

irhj tbm chwmr gastms.Dt just kht lm ihrnhttmk tbat tdcc tbm jartyr`hj hi Nuru Aroak tbm

Wdeb jhvmjmkt ba` a pmagmiuc ghursm ihr a buk`rm` ymars hi dtsmxdstmkgm, ak` ùrdkn tbm twmkty idvm ymars hi bds phktdidgatm tbds

Aphstcm hi pmagm ba` whrem` gmasmcmsscy th ihstmr ajdty ak` nhh`wdcc.Bm kht hkcy nht tbm ihukàtdhk hi Bardjak`mr Wabdl cad` ly tbm JuscdjWadkt Jdak Jdr lut nhdkn iurtbmr dkgcu`m` tbm ghjphsdtdhks hi Juscdjs

ak` chw gastms dk tbm Nraktb Wabdl tbat ds khw tbm Mtmrkac Nuru hi tbm Wdebs. ^huc` tbm oats, wbh agghr`dkn th JgCmh` `d` kht mktmr tbmWdeb ihc` mjpty-bak`m` lut garrydkn tbmdr arjs, lm attragtm` ly tbdsaphstcm hi pmagm, Nuru Aroak, dk kujlmrs, hr bavdkn mktmrm` wadt tdcctbm suggmssdhk hi Barnhldk` th jdcdtardzm a pmagmiuc jhvmjmkt ak`sphdc ihr a idnbt anadkst tbm jdnbty Junbac Mjpdrm8 Kh. Hk tbm ghktrary,dt was tbm assujptdhk hi tbm rhcm hi tbm `mimk`mr hi Jdrd ak` Vdrdtbat

prhjptm` oatsth ohdk tbds mnacdtardak rmvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkt.Dk tbmsm panms tbm tbmsds hi JgCmh` alhut tbm jdcdtardzatdhk bas

lmmk mxajdkm` ly oanodtWdknb dk acc dts aspmgts ak` wbat bm says gakkhtiadc th ghjpmc us th ohdk dssums wdtb JgCmh` hk tbds phdkt. Jgcmh`—stbmhry prhgmm`s hk gmrtadk assujptdhks wbdgb arm kht warraktm` ly iagts. Oanodt Wdknb bas rdnbtcy phdktm` hut tbat tbmrm ds kh jatmrdac thsupphrt tbm assmrtdhk tbat tbm Oats wmrm tbm prm`hjdkakt mcmjmkt ajhkn

tbm Wdebs wbmk Nuru Barnhldk` `mgd`m`th jdcdtardzm, hr mvmk catmr wbmk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ihunbt bds lattcmshr wbmk Lakà Labaùr gajm hk tbm sgmkm. Emmpdkn hi swhr` akùksbhrk badr wmrm kht tbm mcmjmkt hi tbm Oat gucturm ak` dt was hkcy aitmr Nuru Barnhldk` gaccm` uphk bds Wdebs th lrdkn arjs as hiimrdknstbat bds Wdebs rmsphk`m`. Oanodt Wdknb pmrtdkmktcy ases bhw ds dt tbattbhsm Oats wbh rmjadkm` hut hi tbm Wdeb ihc` kmdtbmr rmtadkm` tbm

pmgucdar Oat imaturms, uphk wbdgb JgCmh` rmcdms, khr



=0

`mvmchpm` tbm spdrdt ak` hutchhe tbat `dstdknudsbm` tbm Wdebs hi tbm Oat hrdndk. Hk `dspassdhkatm stu`y hkm gakkht msgapm tbm ghkgcusdhktbat dt was tbm Wdebs d`mhchny ak` tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Wdeb Nurus,

wbh sagrdidgm` mvmk tbmdr cdvms ak` tbhsm hi tbmdr kmar ak` `mar hkms,tbat traksihrjm` tbm `dsparatm mcmjmkts ak` jhuc`m` tbmj dkth tbmEbacsa djldldkn tbm imrvhur ihr jartyr`hj tdcc tbds ày.

Pbmsm arm shjm hi tbm sacdmkt dssums radsm` ly Hr. JgCmh`. Pbmhtbmrs wbdgb arm acsh hi gar`dkac katurm kmm` th lm nhkm dkth th mcugdàtmtbm Wdeb @hgtrdkm ak` assdst tbhsm dktmrmstm` dk tbm Wdeb stu`dms. Pbmy

wdcc ihrj tbm sulomgt jattmr hi a ghjpakdhk vhcujm. Pbm Wdeb Wtu`dms

arm at a grugdac stanm ak` tbm Wdeb, arm passdkn tbrhunb a vmry diidguctpmrdh` wbdgb iagms tbmj wdtb kujmrhus prhlcmjs. Pbm whrtb hi apartdgucar stu`y wdcc lm ou`nm` ly tbm hlomgtdvm hi tbm sgbhcar ghkgmrkm`.Khw tbat qudtm a kujlmr hi tbm Wdebs arm smttcdkn alrha` ak` tbmy armtbm mùgatm` gcass, tbmy kmm` uk`mrstak`dkn th jaem tbmj usmiucjmjlmr hi tbm shgdmty dk wbdgb tbmy cdvm. Pbus tbm hlomgtdvm th prhjhtmuk`mrstak`dkn hi tbmdr rmcdndhk, bdsthry mtg. ds jhst wmcghjm. Dk Dk`da

dtsmci dt lmghjms dkgrmasdkncy kmgmssary th lrdkn hut tbm `dstdkgtghktrdlutdhk ja`m ly tbm Wdebs ak` tbmdr Nurus kht hkcy th tbm katdhkacnhh` ak` Dk`dak shgdmty lut th bujak wmciarm as wmcc. Wgbhcars mknanm`dk sugb stu`dms, dkgcu`dkn tbhsm wbh arm wm``m` th tbm grdtdgacjmtbh`hchny, sbhuc` uk`mrtaem tbm ohl kht dk a spdrdt hi `dsghvmrdkn iaccagdms, lut th strmkntbmk tbm Wdeb Pra`dtdhk.

RD

Vakoa Wabdl Dt ds kht wdtbdk tbm sghpm hi tbds vhcujm th mxajdkm Hr. JgCmh`—s

ghkgcusdhks hk sgrutdky hi tbm vardhus dkgd`mkts(saebds)hi Nuru Kakae—scdim karratm` dk tbm oakajsaebdsth wbdgb bm bas `mvhtm` 10> panms hi bdsidrst lhhe Nuru Kakae ak` tbm Wdeb \mcdndhkak` catmr tbm mktdrm vhcujm

hi 766 panms, Marcy Wdeb Pra`dtdhk. Pbm prmsmkt wrdtmr wdcc,



==

bhwmvmr, cdem th pcagm lmihrm tbm rma`mr wbat bm bas pmrshkaccy hlsmrvm` at tbm phpucar ak` bdnbcy vmkmratm`Wdeb sbrdkm hi Vakoa Wabdl at Basak Alàc dk tbm Khrtb ^mstmrk

`dstrdgt hi Atthge, khw dk Vaedstak alhut 76 jdcms irhj \awacpdk`d.Dk tbds vhcujm Hr. Khmc Q. Edkn hk mxajdkdkn JgCmh`—s rmomgtdhks

as –amtdhchndgac cmnmk`‚ tbmWaebdalhut Vakoa Wabdl ak` tbm Wdebtra`dtdhk asshgdatm` wdtb dt ghkgcu`ms?

–@r. JgCmh` wbh ds sh hutstak`dkn ihr bds mxbaustdvm idmc` whre `hms kht smmj th bavm trdm` th ghccmgt hrac mvd`mkgm irhj tbmjaky cdvdkn Wdebs wbh bavm vdsdtm` Vakoa Wabdl ak` dk`mm` phssmss

`mtadcm` pbhthnrapbs. Dk a``dtdhk, Vaedstak wmcghjms Kmw _macak`mr ak` tbhunb Wdeb sbrdkms arm garmiuccy smacm` hii thprmvmkt iakatdgs àjandkn tbmj, sgbhcars wdtb pmrsdstmkgm akà`rhdt usm hi rmshurgms gak nmt aggmss th jhst tbdkns. Dt bas th lma`jdttm` tbat grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp bas bmrm pmrihrjm` cmss tbak dtslmst wdtb rmnar` th hkm hi tbm sagrm` tbdkns ihr wbdgb Wdebs arm

wdccdkn th cay `hwk tbmdr cdvms.‚

Pbmsm ghjjmkts bavm lmmk hggasdhkm` ly tbm iagt tbat JgCmh`ba` ja`m jugb hi tbm varydkn rmjares hi shjm ihrmdnk travmccmrs

wbh `msgrdlm` tbmVakoa(pacj djprmssdhk) ihuk` dk tbds sbrdkm`diimrmktcy as –pacj-jare mtgbm` uphk tbm rhge‚, –ak dkgdsdhk gut dkthdt‚, hr a –las-rmcdmi‚. @r. Edkn rdnbtcy phdkts hut tbat @r. JgCmh`,

wbh ds akxdhus th asgmrtadk iagts, ghuc` bavm masdcy nhkm th tbm sphtak` smmk ihr bdjsmci wbat dt chhem` cdem. Lmdkn a Kmw _macak`mr, wbh

ba` spmkt jaky ymars dk Vukoal, bm ba` masy aggmss, mspmgdaccy wbmkmknanm` dk rmsmargb.

Pbm prmsmkt wrdtmr was lhrk at \awacpdk`d ak` mùgatm` tbmrm. Aitmr`hdkn Caw bm pragtdsm` tbmrm at tbm Lar tdcc bm sbditm` th tbm CabhrmBdnb Ghurt thwar`s tbm mk` hi tbm ymar 140<. Mvmry ymar bm usm` th

vdsdt pakoa Wabdl smvmrac tdjms partdgucarcy hk tbm akkuac Ladsaebd imstdvac wbdgb ds mvmk khw lmdkn gmcmlratm` tbmrm ly Wdebs irhj acc hvmr tbm

whrc`. Bm `dstdkgtcy rmjmjlmrs tbat at tbm m`nm hi tbm phhc, tbmrm



=9

ba` acways lmmk a gcmar djprmssdhk hi hpmk pacj hi a bak`rmgmssm` dkth tbm rhge, hr bak`-sbapm` mprmssdhk. Ydsdthrs th tbm sbrdkmghuc` kht rmsdst tbm cdjpd` ghhc watmr ak` wbdcm taedkn a dp hr latbdkn

whuc` tbrhw watmr hvmr tbm pacj djprmssdhk ak` ghccmgtdkn dt dk tbmpacj hi tbmdr hwk bak`,as dt `rdppm`, sdp dt.

Pbm mxdstdkn Nur`wara ludc`dkn was mrmgtm` dk tbm ymar 147< (A.@.)aitmr `mjhcdsbdkn tbm hc` hkm tbat ba` lmmk ludct ly Jabaraoa \akodtWdknb. Pbm pacj djprmssdhk ihuk` tbmrm lmihrm ak` aitmr rm-ghkstrugtdhk ds tbm sajm. Pbmrm ds, bhwmvmr, ak djphrtakt `diimrmkgm

dk thphnrapby. Vrdhr th 1470 tbm phrtdhk hi tbm rhge alhvm tbm pacj-djprmssdhk chhem` th lm a part hi tbm rhge tbat cma` th tbm ihht hi tbmbdcc asshgdatm` wdtb tbm jmjhry hi âcd Qak`bard ak` dt ihstmrm` tbmlmcdmi dk tbm Wdeb tra`dtdhkac agghukt(Waebd)alhut tbds bhcy pcagm.

^bdcm ghkstrugtdkn tbm kmw Nur`wara ludc`dkn, tbm nrhuk` alhvm tbmVakoa was cmvmccm` th mxtmk` tbm ghjphuk` ak` ludc`caknar,sthrmbhusms ak` agghjjhàtdhk ihr vdsdthrs ak` htbmrs. Pbds was catmr

rmnrmttm` as dt ba` dktmrimrm` wdtb tbm katurac surrhuk`dknstbat ba` bdsthrdgac vacum. Wugb tbhunbtcmss agts hi mjhcdtdhk hi bdsthrdgludc`dkns arm mvmk khw nhdkn hk, `mspdtm tbm iagt tbat tbm WbrdhjakdNur`wara Varlak`bae Ghjjdttmm, a statuthry lh`y, ds gbarnm` wdtbtbm uty hi chhedkn aitmr ak` jadktadkdkn tbm bdsthtdg Wdeb Nur`warasak` sagrm` pcagms. Hkm sugb rmgmkt dkstakgm ds tbat hi Qdcca Akak`narbdk Akak`pur Wabdl, tbm ihrt irhj wbmrm Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ihunbt

jaky lattcms. Pdcc a imw ymars lage tbm waccs hi tbm ihrt, dts parapmts,tbmlahcd,bd`mhuts wdtb ludc`dkns alhvm dt wmrm dktagt. Khw, mxgmptihr tbm jadk mktrakgm th tbm ihrt, wbdgb ds acsh cdemcy th lm mjhcdsbm`shhk, mvmry ludc`dkn hr imaturm hi tbm ihrt bas lmmk hlcdtmratm` ak` dtslage phrtdhk bas lmmk cmvmccm` th cdke dt wdtb tbm aòhdkdkn bdcchge hk

wbdgb tbm Nur`wara Emsbnarb stak`s. Hur gbdc`rmk ak` sgbhcars armtbus lmdkn `mprdvm` hi tbm hggucar mvd`mkgm tbat cmk`s grm`mkgm th

tbm vardhus dkgd`mkts rmghr`m` dk tbm Wdeb bdsthry. Whhk tbmrm wdcc lmkhtbdkn cmit at Akak`pur Wabdl



=>

th ghkkmgt dt wdtb tbm bdsthry hi Ebacsa, ak` dkstma` wm sbacc bavm tbmrmgmktcy ghkstrugtm` Nur`waras wdtb alukàkgm hi jarlcm ak` shjmjh`mj ajmkdtdms ihr tbm jakanmjmkt ak` vdsdthrs.

PbmVakoahr tbm hpmk pacj djprmssdhk hk tbm rhge at Vakoa Wabdlgak lm gaccm` a jdragcm lut tbm iagt tbat dt ds tbmrm gakkht lm `mkdm`.Lmsd`ms tbm pbhthnrapbs taemk ly vardhus pmrshks aitmr tbm partdtdhkhi tbm ghuktry, tbm prmsmkt wrdtmr bas dk bds phssmssdhk a pbhthnrapbtaemk prdhr th tbm rmghkstrugtdhk hi tbm Nur`wara dk 147<.

Dt ds dktmrmstdkn th khtm tbat `macdkn wdtb Vakoa Wabdl dk bdsNuru Kakae ak` tbm Wdeb \mcndhk,JgCmh`, wbdcm rmomgtdkn tbm Zakaj-saebd

agghukt, ghuc` kht lut ghkgm`m?–Pbmrm ds hi ghursm, a bak`-sbapm` `mprmssdhk dk a rhge at

Bassak Alàc ak` tbm Nur`wara tbat bas lmmk ludct at tbm sdtm dsrmnar`m` as hkm hi tbm jhst djphrtakt hi acc Wdeb tmjpcms. –7=

Dt bas a ihht-khtm wbdgb tmccs us?–Pbm prmsmkt ‒bak`-jare— ds ukjdstaealcy rmgmssm` dkth tbm

rhge, kht prhomgtdkn dk rmcdmi Dt bas lmmk whrk sjhhtb ly thugb hi

dkkujmralcm bak`s.‚79

@macdkn wdtb dt catmr dk bds Marcy Wdeb Pra`dtdhk, wbdcm stdgedkn thbds rmomgtdhk hi tbm Wdeb tra`dtdhk, bm rmimrs th tbm `msgrdptdhk hi tbmpacj-jares ndvmk ly N.L. Wghtt dk 1476 ak` says?

–Dt was mvd`mktcy ùrdkn tbm ghursm hi 1406 tbat tbm hrdndkacrmprmsmktatdhk dk rmcdmi was mvmktuaccy rmpcagm` ly a gru`m dktancdhgut dkth tbm rhge. Pbm m`nms wbdgb wmrm at idrst sbarp bavm khw

lmmk whrk sjhhtb.‚7>

Pbds ghkomgturac ghkgcusdhk ds shunbt th lm supphrtm` ly tbm ihcchwdkn ihht-khtm?

–Pbds dkihrjatdhk was suppcdm` th tbm wrdtmr ly tbrmmdkihrjakts wbh vdsdtm` tbm sbrdkm at Vakoa Wabdl. Agghr`dkn thtbm idrst dkihrjakt tbm garvdkn dk rmcdmi was stdcc tbmrm dk marcy 1406. Pbm smghk`, wbh vdsdtm` tbm



=2

sdtm catmr dk tbm sajm ymar statm` tbat tbm bak`-jare ba` lmmkdkgdsm` lut tbm m`nms wmrm sbarp. Pbm tbdr`, wbhsm vdsdt thhe pcagmdk 1490, rmphrtm` tbat tbm m`nms wmrm sjhhtb.‚72

Ihr prhpmr apprmgdatdhk hi tbm jattmr dt ds bmrm kmgmssary thrmjmjlmr tbat tbm Nur`wara ludc`dkn at Vakoa Wabdl was rmghkstrugtm`dk 147< ak` ghjpcmtm` wdtbdk twh ymars. As tbm prmsmkt wrdtmr basstatm` bm ba` lmmk vdsdtdkn tbds sbrdkm mvmry ymar tdcc 140<, lhtb lmihrmak` aitmr dts rmghkstrugtdhk. Pbm pacj djprmssdhk hk mvmry hggasdhkchhem` tbm sajm. Jdccdhks hi pmrshks, dkgcu`dkn a carnm kujlmr hi Bdkùs ak` htbmr khk-Wdebs, ba` nhkm tbmrm lut kht a sdkncm hut hi

tbmj mvmr ghjpcadkm` hr mvmk vhdgm` a suspdgdhk tbat tbm hrdndkacpacj djprmssdhk ba` lmmk rmpcagm` dk 1406. Mvmk tbm chgac phpucatdhk,

wbdgb was prm`hjdkmktcy Juscdj, ja`m kh sugb accmnatdhk `mspdtmtbm Juscdj Cmanum andtatdhk anadkst tbm Wdebs cma`dkn th tbm ghjjukacbhchgaust hi tbm ymar 140>.

Hkm tbdkn ds, bhwmvmr, gcmar. Pbmrm ds kh accmnatdhk mvmk uptdc tbdsày tbat tbm Vakoa was rmpcagm` ùrdkn tbm rmghkstrugtdhk hi tbm

Nur`wara dk tbm ymar 147<. JgCmh` says dt was jugb catmr dk 1406. Dtds pmrtdkmkt th ase wby sugb a sulstdtutdhk lmgajm kmgmssary5 ak`ghuc` dt lm ja`m wdtbhut prhtmst irhj tbm `mvhtmms wbh ba` lmmkrmnucarcy vdsdtdkn tbm sbrdkm, ak` tbat thh dk tbm ymar 14068 PbmNur`wara Jakanmjmkt ghuc` kmvmr bavm mvmk tbhunbt hi sugb armpcagmjmkt as tbm Vakoa ds tbm jhst sagrm` rmcdg ihr tbm prmsmrvatdhkhi wbdgb kh Wdeb whuc` bavm bmsdtatm` th cay `hwk bds cdim.

Anadk di tbm m`nms hi pacj djprmssdhk wmrm kht whrk sjhhtb urdkn buk`rm` hi ymars, wbmk jdccdhks ak` jdccdhks just bavm vdsdtm` tbdssbrdkm, bhw ghuc` tbmy wmar hii aitmr 1406, mspmgdaccy dk vdmw hi tbmiagt tbat tbm Wbrdkm was gchsm` ihr qudtm a kujlmr hi ymars hk tbmpartdtdhk hi tbm ghuktry dk 140>. Mvmk wbmk dt was rmhpmkm` th tbm`mvhtmms ihr a imw ymars lmihrm 1490, hkcy hkgm dk a ymar hk tbmLadsaebd imstdvac ghuc` a imw buk`rm` ghknrmnatm tbmrm ihr a ghupcm hi

àys.



=4

Dt ds ukihrtukatm tbat a sgbhcar cdem JgCmh` sbhuc` bavm shunbtsupphrt irhj sugb icdjsy prhps th rmomgt tbm Waebd.

\MIM\MKGMW

1. JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae & Wdeb \mcdndhk, V. vdd.<. Dld`.7 . JgCmh`, Mvhcutdhk hi Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. <=.0. JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae & Wdeb \mcdndhk, p. 109=. Pmward, Dk`daks dk Kmw _macak`, p. 1<2.9. JgCmh`, Mvhcutdhk hi Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. =.>. Dld`., p. 2.2. Dld`., p. 1<4. Dld`., p. 1916. Dld`., p. 1211. Dld`., p. 221<. Dld`., p. 1>17. Dld`., p. 91, 9710. JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae & Wdeb \mcdndhk,p. vdd.1=. Dkira19. Dkira1>. Butgbdkshk, Vatbs hi Iadtb 12. JgCmh`, Mvhcutdhk hi Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. 19.14. Dld`., p. 12<6. Dkira<1. JgCmh`,<<. Mvhcutdhk hi Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. 9.<<. Vmrspmgtdvms hk Nuj Kakae,p. 116.<7. Barlaks Wdknb,Lmrecmy Cmgturms,p. >.<0. Dld`., p. 16<=. Oumrnmksjmymr,Wdeb Wtu`dms,p. >=, >9.<9 Dld`., p. 29.<>. Gukkdnbaj, A Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,p. 70.

<2. Wtu`dms dk Wdebdsj ohurkac hi Nuj Kakae Ihuk`atdhk, Yhc. D, Kh. D, Hgt. 142<, p. <6<4. Dld`., p. <076. Barlaks Wdknb,Bmrdtanm hi Wdebs,p. 42.71. Ebusbwakt Wdknb,Bdsthry hi Wdebs, Yhc. D, p. 24.7<. Barlaks Wdknb,Bmrdtanm hi Wdebs,p. 111.77. Nuru Nraktb Wabdl,p. ><<.70. Barlaks Wdknb,Lmrecmy Cmgturms,p. 7<.7=. JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae & Bds \mcdndhk,p. >4.79. Dld`., i.k7>

7>. JgCmh , Marcy Wdeb Pra`dtdhk, p. 47

72. Dld`., i.k



96

<

H\DMKPACDWJ, G\DPDGAC WGBHCA\WBDV AK@ PBM WDEB \MCDNDHK

KHMC Q. EDKN

Pbds papmr bas lmmk burrdm`cy wrdttmk urdkn dktmksdvm travmccdkn hk idmc` rmsmargb dk Dk`da. D wdcc bavm cmit Dk`da lmihrm idkac m`dtdkn. Daphchndsm ihr kht ndvdkn mtadcm` rmimrmkgms ak` ihr `macdkn wdtb sh

nrmat a tbmjm bapbazar`cy, lut shjmtbdkn, bhwmvmr bactdkn, bas thlm sad`. mstmrk grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp bas nht dtsmci dkth a jhrass ak`jdkmidmc`, wm, dts mxphkmkts arm pcaydkn bhp-sghtgb tbmrmdk. Dk tbdspapmr D attmjpt th shuk` a khtm hi warkdkn, gacc ihr a rm-ghksd`mratdhkhi wbmrm wm arm ak` a jhrm wbhcdstdg apprhagb. Jy spmgdacdzatdhkds Bdsthry hi \mcdndhk(\mcdhksnmsgbdgbtm)a sulomgt wbdgb ds stdcc at akmarcy stanm hi `mvmchpjmkt. Pbm rma`mr sbhuc` acsh lm awarm tbat Daj a ihcchwmr hi a rmcdndhus`barja, D aggmpt tbm trutb hi tbm jmssanmhi tbm Wrd A`d Nraktb Wabdl, lut D aj kht a Wdeb.

Ihr arhuk` twh gmkturdms khw Murhpmak Wgbhcars ak` tbmdrghccmanums dk tbmdr hutmr whrc` dk Khrtb Ajmrdga ak` cattmrcy dk tbm

Aktdph`ms, bavm lmmk sulomgtdkn tbm nrmat rmcdndhks hi tbm whrc` th vardhus gakhks hi –Grdtdgdsj‚. Pbm Nrmme mtyjhchny djpcdmslacakgm` ou`nmjmkt lut tbm whr` bas ghjm dk ghjjhk usanm thjmak a wmdnbdkn dk lacakgms ak` ak acjhst dkmvdtalcm `mgdsdhk tbattbm rmcdndhus tra`dtdhk ds ihuk` waktdkn. Hkm hi tbm idrst rmcdndhuslhhes th lm sulomgtm` th grdtdgdsj was tbm Omwdsb Caw, Vrhpbmtsak` rdtdkns wbdgb tbm Gbrdstdaks gacc tbm Hc` Pmstajmkt. Oust as tbmGbrdstdaks ba` ghjm th turk tbmdr lage hk tbm tra`dtdhkac Omwdsbmxmnmsds, sh tbm grdtdgs dnkhrm` tbm tbdkedkn hi tbmdr prm`mgmsshrshvmr tbm prmvdhus gmkturdms,



91

trustdkn ratbmr th tbmdr hwk –Wgdmktdidg‚ uk`mrstak`dkn hi mtyjhchny,sdtuatdhk dk cdim, shurgm grdtdgdsj, ak` rmàgthr dktmrprmtatdhk.Idk`dkns ak` jmtbh`s irhj htbmr sgdmkgms wmrm appcdm`. Ajhkn

htbmrs tbm tbmhry irhj Khr`dg stu`dms hi bhw jytbs `mvmchpm`,tbm bukt ihr shurgms ak` rmàgthrs dk tbm Nrmme mpdgs, @arwdk—s tbmhry hi mvhcutdhk, wmrm acc appcdm` th tbm Hc` Pmstajmkt. Argbamhchndstsdk Vacmstdkm, Mnypt ak` Jmshphtajda wmrm bar` at whre. Jaky paraccmcs th tbm Hc` Pmstajmkt wmrm un up. JyhD` tmagbmr VrhimsshrW.B. Bhhem hi Chk`hk wbh ba` a``m` tbm stu`y hi trdlacaktbrhphchny ak` Oukndak psygbhchny th acc tbm aga`mjdg mqudpjmkt

oust mkujmratm`, was at hkm phdkt dsjdssm` irhj bds phst at Phrhkthdk a edk` hi wdtgb-bukt. Bm rmjadkm` tbrhunbhut a sdkgmrm lmcdmvmrak` ihcchwmr hi Hc` Pmstajmkt tmagbdkn as aggmptm` ly Gbrdstdakdty.Bds vdmws mxprmssm`, wbmk bm was wmcc hvmr mdnbty, arm whrtbrmpmatdkn. Bm sad` tbm mqudpjmkt tbm grdtdg lrdkns ds as ymt vmry gru`m.Khkmtbmcmss Nh` bas ndvmk us dktmccmgt ak` ases us th usm dt wbatmvmrtbm ghst ak` as iar as dt wdcc nh. Dt jay lm tbm dk`dvdùac—s tranm`y dktbm prhgmss tbat bm chsms bds iadtb. Bm just lm bujlcm ak` rmjmjlmrtbm cdjdtatdhks hi tbm bujak jdk`, rmspmgt tbm ghjjhk lmcdmis ak`chyaccy rmjadk uk`mr tbm dsgdpcdkm hi bds rmcdndhus lh`y mvmk di tbat`dsgdpcdkm turks anadkst bdj pmrshkaccy. Hlsguraktdsts wbh thh masdcy gry –Pbm iadtb dk àknmr‚ just rmjmjlmr tbm kmm` tbat rmashkalcmrmcdndhk bas hi tbm grdtdgs.

D stu`dm` Kmw Pmstajmkt uk`mr Vrhimsshr \.B. Cdnbtihht atHxihr`. Bm ba` garmiuccy sditm` Nmrjak ak` jh`mrkdst tbhunbtak` lrhunbt dt th tbm Mkncdsb spmaedkn whrc`. Bm ba` th ghkgcu`mtbat dk tbm lhhe –^m bmar lut tbm wbdspmr hi (Nh`—s) vhdgm ak` tbmhutsedrts hi bds way.‚ Lmdkn pmrshkaccy prhihuk`cy `mvhut, di hkmsphem th bdj, hkm uk`mrsthh` tbat bm jmakt tbat Nh` ds sh nrmat,tbat tbm bujak jdk`, mspmgdaccy at tbds phdkt dk tbm `mvmchpjmkt hi grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp, gakkht ly dtsmci nmt iar dk ekhwdkn Bdj. Jy htbmr tmagbmr hi Kmw Pmstajmkt, Vrhimsshr Nmhiirmy Cajpm, wbh

rmgmktcy ja`m a nhh` `matb dk tbm lhshj hi



9<

bds jhtbmr, tbm Gburgb, hkgm th bds hwk surprdsm ihuk` bdjsmci hkmMastmr jhrkdkn hk Katdhkac tmcmvdsdhk lmdkn uk`mrsthh` as tmccdkn idvmjdccdhk pmhpcm tbat Omsusba` kht rdsmk irhj tbm `ma`. Dk iagt, bm ba`

sad` tbat idrst ak` cast lmcdmi dk Omsusak` tbm \msurrmgtdhk ds a rmsphksmdk iadtb. Whurgms wbdgb navm `mtadcs hi mjpty thjls, mtg., arm kht hi djphrtakgm as ghjparm` wdtb tbm tmstdjhky hi tbm ukdvmrsac Gburgb,ak` mspmgdaccy tbm chvm sbhwk th acc tbm ghsjhs ly tbm lmcdmvmr.

Pbmsm jmk wmrm lmcdmvmrs, strunncdkn th tbdke hut tbm prhlcmjsak` hpphrtukdtdms prhvd`m` ly iadtb ak` sgbhcarsbdp. Lut tbmrm armjaky htbmrs, phst-Gbrdstdak, phst-Omwdsb, wbh

whre dk a shjmwbat `diimrmkt way. Pbmrm arm acsh tbhsm wbh bavdkn lmmk at hkm tdjm iakatdgaccy Gbrdstdak, wbh shunbt th lm dk tbm ihrmirhktly lmghjdkn kuks hr jdssdhkardms, gajm th chsm iadtb dk acc rmcdndhk,mspmgdaccy tbmdr hwk. Ak mxtrmjm gasm ds tbat hi ak mx-kuk dk tbm ]kdtm`Wtatms, wbh a imw ymars anh pulcdsbm` a lhhe garmiuccy whrem` hut dktbm jhst tra`dtdhks hi jh`mrk grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp th sbhw tbat ihht-ldk`dkn dk Gbdka,sutmmdk Dk`da, imjacm nmkdtac jutdcatdhk dk Airdga ak`

tbm jacm `hjdkatdhk hi nykamghchny dk jh`mrk Ajmrdga wmrm th lmcdkem` wdtb tbm jacm Gbrdstdak jdkdstry as a jassdvm pcht ly jacms dkrmcdndhk th hpprmss whjmk. Lut qudtm ghjjhk th-ày ds tbm ihrjmrcy ghkvdkgm` Gbrdstdak wbh bas lmghjm dsdccusdhkm` ak` turks th grdtdgacsgbhcarsbdp as a edk` hi whrsbdp hi tbm bujak dktmccmgt ak` a–whreaghcgdsj‚ th ùcc bds hr bmr `dsapphdktjmkt ak` irustratdhk ly bhurs ak` bhurs hi `ru`nmry hvmr jdkutm phdkts hi sgbhcarsbdp.

Gbrdstdakdty jay mxpmgt th bavm dts lage icaym` ihr shjm ymars th ghjm wdtb stu`dms ghkkmgtm` wdtb Kan Bajja`d. At tbat Mnyptdak vdccanmtbm cdlrary hi a iditb hr catmr gmktury Ghptdg jhkastdg nrhup was ùn up. Pbm jhkes hlvdhuscy empt suspmgt bmrmtdgac ak` nkhstdg whresbd``mk dk a smparatm pcagm ak` dt was tbdsgagbm wbdgb bas lmmk ihuk`.Lut khw as sgbhcars gasb dk, tbmy wdcc aggusm tbm Gburgb hi supprmssdkn marcy autbmktdg jatmrdac, tbhunb khkm hi tbds jatmrdac gak



97

lm `midkdtmcy prhvmk th lm rmaccy marcy ak` tbhunb tbm Gburgb ba` khjagbdkmry ihr miimgtdvmcy supprmssdkn akytbdkn tdcc qudtm catm dk dtsbdsthry. Mvmk sh tbm Gburgb just lm nratmiuc th acc grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp

ak` kht surrmk`mr th ghksmrvatdvm `dmbar`s.Lut th turk lage th tbm marcy `ays hi jy grdtdgac stu`dms dk tbm catm

kdkmtmmk ihrtdms, D was ihrtukatm mkhunb th nmt a gbakgm th spmk` acdttcm tdjm cdstmkdkn th @r. \u`hci Luctjakk, tbm argbprdmst hi grdtdgacsgbhcarsbdp dk rmcdndhk. Bm ba` lmmk a`vhgatdkn tbm m-jytbhchndzatdhkhi rmcdndhk. Ihr dkstakgm, wm just rmjhvm tbm jytb irhj Gbrdstdakdty tbat Gbrdst gajm hwk irhj bmavmk, lmgajm dkgarkatm ly Ydrndk Jary,

asgmk`m` dkth Bmavmk. ^m just mcdjdkatm Nh` hut-tbmrm jytb ak`rm-gchtbm tbm mxdstmktdac trutb dk caknuanm jhrm idt ihr jh`mrk, sgdmktdidgjak. Bm wdkgm`, wbmtbmr irhj tbm lrasbkmss hi jy qumstdhk hr irhjtbm artbrdtds wbdgb was padkiuccy ghjdkn hvmr bdj, wbmk D asem` wbatbm tbhunbt whuc` lm tbm miimgt hi bds tmagbdkn pasthraccy, tbat ds, ihrpmhpcm wbhsm tase was th tmk` shucs. Bm sad` bm ba` hrdndkaccy tbhunbttbmsm tbdkns hut wbmk ndvdkn pasthrac garm th yhukn jmk wbh wmrm

iagdkn Katdhkac Whgdacdsj dk dts prdjm. D mmpcy rmspmgtm` bds rmpcy lutD rmjadk puzzcm` as th bhw dt bmcpm` pmhpcm sdkedkn dk tbm jytb hi Bdtcmr th ase tbmj th turk th a jytbcmss Gbrdst. Jytb bas th lm jmt hkdts hwk tmrjs ak` uk`mrsthh` as sugb. Ghksd`mratdhks hi spagm rmstradkjm irhj `dsgussdkn tbm tbdkedkn hi tbm nrmat @dmtrdgb Lhkbhmiimr wbhasem` ihr a –rmcdndhkcmss‚ Gbrdstdakdty wbdcm dk a Kazd oadc, ak` wasbaknm` ly tbmj wdtb a pdakh wdrm oust lmihrm tbm Accdm` vdgthry. Bm

sad` jak just ghjm hi anm, stak` hk bds hwk immt ak` chvm Nh` asNh`, kht as a prhp ihr bds rmcdndhsdty.

Ph ghkgcu`m tbmsm sgattmrm` rmjares hk grdtdgac stu`y ak`Gbrdstdakdty, tbm twh bavm ghjm th ajh`us vdvmk`d. Pbm lrha` jd``cmstrmajs hi Gbrdstdakdty nratmiuccy aggmpt jaky tbdkns whk ihr tbmj ly tbm Grdtdgs. Pbm lagenrhuk` ak` jmakdkn hi tbm Ldlcm ds lmttmruk`mrsthh`, tmxt grdtdgdsj bas ndvmk us a tmxt wm ekhw ds gchsmr th tbm

authnrapb tbak



90

tbat hi tbm nrmat ihurtb gmktury gh`dgms. Iukàjmktacdsts ak` `dm-bar`s arm irmm at tbm sajm tdjm th nh tbmdr hwk way ak` rmiusm tbm kmw irmm`hjs hiimrm`. Dk tbm `dacmgtdg lmtwmmk tbm twh nrhups ak` tbm

actmrkatdkn gurrmkts nmkmratm`, tbm trutb ds th lm ihuk`.Dt ds apparmkt irhj acc tbds tbat grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp ds a katdvm nrhwtb

dk Ouàdsj ak` Gbrdstdakdty. Mvmry spmgdms hi grdtdg ds jhrm àknmrhus wbmk dt turks tbm wmaphks `mvmchpm` dk hkm rmcdndhk hkth akhtbmr. Dka``dtdhk, di tbm grdtdgs tbmjsmcvms bavm mpartm` irhj tbmdr hwk lmcdmi,tbmdr rmjares hk htbmr pmhpcm—s sagrm` tbdkns arm cdalcm th lm aiimgtm`tbmrmly. Di tbmy arm dsapphdktm` dk tbmdr hwk iadtb, hitmk tbmdr ldttmrkmss

wdcc lm mxprmssm` dk wbat tbmy say hi tbm iadtb hi htbmrs. Di tbmy tbdke tbmdr hwk hc` rmcdndhk ds lasm` hk drratdhkacdty ak` khksmksm, tbmy wdccbar`cy lm alcm th rmiradk irhj mxtmk`dkn tbm sajm ghurtmsdms th htbmrpmhpcm—s rmcdndhks.

^dtb acc tbds dk jdk`, cmt us turk th cdstmk th wbat jaky mùgatm`Juscdjs arm saydkn alhut wmstmrk grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp drmgtm` thwar`sDscaj. Pbmdrs arm ldttmr whr`s ak` padkiuc th rmpmat, lut, trum hr iacsm

tbmy bavm th lm ghksd`mrm`. Pbmsm Juscdjs phdkt hut tbat a nhh`kujlmr hi tbm cma`dkn wmstmrk Dscajdsts wmrm hi Omwdsb lagenrhuk`.

Pbmy sunnmst tbat sdkgm tbmy ghuc` `h cdttcm th spmae tbmdr jdk`s alhuttbmdr hwk Omwdsb mstalcdsbjmkt ak` tbm Gbrdstdakdty hi tbm rucdkn gcassdk tbmdr bhst ghuktry, pmrbaps Dscaj, uk`mr ghchkdac yhem irhj ^mst

Airdga th tbm Vbdcdppdkms, was ak masdmr tarnmt. Pbmsm Juscdjs acshphdkt hut tbat Omwdsbkmss asd`m, tbm wmstmrk stu`y hi Dscaj was

irmqumktcy ghkkmgtm` wdtb Djpmrdacdsj. Ihr mxajpcm Wkhuge Bunrhkom—s whres hk Agbmb was `drmgtcy rmcatm` th tbm suggmssiuc rmsdstakgm hi tbat part hi Wujatra th tbm @utgb. Irmkgb Dscajdsts dk jaky parts hi

Airdga ak` dk Wyrda iacc dk a sdjdcar gatmnhry. Ajhkn tbm Gbrdstdak jdssdhkardms wbh stu`dm` Dscaj, Juscdjs

irmmcy ndvm bhkhur th tbhsm wbh irhj \ayjhk` Cucc th Pmjpcm Nadr`kmrak` Emkkmtb Grann bavm bmar` tbm trutb



9=

hi tbm gacc hi tbm jdkarmt ak` cmit tbmdr sakàcs at tbm jhsqumnatm, lut tbmy acsh rmjmjlmr tbhsm wbh stu`dm` sh as th `mrd`m tbmautbhrdty hi tbm Qurak hr th lrdkn ihrwar` dkiajhus accmnatdhks alhut

tbm cdim hi tbm Vrhpbmt. Catmrcy, tbmsm Juscdjs khtm, tbm grdtdgs bavmlmnuk th usm Jarxdst grdtmrda th stu`y Dscaj. Juscdj bdsthry ds lmdkn dktmrprmtm` achkn `dacmgtdgac jatmrdacdst cdkms? gcass strunncm ak`mghkhjdgs bavm prdhrdty hvmr tbm ^dcc hi Nh` as jaohr sprdkns hi Bdsthry.

Jaky Bdkùs wmcghjm` tbm grdtdgac apprhagb. Pbmy ohdkm` dk thtry th gcmaksm tbmdr rmcdndhk hi phst-Ym`dg aggrmtdhks cdemWutmmak` tbm

pmrkdgdhus systmj hi gastm. Pbmy rmacdzm` tbm jdssdhkardms wmrmdktmk`dkn th lchw up Bdkùdsj ly a kmw cak` jdkm ‐ wmstmrk grdtdgacmùgatdhk. Pbmy aggmptm` tbat mùgatdhk ak` rm-mjlragm` a rmvdvm`,rm-dkvdnhratm` Bdkùdsj. Ph-ày kmarcy mvmry Bdkù rmihrjmr wdcc pay mcalhratm cdp-smrvdgm th tbm sgdmktdidg jmtbh` hi mvhcutdhk. Dk tbmjmaktdjm, tbm Bdkùdsj tbm wmstmrk sgbhcar hi tbm bdnb sujjdt hi Murhpmak sgbhcarsbdp stu`dm` was tbat hi tbm nrmat lhhes, bm `d` kht

try th smm Bdkùdsj dk dts ghktmxt dk tbm cdim hi jdccdhks hi hr`dkary pmhpcm wbh `h kht ekhw tbmWbastras. Pbmrm ds shjmtbdkn dkidkdtmcy patbmtdg dk tbm rmjare hi Jax Jumccmr, tbm nrmat kdkmtmmktb gmktury Dk`hchndst hi Nmrjaky ak` Hxihr`. Bm sad` bds nrmat rmnrmt was bmba` kmvmr vdsdtm` Dk`da. Vmrbaps smmdkn Bdkùdsj as dt ds, whuc` bavmghkiusm` bds sgbhcarcy khtdhk hi wbat dt was.

Pbmrm ds acsh shjmtbdkn dkidkdtmcy patbmtdg dk smmdkn shjm Bdkù

sgbhcars dnkhrdkn tbm ghktdkudty hi tbmdr hwk nrmat dkstdtutdhks hi mxmnmsds ak` cmarkdkn. Pbmy arm turkdkn acways th rmgmdvm lage tbmdrhwk rmcdndhk at wmstmrk bak`s. Whjm hi tbm idkmst hi tbmdr sgbhcars tdccrmgmkt tdjms bavm lmmk at padks acways th sbhw tbat tbmdr rmcdndhk ak`pbdchshpby bas lmmk mquac th hr surpassdkn tbat hi tbm wmst. Prutb thtmcc Bdkùdsj ds dkghjparalcm. Pbmrm ds kh kmm` th idk` @arwdk—s tbmhry hr spagm travmc dk tbm Ymàs, hr th prhvm Bdkùdsj ds jhkhtbmdst.



99

Pra`dtdhkac \mcdndhks sugb as Airdgak tra`dtdhkac \mcdndhk hr tbm rmcdndhkhi –prdjac‚ nrhups dk Dk`da hr Austracda hr tbm dscak`s hi Vagdidg bavmdk a way suiimrm` jhst. ^bdcm wmstmrk –gdvdcdzatdhk‚ dk dts vardhus

ihrjs bas `mstrhym` tbmdr mghchny, sgbhcars tradkm` dk wmstmrk grdtdgacjmtbh` bavm wrdttmk up tbmdr rmcdndhk, chhedkn dk dt ihr tbm khlcm savanm,prdjhr`dac tbhunbt, tbm prdjmvac lasds hi acc rmcdndhk ‗ tbds ds th kajmtbm khlcmr mcmjmkts dk tbm smargb. Tmt lasdgaccybhjh rmcdndhusbasjadktadkm` tbm sajm stma`y prdkgdpcms ak` dt ds ukcdemcy tbat tbmsm wdccgbaknm. Pbm sdtuatdhk at tbm rmgmdvdkn mk` hi tbds edk` hi wmstmrksgbhcarsbdp was mxmjpcdidm` ihr jm ly a Wwabdcd Jzmm (Mc`mr). Bm

sad` tbat ak Ajmrdgak sgbhcar ba` vdsdtm` bdj ak` sad` tbat bm (tbmsgbhcar) was kht a ihcchwmr hi akydkd(rmcdndhk) ak` bm waktm` thdkvmstdnatm tbm`dkdhi tbm Mc`mr th smm wbmtbmr bm ghuc` smparatm tbmDscajdg mcmjmkt dk dt irhj tbm Airdgak. Pbm Mc`mr ba` trdm` th mxpcadktbat `dkdghuc` kht lm smparatm` irhj jdcda(gusthj, `barja), tbatrmcdndhk ghuc` hkcy lm uk`mrsthh` ly a jak hi rmcdndhk,(Jtu _a `dkd).Dt was kht kmgmssary th bavm tbm sajm rmcdndhk ak` way hi cdim lut hkcy

rmkmna`ms ghuc` prmtmk` tbmy wmrm wdtbhut tbmsm tbdkns. Pbm hc` jakba` `hkm bds lmst th akswmr tbm qumstdhks ak` trustm` tbat tbhsm wbhrma` tbm sgbhcar—s agghukt whuc` ou`nm ihr tbmjsmcvms wbmtbmr tbmqumstdhkmr hr tbm akswmrmr was a cukatdg.Hkm nmkmrac ghkgcusdhk wbdgb D `raw irhj a chkn stu`y hi tbm grdtdgs,hi wbdgb tbm alhvm ds a semtgb, ds tbat dt ds jhst djphrtakt th rmjmjlmrtbm pmrshkacdty ak` gdrgujstakgm hi tbm grdtdg. Dk a Katurac Wgdmkgm

cdem Gbmjdstry dt jay kht lm kmgmssary th ekhw akytbdkn alhut tbmbujak lmdkn wbh ds wrdtdkn. Dk aky sulomgt wbdgb mktadcs bujaksulomgts, tbm whre just lm put dkth a pmrshkac ghktmxt. Agghr`dkncy,hkm immcs mvmry whre hi grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp sbhuc` bavm a nhvmrkjmktstatuthry warkdkn tbat dts ghksujptdhk jay lm mcmtmrdhus th tbm shuc—sbmactb. Di dt ds th `h wdtb rmcdndhk dt sbhuc` acsh bavm a statmjmkt hi dknrm`dmkts, dkgcu`dkn tbm rmcdndhus stak`dkn hi tbm wrdtmr. Di bm hr sbm

ds a lmcdmvmr



9>

dt ds kmgmssary th ekhw tbds, sh tbat tbm grdtdgac rma`mr gak acchw ihrldas. Di bm hr sbm ds kht a lmcdmvmr, wm sbhuc` bavm shjm dk`dgatdhk hi tbat thh, cmst tbm dsdccusdhkjmkt hr mkcdnbtmkjmkt hi a phst-Gbrdstdak,

a phst-Omw hr a phst wbatmvmr sbhuc` ndvm tbm grdtdg rhsy-ghchurm`spmgtagcms hr a oauk`dgm` hutchhe. Pbm Ydgthrdaks prmsgrdlm` rmjaresth `h wdtb smx hr rmcdndhk dk phcdtm ghkvmrsatdhk. Dk aga`mjdg gdrgcmsaky rmjares hk pmrshks arm taemk th lm la` tastm. Dt ds ghksd`mrm`sbhgedkn jakkmrs th sunnmst tbat a sgbhcar—s jhtdvms gak ghjm irhjakytbdkn chwmr tbak bds hr bmr ratdhkac dktmccmgtuacdty. Hkgm wbmk wrdtdkn th Wdr`ar Ebusbwakt Wdknb alhut –lcaspbmjhus grdtdgac rmjares‚ bm

rmpcdm` ghkgmrkdkn tbm whr` –lcaspbmjhus‚ –dk tbm aga`mjdg whrc`tbmrm arm kh bhc`s larrm`.‚ bmk spmaedkn hi Nh` ak` htbmr pmhpcm—slmcdmis tbmrm arm apparmktcy kh bhc`s larrm`, lut aky pmrshkac rmjare alhut a grdtdg, bhwmvmr trum, ds ghksd`mrm` a bdt lmchw tbm lmct. Dkturkdkn at cast th ihrmdnk grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp ak` Wdebdsj, aky apparmktcy pmrshkac rmjares arm kht dktmk`m` pmrshkaccy. Pbmy arm ndvmk grdtdgaccy ak` hlomgtdvmcy ak` lasm` hk tbm dktmrkac mvd`mkgm hi tbm tmxts ak`

wrdtdkns tbmjsmcvms, kht hk pmrshkac ekhwcm`nm hi tbm sgbhcarstbmjsmcvms.

Purkdkn at cast th Wdebdsj kht jaky ^mstmrk grdtdgaccy tradkm`sgbhcars bavm turkm` tbmdr attmktdhk th a idrst-bak` stu`y hi tbds rmcdndhk.Vrhlalcy tbm jaohr rmashk was tbat dk tbmdr vdmw tbm rmwar` hi tbmhutghjm ghuc` bar`cy rmpay tbm dkvmstjmkt hi tdjm rmqudrm` ly cmarkdkn a rmndhkac caknuanm. Mvmk wbmk Vukoald ba` lmmk jastmrm`, dt d` kht

jmak a sgbhcar ghuc` lm ghkid`mkt tbat bm hr sbm uk`mrsthh` tbm vardm`caknuanms ak` `dacmgts usm` dk tbm sgrdpturms ak` rmcatm` cdtmraturm.

Anadk, tdcc rmgmktcy miidgdmkt dkstrujmkts ihr tbm stu`y hi Vukoald wmrmkht avadcalcm alrha`. Pbm stu`y hi Wdebdsj `mjak`m` ymars hi rmsd`mkgm. ^bdcm phdktdkn hut tbm `diidguctdms, dt ds djphrtakt thmjpbasdzm tbat Wdebdsj ds hkm hi tbm jhst hpmk hi rmcdndhks dk tbm

whrc`. Hutsd`mrs wbh. ghkihrj th a imw rmashkalcm rmqudrmjmkts hi

nhh` tastm ak` gusthj arm ja`m wmcghjm, mvmrytbdkn ds put



92

lmihrm tbmj wdtbhut rmsmrvm. Bavdkn sad` tbmsm tbdkns, dt rmjadks thrmjare tbat dt ds stdcc a puzzcm wby sh imw ihrmdnk sgbhcars bavm mvhtm`tbmjsmcvms th a stu`y hi Wdebdsj. Pbds ds a qumstdhk Wdebs just akswmr,

mspmgdaccy di tbmy `msdrm th bavm tbmdr rmcdndhk dktmrprmtm` th wd`mr whrc`.

Hvmr anadkst hiidgdacs wbh wmrm dktmrmstm` dk Wdeb bdsthry hr tbmWdeb utdcdty ihr ghchkdac purphsms, iuccy mqudppm` ihrmdnk grdtdgac sgbhcarshi rmcdndhk hi ak dktmrkatdhkac gacdlrm dk miimgt kujlmr lut a bakìuc.@r. Mrkst Prujpp hi Jukdgb was pad` ly tbm Dk`da hiidgm ak` tbmk ly tbm ghchkdac nhvmrkjmkt th prhùgm a trakscatdhk hi tbmWrd A`d Nraktb

Wabdl. Aitmr jaky ymars hi calhur bds whre was rmghnkdsm` ly JaxJumccmr as lmdkn uksudtalcm ihr dkgcusdhk dk bds nrmat Wagrm` Wgrdpturmshi tbm Mast Wmrdms. @r. Prujpp—s nmkmrac ldttmrkmss ak` dsapphdktjmktds mxprmssm` dk bds vdgdhus rmjares alhut Wdebdsj dk bds Vrmiagm. bdcmhtbmrs dk Murhpm ak` Ajmrdga ba` lmghjm nrmat kajms ly tbmmxpchdtatdhk hi aga`mjdg nhc`-jdkms wbdgb ghuc` lm whrem` ly nraùatm scavm calhr, wbdcm tbm nrmat Vrhimsshr supmrvdsm` dk tbmghjihrt hi Lmrcdk hr Cmdpzdn hr Hxihr` hr Barvar`5 phhr Prujpp ba`cdttcm th sbhw ihr bds ymars hi rmsd`mkgm ak` stu`y. Prujpp acshapparmktcy suiimrm` irhj shjm ragdst vdmws ak` `mspdsm` bds chgacdkihrjakts th tbm mxtmkt hi dksdstdkn hk sjhedkn a gdnar wbdcm rma`dkn tbmdr sgrdpturms.

Marcy dk tbds gmktury Jagaucdiim `d` jugb th smt rdnbt tbm lacakgmly tbm rmspmgt bm sbhwm` ihr Wdebdsj ak` tbm imcdgdty hi bds whre. Dtrmjadks hkm hi tbm jadknatms tbrhunb wbdgb ihrmdnkmrs mktmr tbm stu`y

hi Wdebdsj. ^dtb @r. G.B. Chmbcdk wm arm ghjdkn kmarmr th hur hwktdjms. Bm ds a Gbrdstdak jdssdhkary hi tbm typm wbdgb bas kmvmr lmmkcagedkn ak` wbdgb `hms shjmtbdkn th jaem up ihr tbm htbmr edk`. Bds`mmp rmspmgt ihr tbm Wdeb pmhpcm, bds ghjpcmtm cage hi aky tragm hi Murhpmak ragdsj, bds thtac smci-ndvdkn dk chvm th Wdeb rmcdndhk wbdcm bmrmjadks chyaccy Gbrdstdak, thnmtbmr wdtb bds ekhwcm`nm hi tbm caknuanmsak` gucturms dkvhcvm`, mkalcm bdj th nh mmp ak` rmvmac th tbm hutsd`m

whrc` tbm djphrtakgm hi Wdeb rmcdndhk th acc bujakedk`.



94

Khtdgmalcm ds bds rmiusac th dsguss akytbdkn wbdgb jdnbt lm uk`mrsthh`ly hutsd`mrs dk a way `mrhnathry th Wdebdsj. Ihr bdj sdcmkgm at hurprmsmkt stanm hi uk`mrstak`dkn ds part hi sgbhcarsbdp.

Dk jy stu`dms hi Wdebdsj, jhstcy garrdm` hut uk`mr `diidguctdms dkpcagms cdem ]nakà ak` Gacdihrkda, sdkgm D cmit tbm Vukoal dk 140= ak`bavm hkcy lmmk alcm th stay sbhrt tmrjs (tbrhunb rmnucar vdsdts sdkgm,149=), D bavm lmmk assdstm` lmyhk` jmasurm ly tbm pulcdgatdhk hi @r.Bmw JgCmh`. Paedkn oust tbm jaohr ihur, Nuj Kakae ak` tbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,1492, Pbm Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,14>=, Marcy Wdeb Pra`dtdhk, 1426(acc pulcdsbm` ly Hxihr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss wbh acsh

patrhkdzm` Jagaucdiim) ak Pbm L06 Oakaj-Waebd, 1426,pulcdsbm` ly Nuru Kakae @mv ]kdvmrsdty, Ajrdtsar, tbmy pcagm @r. JgCmh` masdcy dk tbm cma` ajhkn ihrmdnk sgbhcars, past hr prmsmkt. Dt ds ukcdemcy tbatbds aldcdty dk caknuanm, mspmgdaccy dk `mgdpbmrdkn tbm jmakdkn hi ajakusgrdpt ak` argbadg whres wdcc lm surpassm`. Pbm whre dsjmtdguchuscy garrdm` hut ak` lasm` hk a garmiuc usm hi tbm tmxt-grdtdgac,ihrj-grdtdgac ak` htbmr grdtdgac jmtbh`s mvmchpm` dk tbm mst urdkn

tbm cast twh gmkturdms. Kh hult jaky stu`dms ly bdnbcy quacdidm` chgacsgbhcars wdcc akswmr tbm phdkts radsm` ly @r. JgCmh` dk `mtadc. D ajghkgmrkm` wdtb rmcatdkn tbmj th a wd`mr whrc` ak` bujak ghktmxt.

Dk tbm jd``cm Anms, sgbhcars dk Murhpm ghjjukdgatm` dk Catdkak` tbm jass hi lmcdmvmrs `d` kht ekhw wbat was lmdkn sad`. JugbMurhpmak grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp th tbds ay rmjadks tbm sjacc tace hi hkmaga`mjdg Jakàrdk th akhtbmr tdcc, ihr dkstakgm, a Gajlrd`nm @hk,

lmghjm Ldsbhp, wrdtm a sjacc lhhe mktdtcm` –Pbm @matb hi Nh`‚ ak`dt ds taemk up ly tbm jm`da. ^m gakkht supphsm tbat lmgausm shjmVukoald iarjmrs bavm taemk th –Mkncdsb‚ lmmr tbmy rma` sgbhcarcy whresdk Mkncdsb. Pbm jass hi Wdebs wdcc nh hk as lmihrm. Lut dk tbm ]kdtm`Wtatms Gakaà Kmw _macak` Austracda ak` Lrdtadk, tbmrm arm jaky pmhpcm wbh wakt th cmark alhut Wdebdsj. Hxihr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmssghjjak`s a



>6

whrc` jaremt ak` whrc` pulcdgdty. Aky m`ugatm` pmrshk dk tbm Mkncdsb-spmaedkn whrc` dkgcu`dkn Dk`da waktdkn th cmark alhut Wdebdsj justturk th @r. JgCmh`—s lhhes.

^batmvmr @r. JgCmh` dktmk`m` jaky rma`mrs wdcc ase bds lhhestbm wrhkn qumstdhks ak` nmt tbm wrhkn akswmrs. Pbm lhhes th akukdkdtdatm` rma`mr smmj th rmdtmratm tbm khtdhk tbat a nrmat ajhukt hi Wdeb lmcdmi appmars th lm lasm` hk ukgrdtdgac rmcdndhsdty. Pbm rma`mrsmmedkn tbm wmcc-sprdkns hi wbat Wdebdsj ds wdcc kht lm assdstm`. Pbmhkcy suggmssiuc hpphkmkt th tbhusak`s hi ymars hi passdkn ghkqumrhrsjust bavm shjmtbdkn tbat –jaems bdj tdge‚. Khwbmrm dk tbmsm lhhes

ds tbmrm ak attmjpt th tmcc us wbat dt ds. Pbm rma`mr wdsbdkn th ekhw alhut tbm bmart hi Wdebdsj wdcc turk th tbmsm lhhes ak` lm hiimrm`jmtdguchuscy ak` mxbaustdvmcy garrdm` hut `rdccs dk gmrtadk jmtbh`s hi

wmstmrk grdtdgdsj. Wugb rma`mr—s `msdrms ak` tbm purphsm hi tbm lhhes`diimr. Pbm rma`mr wdcc bar`cy lm alcm th uk`mrstak` tbm trum djphrt hi

wbat ds lmdkn sad` ukcmss bm hr sbm phssmssms a lagenrhuk` ekhwcm`nmhi tbm bdsthry hi grdtdgdsj. Pbus tbm statmjmkts tbat Nuru Kakae was

kht tbm ihuk`mr hi Wdebdsj ak` tbat tbm Oakaj-Waebds arm kht ldhnrapby lut bandhchny, di uk`mrsthh` anadkst @r. JgCmh`—s lagenrhuk` dk tbmqumst hi tbm Bdsthrdgac Omsus ak` htbmr sugb pursudts, ds trydkn thmkukgdatm tbm lasdg tmkmt hi grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp. –Di yhu ase ak akgdmktshurgm a qumstdhk ak` dt ndvms a khksmksm rmpcy, rm-tbdke yhur qumstdhk.‚Dt ds ak mcmjmktary grdtdgac statmjmkt th say a Nhspmc ds a Nhspmc kht aldhnrapby. Pmgbkdgaccy, dt dsBmdcsnmsgbdgbtm(Wacvatdhk-bappmkdkn) kht

Bdsthry. (Mkncdsb ds phvmrty strdgemk bmrm, dt bas hkcy hkm whr` ihrBdsthry).Lut th say tbds ds kht th cmssmk dts bdsthrdgdty, dts part dk tbm

wbhcm bdsthrdgac iuturm. Khw, lac`cy th rm-appcy tbmsm dkstrujmkts hi stu`y wdtbhut aky mxpcakatdhk th a thtaccy `diimrmkt sulomgt ds`mjak`dkn khksmksm rmpcdms. A.iakaj-Waebdds a nmkrm hi cdtmraturm

wbdgb dssud nmkmrdsak` dt just lm trmatm` as sugb, agghr`dkn th dts hwkWdtz dj Cmlmk(Wdtuatdhk dk cdim). Anadk, wbmk @r. JgCmh` says tbat tbm

Pmktb Kakae ghuc` kht bavm sad` ak` `hkm wbat



>1

Wdeb tra`dtdhk says bm sad` ak` `d` at tbm ihuk`dkn hi tbm Ebacsa dk1944 bm ds usdkn grdtdgac tmgbkdqums `mvmchpm` hrdndkaccy ly grdtdgs hi tbm spmmgbms dk Pbugy`d`ms ak` dk tbm lhhe hi Agts. Bm ds trydkn th

nmt hwk th tbm typm hi –bdsthrdgac lm`rhge‚ wbdgb Ajmrdgak bdsthrdaksarm supphsm` th mkohy wdtb, ihr dkstakgm, wbat dt ds accmnm` AlrabajCdkghcdk sad` at Nmttys-lurn, (Akyhkm ekhwdkn Ajmrdgak `mjhgragy

wdcc tmcc yhu wbat bdsthrdgaccy –nhvmrkjmkt ly tbm pmhpcm hi tbm pmhpcm‚mtg. rmaccy jmaks). At hkm sd`m @r. JgCmh` dnkhrms tbm wbhcm rmcdndhk-bdsthry ghktmxt. Bdsthry hi tbds edk` gak hkcy lm asem` dts hwk edk` hi qumstdhks lut mvmk dk bds hwk idmc` hi –Wmgucar‚ bdsthry (di tbmrm gak

lm sugb a tbdkn) bm dnkhrms tbm wbhcm idk`dkns hi tbm Wgakàkavdaksgbhhc ghkgmrkdkn karratdvms ghkkmgtm` wdtb Bhcy pcagms ak` tbmidk`dkns hi tbm Hrac Bdsthrdaks dk Airdga ak` Vapua-Kmw Nudkma. Pbmrmds a cdvdkn uklrhemk rmcdalcm tra`dtdhk hi tbm saydkns ak` `hdkns hi 1944 qudtm apart irhj wrdtdkn, stdcc acdvm dk tbm Vukoal, wbdgb wasmvmk jhrm acdvm idvm nmkmratdhks anh wbmk wmstmrk hlsmrvmrs gajmhk tbm sgmkm.

D ba` dktmk`m` th cmavm `mtadcm` mxajpcms th dk`dnmkhus sgbhcars.Vmrbaps tbmy wdcc acchw jm th trmat hi hkm spmgdjmk. Hk panms 4< ak`47 hi Marcy Wdeb Pra`dtdhkdk passdkn @r. JgCmh` dsjdssms tbm tra`dtdhkhi tbm Vakoa Wabdl at Basak Alàc as ak –amtdhchndgac cmnmk`‚. Pbatds, a sthry wbdgb bas nrhwk up th akswmr tbm –wbat ds tbm gausm hi‚(Nrmmeadtdhs)qumstdhk, cdem, –^by bas tbm mcmpbakt a chkn khsm‚, @r.JgCmh` bas dkùstrdhuscy natbmrm` tbm sgraps hi dkihrjatdhk ndvmk

ly Murhpmak travmccmrs dk tbm cast gmktury ak` hk tbm lasds hi hkm wrdttmk dk 1299 bm taems dt tbat tbm karratdvm hiNuru—s bak` hk tbmrhge was dkvmktm` ly a iaqdrth savm bdjsmci irhj lmdkn lmatmk uply \akodt Wdknb—s trhhps. Bm jaems jugb hi tbm varydkn rmjares ly hlsmrvmrs as th wbmtbmr tbm bak`-jare was mtgbm` uphk hr dkth tbmrhge. A imw gbakgm-wrdttmk rmjares ly passmrs-ly ak` tbm rmphrtshi catmr vdsdthrs ds mkhunb th prhùgm tbm calmc –dkvmktdhk ly

tra`dtdhk.‚ Pbm sthry hi 1299 hk wbdgb @r.



><

JgCmh` `mpmk`s, ratbmr tbak lmdkn ak –amtdhchndgac cmnmk`‚ , sbhuc`lm gcassdidm` as a –Wdr`aromm Ohem.‚ Pbds ds a nmkus hi sthry dkvmktm`ly pmhpcm wdsbdkn th sbhw Wdebs arm as stupd` hr hlstdkatm as tbmdr

hwk watmr-luiiachms. Dt ds a typm hi karratdvm nrmatcy gbmrdsbm` ly Aknch-Dk`dak, ak` Whpbdstdgatm` Wdebs. m jay ghjparm –Omw-lhy‚,–Vhcm-ae‚ ak` –Va``y‚ ohems dk tbm ].W.A. Dt ds patmktcy kht th lmsmrdhuscy ghksd`mrm` as a statmjmkt hi wbat was agtuaccy sad` ak``hkm. @r. JgCmh` wbh ds sh hutstak`dkn ihr bds mxbaustdvm idmc`-

whre `hms kht smmj th bavm trdm` th ghccmgt hrac mvd`mkgm irhj tbmjaky cdvdkn Wdebs wbh bavm vdsdtm` Vukoa-Wabdl ak` dk`mm` phssmss

`mtadcm` pbhthnrapbs. Dk a``dtdhk, Vaedstak wmcghjms Kmw _macak`mrs ak` tbhunb Wdeb sbrdkms arm garmiuccy smacm` hii th prmvmktiakatdgs ajandkn tbmj, sgbhcars wdtb pmrsdstmkgm ak` a`rhdt usm hi rmshurgms gak nmt aggmss th jhst tbdkns. Dt bas th lm a`jdttm` tbatgrdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp bas bmrm pmrihrjm` cmss tbak dts lmst wdtb rmnar`th hkm hi tbm sagrm` tbdkns ihr wbdgb Wdebs arm wdccdkn th cay `hwktbmdr cdvms.

Pbds ak` htbmr mxajpcms cma` hkm th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat @r.JgCmh`—s attdtu`m ds kht ghkidkm` th Wdebs hr aky imaturm hi Wdebdsjlut ds ihr rmcdndhk ak` rmcdndhus pbmkhjmka as a wbhcm. Appcydkn bdshwk jmtbh` hi ou`ndkn ly tbm dktmrkac mvd`mkgm hkcy, dt bas th lmhlomgtdvmcy khtm` ak` acchwm` ihr dk aky apprmgdatdhk hi bds whre,tbat bm bas alshcutm iadtb dk tbm dktmccmgtuac grdtdgac jmtbh` as bmuk`mrstak`s dt ak` bas passm` lmyhk` trmatdkn rmcdndhus grdtmrda hkaky wd`mr hr carnmr lasds. Pbds ds kht th djpcy hk jy sd`m tbat rmashk

ak` rmcdndhk arm hpphsm` hr tbat hkm taems hvmr irhj akhtbmr. Ihrjm tbmy nh bak` dk bak`, lut idkaccy tbm dktmccmgt ak` dts jmtbh`s, as

wm prmsmktcy ekhw tbmj, arm kht pmrimgt khr alshcutm khr dkiaccdlcmkhr `h tbmy smm tbdkns dk ihgus hr wbhcm.

Dk ghkgcusdhk, D whuc` cdem th phdkt hut tbat D aj kht gaccdkn ihra jhrathrduj hk grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp. D bavm jmrmcy trdm` th phdkthut tbm lcuktkmss hi tbm grdtdgac lcu`nmhk, tbm kmm` th lm bujlcm,

ghksd`mratm ak`



>7

ghurtmhus. D bavm asem` tbat dt lm put dk a ghktmxt hi tbm wbhcmkmsshi tbm stu`y ak` hi tbm nrhup lmdkn stu`dm`. As part hi tbds D whucàse tbat ùm pcagm lm ndvmk th tbm`msbdbhjm-nrhwk prhùgtdhk hi

grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp. Djphrts sbhuc` kht prmvmkt tbm `mvmchpjmkthi tbm katurac prhùgt. D just mquaccy mjpbasdzm hk tbm htbmr bak`tbat Wdeb dsj cdem acc tbm nrmat rmcdndhks kmm`s grdtdgac sgbhcarsbdp di dtds th jmmt tbm dktmccmgtuac kmm`s hi dts dkgrmasdkncy bdnbcy mùgatmìhcchwmrs. Vmrbaps, @r. JgCmh`—s whres stak` hut sh jugb dk tbdsrmspmgt lmgausm tbm cma`dkn Wdeb Wgbhcars wrdtdkn dk Mkncdsb dk tbmVukoal kmm` th emmp dk tbm nhh` lhhes hi tbm Mstalcdsbjmkt ak`

tbmrmihrm stu`dhuscy avhd` –stdgedkn tbmdr kmges hut‚. Pbmy, as jugbas @r. JgCmh`, bavm prhùgm` tbm prmsmkt sdtuatdhk. Pbm yhukn Wdeb grdtdgac sgbhcar ds dk kh mkvdalcm phsdtdhk ak` bm just lm bmcpmàk` mkghuranm` shhk at acc ghsts.

Ihr tbm rmst, di D bavm lmmk ukiadr pmrshkaccy hr bavm burt aky lh`y—s immcdkns, D lmn par`hk ak` aphchndzm dk a`vakgm. Ph quhtm@r. Bmw JgCmh`, D ase ihr –syjpatbmtdg uk`mrstak`dkn‚ .



>0



>=

VA\P DD

KAPBDWJ, YADWKAYDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJ

A GHJVCMPM WP]@T



>9



>>

7H\DNDK HI WDEB IADPB

@ACOMMP WDKNB

1. Pbm Dssum

^bmk Nuru Kakae appmarm` hk tbm Dk`dak sgmkm Katbdsj ak` Yadskavdsj wmrm tbm twh rmcdndhus systmjs phpucarcy ekhwk dkKhrtbmrk Dk`da. Pbm Katb-Thnds, wbh ba` hwkm` Thndg jmtbh`hchny,

wmrm ak asgmtdg guct hi tbm akgdmkt Wadva systmj. Yadskavdsj, a systmjhi whrsbdp, ba` a vmry chkn bdsthry dk tbm ghuktry. Dt was tbm Ndtatbat ihr tbm idrst tdjm aggmptm` dk tbm hrtbh`hx systmjs, tbm whrsbdphi tbm Chr` as ak actmrkatdvm jmtbh` hi Jhesba. Catmr, Yadskavdsj`mvmchpm` dts lasdg `hgtrdkm hi tbm Avtarbhh` hi Ydsku tbat tmk`m`th alshrl wdtbdk dts ihc` mvmk shjm hi tbm bmtmrh`hx systmjs cdemLu``bdsj ak` Oadkdsj.

A rmvmcathry rmcdndhk, as Nuru Kakae gaccm` bds systmj, ds ly dts vmry katurm kmw. Bhwmvmr, tbm qumstdhks lmihrm us arm wbmtbmrKatbdsj hr Yadskavdsj ghktrdlutm` akytbdkn th tbm iuk`ajmktacshi Wdebdsj, wbmtbmr Nuru Kakae aggmptm` ak` dkghrphratm` dk bdshwk rmcdndhk akytbdkn irhj tbm mssmktdacs hi tbm twh marcdmr systmjsak` wbmtbmr tbm statmjmkt tbat Yadskavdsj ak` Katbdsj bavm kh

aiidkdty wdtb Wdebdsj bas a vacd` lasds.Dk hur attmjpt th shrt hut ak` shcvm tbds dssum wm sbacc idrst

d`mktdiy tbm mssmktdacs hi tbm tbrmm systmjs hi Katbdsj, Yadskavdsjak` Wdebdsj. Wmghk`cy, wm sbacc spmgdiy tbm sdjdcardtdms ak``dssdjdcardtdms ajhkn tbmsm systmjs dk hr`mr th `mtmrjdkm bhw iar,di at acc, tbmsm arm ghkkmgtm` wdtb magb htbmr mdtbmr dk tbmdr d`mhchny,

tbmdr jmtbh`hchny, hr tbmdr whrc`-vdmw.



>2

<. Vrdkgdpcms hi Ghjparatdvm Wtu`y

Lmihrm wm prhgmm` wdtb tbm ghksd`mratdhk hi tbm sulomgt, dt dskmgmssary th dk`dgatm tbm lasdg prdkgdpcms hi sugb ak mxajdkatdhk. Ihrmvd`mkt rmashks, tbm ghjpardshk sbhuc` kht hkcy ndvm a gcmar ak`ghrrmgt pdgturm hi magb systmj, lut dt sbhuc` acsh lrdkn hut tbm vmry mssmktdacs hi dt. Dt ds wdtb tbds hlomgt tbat tbm ihcchwdkn qumstdhks bavmlmmk irajm`.

(a) bat ds tbm jmtapbysdgac vdmw hi tbm systmj, Cm. wbmtbmr dt dsa tbmdsj, `uacdsj, paktbmdsj hr jhkdsj 8

(l) ^bmtbmr hr kht tbm whrc` ds rmac8

(g) Ds tbm whrc` a pcagm hi suiimrdkn ak` jdsmry, hr a jmakdkniuc armkahi spdrdtuac mk`mavhurs8

(`) ^bat ds tbm spdrdtuac nhac hi cdim8

(m) ^bat jmtbh`s sbhuc` lm a`hptm` th agbdmvm tbm nhac8

(i) bat ds tbm rhcm dk cdim hi tbm pmrshk wbh bas agbdmvm`t b mspdrdtuac nhac8

(n) ^bat ds tbm hvmracc whrc`-vdmw hi tbm systmj8

Dt ds dk tbm lagenrhuk` hi tbmsm qumstdhks tbat wm sbacc uk`mrtaem aghjparatdvm stu`y hi tbm tbrmm systmjs.

7. ]kdty hi Vmrgmptdhk, D`mhchny ak` Agtdvdty

Lmihrm wm start wdtb tbm `msgrdptdhk hi tbm systmjs, dt ds mssmktdac th

mjpbasdzm tbm djphrtakgm hi hkm phdkt, kajmcy, tbm ukdty hi pmrgmptdhk,d`mhchny ak` agtdvdty. Ihr a trum uk`mrstak`dkn hi a rmcdndhus systmj, dt ds vdtactbat wm lmar tbds ukdty dk jdk`.

Cmt us idrst mxpcadk wbat wm jmak ly tbm ukdty hi pmrgmptdhk, d`mhchny ak` agtdvdty. Acjhst mvmry rmcdndhk hwms dt—s hrdndk th tbm jystdg hr bdnbmrrmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgm hi shjm pmrshkacdty hr prhpbmt. Agtuaccy, dt ds tbdsmxpmrdmkgm wbdgb ihrjs tbm rmac ihukt hi tbm mktdrm d`mhchny, jdssdhk

ak` agtdvdtdms hi tbm jystdg. Dk tbds smqumkgm, tbm idrst stanm



>4

ds tbm pmrgmptdhk hr tbm rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgm. At tbm smghk` stanm, tbmsadkt, katuraccy, trdms th uk`mrstak` ak` alshrl dt, ak` rmagts th dt. Pbdsrmagtdhk ghkstdtutms lhtb tbm d`mhchny ak` tbm prhphsm` pcak hi tbm

sadkt ihr ndvdkn pragtdgac sbapm th tbm d`mhchny. Pbds d`mhchny ak` pcakarm nmkmraccy uk`mrsthh` ak` dktmrprmtm` ly htbmrs irhj tbm whr`smxprmssm` hr htbmr jmaks hi ghjjukdgatdhk rmshrtm` th ly tbm sadkt.

Pbm tbdr` stanm ds tbm cdim agtuaccy cdvm` ly tbm sadkt. Pbds ihrjs bdsrmac rmsphksm th bds bdnbmr rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgm - ak` rmicmgts bds d`mhchny ak` tbm `mgdsdhks ja`m tbmrmuk`mr. Ihr, mxajpcm, di tbm rmcdndhusmxpmrdmkgm hi a jystdg ds tbat Nh` ds acc chvm, ds tbm Wbmctmr hi tbm

sbmctmrcmss ak` Bmcp hi tbm bmcpcmss, tbm jystdg—s d`mhchny ds tbat Nh`ds tbm Hgmak hi vdrtums ak` a Nh` hi Attrdlutms. Dk cdkm wdtb dt, ak` asa rmagtdhk th tbds mxpmrdmkgm, bm ghjpucsdvmcy irajms a pcak. hi agtdhkhi chvm ak` bmcp th tbm phhr ak` tbm kmm`y. Agghr`dkncy, tbm agtdvdtdmsuk`mrtaemk ak` prhnrajjms dkdtdatm` ak` mxmgutm` ly tbm sadkt armtbm trum rmicmgtdhk ak` prhomgtdhk hi bds bdnbmr rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgmak` tbm ghksmqumkt d`mhchny. Pbm ihurtb Wdeb Nuru mxpcadks tbm phdkt

dk a lmautdiuc ak` apt sdjdcm, –^bdcm mxpmrdmkgdkn Thu, tbm –D‚ hr mnhds nhkm. Pbm `diimrmkgm hi –Thu‚ ak` –D‚ ds hlcdtmratm`. Dt ds khw hkcy –Thu‚ ichwdkn hut.‚1 Pbm agtdvdtdms hi tbm sadkt arm hkcy tbm mxtmrkacihrj, prhomgtdhk ak` sbapm wbdgb tbm lasdg mxpmrdmkgm `drmgts ak`taems. Wugb jystdgs rarmcy mxprmss dk whr`s tbm katurm hi tbmdr rmcdndhusmxpmrdmkgm, dt lmdkn nmkmraccy dkmiialcm. Ak`, mvmk di tbmy `h, tbm`msgrdptdhk ds thh dka`mquatm th ihrj tbm lasds hi a ratdhkac systmj.

Ihr tbm sajm rmashks, mvmk tbm uttmrakgms ak` statmjmkts hi tbmsmpmrshks arm kht acways gcmar ak` prmgdsm. Dt iagt, tbmsm arm kht jmakt thlm sugb5 khr arm tbmsm acways adjm` at caydkn a ghjprmbmksdvm rmcdndhuspbdchshpby. Dt ds dk tbm dktmrprmtatdhk hi tbmsm statmjmkts tbat stu`mktshi rmcdndhk ak` htbmrs jaem jaohr mrrhrs hi uk`mrstak`dkn ak` m`ugtdhk.Lut, dt ds tbm `mm`s ak` agtdvdtdms hi tbm pmrshk tbat phrtray trucy ak``drmgtcy bds bdnbmr rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgm ak` d`mhchny. Acc wm smme



26

th strmss ds, idrst, tbm dkacdmkalcm ukdty hi rmcdndhus mxpmrdkgm, d`mhchny ak` agtdvdtdms5 ak`, smghk`cy, tbm agtdvdtdms hi tbm sadkt achkm lmdkn tbmrdnbt emy th tbm uk`mrstak`dkn ak` apprmgdatdhk hi bds pmrgmptdhks

ak` jmssanm. Wh hitmk, jmrm statmjmkts, taemk dk tbmdr dshcatdhk, bavmlmmk wrhkncy dktmrprmtm`, mspmgdaccy ly tbhsm `dstakt dk tdjm ak` arma.Lmgausm, bhwshmvmr shpbdstdgatm`, ratdhkac thhcs gakkht rdsm alhvmtbm prmou`dgms ak` prm`dcmgtdhks hi tbm pmrshk mjpchydkn tbmj.

Wgbhcars, tradkm` dk a lmbavdhurdstdg, hr jmgbakdgac jmtbh`hchny, bavmnmkmraccy a tmk`mkgy th tragm hkm rmcdndhus `mvmchpjmkt irhj aprmgm`dkn hkm. Lut, trydkn th ludc` sugb a gbadk hi ratdhgdkatdhk ds a

vdrtuac `mkdac hi tbm vacd`dty, tbm vmry khvmcty, ak` tbm irmm gbaragtmrhi tbm rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgm. Bmkgm, tbm kmm` ihr a`bmrdkn th tbm prdkgdpcmhi tbm ukdty hi mxpmrdmkgm, d`mhchny ak` agtdvdty, ak` hi uk`mrstak`dkn ak` dktmrprmtdkn a rmcdndhus jmssanm purmcy irhj tbm agtdvdtdms hi dtsautbhr. Htbmrwdsm, sh hitmk stu`mkts hi rmcdndhk iacc dkth tbm mrrhr hi pdgedkn up smmjdkncy ghjjhk uttmrakgms hi twh rmcdndhus pdhkmmrsak` tbmk hi trydkn th rmcatm tbmj th a ghjjhk shurgm hr a ghkkmgtdkn

lhk`. Jmrm whr`s ak` statmjmkts, ukrmcatm` th tbm `mm`s hi tbmdrautbhr arm qudtm cdemcy th lm jdsuk`mrsthh` ak` jdsdktmprmtm`. @mm`sachkm arm tbm trum dk`mx hi tbm d`mhchny hi tbm autbhr.



21

0

KAPBDWJ

@ACOMMP WDKNB

As tbm whr`s Katb Thnds dk`dgatm, Katbdsj ds a Wadva guct mjpchydkn iukàjmktaccy Thndg d`mhchny ak` jmtbh`hchny.

1. BDWPH\T HI PBM WMGP

Wadvdsj—s ghjldkatdhk wdtb Thna bas prhlalcy tbm chknmst rmcdndhusbdsthry dk tbm ghuktry. Wmacs hi Wdva dk a Thndg phsm bavm lmmk ihuk`dk tbm Dkùs Yaccmy mxgavatdhk. Wdva ds nmkmraccy lmcdmvm` th lm a prm-\dn-Ym`dg ak` Khk- Aryak Nh`.< Bm ds acsh jmktdhkm` as a nh` dk tbm

Ymàs, ]pakdsa`s ak` tbm Jabalbarata. 7 Bm ds a imarm` nh` dk tbm \dn

Ymà.0 Chr` Erdsbka agekhwcm`nm` bds nrmatkmss ak` nht a lhhk irhjbdj. = Pbm Katb Thnds lmchkn th ak asgmtdg nrhup hi Wadvdsj.

Asgmtdgdsj, as a spdrdtuac thhc th nadk supmrkaturac phwmrs, bas lmmkaggmptm` ly acc tbm hc` systmjs cdem Oadkdsj, Thna, Wadvdsj ak` tbm

Ym`dg rmcdndhk. Dk tbm \dn Ymà, tbm badry Jukd dk mgstasy ds mxthccm` wbmk bm `rdkes phdshk wdtb \u`ra.9 Pbm hc`mst Wadva systmj ds tbmVasupata. Dt bas lmmk jmktdhkm` dk Atbarvasdras ]pakdsa` ak` tbm

Jabalbarata. > Pbm Katb Thnds arm kht hkcy drmgtcy ghkkmgtm` wdtb dt,lut arm acsh a part hi tbm nrhup gaccm` Caeuca tbat bas `drmgtcy `mvmchpm` irhj tbm parmkt Vasupata. Pbds nrhup dkgcu`ms tbm Eakpbata

Thnds, tbm Eaca Juebas, tbm Eapacdeas, ak` Anbhrpaktbdms2 mtm. Dktbds nrhup, ihur mcmjmkts arm lasdg ak` ghjjhk, kajmcy, asgmtdgdsj,ak` rmkukgdatdhk hi tbm whrc`, Thndg jmtbh`hchny wdtb mjpbasds hkJaktra Thna ak` Batb Thna, tbm ghjldkatdhk ak` whrsbdp hi jacm

ak` imjacm `mdtdms, ak` tbm nhac hi



2<

nadkdkn phwmrs, cdlmratdhk irhj tbm whrc` ak` jmrnmr wdtb Wdva. PbmEapacdeas arm tbm prmgurshrs hi Nhraebkatbds.4 \atbmr, tbmrm ds khjatmrdac `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm twh mxgmpt tbat Nhraebkatbds arm

ghjparatdvmcy a cdttcm jh`mratm dk tbmdr pragtdgms.Dk acc tbmsm systmjs tbmrm ds mjpbasds hk tbm ghjldkatdhk hi tbm jacmak` imjacm mkmrndms hi Wdva ak` Waetd, Cdkna ak` Thkd, Vurusa ak`Vraedrtd16, Ldkù & Kaà, mtg. Pbm imjacm part ds rmprmsmktm` ly ]ja,Varvatd, @urna ak` Waetd. Pbm nrhup ds khtm` ihr dts wdc`, mrhtdg akàlbhrrmkt pragtdgms ak` lchh` sagrdidgms.11

As ds wmcc ekhwk, acc Thna, mspmgdaccy Batb Thna, ds nmkmraccy `hkm dkhr`mr th nadk jdraguchus pbysdgac ak` psygbhchndgac phwmrs. Dt ds vmry hc` lmcdmi tbat tbm Thnd gak `h akytbdkn ak` ds tbm jastmr hi katurm.1<

Pbm ihur mcmjmkts jmktdhkm` alhvm bavm lmmk prmsmkt dk tbmsm systmjsirhj tbm marcdmst tdjms. Pbm whrsbdp hi Cdkna ak` Thkd was tbmrm .dktbm Caeuca.17 Nrhup dkgcu`dkn Eakpbatas. Pbm Eapacdea systmj wbdgbds kmarmst th tbm Katbs bas lmmk jmktdhkm` dk tbm ]pakdsa`s.10 Pbmsmgt mxdstm` lmihrm tbm Gbrdstdak mra ak` tbm tdjm hi Emka ]pakdsa`.

Pbm Eakpbata cdkm startm` wdtb Jatsymk`ra Katba, wbh ds tbm idrstbdsthrdgac Katb. Nhraebkatb ds prhlalcy tbm tbdr` Katb, tbhunb shjmsay tbat sdx Katbs dktmrvmkm` lmtwmmk tbm twh.1= Dt ds nmkmraccy lmcdmvm`tbat Nhraekatb appmarm` aky tdjm lmtwmmk tbm 11tb ak` tbm 10tbgmktury.

Lut agghr`dkn th Lrdnns, wbh bas ghksd`mrm` acc mvd`mkgm hk tbm phdkt,bm cdvm` dk tbm 1<tb gmktury [email protected]

<. CMNMK@A\T BDWPH\T Dt ds ghjjhk dk Dk`da tbat wbmkmvmr aguct lrmaes away irhj tbm parmkt smgt, tbm `mvhtmms hi tbm kmw guctgrmatm kujmrhus cmnmk`s alhut dts autbhr ly ndvdkn bdj lhtb tbm bdnbmstspdrdtuac status ak` tbm nrmatmst aktdqudty. Pbm cmnmkàry bdsthry hi Nhraekatb ds vmry vardakt. Hkm cmnmk` says tbat bm ds tbm hrdndkac mdty ak` Wdva, Lrabja ak` Ydsku arm bds `dsgdpcms51> akhtbmr vmrsdhk gaccs

bdj tbm Avatara



27

hi Wdva,12 wbh appmars dk acc Tunas. Dk tbm Watyuna, bm appmarm` at Pdcca dk Obmcuj `dstrdgt, khw dk Vaedstak.14 Lut, tbm nmkmraccy aggmptm`cmnmk` alhut tbm Katbs ds tbat hkgm Wdva was djpartdkn th Varvatd tbm

smgrmt Jaktra ihr spdrdtuac rmacdzatdhk Jatsymk`ra Katba, wbh wascydkn as a idsb kmarly, bmar` ak` nraspm` tbm Jaktra.<6 Pbhunb Chr`Wdva ds supphsm` th lm tbm idrst Katb (A`dkatb) Jatsymk`ra Katba dstbm idrst bujak Katb. Dk tbat cdkmanm Nhraebkatb ds prhlalcy tbm tbdr`hr tbm kdktb<1 Katb th nmt tbm smgrmt Jaktra. Dk tbm ghursm hi tdjm tbdsJaktra, dt ds lmcdmvm` was rmgmdvm` ly Oakmsbvara, tbm iajhusghjjmktathr hi tbm Ndta, Gbadtakya ak` Puearaj. << Dt ds tbds smgrmt

Jaktra wbdgb ds phssmssm` ly tbm Katbs hi tbds guct.

7. PBM JMPAVBTWDGAC YDM^ AK@ AVV\HAGB PH PBM^H\C@

Wadvdsj bas a vardmty hi jmtapbysdgac vdmws rmnar`dkn tbm whrc`. Dktbm Vasupata systmj, tbm parmkt systmj hi Katbs, Dsbwara ak` Vra`bakaarm tbm gausm hi mvmrytbdkn. Vra`baka prhùgms tbm whrc`, hr miimgts(Earya), dkgcu`dkn shucs. Pbm miimgts arm hi tbrmm edk`s, tbm shuc (Vasu),‒Ghnkdtdhk— ak` ‒hrnaks—. Pbm ‒miimgts— arm `mpmk`mkt hk Wdva, wbh dstbm gausm hi mvmrytbdkn. Lut tbm miimgt, tbm grmatm` shuc, ds mtmrkac.Wdva ds tbm hrdndkac gausm, hk wbdgb tbm miimgts mpmk`. Dk tbm Vasupatasystmj, tbm gbdmi adj ds th nadk phwmrs. Pbm whrc`, tbhunb rmac, dsghksd`mrm` th lm imttmrs, irhj tbm lhkànm hi wbdgb rmcmasm bas th lmshunbt.<7 Dk mssmkgm, tbus, tbm Katbs aggmpt tbm pbdchshpby akàpprhagb hi Thna, wbdgb ds uacdstdg ak` smmes tbm cdlmratdhk hi Vurusairhj tbm jmsbms hi Vraerdtd. Dk Katbdsj, thh, tbm whrc` ds `mmjm` thlm a pcagm hi jdsmry wbdgb bas th lm rmkhukgm` as ak mktakncmjmkt.<0

Drrmspmgtdvm hi bmtbmr Katbdsj ds uacdstdg hr jhkdstdg, dts apprhagbth tbm whrc` rmjadks tbm sajm as tbat hi tbm Thna. Dt ds sad` tbat Wdva,lmdkn im` up wdtb grmatdhk, gut bds hrnak. Pbat ds wby tbm Thnds armasgmtdg ak` arm asshgdatm` wdtb tbm grmjatdhk



20

nrhuk`s. Pbm asbms hk tbm lh`y hi tbm Katb rmprmsmkt grmjatdhk asbms.Wdva ds gaccm` Jaba Thnd ak` bas lmmk sbhwk dk tbm narl hi a Thnd.

Pbm Katb Thnds thh taem a vhw hi gmcdlagy ak` turk ghjpcmtm lage th

tbm whrc` hi jak.

0. PBM NHAC

Lmdkn lasdgaccy aedk th Thna, Katbs bavm a nhac wbdgb, mvmk tbhunbscdnbtcy vardakt dk dts `msgrdptdhk, ds, dk mssmkgm, tbm sajm as dk Thna.Dk Thna tbm nhac ds tbrmm ihc`5 th nadk phwmr, th nmt cdlmratm` irhj tbm

whrc`, ak` th smme dshcatdhk. Dk Katbdsj, tbm idrst twh hlomgts hi tbmnhac arm tbm sajm.<= Pbm idkac statm ds gaccm` Eadvacya hr dshcatdhk hi Vurusba dk a statm hi jdk`cmss ukghkgdhuskmss. Dk Katbdsj, thh, tbmidkac nhac ds hi ghjpcmtm dsshgdatdhk irhj tbm whrc`, dkvhcvdkn a wbhccy passdvm ak` lcdssiuc ukdhk wdtb, hr jmrnmr dk, Wdva.<9 Pbm diimrmkgm dktbm nhacs ds dk kajm hkcy. Dk lhtb gasms, dt ds a statm hi ghjpcmtmdkagtdvdty. Dk hkm gasm, tbm Vurusba sbdkms dk dts hwk cdnbt5 dk tbm gasmhi Katbdsj, tbm shuc sbdkms dk tbm mtmrkac cdnbt hi Wdva. Dk lhtb gasms,tbm prdjary hlomgt ds th nadk phwmrs ak` cdlmratdhk irhj tbm hpprmssdhkhi tbm whrc`.<>

=. H\NAKDWAPDHK, JMPBH@HCHNT AK@ @DWGDVCDKM

Cmt us khw ndvm tbm ratdhkacm, tbm rhutdkm ak` tbm pragtdgms hi tbmrmcdndhus cdim hi tbm Katbs ak` tbm pbysdgac ak` spdrdtuac `dsgdpcdkm

hlsmrvm` ly tbmj.(d) Pbm hrnakdsatdhk

Pbm Katb systmj lmdkn asgmtdg ak` jhkastdg, tbmy bavm a kujlmr hi jhkastmrdms acc hvmr tbm ghuktry. Pbm djphrtakt gmktrms arm Pdcca(Obmcuj dstrdgt, Vaedstak), Bdkncao (Lacugbdstak), @bdkh`bar (Eugbb),Nhraebpur ak` @mvd Vattak, (].V.), mtg. Acc Thnds arm jmjlmrs hi hkmjhkastmry hr tbm htbmr, ak` magb jhkastmry ds bma`m` ly a Vdr hr

Nuru. Wdkgm mvmk Juscdjs arm aggmptm` dk tbm iadtb (at hkm tdjm



2=

tbmrm wmrm hvmr 72666 Juscdj Katbs), tbm bma`s hi tbm

gmktrms at Bdkncao ak` Pdcca, wbdgb arm sdtuatm` dk tbm Juscdj armas,arm gaccm` Vdrs.<2 Agtuaccy, tbm bma` hi tbm djphrtakt jhkastmry atBdkncao was a Juscdj, ak` tbm ghjpcadkt was tbat vdsdthrs th tbatgmktrm wmrm ghkvmrtm` th Dscaj.<4 Mvmry pmrshk dkdtdatm` ajhkn tbmKatbs ds aggmptm` ly a Nuru hi shjm jhkastmry, hi wbdgb tbm kmw mktrakt lmghjms a jmjlmr. Pbmrm arm twmcvm smgts hi Eakpbatas.76

Magb was hrnakdsm` ly a dsgdpcm hi Nhraebkatb. Pbm kmw mktrakt basth taem tbrmm djphrtakt vhws. Bm bas th lm gmcdlatm. Iurtbmr, bmuk`mrtaems kht th mknanm bdjsmci dk aky lusdkmss, mjpchyjmkt hrprhimssdhk ak` bas th sustadk bdjsmci ly lmnndkn ihr bds ihh`. Pbdr`cy,bm bas th hlsmrvm Abdjsa,71 Pbm Thnd ds a`vdsm` th cdvm up a pcagm

wbmrm tbm arma ds kht `dsturlm`, tbm edkn ds nhh` ak` acjs arm irmmcy avadcalcm.7< Pbmrm bm bas th gbhhsm a shcdtary pcagm ihr bds jm`dtatdhkak` Thna. Aitmr tbm Thnd ds aggmptm` as a prhlatdhkmr, bm ds supphsm`th wace hk lhtb sd`ms hi tbm rdvmr Karla`a. Pbm pmrdh` hi prhlatdhkjay mxtmk` th akytbdkn irhj hkm ymar th a sugb chknmr pmrdh`. ^bmk

tbm pmrshk ds idkaccy aggmptm` as a Thnd, bds mars arm spcdt. Ly dt a jystdggbakkmc hr Ka`d ds hpmkm` ]p.77 Pbm Thnd travmcs larmihhtm`. Mxgmptihr tbm ihur radky jhktbs, tbm Thnd ds hk tbm jhvm th `diimrmkt Katbjhkastmrdms ak` htbmr Bdk`u pcagms hi pdcnrdjanm. Bm wmars tbmsgaktdmst hi gchtbms ak` nhms acjhst kaem`. Bm ruls asbms hk bds lh`y ak` wmars marrdkns dk bds spcdt mars. Pbm Ju`ras sbhuc` prmimralcy lmhi tbm bhrks hi a \bdkh. Pbm Thnd wmars a kmgecagm hi \u`raesba

lma`s ak` acsh a spmgdac tbrma`. Dk a``dtdhk, bm garrdms a wbdstcm. Pbmsmtbrmm dtmjs arm gaccm` tbm Wadcd.70 Pbm chss hi aky hi tbmsm dtmjs dkvhcvmssthppanm hi ihh` tdcc dt ds rmpcagm`. Pbm adcy rhutdkm dkvhcvms lmnndkn,ak` at tbat tdjm bm wmars emrgbdmis rhuk` bds arjs. Pbm Ju`ra ds shdjphrtakt tbat, di tbm sajm ds lrhemk tbm Thnd whuc` kht taem ihh`5khr gak bm pmrihrj rmcdndhus rdtms hr tace th bds imcchw Thnds tdcc tbmsajm ds sulstdtutm`.7= Pbm Katbs lury tbmdr `ma`.



29

(dd) Jhkastmrdms ak` pcagms hi whrsbdp

Dt ds hi rmcdndhus sdnkdidgakgm ak` jmrdt th vdsdt Katb jhkastmrdms,partdgucarcy, Pdcca, Bdkncao, @bdkh`bar, mtg., ak` sagrm` Bdkù rdvmrsak` pcagms hi pdcnrdjanm cdem Bard`war, Vrayan, Nakna, Nhàward,Lmkaras, Aou`bda, Lrdkàlak, La`rdkatb, Emàrkatb ak` Vusbear, mtg.

At tbm jhkastmrdms, tbmrm arm tmjpcms, djanms ak` pdgturms hi Bdkùnh`s ak` rmcdndhus pmrshkacdtdms cdem @attatrmya, Chr` Erdsbka ak`Nhpdms, Chr` \aj Gbak`ra, Bakujak, Caesbjak ak` htbmrs. Wdva, dktbm ihrj hi Lbadrhk, as tbm gbdmi `mdty, ds whrsbdppm`.79 Bhjanm dspad` th Bdkù nh`s. @attatrmya ak` Bakujak arm acsh whrsbdppm` ly tbm Eakpbatas. Dk Lmknac tbm Katbs whrsbdp lhtb Wdva ak` Ydsku. Attbmdr gmktrms, lchh` sagrdidgms arm `hkm at tbm Lbadrhk tmjpcm ak` atthjls. 7>

(ddd) Gastm ak` shgdac `dstdkgtdhks

Dk tbmhry hkcy twdgm lhrk arm dkdtdatm` as Katbs.72 At Pdcca, tbm rmgrudtsarm hkcy irhj tbm idrst tbrmm gastms. Lut mcsmwbmrm, acc gastms, mxgmptshjm vmry chw gastms cdem Jmnbwacds ak` @bm`s, arm aggmptm`.74 hjmkarm nmkmraccy kht dkdtdatm` mxgmpt wd`hws. Bdkù Katbs `h kht mat

wdtb Juscdj Katbs. 06 Khr `h Bdkù Katbs nh ihr lmnndkn th Juscdjbhusms hr bhusms hi chwmr gastms,01 –Khkm lut a Lrabjdk asgmtdg gakghhe tbm jmacs ak` smrvm tbmj at aky hi tbm asgmtdg gmktrms mxtaktthày, wbmtbmr Wadva hr Yadskava. Cdemwdsm, tbm whrsbdp hi tbm `mdty rmjadks bds prdvdcmnm ak` prmsmrvm.‚0< At @bdkh`bar jhkastmry, tbmbdnbmr gastms arm ndvmk ukghhem` ihh`. Pbm htbmr gastms arm im` at tbmjhkastmry bacc, lut, chwmr gastms ak` Juscdjs nmt ihh` hutsd`m tbmjhkastmry dk tbm hpmk.07 Katbs `h kht sdt ak` mat wdtb tbmdr whjmkihce, kht mvmk wdtb whjmk Katb paktbds.00 Jaky Katbs `h jarry, luttbmy arm bmc` dk ghktmjpt. Pbm htbmr Katbs `h kht sjhem wdtb tbmjtdcc tbmy bavm pad` a pmkacty.0=



2>

(dvO \mcdndhus `dsgdpcdkm

Pbm Katb Thnds bavm ihur prhjdkmkt mcmjmkts hi tbmdr `dsgdpcdkm? (a)asgmtdgdsj, (l) rdtuacdsj, (g) Thndg jmtbh`hchny, ak` (`) tbmghjldkatdhk hi jacm ak` imjacm mkmrndms ak` tbm radsdkn hi tbmEukàcakd wdtb a vdmw th ukdhk wdtb Chr` Wdva. Dk hr`mr th uk`mrstak`tbmsm imaturms, wm sbacc lrdmicy— tragm tbm bdsthry hi magb hi tbmj ak`dk`dgatm tbm Katb pragtdgm. Dt ds rmcmvakt th uk`mrstak` tbat, `mspdtmtbm capsm hi tdjm ak` tbm jh`mrk mkvdrhkjmkt, tbm Katbs bavm khtmvmk scdnbtcy jh`didm` tbmdr pragtdgms wbdgb ghktdkum as hi hc`.09

(a) Asgmtdgdsj? Asgmtdgdsj ds a typdgaccy akgdmkt Dk`dak dkstdtutdhk. Dt dslmcdmvm` th lm ak Dk`dak ghktrdlutdhk th whrc` gucturms, sdkgm asgmtdgdsj

was ukekhwk th tbm akgdmkt Drakdak, Lalychkdak hr Mnyptdak gucturms.0>

Dt appmars th lmchkn th tbm prm-Aryak hr tbm Warajakdg tra`dtdhk.Barappak smacs rmprmsmkt Wdva dk ak asgmtdg phsm. Oadkdsj partdgucarcy mxthcs tbm phwmr ak` vacum hi Papas. Dk tbm \dn Ymà, thh, tbm ihrgmak` jmrdt hi Papas bas lmmk rmghnkdsm`. Pbm Watpatba Lrabjkas say tbat Nh` grmatm` tbm martb tbrhunb Papas. Pbm mpdgs ak` tbm ]pakdsa`s,thh, aggmpt tbm sdnkdidgakgm ak` supmrkaturac phwmrs hi asgmtdgdsj.02

Pbds ds mspmgdaccy sh irhj tbm tdjm hi Emka ]pakdsa`. Jaku basprmsgrdlm` tbm ghk`dtdhks ak` rucms ihr tbm austmrm cdim.04 Dk tbm \dn

Ymà, tbm badry jukd dk mgstasy ds pradsm` as bavdkn `dvdkm phwmr wbhghuc` `rdke wdtb \u`ra irhj a phdshk gup. =6 Wlmtaemtu was ak]pakdsa`dg pbdchshpbmr, cawndvmr ak` Okakd, a ghktmjphrary hi

Taokavaceya. Bm thh was ak asgmtdg,=1 Wakaea, th wbhj cdlatdhk armhiimrm` as a Ym`dg sanm, was a Lrabajagbarya.=< Pbmrm wmrm jaky htbmr asgmtdg Bdkù sanms. Mvmk lmihrm tbm tdjm hi Lu``ba tbm tbmhry hi ihur asbrajas prhvd`m` tbat baci tbm pmrdh` hi cdim sbhuc` lm`mvhtm` th asgmtdg cdvdkn. @attatrmya,

`mmjm` th lm ak dkgarkatdhk hi Ydsku, was a gmcdlatm. Mvmk Thbkavaceya says tbat wdsm jmk, wdtbhut lmghjdkn bhusmbhc`mrs,stradnbt away taem th tbm cdim hi jmk`dgakts. Dt was ghksd`mrm` tbmrdnbt ak` prhpmr ghursm ihr spdrdtuac



22

mk`mavhur ak` smci-rmacdsatdhk=7, Gbak`hnya nhms a stmp iurtbmr, gaccdkn –Wugb lrabjagbarya‚ as kht hkcy hkm hi tbm pdccars hi rdnbtmhuskmsslut as a statm tbat mksurms Lrabja rmacdzatdhk.‚=0 Jak`uea ]pakdsa`

thh rmghjjmk`s Wakyasa ihr idkac sacvatdhk. Mvmk Taokavaceya says,–Bavdkn ekhwk Bdj, hkm lmghjms a Jukd, sanm hr wdsm hkm. @msdrdkn tbm sajm mk`, rmgcusms rmkhukgm tbm whrc`. Ihr tbat vmry purphsm,

wdsm jmk hi hc` usm` kht th msdrm prhnmky.‚ –^dtb tbds tbhunbt, tbmy usm` th taem th tbm cdim hi jmk`dgakgy.‚ –Ihr, `msdrm ihr prhnmky ds`msdrm ihr nhh`s.‚ –Lrabjdks bavdkn ekhwk Bdj, pragtdsm tbm cdim hi jmk`dgakts.‚ –Pbmrm arm sgbhhcs hi asgmtdgdsj wbdgb bavm radsm` tbm

pbysdgac part hi dt th lm ak d`mac dk dtsmci, wbmtbmr as a ghkthrtdhusagtdvdty hr as tbm mshtmrdg Batb Thna.‚== Dt ds tbus gcmar tbat lhtb dk tbmprm-Aryak Wrajakdg tra`dtdhk ak` tbm Ym`dg-]pakdsa`dg tra`dtdhk,asgmtdgdsj, gmcdlagy ak` htbmr-whrc`cdkmss bavm lmmk taemk th lm tbmprdkgdpac jmaks hi sacvatdhk ak` ekhwcm`nm. Lu``ba d` strdem a jmakpatb5 lut wdtb bdj, thh, whrc` was a @ueeba ak` jhkastdgdsj lmgajma lasdg part hi bds systmj ihr Kdrvaka. Dt ds tbds tra`dtdhk hi asgmtdgdsj

ak` cdlmratdhk irhj tbm jdsmrdms hi tbm whrc` tbat tbm Katb Thndsaggmpt as ak dktmnrac part hi tbmdr systmj, lmgausm tbm vhws hi Katb

Thnds aggmpt as ak dktmnrac part hi tbmdr systmj, lmgausm tbm vhws hi Katb Thnds prhvd`m ihr gmcdlagy ak` khk-mknanmjmkt dk aky lusdkmsshr mjpchyjmkt. Wdva, wbh ds gaccm` tbm Jaba Thnd, ds acways asshgdatm`

wdtb wdc`mrkmss ak` grmjatdhk nrhuk`s. Pbat ds wby tbm Katb Thndsbavm tbm rdtuac hi rulldkn asbms hk tbm lh`y, rmprmsmktdkn tbmrmly

`matb th tbm whrc`.=9

(l) \dtuacdsj ak` Ihrjacdsj? \dtuacdsj bas a midkdtm pcagm ak` vacum dktbm systmj. Gmrtadk jhktbs, @mgmjlmr th Aprdc, arm ghksd`mrm`auspdgdhus ihr dkdtdatdhk dkth tbmsystmj.=> At dkdtdatdhk, tbm `dsgdpcm sdtsdk a partdgucar phsturm ak` iagms khrtb. Jaktras arm rma` at tbm tdjm hi dkdtdatdhk ak` spcdttdkn tbm mars. Pbmsm arm supphsm` th bavm `dstdkgtphtmkgy ak` vacum dk prmvmktdkn padk ak` lcmm`dkn dk tbm



24

prhgmss. \bdkh mar-rdkns arm prmimrrm` lmgausm dt ds a sagrm` akdjac.=2

Pbm guttdkn hi tbm mar bas nrmat phtmkgy ak` jaems a pmrshk djjhrtac.=4

Dk gasm tbm spcdt mar ds jutdcatm`, tbm Katb ds mxghjjukdgatm`.96 Dk

marcdmr ymars, bm mdtbmr `dm` hr was lurdm` acdvm. Di a Ju`ra ds chst, tbm Thnd just sulstdtutm dt lmihrm bm gak taem ihh`, pmrihrj rmcdndhus rdtmshr tace th bds imcchw Thnds.91

As wm sbacc jmktdhk uk`mr tbm sul-bma` Thna, Jaktra Thna bas a`midkdtm vacum dk agbdmvdkn spdrdtuac a`vakgmjmkt. Lmcdmi dk tbm jystdgphtmkgy hi whr`s ak` cmttmrs ak` tbmdr rmpmtdtdhk ds ak dktmnrac part hi tbm systmj. Pbds ds sh mspmgdaccy rmnar`dkn tbm whr` Hj.

Iastdkn ds ghksd`mrm` vmry miidgagdhus. Dt rmjhvms sdks. Iastdkn hkWbdvratrd ds partdgucarcy jmrdthrdhus ak` jaems a pmrshk djjhrtac.9<

Jay lm, lmgausm hi tbm lcage ghchur hi Lbadrhk, lcage luge, skaemsak` mvmk lcage `hns arm vmkmratm`.97 Kan Vakgbajd ds gmcmlratm` ly tbm Katbs.

Akdjac ak` lchh` sagrdidgms at tbm tmjpcm hi Lbadrhk ak` shjm thjlsds a ghjjhk imaturm. At tbm akkuac iadr at @mvd Vattak, <6 luiiachs,

<=6 nhats ak` <=6 pdns wmrm sagrdidgm` hk hkm ay hkcy. Pbm iadr hpmkshk tbm arrdvac hi tbm Katb Vdr irhj Kmpac wbh prmsd`ms hvmr tbmiukgtdhk.90 Pbm jare hi lchh` ds appcdm` th tbm mvhtmms. Eacaed Vuraka,

wbdgb ds a sgrdpturm hi tbm Waetas, bas a gbaptmr hk bujak sagrdidgms.9=

Pbm Nhraekatbds bavm shjm pragtdgms sdjdcar th tbds nrhup. Katbs smrvmas Vuoards at tbm Waetd tmjpcms. Nhraebkatb ds sad` th bavm sulstdtutmàkdjac sagrdidgm ihr bujak sagrdidgm.99

At Bdkncao, cdkna-yhkd jare ds put hk tbm vdsdtdkn Thnds. Pbmy acsh whrsbdp Cdkna ak` Thkd.9> Ydsdts th Katb jhkastrdms ak` Bdkù sagrm`pcagms arm rmnar`m` as hi `dstdkgt rmcdndhus jmrdt. A vdsdt th Bdkncaojhkastmry ds kmgmssary th jaem a pmrshk pmrimgt.92

Pbm Katbs aggmpt ak` rmghnkdzm Bdkù lmcdmis dk nh`s ak` nh``mssms,nhh` ak` la` spdrdts, auspdgdhus ak` dkauspdgdhus ays, ak` jaky htbmrsupmrstdtdhks.94

(g) Thndg pragtdgms?Wadvdsj ak` Thna bavm ak akgdmkt



46

lhk` hr ghjldkatdhk. Pbm Barrappak smacs sbhw Wdva dk a Thndg phsm.Lhtb arm a part hi tbm Warajakdg tra`dtdhk. @asnupta wrdtms tbat Thnaarhsm as tbm jmaks hi `mcdvmrakgm hi tbm bmrjdts irhj tbm hpprmssdvm

mkvdrhkjmkt ak` tbm jdsmry hi tbm whrc`. Dts tbmhry mkvdsanms tbat, asdk tbm gasm hi Oadkdsj ak` Wakebya, tbm ghjldkatdhk hi tbm jatmrdacak` spdrdtuac mcmjmkts ds a lhkànm, ak` rmcmasm irhj tbm whrc` bas thlm shunbt ly lrmaedkn tbds ghjldkatdhk. Akhtbmr hlomgt ds a statm hi mtmrkac qudmt, dshcatdhk ak` lcdss.

Pbm lasdg Thndg dsgdpcdkm ds tbm hkm mtadcm` ly patakoacd dk tbm pmrdhàlhut 766 A.@. Ihr Thna, gmcdlagy ds mssmktdac. Pbds `dsgdpcdkm ds mdnbtihc`, dkvhcvdkn Taja, kdyaja, asaka, prakayaja, pratyabara, `barka,`byaka ak` saja`bd. Dt dkgcu`ms usm hi tbm whr` Hj, iasts,ghkgmktratdhk, hkm-phdkt jm`dtatdhk ak` sthppanm hi jmktac prhgmssms,grmatdkn ukghksgdhuskmss. As irhj tbm akgdmkt tdjms, tbm nmkmrac ak`prdjary adj hi Thna ds th nadk jdraguchus phwmrs. Pbm Thnd ds tbmjastmr hi tbrmm whrc`s ak` gak ghktrhc tbm mvhcutdhk hi nukas hi Vraerdtd.>6 Wugb phwmrs arm gaccm` Wd``bds. Thnds, wbh bavm attadkm`

tbhsm phwmrs, arm gaccm` Wd``bas. Katbs arm gchsmcy asshgdatm` wdtbWd``bas wbhsm prdkgdpac adj ds th nadk phwmr. Ihr, Nhraebkatb ds khthkcy hkm hi tbm kdkm Katbs, lut bm ds ghuktm` as hkm hi tbm mdnbty ihurWd``bas.>1 Bm ds supphsm` th lm tbmdr tmagbmr.

@asnupta mkujmratms ihur edk`s hi Thna? \ao Thna, Jaktra Thna,Caya Thna ak` Batb Thna. >< \ao Thna `macs wdtb tbm jdk` ak` dtspsygbdg phwmrs ak` tbm dktmccmgtuac prhgmssms. Jaktra Thna mjpchystbm rmpmtdtdhk hi sagrm` tmxts, whr`s ak` cmttmrs. Pbds Thna acjhstmktmrs tbm rmacj hi jandg. Caya Thna ds qudmtmst. Dt dkvhcvms mcdjdkatdhkhi jmktac prhgmssms ak` hi dkùgmjmkt hi trakgms akùkghksgdhuskmss, cma`dkn th tbm idkac statm mk`dkn dk pmrjakmkt qudmthi tbm jdk`. Pbm ihurtb ds Batb hr Eukàcdkd Thna. Pbm jmtbh` dsjadkcy pbysdgac ak` dk dts pragtdgm dt usms Vrakayaja. Pbm adj ds tbmsajm, kajmcy, Waja`bd, dshcatdhk hr ukdhk wdtb Wdva. Pbm pragtdgm hi

Eukàcakd Thna acsh mjpchys htbmrs Thnas, dkgcu`dkn



4<

wbdcm jm`dtatdkn hk tbm Wuk ak` Jhhk, ds rmghjjmk`m`. Dk tbds tmxt,tbm Thndg systmj, dkvhcvdkn Vrakayaja, sdx gdrgcms, tbrmm gbakkmcs akÈukàcdkd ak` Kaà ak` Ldkù, ds `mtadcm`. Pbm tmk gbdmi Ka`ds arm

Dà, Vdknca, Wusjuka, Nak`bard, Bastdodbha, Vusa, Tasasvakd, Acajlusa, Eubus ak` Wajebdkd. Pbmsm tmrjdkatm dk tmk hpmkdkns. Pbm idrst tbrmm Ka`ds arm tbm djphrtakt hkms dk radsdkn tbm Eukàcdkd.Wusjaka mxtmk`s th tbm tmktb hpmkdkn. Dt ds tbm patb hi mkohyjmkt ak`lcdss dk wbdgb jacm ak` imjacm mcmjmkts ukdtm. Eukàcdkd ds radsm`tbrhunb tbm sdx gbaeras. Dk`ra, Lrabja ak` Eacd wdtb ihur-bak`s, astaii, wdkm, seucc ak` spmar arm dkvhcvm` dk Eukàcdkd syjlhcdsj. Pbm

idkac nhac hi Eukàcdkd ds th rmagb tbm thp hi tbm bma` at Wabasrara,tbm pcagm hi idkac lcdss ak` ukdhk wdtb Wdva. Pbmrm ds Wukya, tbm pcagmhi Dsbvara, tbm alh`m hi Lrabja. Pbm ukdhk hi \aoas ak` Ldkù (Wdvaak` Waetd) ds tbm adj hi Thna. Pbm tbrdccs hi tbm pbysdgac rmagtdhks dktbm prhgmss hi Thna arm gaccm` rmcdndhus mxpmrdmkgms.

Pbm adjs, hi Thna arm djjhldcdty hi lh`y ak` jmktac prhgmssms, tbmmgstatdg mxpmrdmkgms hi ukdhk hi \aoas (Eukàcdkd) ak` Ldkù (Wdva)

at tbm vardhus cmvmcs ak` tbm sdx gbaeras dk tbm lh`y, supmrkaturacphwmrs, ak` idkac rmcmasm ak` lcdss. Acc tbmsm arm smgurm` ly Asakas,Ju`ra, Lbakà, Vrakayaja, rmtmktdhk hi lrmatb ak` Ldkù, lrmatbghktrhc, gcmakdkn hi Ka`ds ak` jdsgmccakmhus pragtdgms. Pbm htbmrpbysdgac yhndg jmtbh`s a`hptm` arm @bhtd, Lastd, Kmtd, Prataemm, Kaucd,Eapaca Nbatd, mtg. Ly prayakayaj, Eukàcdkd ds `drmgtm` th Wusjaka.@urdkn tbm prhgmss, hkm bmars dktmrkac shuk`s (Akabata ka`) ds a ymar—s

tdjm. Jmktac prhgmssms arm lrhunbt th a stak` stdcc. Pbmrm arm jaky vardmtdms dk tbm usm hi Ju`ra, Asaka, Vrakayaja, mtg. Ly tbds Thna, accpbysdgac, psygbdg ak` jystdg phwmrs arm nadkm`, ak` idkaccy Wdva dsmkohym` dk mtmrkac lcdss. Dk wratb tbm Thnd gak jhvm tbm tbrmm whrc`s.

Pbm ukdhk hi Ldkù ak` \aoas dk tbm tbrhat ydmc`s supmrkaturac phwmr.Dt ds tbm natmway th idkac rmcmasm. Pbm Wabasrara ds tbm trum whrc`,

wbmrm hkm b,as tbm bdnbmst lcdss. Jdk` ds dsshcvm` ak` ukghksgdhuskmss



47

ihcchws. Dt ds tbm ihuktadk bma` hi acc grmatdhk, wbmrm Eukàcdkd mkohysVarajatjak ak` lcdss. >> Pbds ds tbm Thna systmj prmsgrdlm` dk tbm Katbsystmj. Dt dkvhcvms acc edk`s hi Thnas, lut tbm strmss ds hk Batb Thna

ak` Jaktra Thna. Pbm qumstdhk khw ds wbmtbmr Batb Thna ds a catmr dkkhvatdhk, hr dt dslasdgaccy a vardmty hi tbm hc` ak` hrdndkac Thndg systmj. ^m idk` tbatBatb Thna, dk dts iukàjmktac ihrj, dkgcu`dkn tbm systmj hi Ka`dsak` Eukàcdkd, ds vmry hc`. Dt was ekhwk th tbm Gbak`hnya ]pakdsa`,

wbdgb says tbat tbm shuc `mpartm` tbrhunb tbm Gbaeras nadksdjjhrtacdty. >2 Kht hkcy ds tbmrm a rmimrmkgm th Wusjaka ka`d, lut tbmtbmhry hi Ka`d ak` dts spdrdtuac vacum ds ndvmk acsh dk tbm Jadtrd]pakdsa`. Pmssdthrdm wrdtms? –Pbm gchsm accdakgm hi Eakpbata systmjth tbm Thna, lhtb hi patakoacd ak` tbm ]pakdsaàs, ds vdsdlcm irhj tbmprhjdkmkt part ndvmk th tbm Thna prhxds as wmcc as th tbm jystdgactbmhry, th tbm gdrgcms dk tbm lh`y (gbaera, Eausaca), artmrdms (kaca),

vdtac adr (pavaka) ak` lrmatbs (bajsa).‚>4 Wdjdcarcy, Wvmtasvatarajmktdhks tbm nrmat nadks hi Vrakayaja. Acc tbds hkcy sbhws tbat tbm

Thna vardmty pragtdsm` ly tbm Katb Thnds ds khtbdkn kmw. Pbm systmjdk dts mssmktdacs was ekhwk dk tbm akgdmkt ak` tbm ]kpakdsa`dg tdjms.

Pbmrm ds khtbdkn iukàjmktaccy Paktrdg alhut dt. Dk iagt, tbm Paktrdgsystmjs assujm tbm lasds hi Batb, Jaktra, ak` \ao Thnas. Mvmk tbmKhk-Paktrdg Yadskava whres `mtadc tbm Batb Thna. Aitmr bds survmy,Nburym acsh ghkgcu`ms tbat Batb Thna dk acc dts mssmktdacs ds ak akgdmkthr ak ]pakdsa`dg systmj. 26

(`) Pbm ghjldkatdhk hi jacm ak` imjacm ihrgms? Pbm ihurtb mcmjmkt hi Katbiukàjmktac ds tbm mjpbasds hk tbm ukdhk hi jacm ak` imjacm mkmrndms,Wdva ak` Waetd, th agbdmvm cdlmratdhk.

Lhtb dk tbm Batb Thna Vra`dpdea ak` Nhraebsa Va``batd, wbdgb armKatb tmxts (tbm ihrjmr ds acsh attrdlutm` th Nhraebkatb),21 dt bas lmmkstatm` tbat tbm bdnbmst statm gak lm attadkm` lhtb ly asgmtdgdsj ak`rmstradkt. ak` ly smx dkùcnmkgm. Hkm hi tbm jmtbh`s prmsgrdlm` ihragbdmvdkn mtmrkac lcdss hr Wd``bd ds Yaorhcd, Wabohcd hr Ajrhcd. Pbmsm smx



4=

vacum th jak-whjak rmcatdhks was dksdstm` uphk. Pbm idrst GbadtakyaWabaoya jhvmjmkt ghkidrjs tbds phdkt, as `hms Nhraebkatb—s marcy aiidcdatdhk wdtb Yaoarayaka Lu``bdsts.‚ –^bdcm Yadskavdtm jhvmjmkt

mjpbasdsms chvm dk tbm ghkshrt hi tbm `dvdkm, tbm Wadvdtm cays strmss hkbmr phwmr hr mkmrny.‚22

^m arm kht dkgcdkm` th anrmm wdtb tbm vdmw tbat tbds aspmgt hi Katb Thna arhsm uk`mr Paktrdg dkicumkgm ak` cm` th Kaà-Ldkùghjldkatdhk. Mvmk Lrdnns ghkgm`ms, wbdcm rmimrrdkn th tbm tdjms hi

Ymàs? –Ak` dt ds gcmar tbat irhj akgdmkt tdjms `runs ak` smxstdjucatdhks wmrm usm` ihr tbm sajm mk`s hi mgstagy ak` trakgm.‚24

Pbm vdmw hi Paktrdg dkicumkgm bas ardsmk carnmcy lmgausm hi a sunnmstdhktbat, lmihrm lmdkn ghkvmrtm` th Katbdsj ly Jatsymk`ra Katb,Nhraebkatb was a Yaorayaka Lu``bdst. Apart irhj tbm iagt tbat tbmsunnmstdhk ds iar irhj ghkidrjm`, tbds vdmw dspcays qudtm ak dnkhrakgmhi tbm bdsthry hi Thndg jmtbh`s ak` Katbdsj. ^m bavm acrma`y smmktbat Eakpbatas arm a part hi tbm Caeuca nrhup hi tbm Wadva hr tbmVasupata systmj, hi wbdgb Anbhrds, Eacajuebas ak` Eapdceas arm a

part. Dk iagt, Eapdceas arm tbm kmarmst th Eakpbatas, tbm mssmktdacs hi tbm twh gucts lmdkn tbm sajm ak` sdjdcar. As sugb, tbds `mvmchpjmkthi tbm Katbs bas th lm tragm` th tbm Vasupata ak` tbm marcdmr systmjs,

wbdgb arm jugb hc`mr tbak Paktrdg Lu``bdsj.

Dk tbm Barappak smac, Wdva ds sbhwk wdtb bds nmkmratdvm hrnak mrmgt.46

Lmsd`ms, tbmrm ds tbm akgdmkt cmnmk`, prhlalcy cma`dkn th tbm turkthwar`s gmcdlagy ak` asgmtdgdsj, dk wbdgb Wdva guts bds hrnak ak`lmghjms a Thnd, Wdva-Thkd whrsbdp ds jmktdhkm` dk tbm41 Ym`dgcdtmraturm.

Larkmtt ihuk` a rmimrmkgm th Wadva Thnds hr Yratyas Hggurdkn dk tbm Atbarva Ymà. –Bm travmcs dk a lucchge gart, wdtb a barcht, a jusdgdak,twh garrdmrs, ak` twh ihhtjmk, ak` prhimssms Wadva jandg.‚4< Baumrsays tbat tbmsm Yratyas, ihcchwmrs hi \u`ra, Wdva ak` Thna, stak`dkgcu`m` dk tbm Lrabjakdg systmj ak` arm jmktdhkm` dk tbm Atbarva

Ymà. Pbmsm pmrshks cdem Thnds stak` mrmgt ihr a ymar ak` nh hvmr



4>

tbm ]pakdsa`s ak` ds ghksd`mrm` th lm Okakd ak` a parajabaksa.@attatrmya ds tbm hkcy dkgarkatdhk wbh bas a guct ihcchwdkn bdj ak`bas tmjpcms `mvhtm` th bds whrsbdp. Acc tbrhunb, tbm Vurakdg agghukt

–`mpdgts bdj as acways dk mgstasy, surrhuk`m` ly whjmk, `rdkedkn wdkm ak` dkùcndkn dk smx.‚ Dk hkm purakdg agghukt, –bm mjak`s icmsbak` wdkm dk a bujak seucc.‚44 Ak` bm ds hkm hi tbm gbdmi mdtdms wbhjKatb Thnds whrsbdp.

Pbm Bdkù whres acsh rmghnkdzm tbat tbm bdnbmst agbdmvmjmkt gakacsh lm ja`m tbrhunb wdkm ak` whjmk. Bdkù Paktra ds supphsm` thlm tbm =tb Ymà ihr Eacyuna.166 Dk iagt, Paktrdg systmjs tbmjsmcvms`mpmk` hk \ao, Jaktra ak` Batb T hnas, wbdgb arm hc`mr systmjs. 161

Pbm Jaktra Thna, as ds ekhwk, ds gchsmcy accdm` wdtb tbm Ym`dg tbmhry tbat whr`s, vmrsms, cmttmrs ak` syjlhcs bavm jystmrdhus phwmrs ak`tbat jak ak` tbm whrc` arm sulomgt th tbmdr dkicumkgm.

Nburym bas ghccmgtm` a jass hi mvd`mkgm th `dspmc tbm sunnmstdhk hi Paktrdg dkicumkgm hk tbm Katb paktbds. Bm wrdtms, –As Paktrdg cdtmraturmds iadrcy rmgmkt, dt jay lm supphsm` ly hur rma`mrs tbat tbm Ohnd hr`mr dshi rmgmkt hrdndk. Pbds djprmssdhk just khw lm ghuktmrm`.‚–Iukàjmktaccy tbm Ohnds rmprmsmkt tbm hc`mst sgbhhc hi Dk`dakasgmtdsj.16< Pbm Thnds arm tbm rmsdùm hi tbm akgdmkt Wadvdtm smgts. –167

_djjmr acsh, dk bds lrha` survmy hi Paktrdg systmjs, ghkgcu`ms, –ak`dk tbm `mmp pbdchshpby hi tbm Paktrdg, wm bavm akhtbmr sdnk hi tbmrmsurnmkgm hi tbm rmcdndhsdty hi tbm khk-Aryak, prm-Aryak jatrdargbactra`dtdhk hi @ravd`dak tdjms. –160

Akhtbmr sdnkdidgakt iagt wbdgb gcmarcy sbhws tbm cdke hi Nhraebkatbds wdtb tbm akgdmkt. Vasupata hr Wadva systmj ds tbm wdc` ak` albhrmktkaturm hi tbm twh smgts. Pbm autbhr hi tbm @aldstak wrdtms tbatNhrebkatbds usm idctmrm` mxgrmta. Bm bdjsmci saw a Nhraebkatbd matdkn tbm rhttmk icmsb hi a ghrpsm. Pbds pragtdgm ds mmjm` jmrdthrdhus. Pwhhtbmr rmashks acsh sbhw tbm cage hi Katb



42

ghkkmgtdhk wdtb Paktrdg Lu``bdsj ak` dts aktdqudty as a systmj. Dt dsa`jdttm` tbat Nhraebkatb dktrhùgm` shjm jh`mratdhk dk tbm Katbs,lhtb dk rmnar` th lchh` sagrdidgms ak` smx pragtdgms, ghjparm` th tbm

mxtrmjm ak` hc`mr Wadva smgts cdem tbm Eapacdeas, ak` Eacajuebas(tbhunb Anbhrpaktbds, acsh ihcchwmrs hi Nhraebkatb, arm vmry mxtrmjmdk tbmdr pragtdgms). Ba` bm rmaccy tbm Yaoarayaka lagenrhuk`, wbdgbagghr`dkn th Lrdnns ds hkm hi tbm jhst `mnra`m` rmcdndhus nrhups, tbmKatbs whuc` bavm lmmk jhrm cdgmktdhus ak` mrhtdg dk tbmdr pragtdgmstbak tbm Eapacdeas. Pbds tbmy arm kht. Bmkgm tbm djprhlaldcdty hi Nhraebkatb—s lmdkn hrdndkaccy a Yaoaryaka.

Wmghk`cy, hc` rmcdndhus systmjs cdem Bdkùdsj, dk hr`mr th jadktadk asmjlcakgm hi ghktdkudty, mvmchp a kujlmr hi dktmrkac ghktra`dgtdhks.Lmgausm, wbdcm attmjpt ds ja`m th aggmpt ak` alshrl kmw `mvmchpjmkts, tbm hc`mr lmcdmis arm kht sbm`. Pbds imaturm hi ghktra`dgthry pragtdgms ds typdgaccy prmsmkt dk tbm Katbs. Nhraebkatbds,

wbdcm tbmy taem a vhw hi abdjsa, acsh dkùcnm dk lchh` sagrdidgms attbmdr jhkastmrdms. Jaky hi tbm Katbs mat jmat mxgmpt phre ak` lmmi.

Hk tbm hkm bak`, tbmrm ds a vhw hi asgmtdgdsj ak` acc ghkgmrk wdtbtbm whrc` ds ndvmk up ly rmomgtdkn acc lusdkmss ak` mjpchyjmkt. Hktbm htbmr bak`, tbm gbdmi adj ds th nadk phwmr hvmr tbm ihrgms hi tbmlh`y, katurm ak` tbm whrc`. Hk tbm hkm bak`, tbm Katb taems a vhw hi gmcdlagy. Hk tbm htbmr bak`, smx-syjlhcdsj, mrhtdg pragtdgms ak`cdgmksm` dkùcnmkgm arm rmghnkdzm` as tbm patb hi spdrdtuac agbdmvmjmkt.

Ak` tbm pmrshk wbh bas rmagbm` tbm spdrdtuac bmdnbt ds alhvm vdrtum

ak` vdgm, lmdkn irmm th dkùcnm dk akytbdkn ihrld``mk th tbm smmemr.16=-169 Wugb strhkn ghktrasts dk Katb lmcdmis ak` pragtdgms gcmarcy dk`dgatmak hc` tra`dtdhk tbat bas mvmchpm` hvmr a chkn pmrdh` hi tdjm. Dt ds khta kmw guct wdtb a ukdidm` systmj hi `hgtrdkms ak` `dsgdpcdkms.

Pbmrm ds, tbus, hvmrwbmcjdkn mvd`mkgm th ghkgcu`m tbm `drmgt cdkmanmhi tbm Katb guct irhj tbm hc`mst prm-Ym`dg ak` Ym`dg tra`dtdhks tbrhunbtbm Wadva systmjs hi Vasupata ak`



44

Eapdceas, wdtb lhtb hi wbdgb acc dts mssmktdacs arm ghjjhk. Acc tbm whrc` hvmr, asgmtdg hr jhkastdg systmjs, wbmtbmr Bdkù, Wadva, Yadskava, hr Lu``bdst, at hkm phdkt hr tbm htbmr, cma` th jacm ak`

imjacm syjlhcdsj, ak` ghksmqumkt mrhtdg pragtdgms, uctdjatmcy rmghnkdsdkn smksuac dkùcnmkgm as a jmaks th sacvatdhk. ^m sbhucàcsh cdem th mjpbasds tbat, wbmrm grmatdvm mkmrndms arm kht yhem` thcdim-aiidrjdkn, ghkstrugtdvm ak` vdrtuhus `mm`s, smgts dksdstdkn hkgmcdlagy hr a`hptdkn smx syjlhcdsj acjhst acways `mnmkmratm dkthaggmptdkn mrhtdg, cdgmktdhus hr albhrrmkt pragtdgms. Pbds bas bappmkm`lhtb dksd`m ak` hutsd`m Dk`da. Hk tbds dssum, wm anrmm wdtb Lrdnns

tbat, wbmrmas imjacm `dvdkdtdms bavm ardsmk acc hvmr ak` dk acc anms,khwbmrm dk tbm whrc` bas jacm ak` imjacm syjlhcdsj lmmk alcm ihrchkn th emmp dtsmci hk a bdnb pcakm.16>

9. WHGDAC \MWVHKWDLDCDPT AK@ PBM^H\C@- YDM^ HI PBM KAPB THND

Pbm Thnd, wbmtbmr cdlmratm` hr htbmrwdsm, bas kh shgdac rmsphksdldcdty.Ly bds vmry lasdg vhws bm guts bdjsmci hii irhj tbm whrc`. Pbmcdlmratm` pmrshk ds mdtbmr alhvm vdrtum ak` sdk, hr sthps acc pbysdgacak` psygbdgac prhgmssms, mktmrdkn a statm hi jdk`cmss ukghksgdhuskmss.Bds jystdg ukdhk dkvhcvms mtmrkac lcdss ak` rmst. Pbm qumstdhk hi aky ghksmqumkt agtdvdty `hms kht ardsm. Bm bas kh shgdac rmsphksdldcdty thwar`s bds imcchw lmdkns.162 Pbm Thnd ds uk`mr a vhw tbat bm wdcc khtmark bds cdvdkn ak` whuc` dkstma` lmn ihr bds ihh`, tbat lmdkn a part hi bds rhutdkm at tbm jhkastmry. Ihr bds jm`dtatdhk, bm ds mkohdkm` thsmcmgt a pcagm wbdgb ds kht shgdaccy dsturlm` ak` wbmrm acjs arm irmmcy avadcalcm. Mvd`mktcy, tbds whrc`-vdmw ds gatmnhrdgaccy cdim-`mkydkn ak`kmnatdvm. Dt ds wbhccy hpphsm` th tbm whrc` vdmw hi cdim aiidrjatdhk.

Pbm whrc` ds a pcagm hi jdsmry, rmcmasm irhj dt gak lm shunbt ly ghjpcmtmcy `dsshcvdkn acc pbysdgac ak` psygbdgac prhgmssms hi cdim.

Appcydkn tbm tmst hi tbm ukdty hi pmrgmptdhk, d`mhchny ak` agtdvdty,tbm mktdrm



166

systmj ak` cdim hi tbm Thnd ukjdstaealcy phdkt thwar`s a whrc`-vdmw hi wdtb`rawac irhj cdim. bdcm tbm Katb Thnd mxpmgts tbm shgdac systmjth prhvd`m bdj wdtb aluk`akt acjs ak` ak uk`dsturlm` shcdtu`m ak`

shgdh-phcdtdgac mkvdrhkjmkt, bm, hk bds part, immcs acthnmtbmr khrmsphksdldcdty thwar`s tbm shgdmty hk wbdgb bm `mpmk`s.164 Dk sbhrt, dkdts apprhagb th tbm whrc`, dts mtbdgs, jmtbh`hchny, `dsgdpcdkm ak` dtsnhacs, dt ds typdgaccy a whrc`-vdmw hi wbat Wgbwmdtzmr gaccs cdim-kmnatdhk.



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YADWKAYDWJ

@ACOMMP WDKNB

Yadskavdsj bas ak mxtrmjmcy gbmqurm` bdsthry. Pbm akgdmkt systmjshi Dk`da wmrm mdtbmr `uacdstdg, dkvhcvdkn a juctdpcdgdty hi Vurusas

wdtbhut tbm ghkgmpt hi Nh` dk tbm tbmdstdg smksm, hr wmrm rdtuacdstdg

(Ym`dg), wdtbhut tbm ghkgmpt hi a Ghjjak`mr dssudkn tbm Ym`dgghjjak`s. Dk tbm ]pakdsa`dg systmj Lrabjak was ghkgmdvm`prdjardcy dk tbm jhkdstdg hr dk tbm paktbmdstdg smksm. Pbm prm`hjdkakt

vdmw wbdgb was Ym`aktdg (A`vadta hi Wakeara) mkvdsanm` tbat tbm whrc` was kht rmac. Dk tbds systmj katuraccy tbmrm was kh pcagm ihr`mvhtdhk hr a systmj hi chvm as ghktmjpcatm` dk a tbmdsj wdtb a Nh`hi Attrdlutms. As anadkst dt, dk tbm Ym`dg systmj mvmry tbdkn dkgcu`dkn

bmavmk ghuc` lm hltadkm` ly tbm pmrihrjakgm hi rdtuacs ak` sagrdidgms.Dk sugb a gcdjatm ak` anm, tbm nrhwtb hi a systmj hi whrsbdp ak``mvhtdhk ghuc` ghjm hkcy ly tbm ichw hi a sd`m strmaj ak` kht asdk`dnmkhus th tbm Ym`dg systmj dtsmci. As ak dk`mpmk`mkt jystdg systmj,

wdtb `hgtrdkms ak` a pbdchshpby hi dts hwk, dt grystaccdsm` jadkcy dktbm phst Wakeara pmrdh`, mspmgdaccy wbmk tbm Acvar sadkts dk tbm shutbak` htbmr Yadskava sadkts gajm up dk tbm khrtb, tbm mast ak` tbm wmst

hi Dk`da. Dk hr`mr th uk`mrstak` tbm ghktmkt ak` djphrt hi tbm Yadskavasystmj, dt ds kmgmssary lrdmicy th tragm dts chkn bdsthry.

Dt ds khw ghjjhkcy lmcdmvm` tbat hrdndkaccy ihur strmajs hi tbhunbtohdkm` th ihrj tbm marcy Yadskava systmj hi tbm prm-Gbrdstdak mra.Vrhlalcy, tbm hc`mst hi tbmj was tbm whrsbdp hi Yasu`mva wbh wastbm nh` hi a trdlm gaccm` Yrskd. As whuc` lm mxpmgtm` irhj tbm autbhrhi ak hpphsdkn



16<

grmm`, tbm Lu``bdstdg tmxt rmimrrdkn th tbm whrsbdp hi Yasu`mvajmktdhks dt achkn wdtb hvmr baci a `hzmk htbmr jdkhr systmjs hi

whrsbdp, dkgcu`dkn tbm whrsbdp hi a ghw, a bhrsm, ak mcmpbakt, a grhw,

mtg. Yasu`mva was a jmjlmr hi tbm Yrskd ragm hr Watvatas. Pbds systmj wdtb htbmr aggrmtdhks was gaccm` tbm Lbanavata systmj. Pbm smghk` strmaj hi tbhunbt was ghkkmgtm` wdtb tbm kajm hi Karayaka, wbh ds jmktdhkm` as a nh` dk tbm Ym`dg systmj. Kara,Karayaka, Bard, shks hi @barja, arm rmimrrm` th as ihrjs hi tbmWuprmjm. Lut, apart irhj rmimrmkgm th tbmj as nh`s ak` tbm rdtuacdstdgusm hi tbm rmcatm` byjks, tbmrm was kh systmj hi tbmdr smparatm whrsbdp

dk tbm pmrdh` hi Ymàs ak` Lrabjakas wbmk rdtuacdsj was suprmjm. Pbds systmj was mxtrmjmcy jmtdguchus ak` mcalhratm ak` rmqudrm` tbmsmrvdgms hi prdmsts th pmrihrj tbm rdtuacs. Dt ds catmr tbat tbm whrsbdp hi Karayaka appmarm`, prmsujalcy irhj tbm chrm hi tbm Ym`dg nh`s. Catmrstdcc arhsm tbm whrsbdp hi Bard as a sd`m hr sulsd`dary nrhwtb. Hrdndkaccy,tbds whrsbdp ba` kht mjakgdpatm` dtsmci irhj tbm rmcdndhk hi sagrdidgms.Dk ghursm hi tdjm lhtb tbmsm strmajs, hi tbm whrsbdp hi Yasu`mva ak`

hi Karayaka ak` Bard, appmar th bavm ohdkm` ak` jdkncm`, th ak mxtmkt, wdtb magb htbmr, tbhunb tbmdr ghjpcmtm d`mktdidgatdhk wdtb magb htbmrba` kht taemk pcagm mvmk upth tbm tdjm hi tbm Lbanava` Ndta.

Pbm tbdr` strmaj hi tbhunbt arhsm irhj tbm ]pakdsa`s tbmjsmcvms. Pbm \dn-Ymà, tbm ]pakdsa`s, ak` tbm Lbanava` Ndta arm lmcdmvm` thlm jmrm ghjpdcatdhks hi vardakt ak` ukrmghkgdcm` rmcdndhus tbhunbts,as tbmsm hggurm` th `diimrmkt sanms irhj tdjm th tdjm.1 Pbmsm wmrm

bak`m` hwk hraccy. Catmr, tbmsm wmrm dkghrphratm` dkth lhhes ihr tbmusm hi tbm dk`dvdùac Ym`dg sgbhhcs. Pbus, mvmk dk tbm ]pakdsa`s, m.n.dk tbm Gbak`hnya ]pakdsa`, hggurs tbm kajm hi Erdsbka, wbdgb kajm

was catmr asshgdatm` wdtb Yasu`mva as Erdsbka Yasu`mva. Dk tbm]pakdsa`s, mspmgdaccy tbm catmr ]pakdsa`s, tbm d`ma hi a Ghktrhccmr hi tbm ukdvmrsm ba` acsh appmarm`. Lut, as smmk acrma`y, dt ds tbmrm mktdrmcy



167

dk tbm ghktmxt hi tbm jhkdstdg hr paktbmdstdg Lrabjak, tbm Ym`dgrdtuacdsj, ak` tbm gastm systmj, wbdgb ba` lmmk aggmptm` ly tbm]pakdsa`dg tbhunbt as a part hi tbmdr hvmracc systmj. Pbds ds tbm tbdr`

shurgm hi tbmrm lmdkn a Wuprmjm `mdty tbat ds dkgbarnm hi tbm whrc`. Pbhunb Ydsku was acsh a Ym`dg `mdty, tbm tbmhry hi bds dkgarkatdhkba` kht lmmk a`vakgm` dk tbm Ym`dg tdjms. Acc tbm sajm, bds whrsbdpghkstdtutm` tbm ihurtb strmaj tbat ihrjm` tbm systmj hi Yadskavdsj.Wdjuctakmhuscy, startm` ihrjdkn dts hjkdlus `hgtrdkm hi dkgarkatdhkth dkgcu`m ak` alshrl mvmry hc` hr kmw rmcdndhus `mvmchpjmkt dk tbmghuktry. Pbmsm ihur strmajs ghktrdlutm` th tbm tbhunbt hi tbm

Lbanava` Ndta, wbdgb, lmdkn ak mgcmgtdg ghjpdcatdhk,< `rmw bmavdcy hk tbm rmcdndhus systmjs hi Wakebya Thna, Ym`dg \dtuacdsj,Lbanavatdsj, tbm ]pakdsa`s, ak` tbm whrsbdp hi Karayaka ak` Ydskutbat ba` lmmk dk vhnum tbmk. Pdcc tbmk kmdtbmr tbm d`mktdidgatdhk hi

Yasu`mva ak` Karayaka ba` taemk pcagm, khr ba` bds lmdkn tbmdkgarkatdhk hi Ydsku lmmk aggmptm`. Vakgaratra hr Lbanavata sgbhhcds tbm hrdndkac shurgm hi Yadskavdsj. Dt msphusms tbm gausm hi mvhtdhk

th Yasu`mva ak` bds smvmrac ihrjs. Pbm Ndta bas kh hrnakdg ghkkmgtdhk wdtb tbds systmj wbdgb ba` lmmk tbmrm sdkgm tbm ihurtb gmktury L.G. Dtds tbm gbdmi shurgm hi Yadskavdsj, lmdkn prdhr th tbm Ndta.Dt ds pragtdga!cy a smttcm` vdmw tbat tbm Ndta ds hi ghjphsdtm hrdndk.

A`jdttm`cy, dt sunnmsts `diimrmkt `hgtrdkms. Pbm patb hi Okaka hrekhwcm`nm, tbm patb hi rdtuacdsj hr Earjak ak` tbm patb hi jh`didm`Wakebya arm rmghjjmk`m` as a jmaks th tbm agbdmvmjmkt hi tbm nhac.

Dk a``dtdhk, tbm patb hi whrsbdp ds sunnmstm` as ak actmrkatdvm jmtbh`hi Jhesba. Dt ds kht tbm typm hi whrsbdp hr Lbaetd wbdgb wm idk` dktbm Lbanavata Vurak, hr as `msgrdlm` ak` `midkm` ly Wak`dcya jhrmtbak tmk gmkturdms catmr.7 bdcm ihrjac whrsbdp hi tbm mdty ds sunnmstm`,tbm jmtapbysdgac phsdtdhk ds shjmwbat puzzcdkn, as lhtb paktbmdstdgak` `uacdstdg vdmws arm dk`dgatm`. As acsh statm` dk shjm hi tbm]pakdsa`s, Nh` `dvd`ms bdjsmci ak` ihrjs tbm vardhus lmdkns hi tbm



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whrc`. Dk tbds smksm, shucs arm ghksd`mrm` d`mktdgac wdtb Nh`. At tbmsajm tdjm, tbm ùacdsj hi Wakebya ak` gh-mtmrkac Vraerdtd armrmghnkdzm`.0 Pbm nhac ds ak mtmrkac cdim hi lcdss, a shrt hi Kdrvaka dk

Lrabjak. =

Dt bas hitmk lmmk assmrtm` tbat tbm Lbanava` Ndta navm rdsm th tbmdstdgtbhunbt. Pbm dssum kmm`s th lm mxajdkm`. Dk tbm Ndta, Arouka ds asem`th idnbt hk wdtbhut rmnar` th tbm irudt as tbds was tbm gastm ùty hi Esbatrdya.9 Pbmsm tbhunbts alhut `dsdktmrmstm` agtdhk appmar dk tbmWakebya Thna systmj, as acsh dk tbm Eatba ak` Lrabaàrakyaea]pakdsa`s, wbmrm dt ds statm` tbat, wbmk acc `msdrms arm uprhhtm`, hkm

attadks th Lrabjak. Dk tbm Wakebya systmj, tbm Vurusa just dsshgdatmdtsmci irhj tbm jhtdvatm` agtdvdtdms hi tbm gh-mtmrkac Vraerdtd. Pbus,ardsdkn lhtb irhj tbm ]pakdsa`dg d`ma hi Lrabjak ak` tbm systmj hi ùacdstdg Wakebya, acc jhtdvatdhk ihr aky agtdhk bas th lm mcdjdkatm`.

^bdcm tbm strmkntb hi wdcc ak` tbm phwmr hi tbm jdk` ihcchw irhj Thna, tbm gastm ùty th idnbt dk war ihcchws tbm ghjjak` hi tbm \dn- Ym`dg rmcdndhk. Pbm patb hi ekhwcm`nm ds irhj tbm Wakebya ak` hi

Earja (Taokas) irhj tbm \dn Ymà. Dk tbm Wakebya, acc `msdrms akàgtdhk arm tbm agtdvdtdms hi Vraerdtd. Bmkgm tbm way th cdlmratdhk ds armacdsatdhk ly tbm ‒Vurusa— tbat kh agtdvdty ds bds. Ph dsshgdatm hkmsmci irhj tbat agtdvdty, ds tbm adj hi cdim. Pbm sh-gaccm` jmtbh` hi ukattagbmàgtdhk ds, tbus, sdjpcy akhtbmr way hi mxprmssdkn, dk a kmw pbrasm, tbmsajm d`ma hi `dsmktancmjmkt hi Vurusa irhj Vraerdtd. Jak sbhuc` khtlm attagbm` th agtdhks dk tbm whrc`. Bm sbhuc`, dkstma`, wdtb`raw

bdjsmci (tbm Vurusa) irhj acc agtdvdtdms, wbdgb arm hkcy tbm pbasms akìhrjs hi Vraerdtd wdtb wbdgb Vurusa sbhuc` kht ghkgmrk bdjsmci.Dk tbm Jabalbarata tbm prhjdkmkt nh`s arm Wdva ak` Ydsku. Dt whuc`lm rmcmvakt th rmghr` lrdmicy tbm ghktmkts hi tbm Ndta ak` tbm systmjsdt sunnmsts, dt lmdkn acsh tbm idrst ihrjac mxphsdtdhk hi tbm Meaktdea hrLbaetd @barja. Dt ds statm` dk Gbaptmr DY hi tbm Ndta tbat ‒tbhsm wbhekhw tbm dkgarkatdhks ak` tbm gmcmstdac mm`s hi Lbanavata arm rmcmasm`

irhj tbm lh`y ak` arm kht lhrk anadk—5 tbat ‒Taoka



16=

hi ekhwcm`nm ds tbm lmst— sdkgm ly dt hkm smms acc tbdkns dk hkm smci ak`Nh`.— As was acsh `hkm ly tbm ]pakdsa`s, tbm systmj hi Taokas hrsagrdidgms ds ratdhkacdsm`. \mstradkt, `dsgdpcdkm ak` ekhwcm`nm arm acc

`mmjm` th lm Taokas, hr sagrdidgms. Wakebya ak` Thna arm cdkem` wdtbWakyasa ak` Earaj Thna hr jm`dtatdhkac rdtuacdsj. Ly ihcchwdkn mdtbmr,hkm nmts tbm irudts hi lhtb. Acc whrsbdp ak` austmrdtdms sbhuc`lm `mvhtm` th Nh`. Pbds ekhwcm`nm cma`s th pmagm. Ly tbm Thnapragtdgms hkm nmts trakqudcdty dk Lbanavata5 Pbm `mvhtmms hi Chr` armhi ihur edk`s. Hi tbmsm, tbm Okakd ds tbm lmst. Bm wbh `dms wbdcmrmjmjlmrdkn Chr` Erdsbka attadks th bds ghk`dtdhk. Ly tbm Thna

pragtdgms, ghkgmktratdhk ak` jm`dtatdhk, ak` ly uttmrdkn ‒Hj— ak`rmjmjlmrdkn Erdsbka, hkm nmts Jhesba. Pbmrm ds kh rmturk irhj tbatstanm. Pbhsm wbh `dm wbdcm tbm suk ds dk tbm khrtbmrk ghursm nh thLrabjak. Pbhsm wbh dm wbdcm tbm suk ds dk tbm shutbmrk ghursm nh thtbm jhhk irhj wbdgb tbm shuc rmturks. Ly Thna pragtdgms hkm rmagbms

Aesara (Lrabjak), tbm bdnbmst nhac. Ly tbm jm`dtatdhk hi syccalcm Hj,tbm shuc bdts tbm tarnmt hi Lrabjak. Pbm systmj ds ja`m tbmdstdg ly

Lrabjak lmdkn gaccm` Lbanavata. Pbm wbhcm whrc` ds `msgrdlm` asdk Lbanvat. Pbhsm wbh pmrihrj sagrdidgms ak` rdtuacs attadk bmavmktbmrmly, d.m. tbm vacum hi rdtuacs ds nraktm`. Pbm agtdhks `m`dgatm` thNh` `h kht ldk` hkm. Ly tbds hkm lmghjms a Wakyasdk ak` nhms thLbanavata. Hkm wbh a`hrms Erdsbka sdkncm-jdk`m`cy lmghjms bhcy,mvmk di hkm wmrm wdgem` lmihrm. Mvmk tbm Yadsyas, tbm Wu`ras ak`

whjmk gak whrsbdp Lbanavata. Irhj bmavmk rmagbm` ly rdtuacs hkm

rmturks. Lut tbmrm ds kh rmturk ly iucc `mvhtdhk th Lbanvata. Pbhsm wbh jm`dtatm hk Lbanavata rmagb bdj qudgecy. Pbhsm wbh jm`dtatmhk Lrabjak rmagb tbmrm lut wdtb `diidgucty. Di hkm gakkht jm`dtatmak` ghkgmktratm hk Lbanavata, khr gak rmjmjlmr bdj, hkm sbhuc` h`dsdktmrmstm` `mm`s. Lut, th tbds jmtbh` tbm tbdr` pcagm ds ndvmk dk tbmhr`mr hi prmimrmkgm as a jh`m hi sacvatdhk.

Pbm uacdsj hi Wakebya ds vdrtuaccy aggmptm`. Dt ds a`jdttm` tbat Vraerdtd

ak` Vurusa arm gh-mtmrkac. Acc gbaknms,



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quacdtdms ak` agtdhks lmchkn th Vraerdtd, wbdgb ds tbm gausm hi acc hi tbmj, wbdcm Vurusa, wbh ds dkagtdvm, suiimrs. Dk tbds lh`y ds ‒Vurusa—,tbm Wuprmjm Whuc. Ly jm`dtatdhk hkm gak smm dt ak` wdtb`raw Vurusa.

Hkm gak attadk th tbm idkac stanm ly Wakebya-Thna, ak` acsh ly Earaj Thna. Htbmrs gak `h sh ly jm`dtatdhk. Pbhunb tbm Wakebya systmjak` acc tbm `mtadcs hi tbm whredkn hi Vraerdtd ak` tbm dkagtdvdty hi Vurusa arm aggmptm` dk mktdrmty, tbm aktbmdsj hi Wakebya ds avhd`mìrhj lmdkn jmktdhkm`. Dt ds acsh aggmptm` ly djpcdgatdhk tbat sdkgmVurusa hms kht taem part dk tbm agtdvdtdms hi Vraerdtd, jak ds alshcvm`hi acc jhrac rmsphksdldcdty. Bmkgm tbm mjpbasds ds hk ghkgmktratdhk,

jm`dtatdhk, jmgbakdgac rmjmjlmrdkn, wdtb`rawac, rdtuacdsj akèkhwcm`nm, lut kht hk mtbdgac ghkùgt as tbm ihrmjhst ak` tbm hkcy

way hi sacvatdhk. Pwh gcassms hi jmk, la` ak` nhh`, arm jmktdhkm`. Ajhkn tbm idrstgatmnhry arm dkgcu`m` jmk wbh `h kht garm ihr Nh` hr jhracdty, hrtbhsm wbh ihcchw htbmr rmcdndhks hr pbdchshpbdgac systmjs. Pbm `dmttaemk ak` tbm jh`ms hi whrsbdp sagrdidgms ak` austmrdtdms pragtdsm` ly

hkm diimr agghr`dkn th hkm—s iadtb ak` katurm, wbdgb arm hi tbrmm edk`s,imaturm` ly nhh`kmss, agtdvdty ak` dnkhrakgm. Dt ds cad` `hwk tbat tbmùtdms hi a jak vary agghr`dkn th bds gastm. Pbm `hdkn hi tbm gastmùtdms hi akhtbmr gastm, bhwshmvmr wmcc `hkm, ds kht as nhh` as tbm`hdkn hi hkm—s hwk gastm ùtdms, mvmk tbhunb wdtbhut quacdty ak`

whrtb. > Akyhkm wbh surrmk`mrs bdjsmci th Bdj whuc` lm irmm` hi accsdk.Dt bas lmmk imct tbat tbm d`ma hi agtdhk, wdtbhut rmnar` th dts irudt, dsprdhr th tbm Ndta. Pbm d`ma bas lmmk ihuk`, dk hkm ihrj hr tbm htbmr, dktbm Gbak`hnya, tbm Lrbaàrakyaea, tbm Jadtrd ak` tbm Dsa ]pakdsa`s.Dt ds tbmrm mvmk dk tbm Wakebya. Hk tbm sd`m hi acc pbmkhjmkac gbaknm,tbm Wakebya systmj ak` dts twmkty-ihur prdkgdpcms hi gbaknm armaggmptm`5 sh arm Thna prdkgdpcms ak` dts jm`dtatdhk. –Pbm d`ma hi chvmihr Nh` hms kht sbhw dtsmci dk aky prhjdkmkt way dk tbm marcy Wakserdtcdtmraturm mxgmpt dk tbm Vakgaratra cdtmraturm.‚ –Dt ds tbm ghktmjpcatdvm

ukdhk wdtb Nh` tbat wm



16>

idk` dk tbm Ndta, ak` tbm traksdtdhk th dt irhj tbm statm hi Thnaghkgmktratdhk ds kht `diidguct th uk`mrstak`.‚2 Dk Thna cdlmratdhk dsshunbt ly tbm `mstrugtdhk hi jdk` tbrhunb psygbdgac mxmrgdsms. Catmr

tbm `mvhtmm smmes th attadk cdlmratdhk tbrhunb tbm spmgdac nragm hi Nh`, wbdgb bm gak bhpm th agqudrm ly ghktmjpcatdvm ukdhk. Dk tbm

Ydsbku puraka tbm hkcy gasm hi mvhtdhk ds hi Vrabca`—s chvm ihr Nh`.4

Pbm marcdmr cdtmraturm `hms kht mjpbasdzm tbm immcdkn mcmjmkt dk`mvhtdhk. Pbm edk` hi Lbaetd hr chvm, wbdgb appmarm` dk tbm phstWakeara-\ajakuo pmrdh`, ds kht tbmrm. Dk tbm tdjms hi tbm ]pakdsa`sak` tbm Ndta, ak` mvmk hi \ajakuo acc tbat ds jmakt ly Lbaetd hr

`mvhtdhk ds ‒upasaka—, hr jm`dtatdhk ak` ghkgmktratdhk hk Nh`.16

Pbm d`mas hi tbm whrsbdp ak` tbm nragm hi Nh` arm tbmrm. Lut tbmsajm wmrm prmsmkt, tbhunb dk a iadkt ihrj, mvmk dk tbm ]pakdsa`s cdemtbm Lrbaàrakyaea, tbm Eatba ak` tbm Jakùea. Pbm idrst hi tbmjgaccs Bdj tbm rucmr hi acc, Bds prmsmkgm lmdkn dksd`m mvmryhkm. Ly `hdkn nhh` hr la`, Bm `hms kht lmghjmlmttmr hr whrsm. Ly ekhwdkn bdj hkm lmghjmsa sanm. Bm ds ekhwk tbrhunb tbm Ymàs, whrsbdp ak`

austmrdtdms. Dk tbm htbmr ]pakdsa`s, tbm d`ma hi shuc lmdkn tbm `hmr hi mvmry tbdkn ds tbmrm. Hkcy bm `hms nhh` `mm`s wbhj Bm iavhurs ak`

wakts th mcmvatm, Cm. tbm `mpmk`mkgm hi jak hk Nh` ds mxprmssm`.Dt ds kmgmssary bmrm th dk`dgatm tbm jh`m hi whrsbdp hi tbm Lbanavatasystmj wbdgb lmgajm, dk ghkoukgtdhk wdtb strmajs irhj tbm htbmrsgbhhcs hi tbhunbt, tbm gbdmi lasm hi whrsbdp hi tbm Wuprmjm Hkm.Vakgaratra Wajbdta ds tbm lhhe hk wbdgb ds lasm` tbm jmtbh` hi

whrsbdp. Pbm systmj ds shjmwbat rdtuacdstdg ak` prmsgrdlms ‒Jaktras— vardhuscy arraknm`. Jaky rdtms arm acsh dk`dgatm` dk tbm Watvata Wajbdta.Wakearagbarya rmimrs th tbm systmj hi whrsbdp as ihcchws? (1) Nhdkn th tbm tmjpcm wdtb jdk` idxm` hk tbm mdty, (<) ghccmgtdkn jatmrdacs ihr

whrsbdp, (7) agtuac whrsbdp, (0) tbm juttmrdkn hi ‒Jaktras— ak` (=) Thna hr jm`dtatdhk. Ly whrsbdp dk tbds jakkmr ihr a buk`rm` ymars accsdks arm `mstrhym`. As th tbm jmtbh` hi whrsbdp hi Bard,



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sdx stmps bavm lmmk dk`dgatm`? (1) \mjmjlmrdkn bdj, (<) tbm uttmrdkn hi bds kajm, (7) sacutatdhk, (0) rmshrtdkn th bds immt, (=) ghkstakt whrsbdp

wdtb `mvhtdhk ak` (9) tbm surrmk`mr hi tbm shuc. Dk tbm catmr pmrdh` hi

Lbanavata Vuraka tbrmm jhrm jh`ms arm jmktdhkm`? (1) Bmardkn Bdspradsm, (<) smrvdtu`m ak` (7) ghjpakdhksbdp.Dt ds sdnkdidgakt tbat acc jh`ms hi whrsbdp arm mvhtdhkac rdtuacdstdg akìhrjac wdtbhut aky rmimrmkgm th shgdac ak` jhrac ghkùgt.Irhj tbm alhvm akacysds ly Lbakàrear, dt ds gcmar tbat tbm Lbanava`Ndta navm imw kmw rmcdndhus d`mas. Dk iagt, dt rmghr`s acc edk`s hi `dvmrnmkt systmjs wdtbdk hkm ghjpdcatdhk. Pbm hvmracc systmj ak`

apprhagb rmjadk, ly ak` carnm, hrtbh`hx ak` tra`dtdhkac. Pbm ùacdty ak` gh-mtmrkac gbaragtmr hi Vurusa ak` Vraerdtd arm aggmptm`, as acshtbm prdhrdty hi tbm systmj hi jm`dtatdhk, Thna ak` ghkgmktratdhk.Nmkmraccy, tbm systmj ds ghksmrvatdvm, ak` dt ds gcmarcy jmktdhkm` tbattbm Chr` gajm th iucidc tbm caw ak` kht th suppcakt dt. Pbm rdnd`dty ak`tbm djjhldcdty hi tbm gastm systmj arm sakgtdidm` ak` strmssm`, dk shiar as hkm just `h hkm—s hwk gastm ùtdms ak` kht tbhsm hi htbmr

gastms. –Hi Lrabjakas, Esbatrdyas, Yadsbyas ak` Wbu`ras, HVaraktapa, tbm utdms bavm lmmk dstrdlutm` agghr`dkn th quacdtdms lhrkhi tbmdr hwk katurms.‚ –Vchunbdkn, prhtmgtdhk hi edkm, ak` tra`m armtbm Yadsbya ùty, lhrk hi bds hwk katurm. Agtdhk hi tbm katurm hi smrvdgm ds tbm Wu`ra ùty lhrk hi bds hwk katurm.‚ –Lmttmr ds hkms—hwk ùty tbhunb `mstdtutm hi jmrdts tbak tbm wmcc-mxmgutm` ùty hi akhtbmr. Bm wbh hmtb tbm uty cad` hwk ly bds hwk katurm dkgurrmtb

kht sdk.‚ –Ghknmkdtac ùty, H shk hi Euktd, tbhunb `mimgtdvm, hunbtkht th lm alak`hkm`.‚ 11 Iurtbmr, tbm sagrdidgdac systmj ds acsh rmnar`màs a vacd` patb. \mcdndhks cdem Lu``bdsj, Oadkdsj, mtg. arm, ly djpcdgatdhk, `mprmgatm` as la`. ^bat ds sunnmstm` ds tbm whrsbdp hi Lbanavata. Pbds systmj ba` mxdstm` acrma`y. Mxgmpt ihr tbm purphsmshi whrsbdp, tbm status hi Wu`ras ak` whjmk, put dk tbm sajm gcass, dsempt wbmrm dt was dk tbm Lrabjakdgac systmj. Pbm whrsbdp



164

rmghjjmk`m` ds acsh hi a ihrjac katurm dk tbm smksm tbat mvmkrmjmjlrakgm at tbm tdjm hi matb alshcvm` hkm hi acc sdks ak` lrhunbtsacvatdhk. Pbm utdcdty hi tbm rdtuacdstdg systmj ak` tbm d`ma hi tbm

dshcatdhk hi Vurusa irhj tbm agtdvdty hi tbm gh-mtmrkac Vraerdtd bavdkn lmmk aggmptm`, tbmsm arm tannm` th tbm mxdstdkn systmj hi whrsbdp hi

Yasu`mva Erdsbka. Pbmrm ds hkm `dstdkgt a`vakgmjmkt irhj tbmLrabjakdgac systmj. ^hjmk ak` Wu`ras arm a`jdttm` th tbm patb hi

whrsbdp hi Yasu`mva, tbhunb kht dk htbmr idmc`s wbmrm tbm rdnd`dty hi tbm gastm systmj ds ghkidrjm`. Jh`mrk rmsmargb, bhwmvmr, dk`dgatmstbat tbds ghkgmssdhk was tbm rmsuct hi Lu``bdst dkicumkgm sdkgm Lu``bdst

jhkastrdms ba` lmmk hpmkm` ihr whjmk ak` Wu`ras.1< \ajakuoa midkms`mvhtdhk (Lbaetd) as –uk-lrhemk ghktmjpcatdhk hi Nh`, as sjhhtbak` gmasmcmss as tbm ichw hi hdc.‚ Dt ds tbds ghktmjpcatdvm ukdhk wdtbNh` tbat wm idk` dk tbm Ndta. –Mvmk Vrabcaà—s `mvhtdhk was aghkgmktratdhk hk Nh` ak` a smrmkm ghktmjpcatdhk ihrjdkn ukdhk wdtbNh`. – 17 Dk iagt, tbm whr` Lbaetd, as dk tbm systmj hi tbm ]pakdsa`s hrhi \ajakuoa, hkcy jmaks jmrm jm`dtatdhk (]pasaka) ak` kht tbm

chvdkn mvhtdhk hr chvm, wbdgb d`ma ds sdjpcy kht tbmrm. Wmci-surrmk`mrdk tbm Ndta `hms kht jmak ak d`mac hi chvm hr pmrshkac rmcatdhksbdp. Dtds tbm d`mac hi ghktmktjmkt, khk attagbjmkt ak` smci-ghktrhc. Dt ds tbmd`ma hi tbm hc` Thna hi Vatakoacd, wbmrm acsh tbds `dsgdpcdkm hi smci-surrmk`mr ds ekhwk.10

Dt ds, tbmrmihrm, djphrtakt th uk`mrstak` tbat tbm jystdg systmj hi chvm, as dk tbm gasm hi Jabayaka hr hi Wuidsj hr hi tbm Lbaetd sadkts

cdem Ealdr, Kaj`mv ak` htbmrs, ds sdjpcy kht tbmrm dk tbm Ndta, mdtbmras ak d`ma hr as a lasm ihr iuturm `mvmchpjmkt. Dt ds jugb catmr dk tbmLbanavat Vuraka tbat tbm `diimrmkt ihrjs hi mjhtdhkac Lbaetd armjmktdhkm`. Dk iagt, as wm acsh ekhw irhj tbm Wutras hi Wak`dcya, tbmLbaetd systmj hi chvm hr jystdg dktudtdhk tbrhunb chvm `d` kht mxdstlmihrm Wak`dcya. Pbm Ndta shunbt th dktrhùgm khtbdkn ra`dgac hrbmtmr`hx. Dt tmk`m` hkcy th ghkshcdàtm ak` lrdkn dk hkm ghjpdcatdhk

vardakt (ak` hk phdkts mvmk jutuaccy



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hpphsdkn) systmjs cdem tbm whrsbdp hi Lbanvata5 tbm rdtuacdsj ak`gastm ùtdms hi tbm Ym`dg rmcdndhk, tbm ùacdsj hi Wakebya Thna ak`dts jh`m hi dshcatdhk hi Vurusa irhj tbm agtdvdtdms hi tbm Vraerdtd5 tbm

jm`dtatdhk hi Thna, ak` tbm jhkdsj ak` paktbmdsj hi tbm ]pakdsa`s. Agghr`dkn th @asnupta, –tbm nrmat shcutdhk hi tbm Ndta ds tbmghjprhjdsm dt a`vakgms lmtwmmk tbm whrc`cy cdim hi acchttm` ùtdmsak` tbm bmrjdt—s cdim hi alshcutm rmkhukgmjmkt.‚ –Hk tbm hkm bak`

wm purdiy hur jdk`s ly khk-attagbjmkt, ak` ymt, hk tbm htbmr bak`, wm ghktdkum th pmrihrj acc tbm rdtuacdstdg ak` htbmr utdms lmchkndkn thhur partdgucar gastm hr stanm hi cdim, Cm. tbm prmsgrdlm` stanms hi ihur

asbrajs.‚ 1= Pbm Ndta cad` `hwk `diimrmkt patbs hi Jhesba. Lut tbmy wmrm acc hc` systmjs. ^bdcm dt navm prdhrdty th tbm patb hi Zkaka ak`tbm jm`dtatdhkac prhgmssms hi Thna, ak` aggmptm` tbm rdtuacdstdgjystdgdsj hi tbm Ymàs, dt acsh apprhvm` hi tbm jm`dtatdhkac mvhtdhkhi tbm Lbanavata systmj.Lmihrm wm mac wdtb iurtbmr mvmchpjmkts dk Yadskavdsj ak` dk`dgatmtbm gbdmi Yadskava sgbhhcs hi Lbaetd tbat arhsm upth tbm tdjm hi tbm

ra`dgac Lbaetd hi Ealdr, dt wdcc lm usmiuc, lrdmicy, th statm tbmgbdmiimaturms hiYadskavdsj as dt mjmrnm` irhj tbm pmrdh` hi tbm Ndta.

Pbm ldnnmst ghktrdlutdhk hi tbm nrmat Ndta ds tbat dt navm ihrjac sakgtdhkth tbm patb hi whrsbdp as a jmaks hi sacvatdhk ak` a`jdttm` whjmkak` Wu`ras th dt. Lut, dt was hkcy ak actmrkatdvm patb th Jhesba. Pbmhtbmr patbs rmghnkdsm` ly tbm Ndta ba` tbmdr. hwk prdhrdtdms. Pbm d`mac,ly tbm vmry katurm hi tbdkns, was jmrnmr hr sacvatdhk irhj tbm mjpdrdgac

whrc` wdtb tbm hlomgt hi kmvmr rmturkdkn th dt. Dk cdim acc hkm ba` th h was th pmrihrjhkm—s gastm ùtdms tbat ba lmmk assdnkm uk`mr tbm Ym`dg ak hrtbh`hx sgrdpturms.

Pbmdr autbhrdty was iuccy rmghnkdzm` as acsh hi tbm hvmracc shgdac strugturm dt prmsgrdlm .Dk tbm um ghursm, tbm d`mktdty lmtwmmk tbm guct hi whrsbdp hi Karayaka ak Yasu`mva

was mstalcdsbm`. Dk tbm ]pakdsa` pmrdh` Ydsku rhsm th a smkdhr phsdtdhkirhj lmdkn a oukdhr nh` dk tbm \dn Ym`dg pmrdh`. Mvmk dk shjm parts hi Jabalbarata, tbm `dvdkdty hi Yasu`mva Erdsbka ba` kht



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lmmk nmkmraccy aggmptm`. Dk tbm ghursm hi tdjm, tbm ihur strmajs hi Yasu`mva (tbm bdsthrdg nh`), Ydsku (tbm Ym`dg Nh`), Karayaka (tbmghsjdg nh`), ak` tbm ]pakdsa` d`ma hi a suprmjm Whuc ghjldkm` th

ihrj hkm rmcdndhk. Ph tbds was a``m` tbm iditb strmaj hi Nhpaca Erdsbkairhj tbm Abdr ragm. Pdcc alhut tbm Gbrdstdak mra, tbm sthry hi tbm lhybhh`hi Nheuca Erdsbka was kht ekhwk. Lut catmr hk, Nhpaca Erdsbka wasacsh d`mktdidm` wdtb Yasu`mva Erdsbka. Dt bas lmmk smmk tbat tbm Ndta,

wbdgb dktrh`ugm` tbm d`ma hi Nh`, was kht hrnakdgaccy ghkkmgtm` wdtbtbm whrsbdp hi Yasu`mva ak` bds ihrjs.Ly tbds tdjm, bhwmvmr, tbm `hgtrdkm hi dkgarkatdhk hi Ydsku ba` acsh

lmmk ihrjm`. Pbds navm ak djpmtus th tbm attmjpt at tbm dktmnratdhk, wdtb hkm systmj, hi tbm vardhus rmcdndhus systmjs ak` jh`ms hi whrsbdp,mvmk tbhunb vmry `dvmrnmkt dk tbmdr bdsthrdgac hrdndk grmm`s hr adjs.

Pbm hkcy tbdkn ghjjhk ajhkn tbmj was tbm nmkmrac aggmptakgm hi tbm Ym`dg sgrdpturms ak` tbm status quh dk tbm hc` shgdac hr`mr. Dk iagt,tbm hlomgt hi tbm tbmhry hi dkgarkatdhk was th alshrl ak` assdjdcatm,

wdtbdk tbm hc` systmj, acc kmw rmcdndhus `hgtrdkms ak` `mvmchpjmkts,

mvmk tbhunb bmtmrh`hx. Dt ds dk tbm phst Ym`dg pmrdh` tbat tbm tbmhry hi dkgarkatdhk hi Ydsku gajm th lm ihrjm`. Pbm d`ma ds tbat Nh`taems tbm bujak ihrj dk hr`mr th savm jak. Acc ‒avatars— arm supphsm`th lm tbm diimrmkt ihrjs hi Ydsku. Pbm tbmhry ds a khtm-whrtby imaturmhi Bdk`udsj. Dt mkalcms dt th alshrl htbmr grmm`s ly `mgcardkn tbmdrnh`s hr prhpbmts as tbm jakdimstatdhk hi tbm Wuprmjm tbm Nh` hr

Ydsku.19 Dk tbm Ndta Chr` Erdsbka says tbat tbhsm wbh whrsbdp htbmr

nh`s acsh whrsbdp jm, tbhunb djpmrimgtcy. Pbm kujlmr hi avataras hi Ydsku, rhsm irhj tdjm th tdjm, dkgcu`dkn tbm lhar, tbm jak cdhk, tbm`wari, \aja, swak, thrthdsm, ak` Yasu`mva-Erdsbka. Dk tbm Lbanvat-Vuraka tbds kujlmr rhsm th twmkty tbrmm. Pbm jytbdgac Eapdca, tbm autbhrhi tbm uacdstdg Wakebya systmj wdtbhut a Nh`, ds dkgcu`m` as ak Avatara,as acsh tbm \salba, tbm idrst Pdrtbakera hi tbm Oadkas5 Ly tbm mdnbtbgmktury A.@., Lu``ba ds acsh aggmptm` dk tbm cdst hi Avataras. Dt appmars



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tbat dk Yadskavdsj hr tbm Lbanavata rmcdndhk, tbm purdty hi tbmjhkhtbmdstdg hgtrdkm was bar`cy tbm ghkgmrk hi aky hkm. Wdjdcarcy, dktbm apparmktcy syktbmtdg attmjpt hi tbm Lbanava` Ndta, tbm mcmjmkts

hi tbm ùacdstdg systmjs cdem tbm Wakebya ak` Thna wmrm dkgcu`m`lhtb ihr jm`dtatdhkac purphsms ak` ihr mxpcadkdkn gbaknms dk cdim astbm agtdvdty hi tbm gh-mtmrkac Vraerdtd. Ajhkn tbm Avataras, autbhrshi tbm khk-tbmdstdg systmjs hi Lu``bdsj, Zadkdsj ak` Wakebya wmrmacsh dkgcu`m`. Mvd`mktcy, th tbm autbhrs hi Yadskavdsj, tbm hkcy ghkgmrk

was th aggmpt ak` th sbhw Ydsku hr Yasu`mva as tbm suprmjm nh`. Pbmy wmrm ukghkgmrkm` wdtb tbm ukdty hr purdty hi `hgtrdkm ak`

tbmhchny, hr wdtb tbm jh`ms hi whrsbdp ak` tbm prmsgrdlm` rmcdndhuspragtdgms. Dk iagt, bmtmrhnmkmhus hgtrdkms ak`. autbhrs hi bmtmrh`hx,khk-tbmdstdg ak` ùacdstdg systmjs wmrm hwkm`. Dt ds djphrtakt thuk`mrstak` tbat, as anadkst tbm mquacdty ak` ukdty hi jak lmihrm Nhàcjhst dkbmrmkt dk aky jhkhtbmdstdg systmj, tbm nra`dkn hi tbm gastmsystmj ak` tbm shgdac ak` rmcdndhus smnrmnatdhk hi tbm Wu`ras wmrmempt dktagt ucy sakgtdhkm` ak` apprhvm`. Dk a``dtdhk, Ym`dg rdtuacdsj

ak` tbm autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs wmrm aggmptm`. Acc tbds was jadktadkm`kht hkcy dk tbm marcdmr Yadskava systmjs, lut acsh dk tbm Yasbdst A`vadtahi \ajakuo ak` tbm catmr Yadskavdsj.Chr` \aja was taemk th lm ak Avatara prhlalcy dk tbm marcy gmkturdmshi tbm Gbrdstdak mra, tbhunb tbmrm was tbmk kh smparatm guct dk bdskajm. Dt was catmr, kmar tbm 11tb Gmktury A.@. tbat tbm guct hi Chr`\aja agtuaccy gajm dk mxdstmkgm. Bmrm, thh, tbmrm arm jakuacs ndvdkn

tbm jh`m hi whrsbdp hi tbm mdty, ly jmaks hi Jaktras, ihrjucam ak`jandg gdrgcms, qudtm cdem tbhsm prmsgrdlm` dk tbm Watvata Wajbdta ihrtbm whrsbdp hi Yasu`mva.Kmxt wm ghjm th tbm pmrdh` hi Wak`dcya ak` Lbanavata Vuraka dk tbmmcmvmktb Gmktury A.@. Pbm Lbaetd tbmsm twh msgrdlm ds kht tbm whrsbdphi hr jm`dtatdhk hk Nh` as dk tbm Ndta. Khr ds dt a ihrjac sdkndkn. Dt dsa `mmp aiimgtdhk ihr Nh`. Mvmk Bds Jaya gakkht ldk` jak th tbm

whrc`.



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Agghr`dkn th Yaccalba, Nh` dkvhems chvm dk jak. Dt ds a iavhurlmsthwm` ly Bdj (pustd). Dk tbm mjhtdhkac typm hi Lbaetd, tbm mvhtmmdk bmart ak` shuc immcs a spdrdtuac dkthxdgatdhk ak` ohy. As dk tbm gasm

hi Gbadtakya, bm ‒sdkns, caunbs, `akgms ak` wmmps.— Bm ds kh chknmr apmrshk hi tbm whrc`.1>

Dt ds dk tbm Lbanavata Vuraka tbat wm idrst idk` tbm d`ma hi `mvhtdhk astbm suprmjm shurgm hi lcdss. Dt lmghjms tbm bdnbmst nhac. Wh dt sulstdtutmstbm pcagm hi wds`hj hr pbdchshpbdgac ekhwcm`nm. Lbaetd ds lmcdmvm`th `mstrhy acc tbm past sdks. Pbus, Lbaetd acsh lmghjms a Jaktra, ajandg. Lut kh jhrac agtdhk ds strmssm`. Pbm Lbaetd hi Lbanavata Vuraka

ds kht tbm hc` ghktmjpcatdvm jm`dtatdhk hi Nh`. Dt ds tbm upsurnm hi immcdkns ak` mjhtdhks hi chvm hi Nh`.12 Pbm Lbanavata Vurakajmktdhks kdkm jh`ms hi whrsbdp. Magb hi tbmsm gak cma` th Jhesba.14

Pbmsm dkgcu`m cdstmkdkn th tbm pradsm hi Nh`, tbm rma`dkn hi tbm sagrm`lhhes, tbm rmpmatdkn hi Nh`—s kajm, rmjmjlmrdkn bdj, mtg. Pbmrmpmatdkn hi Nh`—s kajm gak lrdkn `mcdvmrakgm. Pbmsm jh`ms armrdtuacdstdg ak` jandgac ak` kh jhrac agtdhk ds strmssm`. D`hc whrsbdp ds

aggmptm`. Wak`dcya—s `midkdtdhk hi Lbaetd kht hkcy prmsgrdlms dt as tbmhkcy jh`m hi whrsbdp, lut acsh `dstdknudsbms dt irhj tbm typms hi

whrsbdp prmvacmkt marcdmr tbak bds pmrdh` ak` irhj Lbaetd as dk`dgatm`dk tbm Ndta. Pbmsm hc` jh`ms hi whrsbdp, cdem tbm hiimrdkn hi ichwmrs(as jmktdhkm` dk tbm Ndta), dk`dgatm hkcy ‒Wra``ba— hr iadtb. Lbaetd ds achvdkn aiimgtdhk. Dt ds kmdtbmr ekhwcm`nm khr agtdhk. Wak`dcya ak` bdsghjjmkjthr, Wvapkmsvara, attage tbm Ym`akta hgtrdkm tbat cdlmratdhk

hr sacvatdhk ardsms irhj ekhwcm`nm hi tbm Whuc. –Pbm trum jmtbh` ds‒lbaetd—, hr mvhtdhkac iadtb, drmgtm` th tbm Chr`. Pbds ds tbm djjm`datmgausm hi sacvatdhk. Ekhwcm`nm ds ak auxdcdary th lbaetd, ak` jay lmghjm usmiuc ly wasbdkn away tbm idctb hi uklmcdmi. Lut dt wdcc khtdtsmci alhcdsb tbm vdmc wbdgb mxdsts lmtwmmk tbm shuc ak` tbm Wuprmjm.‚–Dk tbm bdnbmst ihrj dt Glbaetd) ds aiimgtdhk idxm` uphk tbm Chr`. Dt dsak aiimgtdhk drmgtm` th a pmrshk, kht jmrm lmcdmi dk a systmj. Aiimgtdhk



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ds dts mssmkgm. Dt ds kht jmrm ekhwcm`nm hi Nh`, ihr dt ds phssdlcm tbatmvmk tbhsm wbh batm Bdj jay bavm ekhwcm`nm hi Bdj. Khr ds dtekhwdkn tbm Chr` as ak hlomgt hi whrsbdp, mtg., ihr tbmsm arm hutwar`

agts, ak` lbaetd ds kht kmgmssardcy prmsmkt th tbmj. Dt ds sdjpcy akaiimgtdhk. Dt ihcchws ekhwcm`nm hi tbm nrmatkmss ak` htbmr attrdlutmshi tbm A`hralcm Hkm, lut ds kht tbat ekhwcm`nm. Pbm partdgucarekhwcm`nm wbdgb dt ihcchws ds tbat tbmrm ds a prhjdsm hi djjhrtacdty thbdj wbh ald`ms (d.m. bas lbaetd) dk Bdj. ‒Ald`dkn— ds shjmtbdkn jhrmtbak jmrm ekhwcm`nm. Jhrmhvmr, aiimgtdhk ds uksmcidsb. Dt ds kht a wdsb.Dt ds mxprmssm` ly tbm pbrasm –D chvm, D bavm ak aiimgtdhk ihr, ak` ymt D

`h kht wdsb ihr‚, sdkgm wdsb rmimrs hkcy th wbat hkm bas kht hltadkm`,lut aiimgtdhk rmimrs mquaccy th wbat ds hltadkm` ak` wbat ds khthltadkm`.‚–Lbaetd ds kht ak agtdhk (a ‒whre—). Dt `hms kht `mpmk`, as ekhwcm`nm`hms, uphk ak miihrt hi tbm wdcc. Bmkgm, as dt ds kht ak agtdhk, dts irudt(lmautdtu`m) ds mk`cmss. Mvmry agtdhk, hk tbm htbmr bak`, uctdjatmcy ghjms th ak mk`, sh tbat mvmrytbdkn nadkm` ly whres uctdjatmcy

pmrdsbms.‚ –Pbm jmaks arm ekhwcm`nm, ghkgmktratdhk, mtg. Pbm mk` dsLbaetd. ––Ekhwcm`nm ds sulsd`dary th lbeatd.‚ –Jhrmhvmr, ekhwcm`nm ds, khtmssmktdac, tbhunb a jmaks, ak` ak djphrtakt hkm. Aiimgtdhk hggursmvmk dk tbm alsmkgm hi ekhwcm`nm.‚–Lbaetd (hr iadtb) ds kht ‒sra``ba— (hr lmcdmi). Lmcdmi jay lm jmrmcy sulsd`dary th gmrmjhkdac whres, kht sh iadtb. Lmcdmi ds a prmcdjdkary

sulsd`dary th iadtb, lut ds kht iadtb.‚<6

Pbds ds Wak`dcya—s `midkdtdhk hi Lbaetd.Mvmk tbm Lbanavata Vuraka ds awarm hi tbm tbrmm jmtbh`s hi ekhwcm`nm, whres ak` `mvhtdhk, ak` aggmpts tbmdr vacd`dty, as acsh hi tbm Ym`dg sgrdpturms ak` tbm prmsgrdlm` shgdac systmj.<1 Pbm nhac hi cdim ak` tbm rhcm hi Odwak-jueta rmjadk, as lmihrm, htbmrwhrc`cy.Dt ds acsh sdnkdidgakt th jmktdhk tbat tbm Wakebya d`ma hi Vraerdtd was

sh jugb hwkm` ly Yadskavdsj tbat catmr Wdta,



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bujak lh`y. Pbm tbrmm mcmjmkts arm diimrmkt lut tbm mjlh`dm` parts,tbhunb diimrmkt, arm hkm. Pbmsm tbrmm parts arm dksmparalcm ak` mtmrkac.Lmihrm grmatdhk tbm lh`y hi tbm Wuprmjm Whuc ds dk a sultcm ihrj, lut

wdtb grmatdhk dt `mvmchps. At tbat tdjm jattmr ak` shucs arm dk Bdj, dkak ukjakdimst ihrj. Dt ds shjmtbdkn cdem a Vcathkdg d`ma. Catmr, Bm bastbmj dk Bds lh`y dk a jakdimst ihrj. << Pbus Lrabjak hr Nh` ds lhtbtbm jatmrdac ak` tbm miidgdmkt gausm hi tbm whrc` ak` ghktrhcs dt irhj

wdtbdk. Pbm mktdrm `mvmchpjmkt ds irhj tbm jukàkm mnn. Pbm shucak` tbm whrc` arm a jh`m hi tbm Wuprmjm, mtmrkac lut `mpmk`mkt hkBdj. Jak ds d`mktdgac wdtb tbm Acc-mjlragdkn Nh`. Pbm systmj hi

gbaknms hi Vraerdtd ihr tbm grmatdhk hi Abakeara, agtdvdty, mtg., ds tbmsajm as dk Wakebya, mxgmpt tbat Nh` ds tbmrm th nud`m dt. Dsbvara bas a

whk`mriuc gmcmstdac lh`y wdtb Caesbjd as Bds ghkshrt. Dsbvara appmarsdk idvm ihrjs? (1) as Karayaka hr Vara-Yasu`mva, bm cdvms, a`hrkm`

wdtb hrkajmkts ak` nmjs, dk Yadeuktba hk a tbrhkm surrhuk`m` ly Wmsa (smrpmkt), Naruà ak` htbmr mcdvmrm` shucs5 (<) as bds ihur ihrjsdk tbm whrc`, dkgcu`dkn tbat hi Yasu`mva th mkalcm jmk th whrsbdp

bdj5 (7) as tbm tmk Avataras, idsb, thrthdsm ak` htbmrs, (0) as prmsmkt dkmagb lmdkn mvmk wbmk hkm nhms th bmavmk hr bmcc5 ak` (=) as dk tbmd`hcs empt dk tbm bhusms. ]kcdem Wakeara, \ajakuoa taems tbm rdtuacdsjhi tbm

Ymàs ak` tbm Lrabja Yd`ya hi tbm ]pakdsaà as mquaccy djphrtakt.\dtuacs arm kht ihr a chwmr gcass hi pmhpcm khr `h tbmy mxprmss a chwmrtrutb. Bm tbdkes tbat rdtuacs prmsgrdlm tbm jmtbh` hi whrsbdp. Pbmsmbm aggmpts iuccy, as acsh tbm gastm systmj. Pbm `hgtrdkm rmcatdkn thLrabjak sbhws tbm katurm hi Nh`, ak` lhtb thnmtbmr (rdtuacs ak`Lrabja Yd`ya) ihrj hkm hgtrdkm. Pbmy arm kht a``rmssm` th diimrmktpmrshks as ds lmcdmvm` ly Wakeara. Earja Jarna ihr \ajakuoa dkgcu`mstbm Ym`dg rdtuacs, tbm whrsbdp hi d`hcs, as ndvmk dk tbm Anajas, ak`tbm rmpmatdkn hi Jaktras.<7

Whucs arm hi tbrmm edk`s? (1) tbm lhuk` hkms, (<) tbm mcdvmrm` hkms, ak`(7) tbm mtmrkac shucs cdem Naruà. Hi tbm lhuk` hkms, shjm smme wmactbak` htbmrs smme bmavmk.



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Pbmy pmrihrj acc rdtms, sagrdidgms ak` pdcnrdjanms. Whjm hi tbmj arm`mvhtmms hi Lbanavat ak` shjm whrsbdp htbmr nh`s ak` Avataras. Hi tbhsm wbh `msdrm `mcdvmrakgm, shjm smme tbm ghksgdhuskmss hi tbm

purm shuc hkcy (Emvacdk) ak` htbmrs mtmrkac lcdss. Hi tbm cattmr, shjmsmme Nh` tbrhunb Lbaetd. Pbmy idrst stu`y tbm Ym`dg jystdgdsj. ak`tbm pbdchshpby hi sagrdidgms ak` rdtms. Lut, tbds Lbaetd ds hpmk th tbmtbrmm bdnbmr gastms hkcy ak` kht th Wa`bus. Pbm gastm systmj dsjadktadkm` dktagt.

Pbhsm wbh gakkht `h tbm Lbaetd hi tbm typm jmktdhkm` alhvm, gakrmshrt th ‒Vrapattd—, hr surrmk`mr th Nh`, aitmr rmkhukgdkn tbm whrc`.

Pbds systmj ds hpmk th acc gcassms. Ihr tbm miidgagy hi Lbaetd, ‒Earjyhna— ak` ‒Okaka yhna— arm mssmktdac. Pbm idrst ds tbm pmrihrjakgm hi accprmsgrdlm` agts, rdtuacs, sagrdidgms, gmrmjhkdms, pdcnrdjanms ak` tbm

whrsbdp hi d`hcs. Okaka yhna ds tbm nadkdkn hi ghnkdtdvm ekhwcm`nm hi hkm—s lmdkn smparatm irhj Vraerdtd ak` lmdkn ak Attrdlutm hi Nh`.

Pbmsm twh prmparathry stmps cma` th Lbaetd wbdgb ghksdsts dkjm`dtatdhks, agghjpakdm` ly tbm Thna pragtdgms hi Taja, Kdyaja,

mtg. Pbmsm jmtbh`s dkgcu`m? (1) tbm usm hi uk-phccutm` ak` uk-prhbdldtm` ihh`, (<) gbastdty, (7) ghkstakt pragtdgm, (0) pmrihrjdkn tbmrdtms ak` sagrdidgms agghr`dkn th hkm—s jmaks, (=) vdrtuhus agts hi trutb,ghjpassdhk, Abdjsa, uprdnbtkmss, (9) bhpmiuckmss ak` (>) alsmkgm hi `atm`kmss. Lbaetd, as hkm ly tbmsm smvmk jmaks, cma`s th hkm—s smmdkn Nh`. As anadkst dt, ‒Vrapattd— dkvhcvms ghjpcmtm smci-surrmk`mr. Dk tbmVa`ja-Vuraka smvmk htbmr jh`ms hi whrsbdp arm acsh sunnmstm`. Pbmy

arm acc rdtuacdstdg ak` ihrjac, m.n. (1) tbm djprdktdkn hi jares hk tbmlh`y ak` tbm ihrmbma`, (<) tbm rmpmatdkn hi Jaktras (7) tbm `rdkedkn hi watmr usm` ihr wasbdkn tbm immt hi tbm d`hc hi Bard, (0) tbm matdkn hi tbm ghhem` ihh` hiimrm` th tbm d`hc, (=) tbm smrvdgm hi mvhtmms, (9)tbm hlsmrvdkn hi iasts hk tbm idxm` `ays hi tbm cukar jhktb, (>) tbmcaydkn hi Pucsd cmavms hk tbm d`hc5 mtg.

Pbds Lbaetd bas kh mtbdgac ldas hr mjpbasds. Dt ds a Lbaetd hi a

ihrjac ak` mjhtdhkac katurm wdtbhut tbm edk` hi chvm



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tbat irugtdidms dkth a jhrac cdim ihr tbm smrvdgm hi jak. Hk tbm lasds hi tbm stu`y hi Acwar sadkts, Bhhpmr assmrts tbat tbmrm ds kh kmgmssary ghkkmgtdhk lmtwmmk Lbaetd ak` gbaragtmr. Dk tbds rmnar`, bm partdgucarcy

gdtms tbm mxajpcm hi hkm Acwar sadkt, Pdrujaknad.<0 Jadtra wbh bas`dsgussm` tbm prhlcmj hi Bdkù mtbdgs ak` tbm prhlcmj hi d`mac cdim dkacc Bdkù sgbhhcs hi hrtbh`hx pbdchshpby, dkgcu`dkn tbat hi tbm

Yadsbmsdea, tbm Vurva Jdjaksa, Wakeara, \ajakuoa, Ja`bava ak` Yaccalbagbarya, ghjms th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat a ghjjhk imaturm hi acctbmsm `hgtrdkms hi d`mac cdim hr Jhesba ds –tbm ghkgmptdhk hi tbm d`macas a kmnatdhk, hr atcmast as a traksgmk`mkgm, hi tbm mjpdrdgac cdim prhpmr,

ak` tbat tbds statm ds tbus a supmr-jhrac spdrdtuac d`mac ratbmr tbak astrdgtcy jhrac d`mac.‚ Ak` aitmr agbdmvdkn tbm statm hi Jhesba, tbmrm dsbar`cy akytbdkn th lm `hkm. Dt ds a kmnatdvm ak` qudmtdst d`mac wdtbhutaky agtdvdty, mxgmpt tbat dk tbm gasm hi \ajakuoa—s systmj hkm bas th`h ukghk`dtdhkac sgrdpturac whres cdem tbm àdcy rdtuacs, latbdkn dk tbmNaknms hk tbm ay hi cukar hr shcar mgcdpsm, mtg. As sugb, dk tbm hrtbh`hxBdkù systmjs, tbm kmnatdvm d`mac hr nhac bas lmmk aggmptm`. Dt ds a

traksgmk`mktac statm hi `mcdvmrakgm irhj acc tbm strunncms hi cdim. Dt dsnmkmraccy ak` mssmktdaccy a statm hi qudmsgmkgm.<= Dk acc tbmsm systmjsdkgcu`dkn tbat hi tbm Ydsbku Vuraka, rmcmasm irhj tbm lhkànm hi tbm

whrc` ds shunbt.\ajakuoa—s Lbaetd `hms kht jmak lhuk`cmss chvm5 dt hkcy dkvhcvms]pasakas hr jm`dtatdhks. Pbm nhac ds attadkalcm dk tbds cdim. Pbm agtuacnhac ds agbdmvm` aitmr `matb ak` tbm shuc tbmk bas a `drmgt vdsdhk hi

Prutb as dts hwk mssmkgm. Dt ds a `hgtrdkm hi d`mktdty. ]pth tbm mk` hkmjust garry hk rdtuacdstdg ùtdms ak` ùtdms hi hkm—s statdhk dk cdim5 d.m.tbm gastm ùtdms.<9

^m bavm `mtadcm` \ajakuoa—s systmj, sdkgm dt ds hkm hi hc`mst ak` tbmjhst typdgac hi tbm tbmdstdg sgbhhcs tbat mjmrnm` aitmr tbm hkscaunbtshi tbm Ymàktdg sgbhhc hi Wakeara. Cdem tbm Lbanava` Ndta, dts tbmdsj,di at acc dt jay lm sh gaccm`, ds smmjdkncy syktbmtdg ak` dkghrphratms



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pragtdgaccy acc tbm gbdmi mcmjmkts hi tbm Wakebya, tbm Thna ak` tbm Ym`dg rdtuacdsj. Pbm whrc` ak` shucs arm tbm lh`y hi Lrabjak lhtb dktbmdr jakdimst ak` ukjakdimst ihrjs. Hk tbm jmtapbysdgac sd`m, tbm

systmj ds lrha`cy paktbmdstdg, Nh` lmdkn tbm jatmrdac gausm hi tbm whrc`, ak` Dsbvara, tbm shucs ak` tbm jatmrdac whrc` lmdkn tbmghkstdtumkts hi Lrabjak. Dk a way, tbm systmj ds acsh pcuracdstdg, asshucs ak` Vraerdtd arm mtmrkac. Dk a``dtdhk, tbm shgdh-rmcdndhus sakgtdty hi tbm gastm systmj ds aggmptm`. Dt jaems kh mparturm irhj tbm marcdmrshgdh-rmcdndhus systmjs. \atbmr, a oustdidgatdhk ds aiihr`m` ihr tbmghktdkuakgm hi tbm Lrabjakdgac systmj ihr tbm whrsbdp hi djanms.

Ihr purphsms hi Lbaetd tbm whrc` bas vdrtuaccy th lm ndvmk up ak`gmcdlagy jadktadkm`. Iucc sakgtdhk ds ndvmk th iadtb dk tbm Ym`dgsgrdpturms ak` tbm hlsmrvakgm hi Ym`dg rdtms ak` htbmr prmsgrdlm`pdcnrdjanms ak` iasts. Pbm whrc` agtdvdty, dkgcu`dkn acc jhrac cdim, ds

vdrtuaccy a jhvmjmkt hi tbm mtmrkac Vraerdtd, irhj tbm lhkànm hi wbdgb rmcmasm ds shunbt ly rmshrt th Thna ak` jm`dtatdhkac jmtbh`s. Pbm guctdvatdhk hi vdrtums bas kh shgdac ghktmkt. As dk acc tbm Thndg

systmjs, vdrtums arm pragtdsm` mktdrmcy wdtb a vdmw th prmparatdhk ak`pmrshkac `dsgdpcdkm ihr jm`dtatdhk. Ydrtuhus agts, as sugb, bavm khshgdac mk`s hr vacd`dty. Pbmy smrvm purmcy as ad`s th jm`dtatdhk. Dk tbmshgdac idmc`s hkm bas th `h hkm—s gastm ùtdms, ak` tbm whr` ‒Earja—dkgcu`ms acc Ym`dg rdtuacs, d`hc whrsbdp, ak` htbmr gmrmjhkdms.

Pbm d`mac ds tbm attadkjmkt hi Karayaka, tbm mkohyjmkt hi lcdss ak``mcdvmrakgm irhj tbm whrc`. As dk`dgatm` acrma`y, tbm systmj hi tradkdkn

ds tbm Earja Thna, tbm Okaka Thna ak` Lbaetd Thna (jm`dtatdhks). Pbhunb tbm bhusm bhc`mr ghuc` ihcchw tbm patb hi sacvatdhk, tbm Wakyas Asbraj prmsgrdlm` dk tbm ]pakdsa`s cma`s th spmm`y sacvatdhk. Pbmpmrshk wbh bas ja`m tbm idkac agbdmvmjmkt, ds acsh hlcdnm` th pmrihrjacc tbm rdtuacs (Earja) cdem iastdkn ak` latbs prmsgrdlm` dk tbm Ymàsihr a khrjac lmdkn.

Ja`bva ? Dk Ja`bva—s systmj tbm smparatm mxdstmkgm hi Nh`, shucs ak`

tbm jatmrdac whrc` ds assujm`. Ak` tbhunb



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Nh` ds tbm miidgdmkt gausm hi tbm whrc`, tbm sajm ds ùm th tbm jhvmjmkthi mtmrkac Vraerdtd wbdgb ds dts jatmrdac gausm. Pbm systmj ds tbusùacdstdg wdtb a pcurac kujlmr hi shucs. Dk sulstakgm, tbm Wakebya

systmj ds aggmptm`, mxgmpt ihr tbm a``dtdhk hi a Vmrshkac Nh`. Dk tbmsystmj hi Ja`bava, Nh` ds a sulstakgm, ak` tbm hgtrdkm hi dkgarkatdhkds lmcdmvm`. Dk bds quacdtdms ak` agtdhks, tbm A vatara ds d`mktdgac wdtbNh`. Caesbjd ds dstdkgt irhj Nh` lut ds mpmk`mkt uphk Bdj. Wbm dsgh-mxtmksdvm hr gh-mtmrkac wdtb Nh`. Whucs arm hi tbrmm edk`s? (a) tbhsmidt ihr attadkdkn lcdss,(l) tbhsm mtmrkaccy uk`mrnhdkn traksjdnratdhk, (g)tbhsm idt ihr àrekmss hkcy. Grmatdhk lmndks wbmk nh` `dsturls tbm

mqudcdlrduj hi Vraerdtd. As ihr tbm whrc` agtdvdty, tbm Wakebya systmjds vdrtuaccy aggmptm`. Jhesba gak lm attadkm` tbrhunb smrvdgm lut hkcy ly a shuc idt ihr dt.

Pbmrm arm mdnbtmmk jmtbh`s tbat bmcp sacvatdhk, dkgcu`dkn (1) Yadrnyahr rmkukgdatdhk hi tbm whrc` ak` dts pcmasurms, (<) smci ghktrhc, (7)smci-surrmk`mr, (0) agquadktakgm wdtb tbm chrm, (W) attmkàkgm hk tbmnuru, (9) ekhwcm`nm nht irhj tbm nuru hr a Yadskava ak` rmicmgtdhk hk

dt, (>) mvhtdhk th Nh`, (2) syjpatby ihr dkimrdhrs ak` chvm ihr mquacs,(4) tbm pmrihrjakgm hi Ym`dg rdtms wdtbhut tbm `msdrm ihr irudt, (16)tbm avhdàkgm hi prhbdldtm` agts hr sdks, (11) tbm ekhwcm`nm hi Ydskulmdkn tbm bdnbmst, ak` hi tbm dstdkgtdhks lmtwmmk Nh` ak` tbm whrc`,Vraerdtd ak` Vurusas, Nh` ak` dk`dvdùacs, mtg., (1<) whrsbdp hr]pasaka, tbm bmardkn hi Wastras, jm`dtatdhk, mtg. Pbmsm stmps cma` thtbm `drmgt ekhwcm`nm hi Nh` wbdgb ds ghnkdtdvm. Pbm ihcchwmrs hi

Ja`bava usm spmgdac jares, grmatm` shjmtdjms mvmk ly bmatm` jmtac,cmavdkn pmrjakmkt sgars hk tbm lh`y.Dk tbds systmj Nh` gakkht lm mxbaustdvmcy ekhwk mvmk ly rmvmcatdhk.Bm ds apprmbmksdlcm ly tbm jdk` lut ds kht iuccy ghjprmbmksdlcm. Pbmprmsmkgm hi tbm cast twh gcassms hi shucs, tbat arm kht rm`mmjalcm akàrm `hhjm` th jdsmry ak` àrekmss, ds shjmtbdkn mxtrmjmcy dkghknruhus dk a tbmdstdg systmj. Ihr dt vdrtuaccy cdjdts tbm sghpm hi

bujak irmm`hj ak` `dvdkm nragm.<>

As kh prhnrmss ds mkvdsanm` ihr



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tbmsm shucs, tbm systmj ds ratbmr mtmrjdkdstdg. Pbm dstdkgtdhk hi hkmshuc irhj tbm htbmr rmjadks mvmk aitmr Jhesba. Pbm d`mac ds tbmattadkjmkt hi lcdss. Ihr rmcmasm, tbm ekhwcm`nm hi Nh` ds jhrm mssmktdac

tbak smci-ekhwcm`nm. Lhtb arm hltadkm` tbrhunb tbm stu`y hi tbmsgrdpturms. Ihr tbm ekhwcm`nm hi Nh`, jm`dtatdhk ak` rmicmgtdhk uk`mra nuru arm kmgmssary. Pbm rmacdsatdhk hi Nh`—s nrmatkmss ak` nhh`kmssds tbm jmaks th sacvatdhk. Cdem \ajakuoa, Ja`bava rmomgts tbm d`machi Odvak-jueta, ak` immcs tbat sgrdpturac ùtdms ak` tbhsm hi hkm—sstatdhk dk cdim sbhuc` lm `hkm tbrhunbhut cdim.<2 As dk tbm gasm hi Wakeara, pmrihrjakgm hi aky whrc`cy ùtdms hr jhrac agts ly tbm

spdrdtuaccy mkcdnbtmkm` pmrshk ds ukkmgmssary. Dk sbhrt, bmrm thh tbmd`mac hi sacvatdhk ds htbmr-whrc`cy. Hkm bas kh shgdh-phcdtdgac rhcm.

Pbm gastm ak` rdtuac ùtdms arm aggmptm` ak` tbm rdtuac systmj ds a`bmrm`th tdcc tbm mk` hi hkm—s cdim. Ja`bava ak` \ajakuoa, dk a way, rmomgttbm d`ma hi Odvakjueta. Ihr, tbmy immc tbat ghjpcmtm ekhwcm`nm ak`lcdss arm rmacdzm` jhrm aitmr `matb tbak dk cdim.<4 Pbm nhac ds agbdmvm`ly `hdkn sgrdpturac ùtdms, tbm stu`y hi sgrdpturms ak` jm`dtatdhk.

Kdjlarea? Kdjlarea—s systmj ds jhkdstdg ak` acsh, dk a way pcuracdstdg.Bm immcs tbat tbm whrc`, shucs ak` Nh` arm lhtb `dstdkgt ak` d`mktdgac(Lbmà-Albmà). Pbm idrst twh bavm kh dk`mpmk`mkt mxdstmkgm, lutarm mpmk`mkt hk Nh`. Bds rmghjjmkàtdhks ihr tbm jh`ms hi Lbaetdarm pragtdgaccy tbm sajm as hi \ajakuoa. Bm lmcdmvms tbat Lrabjakba` dk dt tbm ru`djmkts hi tbm whrc`. Ly jakdimstatdhk Lrabjaklmghjms tbm jatmrdac gausm hi tbm whrc`. Pbm shucs arm kujlmrcmss.

Whuc—s ekhwcm`nm `mpmk`s hk Nh`. Lut, ly Ghktagt. wdtb Jaya hrVraerdtd, dts ihrj ds `dsthrtm`. Vraerdtd ds mtmrkac. Pbm katurm hi shucgak lm ekhwk ly tbm nragm Dkgarkatdhk, tbm gastm systmj ak` Wakebyaarm aggmptm`. Pbm apprhagb ds htbmr whrc`cy. Pbm hlomgt ds ihr tbm shucth ekhw, ly `dsshgdatdhk irhj Vraerdtd ak` ly tbm nragm hi Nh` dtsHwk katurm. Pbm whrsbdp rmghjjmk`m` ds tbat hi \a`ba Erdsbka.

Pbds whrsbdp ds jhrm `mvhtdhkac tbak tbat dk tbm



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gasm hi \ajakuoa, lut tbm htbmr whrc`cy apprhagb rmjadks. Wdkgm tbmdk`dvdùac shuc ds `dsthrtm` ly dts ghktagt wdtb Vraerdtd, katuraccy tbmjystdg way ds tbat hi asgmtdg wdtb`rawac irhj cdim.

\ajakakà ? Acc systmjs prdhr th \ajakakà, dkgcu`dkn tbat hi Wakeara,mxgcu`m` tbm Wu`ras irhj tbmdr ihc`. Pbmy ba` th `h tbm ùtdmsprmsgrdlm` ihr tbmdr chw gastms ak` rdsm dk status sh as th lm lhrk asLrabjdks. Pbmk achkm tbmy ghuc` trma` tbm patb hi tbm Yadskava Lbaetd.\ajakakà—s rmihrj mxtmk`m` th tbm miimgt tbat chwmr gastms, di a`jdttm` th tbm Yadskava ihc` ak` di `mvhtmms hi Ydsku, ghuc` `dkm

wdtb tbm htbmr `dsgdpcms. Ihr tbm rmst, tbm systmj ds tbm sajm as hi

\ajakuoa ak` bds `mdty was \aja wdtb Wdta as bds ghkshrt.Pucsdàs? Pbhunb a dsgdpcm hi \ajakakà, Pucsdàs—s pbdchshpby cmaksthwar`s spdrdtuac jhkdsj. Cdem htbmr sadkts hi Yadskavdsj, bm aggmptstbm rdnd`dty hi tbm gastm systmj, mvmk tbhunb bds nuru \ajakakà ba`th ak mxtmkt rmcaxm` dt ihr a`jdttm` Yadskavas. Bm ds ghksmrvatdvm ak`htbmrwhrc`cy. Dk bds systmj tbmrm ds kh mjpbasds hk shgdh-jhrac ghkùgt.Nh`—s nragm ds tbm jadk dkstrujmkt th lrdkn alhut Jhesba ak` tbm

`mstrugtdhk hi acc sdks.Yaccalba?Dk Yaccalba—s systmj tbm mvhtmm gak ghktdkum th lm a bhusm-bhc`mr. Nh` bas Bdjsmci lmghjm tbm whrc` ak` tbm dk`dvdùac shucs,lmgausm tbm Wuprmjm Whuc was kht bappy wbdcm acc achkm. Bm `mgd`m`th lmghjm jaky. Dk acc tbmsm gasms tbm whrc` vdmw ds paktbmdstdg. Pbm

whrc` ds rmac, lut sacvatdhk ds hkcy tbrhunb Lbaetd. Pbhunb hkm kmm`kht ndvm up tbm bhusm-bhc`mr—s cdim, tbm jmtbh` hi whrsbdp ds mktdrmcy

rdtuacdstdg ak` gmrmjhkdac. Apart irhj tbm `mvhtdhk hi sdkndkn ak`pradsdkn Nh`, tbm ghkùgthr hi whrsbdp sbhuc` rdsm marcy, `rdke tbm

wasbdkns hi tbm immt hi tbm d`hc, uttmr tbm kajms hi Nhvar`baka ak`htbmrs, rmjmjlmr tbm rdvmr Tajuka, mtg. Wdjdcarcy, at htbmr tdjms hi tbm ày, tbmrm sbhuc` lm djanm whrsbdp ak` tbm imm`dkn hi tbm `mdty,agghjpakdm` ly htbmr gmrmjhkdms, cdem Artd,



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tbm rdkndkn hi lmccs, tbm lchwdkn hi tbm ghkgb sbmcc, latbdkn, `rmssdkn ak` tbm imm`dkn hi tbm d`hc.

Pbmrm arm kh pulcdg tmjpcms, lut magb nuru, wbh ds a bhusmbhc`mr,

jadktadks a prdvatm tmjpcm at bds hwk bhusm. At mdnbt idxm` dktmrvacsùrdkn tbm ày tbm `mvhtmm sbhuc` vdsdt tbm tmjpcm hi tbm nuru. Pbmlmst stanm hi sacvatdhk ds tbat hi ohdkdkn tbm sphrt hi Erdsbka ak`\a`ba dk tbm bdnbmst pcagm hi bmavmk, gaccm` Nhcaea. Yaccalba—s systmjds kht ekhwk ihr aky kmw d`mas mxgmpt tbat bm bas mxgmssdvmcy rdtuacdsm`Lbaetd ak` ja`m dt hpmk th bhusmbhc`mrs. Lbakàrear lmcdmvms tbat

Yaccalba—s `mvhtdhk appmars jhrm rajatdg tbak rmac. ]ctdjatmcy, sugb

ihrjs hi Yadskavdsj nadkm` uksavhury rmputatdhk, mspmgdaccy tbmsystmjs wbmrm Erdsbka ak` bds ghkshrt wmrm whrsbdppm`.Gbadtakya?Lhrk dk Lmknac, Gbadtakya was a `mvhtmm hi \a`ba akÈrdsbka. Bm `mvmchpm` tbm mjhtdhkac sd`m hi tbm Lbaetd hi Erdsbkaak` bds ghkshrt. Bm ghjphsm` shkns, `d` imrvmkt sdkndkn ak` mgstatdgàkgdkn. Pbds was bds jmtbh` hi apprhagb th Nh`. Bds `dsgdpcmsdkgcu`m` pmrshks hi acc gastms ak` mvmk Juscdjs. Ihr bdj tbm `mmpcy

mjhtdhkac sdkndkn hi tbm pradsms hi Nh` (\a`ba-Erdsbka) was tbm hkcy jmtbh` hi Lbaetd ak` sacvatdhk. ^bdcm sdkndkn, tbm `mvhtmms whuc`caunb, wmmp, oujp ak` mjlragm magb htbmr dk a statm hi mjhtdhkachutlurst. Gbadtakya lmgajm ak asgmtdg ak` a Wakyasd. Bds chu` sdkndkn lmgajm sh gbarnm` wdtb immcdkn tbat bm mvmk swhhkm` uk`mr tbmdktmksdty hi bds mjhtdhk. Ihr Gbadtakya, Erdsbka ds tbm bdnbmst nh`

wbh ds sh lmautdiuc tbat bm mxgdtms chvm dk tbm bmarts hi acc. Pbm Ymàktdg

tbmhry hi Gbadtakya ds tbat hi Kdjlarea, hr hi d`mktdty wdtb a diimrmkgmlmtwmmk tbm shuc ak` Nh` (Lbmà-Albmà). Nh` Erdsbka, gak lmapprhagbm` ly chvm achkm. ^bmk, tbrhunb ghktdkuhus chvm, tbm shuclmghjms hkm wdtb Nh`, dt lmghjms ukghksgdhus hi dts dk`dvdùacmxdstmkgm, ak` lmghjms as dt wmrm, alshrlm` dk Bdj. Dk spdrdt tbm shucds hkm wdtb Nh`. Nh` appmars dk idkdtm spdrdts. Pbus, tbm shuc ds d`mktdgac

wdtb Nh`. Pbm nhac hi cdim ds tbm lcdss hi ukdhk dk wbdgb tbm shuc chsms

dts ghksgdhuskmss. Lut agtuaccy tbmy



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rmjadk `dstdkgt. Jhst hi ‒A`vadtas—, ihcchwmrs hi Gbadtakya, hlsmrvmgastm `dstdkgtdhks—5 lut tbhsm wbh arm rmgcusms hr Ladrands `h kht `hsh. Pbm tmagbmrs hi tbds systmj arm acc gmcdlatms. Pbm typm hi Lbaetd

tbm Lbanavat Vuraka prmagbms, ds dccustratm` ly tbm cdim hi Gbadtakya.Gbadtakya jmktdhks `diimrmkt edk`s hi chvm5 (a) chvm wdtb awm ak`rmvmrmkgm ihr bds nrmatkmss, dt ds tbm pmagmiuc, gacj ak` tmk`mr chvm(Wbakta)5 Gl) chvm wdtb tbm suljdssdhk hi tbm bmart cdem tbat hi asmrvakt—s (@asya) ihr bds jastmr5 (g) tbm chvm hi Nh` as a irdmk`(Waebya)5 ak` (`) tbm `mmpmst chvm as hi tbm wdim ihr bmr buslak`(Ja`bura). Pbm cast edk` ds tbm swmmtmst ak` tbm `mmpmst as ihr a

lmchvm`. Chvm ds Nh`—s vmry katurm. Bm chvms jak.76

Pbm Lrabjakdgac Dk`daks gbmrdsb ihur vacums, @barja, Artba, Eajaak` Jhesba. Pbm idkac nhac ds Jhesba. Pbm htbmr tbrmm arm tbm chwmrd`macs. Hi ghursm, @barja ds a prmparathry d`mac ak` dt jmaks khtbdkn lmyhk` `hdkn tbm ùtdms hi tbm statdhk hi hkm—s cdim hr gastm ùtdms.Wdkgm tbm ]pakdsa`s, Jhesba bas lmmk tbm idkac d`mac. At tbm tdjm hi tbm ]pakdsa`s tbm ghkgmpt hi Odvak-jueta mjmrnm`. Dt was imct tbat

tbm mvdc hi Wajsara garrdms wdtb dt tbm smm`s hi `mstrugtdhk. Dk aky gasm, tbds d`mac hi rmkukgdatdhk, cma`dkn th Jhesba hr cdlmratdhk,uctdjatmcy gajm th lm tbm aggmptm` d`mac. Pbhunb Odwak-jueta wasacsh assujm`, bm thh dk tbat statm ghjpcmtmcy guts bdjsmci hii irhj acc

whrc`cy cdim. Pbds ds tbm vdmw agghr`dkn th Taokavaceya ak` Wakeara.Dk tbm htbmr nrhup hi \ajakuoa ak` Ja`bava, tbm sgrdpturac ak`rdtuacdstdg ùtdms bavm th lm garrdm` hut ly mvmryhkm th tbm mk` hi

hkm—s àys. Pbm bdnbmst lcdss ak` ukdhk arm rmagbm` hkcy aitmr `matb.Lbaetd lmdkn hkcy ak actmrkatdvm jmtbh` hi Jhesba, dt bas lmmk imcttbat Lbaetd Jarna, hr tbm `mvhtdhkac jmtbh` hi Jhesba, ds hkcy ihrtbhsm ihr wbhj tbm d`ma hi a Vmrshkac Nh` bas a spmgdac appmac. ^mbavm ba` lrdmi pdgturm hi vardhus Yadskava mvmchpjmkts ak` diimrmktsgbhhcs hi dts tbhunbt. Cmt us dk`dgatm lrdmicy tbm gbdmi imaturms hi tbdsjystdg systmj.



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(1) Pbm hvmracc whrc` vdmw ds mdtbmr paktbmdstdg hr uacdstdg, wbmrm tbm gh-mtmrkac Varerdtd ds assujm`. Dk tbm ihrjmrgasm tbm whrc` ak` shucs arm tbm lh`y hr quacdtdms hi

Lrabjak. Lrabjak ds lhtb tbm jatmrdac ak` tbm miidgdmktgausm hi tbm whrc`. Dk tbm cattmr gasm, dt ds vdrtuaccy tbmWakebya-Thna systmj wdtb tbm a``dtdhk hi Dsbvara as aNh` hi Attrdlutms. Nmkmraccy spmaedkn, tbm shuc ihrjs apart hi Lrabjak. Mvmk di tbm d`mas hi whrsbdp lmtwmmkjak ak` Nh`, ak` tbm grmaturm ak` tbm Grmathr, armjmktdhkm`, tbmrm ds lasdg d`mktdty lmtwmmk tbm shuc ak`

Lrabjak, tbm ihrjmr lmdkn a part hi tbm cattmr. Dk tbmdsjtbm whrc` ds tbm grmatdhk hi Nh`. Dt ds `diimrmkt irhj Nh`,khr ds tbm whrc` gh-mtmrkac wdtb Bdj. Bmkgm, wbatmvmrkajm hkm jay ndvm th tbm Yadskava systmj, dt ds kht tbmdstdgdk tbm khrjac smksm hi tbm whr`.(<) Pbmrm ds lmcdmi dk tbm Ym`as ak` tbmdr rdtuacdstdgjystdgdsj. Pbm shgdac hr`mr ak` htbmr pragtdgms mkohdkm`ly tbmj, arm aggmptm`. ^bdcm magb smgt puts dts hwkdktmrprmtatdhk hk tbm Ym`as, dkgcu`dkn tbm ]pakdsa`s, tbmrmds djpcdgdt iadtb dk tbmdr sgrdpturac sakgtdty ak` acc tbat tbmy stak` ihr.(7) Pbm gastm systmj ak` dts shgdac prhbdldtdhks arm strdgtcy a`bmrm` th. \ajakak` was tbm hkcy pmrshk wbh ja`m shjmjarndkac rmcaxatdhk lut tbat thh was hkcy dk rmnar` th tbhsm

wbh ba` lmmk a`jdttm` th bds Yadskava iadtb as tbm dsgdpcms

hi Ydsku. Whgdaccy tbm gastm systmj was aggmptm`.(0) Pbm whrc` ds `mmjm` th lm rmac. Lut, dk vdmw hi tbmWakebya- Thna lagenrhuk` ak` tbm d`mac hi Jhesba hrcdlmratdhk irhj Wajsara, tbm mktdrm apprhagb ak` tbmattdtu`m arm htbmr whrc`cy.(=) Pbm nhac ds hi Jhesba. Dt jmaks tbm rmturk hi tbm shucihr jmrnmr dk Lrabjak, hr th dts hrdndkac statm hi purdty,

lcdss ak` ukdhk wdtb Nh`, wdtbhut dkvhcvmjmkt dk tbm whrc`



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gbaknm dk tbm rucms alhut matdkn, hkcy dkvhcvm` a vdrtuac phst-iagthoustdidgatdhk hi bds hwk ghkùgt, wdtbhut dk tbm cmast aiimgtdkn tbmlasds hr tbm rdnd`dty hi tbm gastm systmj. Pbds ds acsh gcmar irhj tbm iagt

tbat Pucsdàs, tbm .gbdmi `dsgdpcm hi \ajakak` strdgtcy lmcdmvm` dk tbmsakgtdty ak` tbm rdnd` hlsmrvakgm hi tbm gastm systmj. Pbm tbmhry hi

Avatarbhh`, tbm tbdr` iukàjmktac hi Yadskavdsj, was as wm bavmsmmk, hkcy ak hjkdvmrhus jmtbh` hi alshrldkn acc edk`s hi `dvmrnmktak` bmtmrh`hx systmj dk tbm Bdkù ihc`. Pbm rdtuacdsj hi tbm Ym`dgrmcdndhk lmgajm dts ihurtb iukàjmktac. Dk iagt, Lbaetd dtsmci wasghjpcmtmcy ihrjacdsm` ak` rdtuacdsm`. Pbm jmtbh`s hi whrsbdp acjhst

lmgajm a systmj hi Jaktras. Pbds `mvhtdhk thwar`s tbm `mdty kmvmrturkm` thwar`s chvm hi hkm—s imcchw lmdkns. Dk iagt, tbm iukàjmktacaggmptakgm hi tbm dkmqudty hi tbm Gastm systmj ak` tbm ihrjacdsj hi Lbaetd sthh` as a ghjpcmtm lar th aky traksihrjatdhk hi tbm chvm hi Nh` dkth tbm smrvdgm hr chvm hi jak ak` suiimrdkn bujakdty. Pbat dsacsh tbm rmashk tbat nhh` ghkùgt kmvmr dkvhcvm` aky agt hi shgdacjhracdty hr aky agtdvdty th shcvm tbm `diidguctdms ak` prhlcmjs hi jak

hr bds shgdac cdim. Jhrac cdim, at lmst, jmakt hkcy a smksm hi rdtuacdstdg hrihrjac pdmty wdtbhut tbm cmast rmagtdhk th aky shgdac mvdc, dkoustdgm hrgrumcty jugb cmss th aky phcdtdgac hpprmssdhk hr tyrakky. Agghr`dkncy,as was hlsmrvm` ly Bhhpmr, Yadskava Lbaetd kmvmr dkvhcvm` aky gbaknm dk tbm shgdh-jhrac apprhagb, gbaragtmr hr vacums hi tbm mvhtmm.



1<2

9

WDEBDWJ

@ACOMMP WDKNB

Dk Wdebdsj, wm sbacc lasm hur vdmws hk tbm byjks hi tbm Nurusmjlh`dm` dk tbm Nuru Nraktb, tbm jhst rmvmrm` ak` autbmktdgatm`

sgrdpturm dk tbm whrc`, sdkgm dt was ghjpdcm` ak` m`dtm` ly tbm Nurubdjsmci.

Dk hr`mr th bavm a ghjprmbmksdvm uk`mrstak`dkn hi Wdebdsj, wmsbacc, apart irhj akswmrdkn tbm vardhus qumstdhks wm bavm phsm` marcdmr,`mac wdtb acc aspmgts hi dts whrc`-vdmw ak` dts tbmhchndgac ghkgmpts,dkgcu`dkn tbhsm alhut \macdty, tbm pcagm ak` rhcm hi jak dk tbm ukdvmrsm,mtbdgs ak` tbm jhrac cdim, ak` tbm bujak nhac. Pbm Wdeb Nurus arm

ukghjprhjdsdkn jhkhtbmdsts. Dk tbm vmry hpmkdkn cdkm hi tbm NuruNraktb, Nh` ds `msgrdlm` ly Nuru Kakae as –Ly tbm Nragm hi tbmWhcm Hkm, Wmci-mxdstmkt ak` Djjakmkt, tbm Grmathr Vmrshk, wdtbhutImar hr ]kghk`dtdhkm`, ^dtbhut mkjdty hr ]k-ghktra`dgtm`. Pbm

Pdjmcmss Hkm, ]k dkgarkatm`, Wmci-grmatm` ak` Mkcdnbtmkmr.‚1 Nh` dskmvmr lhrk, khr gbaknms. Pbm lmghjdkn whrc` ds Bds grmatdhk, ak` khtbds mjakatdhk, khr ds dt d`mktdgac wdtb Bdj.

1. PBM GHKGMVP HI NH@

^m sbacc idrst dk`dgatm, lrdmicy, tbm edk` hi Nh` tbat ds mkvdsanm` dkWdebdsj. Pbat whuc` gcardiy kht hkcy tbm jmtapbysdgac phsdtdhk, lutacsh shjm hi dts tbmhchndgac ghkgmpts ak` htbmr dssums. Dk tbmdr byjks,tbm Nurus `msgrdlm Nh` dk kujmrhus ways, rmimrrdkn th Bds shgdac,phcdtdgac, amstbmtdg, jmtapbysdgac, mtbdgac ak` htbmr attrdlutms. Lut sdxaspmgts hi Nh` kmm` partdgucar jmktdhk. Pbmsm wdcc



1<4

mxpcadk tbm ghkgmpt hi Nh` dk Wdebdsj ak` mkalcm us th uk`mrstak`tbm sdnkdidgakgm, hrdndk ak` ghursm hi Wdeb tra`dtdhks, dkstdtutdhks ak`pragtdgms.

(d) Grmathr

Nh` ds tbm Grmathr. Pbm ukdvmrsm ds Bds grmatdhk. Pbm vmry ghkgmpt hi a Grmathr-Nh` djpcdms a ukdvmrsm as tbm grmatdhk hi Nh` ak` diimrmktirhj Bdj. Pbm ukdvmrsm ds dk tdjm ak` spagm. Dt ds gbakndkn ak`lmghjdkn. Pbm Grmathr ds `diimrmkt irhj tbm grmatdhk wbdgb ds cdjdtm`ak` ghk`dtdhkm`. Bm ds kht tbm jatmrdac gausm hi tbm ukdvmrsm. Lut, kh

dk`mpmk`mkt Vraerdtd ds assujm`. Bm grmatms mvmrytbdkn. Pbm ukdvmrsm ds kht dccushry hr ukrmac. Lut, as Nh` ds Cdjdtcmss ak`Hjkdprmsmkt, tbm grmatdhk ds dk Nh` lut kht Nh`. –Nh` grmatm` tbm

whrc` hi cdim, pcaktm` Kaaj (Djjakmkt Nh`) tbmrmdk ak` ja`m dt tbmpcagm hi rdnbtmhuskmss.‚< –Pbm Wmci-Mxdstmkt Nh` jakdimstm` Bdjsmci as Kaaj.‚ 7 –Bm grmatms acc, idccs acc, ak` ds ymt smparatm.‚0 Pbmrm armjaky byjks dk tbm Nuru Nraktb wbdgb jmktdhk tbat Nh` was tbmrm

mvmk lmihrm Bm grmatm` tbm ]kdvmrsm. Bm lmdkn Praksgmk`mkt, –Bm dstbm Whcm-grmathr. Pbmrm ds kh smghk` hkm.‚= –Nh` was ly Bdjsmci ak`tbmrm was khtbdkn mcsm. –9

–Dk tbm rmndhk hi Prutb, Nh` grmatms pmrpmtuaccy, watgbms Bds grmatdhk wdtb a Lmkmvhcmkt mym.‚ –Bm ds bappy alhut dt, ak` `mcdlmratms hvmr dt,`drmgtdkn dt wdtb Bds ^dcc.‚> Nh` ds Mvmr-Grmatdvm, Mvmr-Kmw, Mvmr-Irmsb, ak` Lchhjdkn (Kdt- Kavak, Kavtak).

Pbm alhvm ndvms a gcmar d`ma hi tbm grmatdvm agtdvdty hi Nh` ak` tbmghsjhchndgac aspmgt hi Bds grmatdhk.

(dd) Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt

Nh` ds lhtb Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt. Bm ds lhtb dk tbm ukdvmrsmak` hutsd`m dt. Pbm Wmci-Grmatm` hr Praksgmk`mkt Nh` was acways tbmrm.



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(a) Praksgmk`mkt? ^bdcm tdjm ak` spagm, ihrgm ak` gbaknm arm tbm aspmgtshi tbm lmghjdkn ukdvmrsm, Nh` ds Mtmrkac, Wmci-mxdstmkt. Bm gakkht lmghkgmdvm` hr mxpcadkm` dk mjpdrdgac tmrjs. Bds Cdjdtcmsskmss ak`

Pdjmcmsskmss gakkht lm uk`mrsthh` dk tmrjs hi spagm ak` tmjphractdjm. Bm ds lmyhk` spagm ak` lmyhk` tdjm. Pbm Nurus bavm gautdhkm`us anadkst tbm pdtiaccs ak` dka`mquagy hi bujak chndg th ghjprmbmk`tbm Pdjmcmss Hkm. Bm ds Mktdrmcy @diimrmkt. –^bmk tbmrm was kh ihrjdk sdnbt, bhw ghuc` tbmrm lm nhh` hr la` agtdhks. ^bmk Nh` was dktbm Wmci- Alshrlm` statm, tbmrm ghuc` lm kh mkjdty hr ghkicdgt. ^bmkNh` was acc ly Bdjsmci, tbmrm ghuc` lm kh attagbjmkt hr

jdsuk`mrstak`dkn.‚ 2 Pbat statm hi Nh` ds kht th lm mkvdsanm` dk tmrjshi cdjdtcmss spagm hr tdjm, lut dk tmrjs hi spagmcmsskmss ak`tdjmcmsskmss. Pbm katurm hi Nh` traksgmk`s acc ekhwk gatmnhrdms wdtb

wbdgb wm msgrdlm tbm ukdvmrsm. Pbm Grmathr hi tbmsm cdjdtm` hr rmcatdvmgatmnhrdms gakkht lm ou`nm` ly tbm yar`-stdge hi tbhsm grmatm`cdjdtatdhks wdtbdk wbdgb wm jhvm, pmrgmdvm, ghkgmdvm, cdvm ak` assmss.

Pbm Nurus `msgrdlm Bdj as ^hk`rhus, Dkidkdtm, ]kiatbhjalcm,

]kekhwalcm, Dk`msgrdlalcm, Dkmiialcm ak` Djjmasuralcm. ^m gak atlmst assmss tbdkns hkcy ly hur cdjdtm` ak` rmcatdvm tbhunbt jmtbh`sak` jmasurms. m gakkht ghjpcmtmcy ghjprmbmk` Nh` wbh ds lmyhk`us, ukghk`dtdhkm` ak` ukimttmrm` ly aky `djmksdhks ak` cdjdts. Bm ds‒^bhccy Htbmr— as msgrdlm` ly Htth. –Pbm jdk` achkm gak kmvmr ekhw Bdj.‚ 4

(l) Djjakmkt? Pbm djjakmkt aspmgt hi Nh` bas lmmk vardhuscy

`msgrdlm` as Bds dcc tbat drmgts tbm ukdvmrsm, Bds ^hr` tbat dkihrjstbm ukdvmrsm, ak` Bds Kaaj tbat kht hkcy grmatms tbm mktdrm ukdvmrsmlut sustadks ak` nhvmrks dt. –Nh` grmatms tbm ukdvmrsm, taems Bds alh`mdk dt ak` sustadks dt.‚16 Nh` grmatms tbm ukdvmrsm ak` lmghjms Djjakmktdk dt, lmdkn at tbm sajm tdjm Praksgmk`mkt. –Bm tbat pmrjmatms accbmarts ds Praksgmk`mkt thh.‚11 –Bavdkn grmatm` tbm whrc`, Bm stak`s dktbm jd`st hi dt ak` ds smparatm thh.‚1< Nh` ds



171

lhtb Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt. Pbds djjakmkgm hi Nh` ds hkcy asyjlhcdg way hi mxprmssdkn Nh`—s ghkkmgtdhk wdtb tbm whrc`. ^bmktbm whrc` was kht tbmrm tbm qumstdhk hi Bds Djjakmkgm d` kht ardsm.

^bmk –tbmrm was kh ihrj, tbm ^hr` (Djjakmkgm) dk mssmkgm ald`m`dk tbm Praksgmk`mkt Nh`.‚17

Pbm Djjakmkgm hi Nh` mjpbasdsms tbm spdrdtuac ak` jmakdkniucgbaragtmr hi tbm ukdvmrsm ak` cdim—s gapagdty ihr rmcatdhksbdp wdtb Nh`.

Pbm tmrj Praksgmk`mkt `msgrdlms Bdj as –^bhccy Htbmr‚. Bdsdjjakmkgm dk`dgatms Nh`—s Chvm ihr Bds grmatdhk. Dt ds gaccm` Bds Kaaj,

^dcc ak` Wala`. Bds djjakmkgm ndvms rmcmvakgm, autbmktdgdty, `drmgtdhk

ak` sakgtdhk th tbm mktdrm jhrac ak` spdrdtuac cdim hi jak ak` bdsdkstdtutdhks. Dt acsh mjpbasdsms Nh`—s gapagdty ihr rmvmcatdhk, Bdskmarkmss th jak ak` Bds `mmp ak` ald`dkn dktmrmst dk tbm whrc`. Dt dshk tbds Djjakmkgm tbat jhst hi tbm tbmdstdg dkstdtutdhks arm lasm`.Ihr, wbmrm Nh` ds hkcy Praksgmk`mkt ak` ]kapprhagbalcm, acc jhracak` spdrdtuac cdim, ak` ymarkdkn whuc` lmghjm phdktcmss ak` drrmcmvakt.Nh` lmdkn lhtb Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt, hms kht jmak tbat tbmrm

arm twh parts, stanms, hr pbasms hi Nh`. Dt ds tbm Praksgmk`mkt Nh` wbh ds mvmrywbmrm dk magb bmart, pcagm ak` partdgcm. Dt ds Bm wbh dslhtb Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt. –Pbm sajm Nh` ds Warnuk ak`Kdrnuk, Kdrakear ak` Wmci Alshrlm` (Wuk Waja`bd).‚10 –Warnuk ak`Kdrnuk arm grmatm` ly Kaaj.‚1= Bm ds lhtb Kdrakear (Ihrjcmss) ak`

Aear (Dk Ihrj)5 Bm ds tbm Hkm, lhtb Kdrnuk ak` Warnuk.‚ Pbm Nurusrmpmatm`cy mjpbasds tbat Bm ds Hkm ak` wm hkcy ndvm Bdj `diimrmkt

kajms. Dt whuc` lm bdnbcy dkapprhprdatm th ghkiusm tbm Nurus— ghkgmpthi Warnuk ak` Kdrnuk (Hkm Praksgmk`mkt guj Djjakmkt Nh`) wdtbtbm A`vadtdg jmakdkn hi tbmsm tmrjs hr wdtb tbm d`ma hi Dsbvara. Pbmsm

A`vadtdg ghkgmpts bavm `dstdkgt ghkkhtatdhk hi pbasms, stanms hrtraksihrjatdhk. Pbmsm bavm lmmk gcmarcy rmpu`datm` ly tbm Nurus—ghkgmpt hi Hkm Nh`. Wakeara `mmjs Dsbvara th lm a chwmr stanm hi `mvmchpjmkt wbdgb bas th lm traksgmk`m` dk hr`mr th rmagb tbm nhac hr

Lrabjak. Ihr \ajakuoa Nh` ds vdrtuaccy paktbmdstdg. Pbm whrc` ak`shucs



17<

arm tbm lh`y ak` quacdtdms hi Lrabjak. Pbds ds ak mktdrmcy `diimrmktghkgmpt irhj tbat hi tbm Hkm Grmathr Nh` hi tbm Nurus.. Bm dssdjuctakmhuscy Praksgmk`mkt ak` Djjakmkt. Pbm Nurus kmvmr aggmpt

tbm A`vadtdg ghkgmpts hi Warnuk ak` Kdrnuk. Wdjdcarcy, dk tbm byjk hi Wagb ebak`, tbm Nuru gaccs tbm Kdrakear as Hkm wbh `mcdlmratms,grmatms ak` drmgts. Bm ds Lmkmvhcmkt, Nragdhus ak` ds mcdnbtm` th smmBds grmatdhk. Lut Kdrakear cdtmraccy jmaks tbm –Ihrjcmss Hkm‚.Pbds

whr` thh bas `dstdkgt A`vadtdg jmakdkns. Pbm byjk rmimrrm` th alhvmrmpu`datms tbat ghkgmpt ak` a``s tbat, dk tbm Wagb ebak`, Nh`ghjjak`s mk`cmss kujlmrs hi ihrjs, ukdvmrsms ak` rmndhks.

(ddd) Nh` hi Attrdlutms Nh` ds tbm ‒Hgmak hi Attrdlutms, Yacums ak` Ydrtums.— Pbds aspmgt hi Nh` ds hi mxtrmjm rmcmvakgm th tbm jhrac cdim. Wdkgm acc attrdlutms armhkcy rmcatdvm, a Nh` hi Attrdlutms cays `hwk tbm stak`ar` ak` tbmd`macs ihr wbdgb jak bas th whre. Bm ds acways Lmkmvhcmkt.‚ –Thu armjy Jhtbmr, Thu arm jy Iatbmr, Thu arm jy Vrhtmgthr mvmrywbmrm.‚19

–Bm rmcdmvms tbm suiimrdkn hi tbm `hwktrh``mk5 Bm ds tbm Wugghur hi

tbm sugghurcmss.‚1> –Nh` ds myms th tbm lcdk`, rdgbms th tbm phhr, Kakae,Bm ds tbm Hgmak hi vdrtums. –12

Pbds Attrdlutdvm aspmgt (Djjakmkgm) dkmxtrdgalcy cdkes Nh` wdtb tbmukdvmrsm. Dt mstalcdsbms lmyhk` `hult tbm gbaragtmr ak` `drmgtdhk hi Nh`—s ^dcc ak` Djjakmkgm. Pbds cma`s th ihur djphrtakt dkimrmkgms.Idrst, attrdlutms ak` vacums gak bavm a pcagm hkcy dk a lmghjdkn, rmcatdvmhr spagdh tmjphrac whrc`, sdkgm acc pmrimgtdhk ds statm hi acc quacdtdms

arm rmcatdvm. A Nh` hi attrdlutms bas, tbus, a jmakdkn hkcy dk rmcatdhkth tbm gbakndkn whrc` hi jak. Mvd`mktcy, ihr tbm mxprmssdhk hi attrdlutms, a gbakndkn ukdvmrsm ds mssmktdac ak` lmghjms ak dktmnracpart hi tbm pcak hi Nh`. Pbus, Nh` ak` tbm ukdvmrsm arm ghkohdkt ak`dktmr-cdkem`, tbm cattmr `mpmk`dkn hk tbm ihrjmr. Dt ds djphssdlcm thtbdke hi a Nh` hi Attrdlutms dk tbm alsmkgm hi a rmcatdvm hr gbakndkn

whrc`. Pbat ds wby wbmk Nh` was ly Bdjsmci, tbm qumstdhk hi ‒Chvm



177

ak` `mvhtdhk, hi nhh` hr la` agtdhks, hr hi tbm savm` hr Wavdhur—ghuc` kht ardsm, tbmrm lmdkn khtbdkn htbmr tbak Bdj. Wmghk`cy, ak`tbds ds tbm jhst djphrtakt dkimrmkgm, vdrtums ak` attrdlutms mjpbatdgaccy

dk`dgatm, apart irhj tbm stak`ar` hi mtbdgac vacums ak` jhrac cdim, tbm`drmgtdhk dk wbdgb bujak miihrts sbhuc` lm ja`m. Pbmsm phdkt hut tbmpurphsms ihr wbdgb tbm ^dcc hi Nh` whres. Pbdr`cy, dt dk`dgatms tbmpmrpmtuac dktmrmst hi Nh` dk jak ak` tbm ukdvmrsm. Dt, dk a way, ndvmsstatus ak` autbmktdgdty th cdim ak` tbm ukdvmrsm wbdgb ds `mgrdm` hr`hwk-nra`m` dk jaky htbmr rmcdndhus tra`dtdhks. Dk a``dtdhk, tbmrm dstbm lmkmvhcmkt gbaragtmr hi Nh`. Kht hkcy ds Bm tbm Grmathr ak`

Wustadkmr hi cdim, Bm kurturms ak` `mvmchps dt wdtb a chvdkn garm. Bmbas acsh lmmk gaccm` tbm Mkcdnbtmkmr (Nuru hr Nud`m) hi jak. –Bmrmwar`s yhur miihrts ak` agekhwcm`nms yhur `mm`s‚, –Cdim hi cdim.‚14

–Nh` rmwar`s acc miihrts th lmghjm `dvdkm.‚<6 Dt ndvms a prmmjdkmktjmakdkn th cdim ak` hptdjdsj, bhpm ak` ghkid`mkgm th jak dk tbmagbdmvmjmkt hi bds d`macs. Jak ekhws tbm drmgtdhk dk wbdgb bm sbhuc`jhvm, ak` bm bas acsh tbm assurakgm tbat tbmrm ds shjm hkm th nud`m

ak` bmcp bdj wdtb chvm. Castcy, dt ndvms vacd`dty ak` spdrdtuac sakgtdty th tbm jhrac cdim wbdgb dk jaky htbmr systmjs ds `mmjm` th lm akmktakncmjmkt. At lmst, shjm systmjs aggmpt dt as tbm prmparathry jmtbh` hi purdty ihr tbm spdrdtuac cdim th lm attadkm`. Lut, dk Wdebtbmhchny tbds attrdlutdvm aspmgt hi Nh` ndvms spdrdtuac gbaragtmr th tbmjhrac cdim pmr sm.(dv) Nh` bas a ^dcc

Mvmrytbdkn ds nhvmrkm` ly Bds ^dcc. Pbds ds tbm lur`mk hi sh jaky byjks dk tbm Nuru Nraktb. –Mvmrytbdkn bappmks wdtbdk tbm ajldt hi Bds ^dcc.‚<1 A Nh` hi dcc, katuraccy, prm supphsms tbat Bm wakts tbmukdvmrsm th jhvm kht gbahtdgaccy lut wdtb a Vurphsm. Oust cdem tbm

Attrdlutms hi Nh`, Nh`—s ^dcc thh gak lm mxmrgdsm` hkcy dk a gbakndkn whrc` ak` thwar`s a nhac. Pbm vmry d`ma hi a ^dcc djpcdms a `drmgtdhkak` ak adj. Pbds, thh, rm-mjpbasdsms tbm sajm imaturms ak`



170

phdkts as statm` dk rmnar` th a Nh` hi Attrdlutms. Pbm `drmgtdhk dsnhvmrkm` ly tbm Attrdlutms hi Nh` ak` tbm Vurphsm, as wm sbacc smmcatmr, ds th mvhcvm a Nh`-gmktrm` jak irhj a smci-gmktrm` dk`dvdùac.

Pbds ghkgmpt ds gmktrac th Wdeb tbmhchny. Bmrm wm a`` a whr` hi mxpcakatdhk. A Nh` hi dcc hms kht at acc jmak a mtmrjdkdstdg whrc`,lmgausm Nh` ds grmatdvm ak` acc jhvmjmkt dk cdim ds thwar`s a grmatdvmirmm`hj.(v) Nh` `hms kht dkgarkatm Nh` bas lmmk jmktdhkm` as hkm wbh kmvmr taems ldrtb khr taems ihrj.

Pbm iditb Nuru says, –Jay tbat jhutb luj wbdgb says tbat Nh` bas

dkgarkatm`.‚<< –Nh` achkm ds tbm Hkm wbh ds kht lhrk hi a whjak.‚<7

Pbm Nurus bavm `midkdtmcy `mgrdm` lmcdmi dk tbm tbmhry hi dkgarkatdhk.Dk hr`mr th dspmc sugb d`mas tbmy bavm statm` tbat Bm grmatm` ghuktcmssLrabjas, Wdvas ak` Ydsbkus. –Pbm Ihrjcmss, Hkm, achkm, Kakae, ds

wdtbhut imar5 jaky arm \ajas as tbm ùst hi Bds immt, ak` jaky Erdsbkas. Jaky arm tbmdr sthrdms ak` jaky arm tbm Ymàs.‚<0 Bmrm, thh,tbm d`ma tbat Nh` kmvmr taems tbm bujak ihrj bas a `dstdkgt jmakdkn

ak` djphrt. Idrst, dt sbhws tbat Nh` ds bhccy Htbmr. Ihr a Nh` tbat ds Praksgmk`mkt ak` ]kekhwalcm, tbm qumstdhk hi Bds taedkn tbm bujakihrj `hms kht ardsm. Wmghk`cy, acc paktbmdstdg ak` cdem djpcdgatdhks, asichwdkn irhj tbm d`ma hi a Nh` wbh taems tbm bujak ihrj, bavm th lm`dsgar`m`. Lmsd`ms, tbm ghkgmpt bas tbrmm htbmr ghrhccardms thh. Pbmidrst ds tbat jak gak kmvmr lmghjm Nh`. Pbds acsh dkvhcvms tbat Nhàk` jak arm kht d`mktdgac lut arm `diimrmkt. Wmghk`cy, dt dk`dgatms tbat

tbm adj hi spdrdtuac miihrt ds kht jmrnmr dk Nh`, as uk`mr shjm htbmrsystmjs, lut th bavm a ukdhk hr rmcatdhk wdtb Bdj. Pbds bas a grugdacsdnkdidgakgm dk `mtmrjdkdkn tbm bujak nhac ak` dk sbhwdkn tbat tbmmktdty hi jak ds `dstdkgt irhj tbat hi Nh`. Pbm twh gak kmvmr lm hkm,tbhunb jak gak l~ dk tukm wdtb Bdj. Pbdr`cy, dt dktmr acda sbhws tbatspdrdtuac agtdvdty `hms kht sthp aitmr tbm idkac agbdmvmjmkt. Pbm supmr-jak bas a rhcm th pmrihrj dk garrydkn hut tbm



17=

^dcc hi Nh`. Ghksmqumktcy, sh chkn as tbm ukdvmrsm ds tbmrm ak` tbm ^dcc hi Nh` ds dk hpmratdhk, tbm agtdvdtdms ak` `utdms hi tbm supmr-jakthh `h kht ghjm th ak mk`.

(vd) Nh` hi Nragm Dk tbm Jhhcjaktra, Nh` ds gaccm` Nragdhus ak` Mkcdnbtmkmr. A Nh`hi ^dcc ak` a Nh` hi Nragm bavm a jmakdkn hkcy dk a lmghjdkn whrc`

wbmrmdk achkm Bds Nragm ak` ^dcc gak hpmratm. Nragm djpcdms tbatNh`—s dcc ds Irmm, uk`mrjdkm` ly aky hutsd`m caw. Dk a``dtdhk, dt acshstrmssms tbm Chvm ak` Lmkmvhcmkgm hi Nh` thwar`s jak ak` tbmukdvmrsm wbdgb arm diimrmkt irhj Bdj. Ihr a Nragdhus Lmdkn gak lmsthw

Bds Nragm hkcy hk shjmtbdkn htbmr tbak Bdjsmci. Dt bas lmmk rmpmatm`cy strmssm` tbat acc idkac apprhvac hi jak ds ak agt hi Nh`—s Nragm. –HKakae, tbm dktmccmgt ds hi kh avadc, hkm ds apprhvm` hkcy ly Bds Nragm.‚<=

Pbm nragm aspmgt hi Nh` acsh ihrtdidms tbm trutb hi tbm htbmr djpcdgatdhksas `msgrdlm` marcdmr dk rmcatdhk th a Nh` hi ^dcc ak` Attrdlutms. Dka``dtdhk, dt djpcdms tbat Nh` ds ^bhccy Irmm ak` Grmatdvm. Bm ds khtnhvmrkm` ly tbm mjpdrdgac caws ekhwk th us. Dt acsh `dspmcs tbm d`ma

tbat tbm whrc` ds `mtmrjdkdstdg. Bds agtdvdty ds, tbmrmihrm,dkghjprmbmksdlcm mxgmpt dk tmrjs hi Bds Nragm hr Irmm`hj.(vdd) Kaaj Ihr aky stu`mkt hi Wdeb tbmhchny, dt ds kmgmssary th uk`mrstak` tbmjmakdkn ak` djpcdgatdhk hi tbm tmrj ‒Kaaj—. Wdebdsj bas hitmk lmmkgaccm` tbm Kaaj Jarna hr tbm way hi Kaaj. Pbm Wdeb Nurus bavmndvmk tbm whr` Kaaj, a `dstdkgt ak` sdnkdidgakt jmakdkn wbdgb ds iar

`diimrmkt irhj tbat hi tbm jmrm ‒Kaaj— hr psygbdg iagthrs as uk`mrsthh`ly ‒Kaaj-\hhpa— dk tbm tra`dtdhkac cdtmraturm. A gcmar `hgtrdkm alhutKaaj bas lmmk cad` `hwk.

–Kaaj sustadks acc rmndhks ak` ukdvmrsms, acc tbhunbtekhwcm`nm ak` ghksgdhuskmss, acc sedms ak` stars, acc ihrgmsak` sulstakgms, acc ghktdkmkts ak` spbmrms. Bm,



17>

pcaktm` Kaaj tbmrmdk, jaedkn dt tbm pcagm hi rdnbtmhus agtdvdty.‚ –Nh`grmatm` tbm whrc` ak` pmrjmatm` dt wdtb Bds Cdnbt.‚ Wdkgm Kaaj, Nh`—sDjjakmkgm, bas kht hkcy grmatm` tbm whrc` lut ds acsh supphrtdkn,

ghktrhccdkn ak` `drmgtdkn dt, tbm sajm gakkht lm ukrmac hr dccushry. BdsDjjakmkgm dk tbds whrc` nuaraktmms dts lmdkn a pcagm hi rdnbtmhusagtdvdty. –Prum arm tby whrc`s ak` tby ukdvmrsms5 trum arm tbm ihrjs

Pbhu grmatmst. Prum arm tby `mm`s.‚7< –Prum ds Bm, Prum ds BdsGrmatdhk.‚77

Pbm whrc` lmdkn rmac, grmatdvm whre ak` vdrtuhus `mm`s arm hi iukàjmktac djphrtakgm. –Pbm Nuru ghktmjpcatms Nh` ly whr`,

tbhunbt ak` `mm`.‚ 70 –Martb ds tbm trum alh`m hi rdnbtmhuskmss.‚7=

–Thutb ak` ghktdkmkgm arm trum mm`s, kht iastdkn ak` rdtuacs.‚79 –Nhh`,rdnbtmhuskmss, vdrtum ak` tbm ndvdkn up vdgm arm tbm ways th rmacdzm tbmmssmkgm hi Nh`.‚7>

Pbm alhvm mxgmrpts aiidrj ukajldnuhuscy tbm rmacdty ak` sdnkdidgakgmhi bujak cdim. Vragtdgms dkvhcvdkn `drmgt hr dk`drmgt rmomgtdhk hr`mspdsdkn hi cdim bavm lmmk `mkhukgm`. Pbmrm ds a byjk dk tbm Nuru

Nraktb ly Iard` wbdgb whuc` smmj th sunnmst tbat tbm whrc` ds khtrmac hr ds a pcagm hi suiimrdkn. ^bdcm rmghr`dkn dt dk tbm Nuru Nraktb,tbm iditb Nuru bas dktrhùgm`, achkn wdtb dt, akhtbmr byjk hi bds hwk,

wbdgb ds a gcardidgatdhk th `dspmc tbm ghktrary djp rmssdhk. Bm wrdtms,–Lmautmhus, H Iard`, arm tbm nar`mks hi martb ak` tbm bujak lh`y.‚72

Pbm Nuru iurtbmr statms tbat –`mrd`m kht tbm whrc` as dt ds tbm grmatdhkhi Nh`.‚ 74

Pbds mjpbatdg assmrtdhk alhut tbm autbmktdgdty hi tbm whrc` ds a gcmar`mparturm irhj tbm Dk`dak rmcdndhus tra`dtdhk. Pbm Nurus wmrm mxtrmjmcy ghksgdhus hi tbds iukàjmktac gbaknm tbmy wmrm jaedkn. Pbat ds wby lhtb dk tbmdr cdvms ak` dk tbmdr byjks, tbmy bavm lmmk caydkn strmss hktbds aspmgt hi tbmdr spdrdtuac tbmsds, cmst tbmy sbhuc` lm jdsuk`mrsthh`hk tbds lasdg dssum. Cdvdkn dk tbds whrc` ds kht a lhkànm ihr tbmj lut ararm hpphrtukdty. Kht hkcy ds Nh` lmkmvhcmktcy mvmchpdkn ak` nud`dkn

tbm whrc` ds wbdgb Bm ds djjakmkt, lut magb hkm hi us ds –yhem` th bds



172

tase ak` magb ds assdnkm` a uty th pmrihrj.‚06 Pbm pmrsdstmkt dktmrmsthi Nh` dk tbm grmatdvm jhvmjmkt ds acsh hlvdhus irhj tbm iagt tbattbm Nurus gacc Bdj Vrhtmgthr, Iatbmr, Edkn Mjpmrhr ak` a Oust

A`jdkdstrathr. ^bdcm `dsgussdkn tbm ghkgmpt hi Nh` hi Attrdlutms, ^dcc ak` Nragm, wm bavm dk`dgatm` dts iar-rmagbdkn djpcdgatdhks alhut tbm rmacdty hi tbm whrc` ak` tbm spdrdtuac prdjagy hi jhrac cdim tbmrmdk. Pbmsm aspmgtshi Nh` dktdjatmcy ghkkmgt Bdj wdtb tbm whrc` wbdgb ds tbmdr hkcy idmc` hi hpmratdhk. Ihr acc tbmsm rmashks, tbm Nurus gacc tbm whrc` rmac.Ghksmqumktcy, tbmdr jmssanm ak` jdssdhk acsh rmcatm th tbds whrc`,

wbmrmdk achkm tbmdr jdssdhk ghuc` lm iucidccm`. Kh immcdkn hr praymr baslmmk mxprmssm` wdtb nrmatmr `mptb ak` dktmksdty tbak tbm hkm ihr tbm‒ndit hi Kaaj.— Kaaj lmdkn tbm Lmkmvhcmkt Wupphrtmr ak` @drmgthr hi tbm whrc`, wbat gak lm tbm ndit hi Kaaj th tbm mvhtmm, mxgmpt tbat hi ak mkcdnbtmkm`, chvdkn ak` grmatdvm dktmrmst dk tbm whrc` ak` dk dts`mvmchpjmkt. Bhw gak hkm gcadj th lm a `mvhtmm hi Nh` hr Kaajak` ase ihr dts ndit hr cdke wdtb dt, ak`, ymt, `mgcdkm th thm tbm cdkm hi

Nh`, vdz, hi kurturdkn ak` a`vakgdkn tbm prhgmssms hi grmatdvdty ak`ghkstrugtdhk dk tbm whrc` dkstma` hi lmdkn a rmgcusm hr a rhp hut8 Dt dsihr tbds rmashk tbat tbm Nurus bavm strhkncy ghk`mjkm` acc asgmtdgak` msgapdst pragtdgms. –Hkm rmagbms kht Prutb ly rmjadkdkn jhtdhkcmsscdem trmms ak` sthkms, khr ly lmdkn sawk acdvm.‚01

Dk Dk`da, tbm d`mac hi ihur Asbrajas bas lmmk a sgrdpturaccy rmghnkdsm`spdrdtuac way hi cdim. Hi tbmsm, tbm cast twh, kajmcy, tbm Yakprastba

ak` tbm Wakyasa Asbrajas `dstdkgtcy mkohdk ak htbmrwhrc`cy apprhagbth cdim. Pbm bhusmbhc`mr—s utdms wmrm kht lmcdmvm` th lm ghk`ugdvm thbdnbmr spdrdtuac attadkjmkts. Pbat ds wby, hkm ba` th rmkhukgm whrc`cy agtdvdtdms ak` taem th tbm cdim hi tbm bmrjdt ak` Wakyasdk. As anadkst dt,acc tbm Wdeb Nurus, mxgmptdkn tbm mdnbtb Nuru, wbh passm` away at akmarcy anm, wmrm jarrdm` bhusmbhc`mrs. Pdcc tbm cast `ays hi tbmdr cdvms,tbmy whrem` grmatdvmcy ak` garrdm` hut tbmdr jdssdhk dk tbm shgdac



106

systmj. Pbm whr` Abakeara ds `diimrmkt, ihr dt rmprmsmkts a ghkgmpt dka ùacdstdg systmj cdem tbm Wakebya dk wbdgb Abakeara ds tbmtraksihrjatdhk hi tbm mtmrkac Vraerdtd. Pbm Nurus assujm kh sugb

Vraerdtd. Ihr tbmj Baujmk ds tbm smci gmktrm` bujak dk`dvdùacdty. Dtds tbm smci, tbm mnh, tbm ‒strmaj hi ghksgdhuskmss— hr tbm gmktrm hi ghktrhc hi acc, whredkn dk aky lmdkn hr ukdt hi cdim.<. Baujmk Nh`-grmatm`

Pbm Nurus say tbat –tbm whrc` gajm dkth lmdkn ly dk`dvdùatdhk.‚07

Mvd`mktcy, ihr tbm nrhwtb hi cdim, tbds grmatdhk hi ak dk`dvdùac smci hrBaujmk dk mvmry lmdkn was mssmktdac. Pbmrm ghuc` lm kh akdjac cdim

wdtbhut tbmrm lmdkn dk magb hrnakdsj a gmktrm hi ghksgdhuskmss hrauthkhjy. Dt ds tbds Baujmk wbdgb bas mkalcm` tbm mvhcutdhk hi cdimirhj tbm sjaccmst lmdkn th tbm mxtrmjmcy ghjpcdgatm` ldhchndgacstrugturm hi jak. Dt ds djphssdlcm th ghkgmdvm hi a lmdkn wdtbhut tbmgmktrm hi dts iukgtdhkdkn ak` ghktrhc.Mvmry jak ds mqudppm` wdtb jaky edk`s hi hrnaks ak` iaguctdms. Pbmsmiaguctdms, dkgcu`dkn bds tbhunbts, arm sulsmrvdmkt th bds dk`dvdùacdty,

smci hr mnh. Pbrhunbhut tbm mvhcutdhk hi cdim hvmr jdccdhks hi ymars,tbds mnh bas lmmk tbm dkstrujmkt ak` nuar`dak hi bds smgurdty, wmciarmak` prhnrmss. dtbhut a mmp ghjjdtjmkt th tbm dktmrmsts, prmsmrvatdhkak` prhnrmss hi tbm smci, th tbm mxgcusdhk hi mvmry htbmr lmdkn hr smci,cdim ghuc` kmvmr survdvm tbm lattcm anadkst gbaccmknms irhj tbm mktdrmmkvdrhkjmkt. Pbds mnh bas lmmk tbm lmst nuaraktmm ihr smgurdkn lhtbtbm survdvac ak` tbm prhnrmss hi cdim irhj ajhmla th jak.

7. Pbm Vrhlcmj hi Baujmk ^bat bas lmmk tbm surmst jmaks hi cdim—s survdvac ak` prhnrmss baskhw, agghr`dkn th tbm Nurus, lmghjm –tbm nrmat `dsmasm‚ hi jak.00

Pbm strunncm anadkst tbm mcmjmkts ak` htbmr-spmgdms bavdkn lmmkghksd`mralcy whk, jak idk`s bdjsmci qudtm ukmqudppm` ak` bmcpcmsslmihrm tbm htbmr



101

dktra-spmgdms strunncm lmtwmmk jak ak` jak. Pbm Nurus rmpmatm`cy mjpbasdsm tbat tbds Baujmk, ds tbm nrmatmst prhlcmj hi jak. Oust as dtds djphssdlcm ihr hkm—s sthjagb hr cdvmr th `dnmst ihh` ihr akhtbmr

pmrshk, dk tbm sajm way dt ds djphssdlcm ihr hkm—s tbhunbt-systmj th lmakytbdkn lut smci-gmktrm`, tbm sajm lmdkn sulsmrvdmkt th tbm dk`dvdùacsmci. Dt ds tbds hrnakdg ghk`dtdhk hi jak tbat tbm Nurus gacc Baujmk hrsmci-gmktrm`kmss.

Prum, gmrtadk actrudstdg tmk`mkgdms bavm lmmk `mvmchpm` as tbm rmsucthi gucturac ghk`dtdhkdkn hvmr tbm ymars. Lut, tbds actrudsj ds hkcy supmridgdac hr ghk`dtdhkm`. Wphktakmhus actrudsj ds ghkstdtutdhkaccy

ak` psygbhchndgaccy djphssdlcm dk tbm akdjac-jak. Pbm jhjmkt tbmstrunncm ihr mxdstmkgm lmghjms emmk, tbm lasdg smci-gmktrm`kmss hi jak ds ukjasem`. Bhkmsty ds tbm lmst phcdgy sh chkn as dt whres thhkm—s wmcc lmdkn, htbmrwdsm tbm iakns hi smci-gmktrm`kmss lmghjm larm`dk tbmdr kaem` uncdkmss. Pbds ds tbm spmgtagcm wm wdtkmss mvmryày dktbm lmbavdhur hi dk`dvdùacs, nrhups, gcassms, shgdmtdms ak` katdhks.

Agghr`dkn th tbm Nurus— ghkgmpt hi Nh`, Bm ds tbm Iatbmr ak` acc

pmrshks arm bds gbdc`rmk. –Bm lmchkns th acc ak` acc lmchkn th Bdj.‚–Pbmrm ds hkm Iatbmr ak` wm arm Bds Gbdc`rmk.‚ –Cmt acc lm gaccm` bdnb,th jm kh hkm appmars chw. Hkm phttmr bas iasbdhkm` acc vmssmcs ak`hkm cdnbt pmrva`ms tbm wbhcm ukdvmrsm.‚0= Pbm way th Nh`, agghr`dkn th tbm Nurus, ds th rmacdsm ak` aggmpt tbds d`ma hi tbm lrhtbmrbhh` hi jak ak` mxprmss dt trutbiuccy dk hur ghkùgt. –Hkm gakkht lm a Thndly jmrm wdsbdkn. Pbm rmac Thna cdms dk trmatdkn acdem acc lmdkns.‚ Lut,

Baujmk hr smci-gmktrm`kmss ds tbm gbdmi bur`cm dk tbm way hi jak—sprhnrmss. –Nh` ds wdtbdk us, lut ds kht ekhwk lmgausm hi tbm gurtadkhi Baujmk (mnh) dk lmtwmmk.‚ –Buslak` (Nh`) ak` wdim (shuc) cdvmsd`m ly sd`m, lut tbm djprmnkalcm wacc hi Baujmk (mnh) smparatmstbmj.‚ Dt ds Baujmk wbdgb pcanums jak—s ghkùgt ak` cdim. Dt ds tbmdrhky hi bujak gucturm tbat shjm hi tbm aktdshgdac ak` aktd-bujakdkstdtutdhks cdem tbhsm hi scavmry ak` prhpmrty, gcass ak` katdhkac

`dvdsdhks, gastm ak` phccutdhk, dkmquacdty



10<

hi status ak` smxms, phcdtdgac hjdkakgm ak` tmrrdthrdac annrak`dsmjmktbavm lmmk grmatm` lmgausm hi tbm vdgms ardsdkn irhj Baujmk.

0. WHC]PDHK

Bavdkn `dankhsm` tbm `dsmasm ak` dts gausm, tbm Wdeb Nurusimmc ghkid`mkt tbat tbm bur`cm hi Baujmk gak lm hvmrghjm. Dk iagt,tbm mktdrm jmssanm hi tbm Wdeb Nurus ds jmakt th shcvm tbds prhlcmj.

Pbmdrs ds a grusa`m th mkalcm jak th rdsm alhvm bds prmsmkt cmvmc ak`rmjhvm tbm bur`cms ak` shcvm tbm prhlcmjs tbat iagm bdj.1. Pbm ^ay hut

Bmrm tbm Nurus mxpcadk tbmdr systmj ak` sunnmst tbm shcutdhk.Dt ds tbds shcutdhk wbdgb ds tbm lasds hi tbmdr rmcdndhus systmj, ak`dkstdtutdhks.Nh` hr Kaaj ds tbm hgmak hi vacums. Pbm rmjm`y, agghr`dkn th tbmNurus, ds tbat wm sbhuc` lm nud`m` ly Nh` ghksgdhuskmss ak` kht ly smci-gmktrm`kmss. Wugb a Nh` gmktrm` pmrshk ds gaccm` a Nurjueb.–Nh` grmatm` dk`dvd`uatdhk lut ly ihrnmttdkn Kaaj wm ghjm th nrdmi.‚–Kaaj ak` Baujmk arm hpphsm` th magb htbmr. Pbm twh gakkht lm attbm sajm pcagm.‚09 Dt ds a vmrsm hi tbm bdnbmst sdnkdidgakgm, jmakdkn ak` djpcdgatdhks. Cmt us ajpcdiy dt.

Pbm Nurus aggmpt cdim dk thth. Pbmy gacc dt as tbm hkcy hpphrtukdty ihr jak th pcay bds `mstdkm` rhcm. Dk jhst htbmr rmcdndhussystmjs, spdrdtuac jystdg cdvdkn ak` whrc`cy cdim arm ghksd`mrm` ashpphsm` th magb htbmr. Pbds ds tbm cmsshk `mrdvm` irhj tbm systmj hi ihur Asbrajas. Dk Lu``bdsj, thh, Kdrvaka ak` Wajsara arm hpphsm`th magb htbmr. Dt ds kht sh dk Wdebdsj. Bmrm hkcy mnhdsj, kht tbm whrc`cy cdim as sugb, ds hpphsm` th tbm spdrdtuac cdim. Pbm way th Nh` ds tbrhunbcdim, kht tbrhunb dts rmkukgdatdhk.

Pbm smghk` ghrhccary hi tbm d`ma ds tbat smci-gmktrm`kmss justlm sulstdtutm` ly Nh`-gmktrm`kmss. Dk tbm Nuru Nraktb twh typms hi bujak lmdkns bavm lmmk jmktdhkm`, tbm Jak



107

rkueb ak` tbm Nurjueb. Pbm jak wbh ds smci-gmktrm` ds iar irhjNh`. –Baujmk (mnh) ds a mmp jaca`y. Pbm rmjm`y ds th attukm hkm thKaaj ly Nh`—s Nragm.‚ –^dtb imar hi Nh` dk jdk` hkm chsms mnhdsj.‚

–@rdvm hut cust ak` aknmr, lm tbm smrvakt hi acc ak` smm tbm Chr` dk accbmarts.‚ –Wphktakmhus smrvdgm hi htbmrs gbaragtmrdsms tbm Nh` gmktrm`pmrshk.‚0>

Pbm tbdr` ghrhccary ds tbat iar irhj ndvdkn up whrc`cy cdim, tbm sajm dsmssmktdac ihr tbm jystdg, smmemr ak` tbm Nh` gmktrm` pmrshk. Pbm vmry

whr` Nh`-gmktrm` assujms agtdvdty hk tbm part hi tbm pmrshk. WdkgmNh` ds grmatdvm, tbm Nh` gmktrm` thh bas th lm grmatdvm. Hkcy smci-

gmktrm`kmss ds sulstdtutm` ly Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss. Dk iagt, cdim ak` dtsagtdvdtdms achkm rmvmac tbm `dstdkgtdhk lmtwmmk a smci-gmktrm` jak ak`a Nh`-gmktrm` hkm. Bmkgm, –bm wbh `mstrhys mvdc lmghjms a pmrimgtjak.‚ –Chvm, ghktmktjmkt, trutb, bujdcdty ak` htbmr vdrtums mkalcmtbm smm` hi Kaaj th sprhut.‚ –Hur mm`s achkm lmar wdtkmss ukth hurcdim.‚02

Pbmsm byjks dk`dgatm tbat tbm way th bdnbmr agbdmvmjmkt cdms dk lmdkn

actrudstdg hr jhrac dkstma` hi lmdkn smci-gmktrm`. Mxgmpt ihr shjmghk`dtdhkm` hr gacgucatm` actrudsj, a smci gmktrm` pmrshk gakkht lmsphktakmhuscy actrudstdg. Pbm shcutdhk rmaccy ghksdsts dk traksimrrdkn tbm ghktrhc hi tbm jdk` irhj Baujmk th Kaaj, tbm @ykajdg ak`

Attrdlutdvm Djjakmkgm hi Nh`. Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss dkvhcvms kmdtbmrdkagtdvdty khr wdtb`rawac irhj cdim, lut wbhcmbmartm` ak` sphktakmhusactrudstdg mm`s. Oust as Baujmk ak` Kaaj arm hpphsm` th magb htbmr,

dk tbm sajm jakkmr Nh` gmktrm`kmss ak` dkagtdvdty arm a ghktra`dgtdhkdk tmrjs.<. Cdke wdtb Nh` phssdlcm

Pbm Nurus assmrt tbm prmsmkgm hi a Bdnbmr Vhwmr hr Nh` dk jak ak`tbat dt ds phssdlcm ihr jak th lmghjm ghksgdhus hi Bdj, ak` th `mvmchpa rmcatdhksbdp, hr a kmw statm hi ghksgdhuskmss. Pbm Nurus strmss tbatNh` pmrva`ms acc bmarts ak` hkm gak attukm hkmsmci th Bdj. bdcm wm

arm dk tbm khrjac mnh-statm wm arm ukghksgdhus hi tbds Djjakmkgm hi



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Nh` dk us. –^bmrm tbmrm ds mnhdsj, Nh` ds kht5 wbmrm tbmrm ds Nh`,tbmrm gakkht lm aky mnhdsj.‚ –Nh` ukdtms smmemr wdtb Bdjsmci.‚ –Nh`pmrva`ms tbm bmart ak` hkm ndvms up mnh ak` mvdC‚ –Ly Bds Nragm

Nh` ghjms dk lh`y ak` jdk`.‚ 04 Dt jmaks tbat tbm mktdrm psygbm hi sugb a pmrshk ds nud`m` ly Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss. –Ly Kaaj ds tbm jdk`dccujdkm`.‚=6

Pbmsm byjks mjpbasdsm tbat tbm way th shcvm hur prhlcmjs ak``diidguctdms ds th mstalcdsb a rmcatdhk wdtb Nh`. Pbds prmsmkgm hi Nh`dk us bas vardhuscy lmmk `msgrdlm` as Kaaj, Nuru, ^hr`, Cdnbt ak`

^dcc.

7. Pbm idkac gurm hi Baujmk Prum, dt ds hkcy vdrtuhus ak` actrudstdg `mm`s tbat cma` hkm away irhjtbm cdim hi Baujmk ak` thwar`s tbm patb hi Kaaj hr Nh`-gmktrm`kmss.Lut, uctdjatmcy dt ds hkcy Nh`—s Nragm tbat ukdtms hkm wdtb Kaaj. Ly tbds ukdhk a kmw ak` bdnbmr gmktrm hi ghksgdhuskmss ds nadkm`, gaccm`Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss. –^dtb Nh`—s Nragm ds tbm uctdjatm dksdnkda hi

apprhvac ghkimrrm` hk jak.‚ =1 ^bdcm hkm bas th whre actrudstdgaccy thsmme Nragm, tbm sajm ly dts vmry katurm gakkht lm markm`. Pbm vmry d`ma hi miihrt ihr agbdmvmjmkt radsms a smksm hi prd`m. Ak` prd`mlmghjms sudgd`ac ak` smci-`mimatdkn irhj tbm phdkt hi vdmw hi rmgmdvdkn Nragm. Lmsd`ms, tbm d`ma hi jmrdt, di smmk irhj tbm chndgac akncm, dsshjmwbat `mtmrjdkdstdg. Dt ds ghktrary th tbm vmry ghkgmpt hi Nh` -ghksgdhuskmss wbdgb dkvhcvms grmatdvdty ak` irmm`hj. Hkm gak kmvmr

agbdmvm tbm idkac stanm hi grmatdvm irmm`hj ly `mtmrjdkdstdg jmtbh`s. Pbm agbdmvmjmkt hi Nh`-gmktrm`kmss bas, ly dts vmry katurm, th lm akagt hi tbm nragm hi tbm wbhccy irmm ak` Grmatdvm Lmdkn. Nh` achkm dstbm idkac ou`nm hi bujak prhnrmss. Lut, tbds sbhuc` kht sunnmst aky d`ma hi arldtrardkmss ak` iatacdsj. Dt hkcy dkvhems jak th lmprhnrmssdvmcy jhrac, rmsphksdlcm, grmatdvm ak` irmm. Ihr Nragm dtsmci dsak aspmgt hi tbm Grmatdvm ak` tbm Irmm.



10>

prmsgrdlms tbm pmrihrjakgm hi vdrtuhus `mm`s ak` kht hi rdtuacdsj, Thndg jm`dtatdhks ak` asgmtdgdsj. Dt bas lmmk gcmarcy strmssm` tbat tbmassmssjmkt hi jak wdcc lm ja`m hk tbm lasds ak` gbaragtmr hi bds

`mm`s. Pbm sajm d`ma bas lmmk rmpmatm` dk tbm Nuru Nraktb dkkujmrhus byjks cdem, –^dtb Nh` hkcy tbm `mm`s hkm `hms j tb1s

whrc` ghukt. Ihr, –tbrhunb vdrtum ds hkm mkcdnbtmkm`.‚==

(l) Bdnbmr tbak Prutb ds Prutbiuc Cdvdkn?Dk tbm ihcchwdkn whr`s NuruKakae bas statm` ak mxtrmjmcy djphrtakt `dgtuj hi Wdebdsj.–Mvmrytbdkn ds chwmr tbak Prutb, lut bdnbmr stdcc ds trutbiuc cdvdkn.‚=9 Dtds oust a syjlhcdg way hi mjpbasdzdkn tbat tbm d`mac ds th cdvm tbm

agtdvm cdim hi trutb ak` kht hkcy th ekhw Prutb as ak mk` dk dtsmci. Dt dstbm Nh`-gmktrm` jak wbh sbhws wbat ds trutbiuc cdvdkn. Pbm nhac ds thcdvm hk agtdvm ak` grmatdvm cdim. –Prum cdvdkn ds cdvdkn Nh` dk cdim.‚=>

(g) Garry hut tbm dcc hi Nh`?Nuru Kakae mgcarms tbat tbm nhac hi jakgakkht lm rmagbm` tbrhunb tbm dktmccmgt hr wds`hj, bhwshmvmr hkmjay try, khr gak dt lm agbdmvm` ly tbm asgmtdg pragtdgms. Pbm Nururadsms spmgdidgaccy tbm qumstdhk as th bhw hkm gak lm a trum bujak

lmdkn, a Wagbdara hr ak d`mac jak. Ph tbds tbm Nuru prhvd`ms a gcmar-gut akswmr? –Ly garrydkn hut tbm ^dcc hi Nh`.‚ Pbm Nurus ghkgmdvmhi Nh` as a Nh` hi ^dcc. Bm ds a @ykajdg Grmatdvm Nh` wbhsm Mvmr-grmatdvm ak` Attrdlutdvm dcc ds hpmratdvm dk tbm hrc` wdtb a drmgtdhkak` a purphsm. Ihr jak, tbmrmihrm, tbm d`mac cdim ds th garry hut Bds

^dcc. Dt ds tbm d`mac hi `hdkn grmatdvm agtdvdty dk tbm ukdvmrsm as Nh`—sdkstrujmkt. Pbat ds wby, dk Wdebdsj, tbm nhac hi pmrshkac sacvatdhk ds

mxgcu`m`. Pbm Nurus `mgcarm tbat dt ds phssdlcm ihr jak th ekhw Bds ^dcc. Pbm nhac ds kht hkcy th mstalcdsb ukdhk wdtb Nh`, khr hkcy thekhw Bds ^dcc, lut, aitmr bavdkn `hkm tbat, th garry dt hut. Pbm d`mac dskht lcdssiuc ukdhk as ak mk` dk dtsmci, lut ukdhk wdtb a vdmw lhtb thekhwdkn Bds dcc ak` garrydkn dt hut. Dt ds tbm sajm tbdkn as saydkn tbattbm d`mac ds kht th ekhw tbm Prutb lut th cdvm tbm cdim hi Prutb.



102

(`) Nh`-ghksgdhus jak?Hk tbm qumstdhk hi Baujmk, wm ghjm th tbmghkgcusdhk tbat agtdvdtdms hi tbm hr`dkary smci-gmktrm` jak arm tbm gausmhi acc shgdac mvdcs ak` ghkicdgts. As anadkst dt, tbm Nurus bhc` hut tbm

Nh`-gmktrm` jak th lm tbm d`mac. Lmgausm hi bds kmw ghksgdhuskmssbm ds iucc hi vdrtums as attrdlutm` th Nh`. Pbm jystdg d`mac ds hi agtdvmNh`-ghksgdhuskmss. Acc mxbhrtatdhks th jak arm th agbdmvm tbdssupmrjaksbdp ly tbm pragtdgm hi vdrtums. –Dk tbm shdc hi yhur lh`y shw tbm smm` hi nh`cy `mm`s. Dk tbat idmc` Nh` sprhuts.‚(m) Cdke wdtb Kaaj?Ihr tbm Nurus, Kaaj ds mknanm` dk `drmgtdkn tbm

whrc` th lmghjm a pcagm hi vacums, barjhky ak` lmauty. A vmry carnm

kujlmr hi byjks dk tbm— Nuru Nraktb rmqumst ihr hkm—s lmdkn ukdtm` wdtb Kaaj. –Bm rmagbms tbm bdnbmst stanm wbhj Nh` lmkmvhcmktcy yhems th Bds Kaaj.‚ –Ph lm djlum` wdtb Kaaj ds tbm mssmkgm hi

Prum cdvdkn.‚ Vray, cdke jm th Nh`.‚=2

Agghr`dkncy, tbm d`mac hi Wdebdsj ds th lm yhem`, attukm` hr cdkem` thKaaj. Kaaj lmdkn tbm hpphsdtm hi mnhdsj, tbds prhnrmssdvm jhvmjmktds thwar`s ak d`mac dk wbdgb smcidsbkmss ak` mnhdsj `dsappmar ak`

quacdtdms hi Kaaj arm pragtdsm`. Ph lm cdkem` th Kaaj hkcy jmaks 16lmghjm dts dkstrujmkt ak` sbarm tbm rmsphksdldcdty hi a grmatdvm ak`

vdrtuhus `mv~chpjmkt dk tbm whrc`. Pbm pragtdgm hi Kaaj ak` dtsmtbdgs, ds lhtb tbm d`mac ak` –tbm shvmrmdnk rmjm`y ihr acc dccs ak`mvdcs.‚

Pbm Nurus bavm cad` `hwk tbmsm idvm `hgtrdkms prmsgrdldkn tbm nhac dkWdebdsj. ^bmtbmr dt ds tbm d`mac hi Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss hr hi garrydkn

hut tbm dcc hi Nh`, hr tbm ndit hi Kaaj, dk mssmkgm acc hi tbmj ghkvmy tbm sajm spdrdtuac trutb. Anadk, wbmtbmr dt ds tbm d`mac hi rdnbtmhus`mm`s hr hi trutbiuc cdvdkn, tbm dsgdpcdkm ak` drmgtdhk arm mxagtcy tbmsajm. ^m, tbmrmihrm, ghjm th tbm hlvdhus ghkgcusdhk tbat dk Wdebdsj,tbm nhac ds hi grmatdvm ak` jhrac agtdvdty ak` tbat spdrdtuac cdim ak` jhraccdim arm vdrtuaccy sykhkyjhus ak` ghmxtmksdvm. Hkm dkmvdtalcy cma`s thtbm htbmr. Acc tradkdkn ihr spdrdtuac cdim hr ihr smmedkn Nh`—,s Nragm



104

ds tbrhunb jhrac cdim. Pbmrm ds kh `dgbhthjy lmtwmmk tbm twh edk`s hi cdim. Pbds ds mvd`mktcy tbm lasdg pcake dk Wdebdsj. Cdim hk martb ds asdkncm spdrdtuac hr rmcdndhus vmkturm. Dt bas th lm avadcm` hi as a Nh`-

smkt hpphrtukdty ihr spdrdtuac nrhwtb. Kh smnjmkt hi cdim ds uk-djphrtakt, khr gak akyhkm lm `dvhrgm` hr mxgcu`m` irhj tbm spdrdtuacidmc`. Cdim—s `dvdsdhks dkth spdrdtuac cdim, shgdac cdim ak` phcdtdgac cdim arjak-ja`m, arldtrary ak` uktmkalcm. Cdim lmdkn a sdkncm wbhcm, bas thlm cdvm` spdrdtuaccy hr jhraccy. Kh part hi cdim ds talhh th tbm spdrdtuacjak. Pbm jystdg gakkht aiihr` th dnkhrm aky smgtdhk hi cdim as uk-lmghjdkn ihr bdj5 khr gak bm spurk th ad` aky jak wbatmvmr lm bds

sdtuatdhk.(i) Pbm d`mac th jaem mvmryhkm a Wupmrjak?Bujak nhac ds th cma` a rdnbtmhusak` a Nh`-gmktrm` cdim. Lut Nh`- gmktrm`kmss bas hkm jhrmdjpcdgatdhk. Dk tbm Wd`b Nhsbt, Nuru Kakae bas gcmarcy spmgdidm` tbatbds jdssdhk ds th rmjhvm jak—s acdmkatdhk irhj Nh`. Nuru Kakae tbusmxpcadks as th wbat bm jmaks ly ‒garrydkn hut Bds ^dcc— ak` mxmgutdkn Nh`—s jdssdhk hi grmatdkn a shgdmty hi Nh`-gmktrm` jmk. –Pbm Nh`-

ghksgdhus jak agbdmvms tbm nhac ak` jaems acc htbmrs h sh.‚=4 Pbat dsmxagtcy tbm rmashk wby tbm Nurus bavm `msgrdlm` tbmjsmcvms as tbm‒Wmrvakts hi Nh`—, ‒Whc`dmrs dk Nh`—s Cmndhk—, hr ‒wrmstcmrs dk tbm gaushi Nh`—5 Nh` ds tbm grmathr hi tbm ukdvmrsm. Dkvardalcy tbm Nurus pray tbat tbmdr cdvms jay lm `mvhtm` th tbm smrvdgm hi Nh`. –Jay D bavmjdccdhks hi bak`s th smrvm Pbmm. Wmrvdgm ds tbm way th grhss tbm bur`cmshi cdim.‚ –Lm mvmr acmrt dk tbm smrvdgm hi Nh`. Wmrvm Nh` mvmry jhjmkt

ak` rmcax kht.‚96

As tbm whrc` ds tbm autbmktdg grmatdhk hi Nh`,supphrtm` ly Bds Djjakmkgm, tbm smrvdgm hi Nh` jmaks tbm smrvdgmhi Bds grmatdhk, kajmcy, tbds whrc`, tbds cdim ak` jak, –Wmrvdgm dk tbm

whrc` cma`s th apprhvac dk tbm Ghurt hi Nh`.‚91

Dk Wdebdsj, tbm bdnbmst rmcdndhus attadkjmkt ds th lmghjm Nh`—sdkstrujmkt dk jaedkn mvmry bujak lmdkn Nh` gmktrm`. Dt ds tbm grmatdvmstatm irhj wbdgb actrudstdg agtdvdtdms start Wphktakmhuscy.



1=6

<. Nurjueb Pbm Nurus— `msgrdptdhk hi tbm Nurjueb ndvms a ghkgdsm pdgturm hi

tbmdr ghkgmpts alhut tbm nhac hi jak, tbm d`mac cdim, tbmdr vacum systmjak` tbmdr mktdrm apprhagb th tbm whrc` ak` cdim.(a) Bmds nh`cy, ak` bas acc vdrtums ak` kh Baujmk? Pbm Nurjueb ds irmmirhj Baujmk ak` acc tbm vdgms, dksmgurdty ak` prhlcmjs tbat mnh grmatms.–Bm wbh ekhws Bds dcc, bds mnh nhms.‚9< Nh` ds trutb lut tbm supmrjakcdvms Prutb. Nh` ds tbm Hgmak hi Ydrtums. Pbm supmrjmk trakscatmtbmsm vdrtums dk cdim ak` cdvm tbmj. –Bm (Nurjueb) ds tbm hgmak hi

vdrtums, purm ak` trutbiuc.‚ –Bm `macs dk tbm vdrtums hi Nh`.‚ Bm ds–sbmctmr hi tbm sbmctmrcmss.‚ –Nh` ds Ghjpassdhkatm, Jmrgdiuc ak`Wupphrt hi tbm martb5 ak` sh ds tbm katurm hi sadkts.‚ Pbm Nurjueb–savms acc ak` rmjhvms padk.‚ –Bm lmghjms cdem Bdj wdtb wbhjdjlum`.‚ –Bm cdvms trutb, bm chvms sdkncm jdk`m`cy.‚ Bm smms Nh` dkacc bmarts5 –bm trmats acc acdem.‚ Bds ds kht a ghk`dtdhkm`, gacgucatm` hra ratdhkacdsm` pragtdgm hi vdrtums. Lut, –Bm pragtdgms nhh`

sphktakmhuscy5 bm ds tbm ihuktadk sprdkn hi lmkmvhcmkgm.‚97

(b) Bm garrdms hut Bds ^dcc?Nh` bas a ^dcc. Pbm supmrjak garrdms huttbat ^dcc. Bds jdk` ds idccm` wdtb Kaaj5 –trum jdk` ds djlum` wdtb

^hr`, bm smrvms trutb, pragtdgms trutb ak` marks trutb.‚ –Djlum` ly-Bds ^dcc, bm garrdms dt hut.‚90 Pbm Whc`dmrs hi Nh` agt as Bm ^dccs.‚–^hk`mriuc ds Bds ^dcc5 hkm ekhws dt hkcy di hkm waces dk Bds ^dcc.

Pbmk achkm hkm ekhws bhw th cma` tbm cdim hi trutb.‚9= Pbds phdkt ds hi

iuk`ajmktac djphrtakgm kajmcy, tbat bm wbh garrdms hut Bds dcc achkmekhws dt5 ak` bm wbh ekhws dt just garry dt hut. Pbm twh agtdvdtdms armkht smparatm lut sdjuctakmhus lmgausm a ^dcc ekhwk ds mssmktdaccy a

^dcc garrdm` hut. –Pbmy wbh ekhw Bds ^dcc garry dt hut.‚99

(g) Bmdstbm smrvakt hi Nh` ak` jak? Pbmy –`m`dgatm cdim th Bdj‚5 Bm ds–a ghjlatakt dk tbm gausm hi Nh`‚5 bm ds tbm smrvakt hi Nh`.‚ PbmNuru gaccs as –tbm scavm hi acc grmatdhk.‚9> Pbm Nuru prays5 –tbm whrc`

ds sdge, H savm dt ly



1=1

aky jmaks yhu pcmasm.92

Pbds ds a praymr hi gatbhcdg djphrt. Bm prays ihr acc jmk ak` kht ihr aimw pmrshks bmrm hr tbmrm. Pbm Nuru ds aknudsbm` th wdtkmss tbm trhulcms

hi jak. Bmkgm bds praymr. Bm `hms kht wakt Nh` th bmcp jmk hkcy tbrhunb bdj. Pbm Nuru bas ja`m kh gcadj th mxgcusdvm prhpbmtbhh`.Bm wakts mvmryhkm th lm savm` ly aky jmaks Nh` jay lm pcmasm` thusm. Khtbdkn ghuc` lm jhrm mxprmssdvm hi tbm akhkyjdty ak` bujdcdty hi tbm Nuru ak` bds `mmp mxtrhvmrt ghkgmrk ihr jak ak` bds prhlcmjs.(`) Bm partaems agtdvmcy dk acc idmc`s hi cdim?Nh`, tbm shurgm hi acc vacumsak` vdrtums, –ds jdce th tbm gbdc`, staii th tbm lcdk` ak` bmcp th tbm

phhr, ak` ds prhtmgthr hi tbm wmae.‚ Dt ds djphrtakt th uk`mrstak` tbattbm Nurjueb—s vdrtums arm kht jmrmcy pmrshkac, pdhus ak` prmparathry,jmakt th smgurm sacvatdhk ihr bdj. Lut bds rhcm ds phsdtdvm ak` ykajdg

vds a vds, mvdc ak` bujak prhlcmjs dk acc idmc`s. Bm ghjprhjdsms kht wdtb mvdc, khr ydmc`s th dt. –Nh`—s bmrh ds bm wbh idnbts ihr tbmhpprmssm`.‚94

(m) Bm adjs th jaem acc htbmrs Nh`-gmktrm`? Pbmrm ds akhtbmr djphrtakt

imaturm hi tbm Nurjueb. –Bm ukdtms bdjsmci wdtb Nh` ak` ukdtmshtbmrs thh wdtb Bdj‚5 –Pbm smrvakts hi Nh` sacvanm acc.‚ –Bm dsmjakgdpatm` ak` mjakgdpatms htbmrs.‚>6 Dk tbm Nuru—s systmj, tbm d`macth jaem mvmryhkm a supmrjak rmjadks tbm ihrmjhst adj hi tbmNurjueb. Pbds prdhrdty, tbmrmihrm, lmghjms tbm vmry rmashk wby tbmNurjueb `macs wdtb acc jmk ak` partdgdpatms dk acc idmc`s ak` aspmgtshi cdim. Pbm mjpbasds hk tbds d`mac hi jaedkn mvmryhkm Nh`-gmktrm` ds

sh nrmat tbat tbm Nuru nhms th tbm mxtmkt hi saydkn tbat –Nh`mstalcdsbm` tbm martb ihr tbm saem hi Nh`-gmktrm` pmrshks.‚ Pbds, dkmssmkgm, jmaks tbat tbm grmatdhk hr mvhcutdhk hi tbm supmrjak hkmartb ds tbm purphsm hi nh` thwar`s wbdgb acc cdim ds jhvdkn.

9. PBM @DWGDVCDKM

Pbm Nurus bavm prmsgrdlm` tbrmm prdkgdpac jh`ms hi



1=<

`dsgdpcdkm ihr tbm smmemr? (a) ghjpaky hi Nh`-gmktrm` pmrshks, (l)jhrac cdim hr smrvdgm hi jak, ak` (g) praymr ak` rmjmjlmrdkn Nh`.

Pbmsm jh`ms hi tradkdkn arm kht asgmtdg jmtbh`s, lut cay `hwk a gh`m

hi ghkùgt th lm pragtdsm` tbrhunbhut tbm mktdrm ghursm hi hkm—s cdim.(a) Ghjpaky hi Nh`-gmktrm` pmrshks

Pbm Nurus bavm pad` nchwdkn trdlutms th tbm supmrjak. Hlvdhuscy,tbm shgdmty hi tbm d`mac jak ds hi dkmstdjalcm vacum ihr tbm tradkdkn hi tbm smmemr, lhtb as a jh`mc ak` as a nud`m. Bds dkicumkgm ds tbm lmst ihrsbapdkn jak—s nrhwdkn pmrshkacdty ak` prhvd`dkn bdj wdtb strmkntbak` `drmgtdhk dk tdjms hi strmss ak` stradk. ‒—Oust as tbm Bardk` (Gasthr

pcakt) djldlms tbm iranrakgm hi tbm Gbakàk trmm, tbm iaccmk armmjakgdpatm` ly tbm sadkts.‚ –Dk nhh` ghjpaky hkm lmghjms nhh`. –>1 Dt ds tbm rhcm hi tbm jystdg th bmcp mvmry jak thlm a Nh`-gmktrm` pmrshk. Pbm smmemr tbus nrhws dk a rmgmptdvm akèdk`cy atjhspbmrm lmgausm –Nh` smk`s sadkts th rmvmac Nh`—s kmarkmssth jak.‚ ><

(b) Jhrac cdim ak` smrvdgm

Dk tbm Nurus systmj jhrac ak` spdrdtuac vacums arm ihr tbm mkrdgbjmkthi tbm whrc`. Wpdrdtuac `dsgdpcdkm adjs at mkalcdkn jak th iagm cdim dk ardnbtmhus way ak` th aggmpt tbm rmsphksdldcdtdms hi a grmatdvm cdim. Assugb, a bhusmbhc`mr—s cdim ds ak mssmktdac jhrac rmsphksdldcdty hi jak.

Pbm smmemr—s tradkdkn bas th taem pcagm ùrdkn tbm ghursm hi khrjaccdimak` kht dk a jhkastmry. Pbm psygbm gak lm prhpmrcy ghk`dtdhkm` hkcy

wbmk dt ds sulomgt th tbm strmssms ak` stradks hi tbm shgdac mkvdrhkjmkthi jak. Kh hkm gak cmark th swdj hutsd`m tbm phhc.

Pbds ds mxagtcy tbm rmashk tbat tbm Nurus mxgcu`m` asgmtdgs irhj tbmWdeb ihc` ak` ghk`mjkm` acc rdtuacdstdg, yhndg ak` htbmr-whrc`cy pragtdgms ak` austmrdtdms. Ihr, jhrac `dsgdpcdkdkn gak achkm lm tbmihukàtdhk hi spdrdtuac nrhwtb. Actrudsj ds hpphsm` th acc tbm ldhchndg,dkstdkgtdvm ak`



1=7

ratdhkacdstdg urnms ak` aspdratdhks hi jak. Ydrtums bavm ghjm th hggupy a gmrtadk ajhukt hi gucturac rmspmgt ak` prmstdnm. Jmk pragtdsm tbmjkht lmgausm dt ds dk tbmdr katurm th `h sh, lut lmgausm tbmdr smksm hi

prd`m ds smrvm` ly sugb a pmrihrjakgm. Dt ds kht a gykdgac statmjmkt,lut rmprmsmkts tbm ldhchndg statm hi jak. Dt nhms th tbm grm`dt hi gucturm,ak` jhrm sh th tbm appmarakgm hi jystdgs irhj tdjm th tdjm tbat,`urdkn dts nrhwtb, tbm mnhdstdg hr tbm phwmr dkstdkgt hi jak nmtsghk`dtdhkm` th tbm pragtdgm hi vdrtums. Dt ds kht a ghkstdtutdhkac gbaknmdk jak lut ds tbm jmrm ghk`dtdhkdkn hi tbm mnhdstdg psygbm th jhracmk`s. Lut, as dt ds kht a gbaknm dk tbm nud`dkn ghksgdhuskmss hi jak,

mnh satdsiagtdhk rmjadks tbm uk`mrcydkn jhtdvm hi bujak agtdvdty. Dktbds statm, tbm lasm hi jhrac cdim rmjadks sbaey ak` tbm smargb ihrjhrac mk`s ds oust tmjphrary. ^m arm kht qumstdhkdkn tbm vacd`dty hrsupmrdhrdty hi tbm jhrac cdim, wm arm hkcy dk`dgatdkn dts ghkstdtutdhkac

wmaekmss. Pbm way hut ds th `mvmchp a bdnbmr ghksgdhuskmss. –Nh`grmatm` idrst Bdjsmci, tbmk Baujmk, tbdr` Jaya ak` tbm ihurtb statmhi phdsm ak` lcdss.‚>7 Hkm bas th rdsm th tbds ihurtb stanm hi

supmrjaksbdp. Emmpdkn dk vdmw tbm gbaragtmr ak` rhcm hi tbm supmrjak,dt ds hlvdhus tbat prhnrmss ds phssdlcm hkcy tbrhunb jhrac cdim.–Wdkndkn ak` akgdkn dk mgstagy arm kh whrsbdp5 chvm ak` tbm ndvdkn uphi mnh arm tbm ways hi rmac whrsbdp.‚>0 –@rdvm hut smcidsbkmss ak` hkmds iucidccm`.‚ –^bmrm tbm wmae arm garm`, tbmrm ds sbhwmrm` Nh`—sjmrgy‚5 –Mvdc smparatms, nhh` `mm`s ukdtm‚5 –smrvdgm dk tbm whrc` dstbm way th lm iucidccm`.‚>= Pbmrm ds, dk`mm`, kh spdrdtuac prhnrmss wdtbhut

agtdvm jhrac iukgtdhkdkn. Pbm smrvdgm hi Nh` ds a sykhkyjs ihr tbmsmrvdgm hi jak. Actrudstdg ak` jhrac agtdvdtdms bavm tbm bdnbmst prdhrdty dk tbm `dsgdpcdkm hi tbm smmemr. Pbm `mjak`s hi jhrac cdim dkvdtm tbmnrmatmst hi sagrdidgms. Lut, tbds smrvdgm hr jhrac cdim, bas kh rmimrmkgmth smrvdgm dk tbm tmjpcms hr jhkastrdms, hr th shjm prmsgrdlm` hrrdtuacdstdg agts hi pdmty.Nh`—s dktmrmst dk tbm jhrac `mvmchpjmkt hi jak gak lm



1=0

naunm` irhj tbm iagt tbat Bm taems ghnkdzakgm hi ak` –rmwar`s mvmkak dhta hi nhh` `mm`‚, dt lmdkn –Bds dkkmrjhst katurm th bmcp tbmmrrdkn.‚ –^dtb smci-ghktrhc ak` `dsgdpcdkm, wm ihrsaem vdgm ak` smm tbm

jdragcm hi jak lmghjdkn Nh`.‚ –Ghktdkum th whre wdtb yhur cdjlsak` at tbm sajm tdjm rmjadk attukm` th Nh`.‚ Wacvatdhk ds attadkm`

wbdcm caunbdkn, pcaydkn ak` cdvdkn a iucc cdim.>9

(m) \mjmjlmrdkn Nh` ak` Vraymr

Dk tbm Nuru Nraktb, tbmrm ds ghksd`mralcm mjpbasds hk rmjmjlmrdkn Nh`. Lut, tbds rmjmjlmrdkn hi Nh` ds ly dtsmci kht mkhunb th cdke

hkmsmci wdtb Bdj. Pbds ghktmjpcatdhk `hms kht jmak yhndg pragtdgmsihr tbm agbdmvmjmkt hi tbm sh-gaccm` lcdss as ak mk` dk dtsmci. ^m armukawarm hi aky byjk dk tbm Nuru Nraktb rmghjjmk`dkn yhndgpragtdgms hr aky tra`dtdhk dk tbds rmnar`. Khr arm wm awarm hi aky byjkdk tbm Nuru Nraktb wbdgb, apart irhj rmghjjmk`dkn praymr ak`emmpdkn tbm imar hi Nh` acways dk hkm—s jdk`, `drmgts tbm pragtdgm hi `ay-chkn jm`dtatdhks dk smgcusdhk ak` away irhj tbm ay—s whre. Pbmrm

arm gcmar byjks anadkst tbm usm hi sugb a ghursm as a jmaks th spdrdtuaca`vakgmjmkt. –Mvmry hkm rmpmats Nh`—s kajm, lut sugb rmpmtdtdhk dskht tbm way th Nh`.‚ –^dtb nudcm dk bmart, bm pragtdgms nudcm lut juttmrsNh`—s kajm. Bm ds phuk`dkn buse ak` ds dk arekmss ak` padk.‚>> Pbmsm

vmrsms `mky tbm utdcdty hi aky jmgbakdgac jmaks hi whrsbdp hr jmrmrmpmtdtdhk hi whr`s hr byjks. \mjmjlrakgm hr rmpmtdtdvm uttmrakgmsgak lm jmgbakdgac, jandgac, hr rdtuacdstdg dk katurm. As anadkst dt,rmjmjlmrdkn gak lm a way th emmp dk jdk` hkm—s lasdg d`macs sh tbattbm iradc bujak psygbm `hms kht iactmr hr `mvdatm irhj hkm—s `drmgtdhkak` d`macs. Pbat ds wby, dk tbm byjks hi tbm Nuru Nraktb, tbm strmss dskht hk aky jmgbakdgac rmpmtdtdhk. Pbm whr`s usm` ihr tbm purphsm armcdem, –Kaaj cdvdkn dk hkm—s lmdkn—(Earm Varnaas),Lmdkn djlum`—(\attm)

wdtb Kaaj. Pbds rmjmjlrakgm ds cdem emmpdkn tbm imar hi Nh` dk hkm—sjdk` wbdcm mjlaredkn hk aky agtdvdty hr jaedkn aky mgdsdhk. Dt ds khtak mk` dk dtsmci, ak` smmes kh jandgac



1==

hr ghjpucsdvm miimgts. Oust as dk tbm gasm hi ‒`hdkn tbm ^dcc hi Nh`—ak` ‒lmdkn yhem` th Kaaj—, ‒rmjmjlmrdkn— ds acsh cdkem` wdtb tbmsulsmqumkt `mgdsdhks th lm ja`m. ‒Ly `wmccdkn hk tbm ^hr`, jdk`

ichws th smrvm htbmrs.—>2 Mvd`mktcy, rmjmjlrakgm hi Nh` ds a edk` hi prmparatdhk ihr tbm vdrtuhus agtdvdtdms th lm uk`mrtaemk dk cdim. Dt dsagtuaccy tbm gbaragtmr hi tbm sulsmqumkt `mm`s tbat wdcc lm tbm tmst hi tbm jak ak` tbm prmparatdhk bm bas ja`m ihr bds jhrac ak` spdrdtuacprhnrmss.VraymrVray₣r, as dk aky htbmr tbmdstdg systmj, idk`s a pcagm hi mjdkmkgm dk

tbm Nuru Nraktb. Vraymr bas a trdpcm iukgtdhk. Vraymr, hk tbm hkm bak`,mxprmssms tbm bujdcdty ak` dksdnkdidgakgm hi tbm mvhtmm. Hk tbm htbmrbak`, dt rmjdk`s jak hi bds kmm` hi ghktdkuhus smargb ihr Nh` ak`Bds Chity nrmatkmss. Wmghk`cy, dt rmprmsmkts a pmrpmtuac smmedkn ihrBds Nragm wbdgb ds purmcy ak Agt hi Nh`. Idkaccy, dt ds a bujlcm attmjptat ghjjukdgatdhk wdtb Nh` sh as th raw uphk Bds Cdnbt ak` Mkmrny dk hr`mr th cdit ak` mcmvatm hkmsmci ak` rmsthrm hkm—s sanndkn mkmrndms

dk tbm idnbt anadkst mvdc ak` ihr tbm phsdtdvm mxprmssdhk hi chvm.–Jy mkmrndms arm mxbaustm` ak` D aj bmcpcmss. Lut H— Nh`, wdtb tby Nragm khtbdkn ds `diidguct ihr jm th agghjpcdsb.‚ Wugb a praymr ds khta rmpmtdtdvm ihrjuca hr pragtdgm, khr ds dt ak mk` dk dtsmci. Dt ds rmaccy aprmparatdhk ihr tbm jhrac agtdvdty th lm uk`mrtaemk dk tbm whrc`. Dkiagt, dt ds dkacdmkalcy cdkem` wdtb sulsmqumkt agtdvdty. Dk tbm Nuru—ssystmj, wbdcm praymr bas a iuk`ajmktac vacum, dt ds, cdem ekhwdkn Nh`—s

^dcc, ak dktmnrac part hi tbm grmatdvm `mm`. Vraymr tbat cma`s th khagtdvdty ds kh praymr at acc. Dk tbds smksm praymr ds ak dktmrkac urnm hragt, tbm mssmktdac part hi wbdgb ds tbm mxtmrkac grmatdvm mxprmssdhk dkcdim. ^dtbhut dts mxtmrkac hpmratdhk, tbm dktmrkac agtdvdty rmjadks stdcc-lhrk ak` dkvacd`. Pbm vmry iagt tbat tbm Nurus startm` kh jhkastdgsystmj sbhws ghkgcusdvmcy tbat tbmy kmvmr a`vhgatm` praymr as akdk`mpmk`mkt jh`m hi spdrdtuac tradkdkn. –Hkm ds



1=9

mjakgdpatm` wbdcm caunbdkn ak` pcaydkn dk cdim.‚ –Pbm Nh` gmktrm`cdvms trutb wbdcm a bhusm-bhc`mr.‚>4

MPBDGW Bmrm wm sbacc lrdmicy rmgapdtucatm tbm prdkgdpcms hi Wdeb mtbdgs.1. Vrdkgdpcms

(a) Nh` ds tbm Grmathr. ^m arm acc Bds gbdc`rmk, mquac dkBds Mym. Pbds cays tbm lasds ihr bujak lrhtbmrbhh` ak` tbmmquacdty hi jak.(l) Pbm whrc` ds rmac. Dt ds kht a vacm hi tmars hr a lhkànm.

Pbm hlomgt hi cdim ds kht th smgurm rmcmasm irhj dt lut th strdvmthwar`s tbm nhac hi a trucy jhrac hr spdrdtuac cdvdkn.(g) Nh`, as tbm Hgmak hi Attrdlutms ak` Yacums, ds garrydkn hut a prhnrmssdvm jhvmjmkt irhj ghjparatdvm djpmrimgtdhkth ghjparatdvm pmrimgtdhk ak` thwar`s a whrc` hi barjhky dk

wbdgb acc lmdkns arm trmatm` acdem ak` as mquacs. Dt ds a`mvmchpjmkt ihr tbm nrhwtb hi vacums. Wdjuctakmhuscy, dt ds a

jhvmjmkt irhj ghjparatdvm kmgmssdty th irmm`hj, irhj lmdkn tbm bmcpcmss hlomgt hi tbm caws hi gasuacty ak` `mtmrjdkdsjthwar`s lmdkn a irmm ak` rmsphksdlcm gmktrm hi grmatdvm agtdvdty.(`) Baujmk hi jak hlstrugts bds vdsdhk dk smmdkn tbdknsdk tbmdr trum ghchur ak` pmrspmgtdvm ak` dk rmacdsdkn tbmuk`mrcydkn ukdty ak` lrhtbmrbhh` hi jak. Pbds ds tbmiukàjmktac iadcdkn hi jak. Vragtdgaccy, acc jakdimstatdhks hi

tbds vdgm dkvhcvm mkgrhagbjmkt hk tbm rdnbts hi hkm—s imcchw lmdkns. Acc shgdac vdgms rmsuct irhj dt. As anadkst dt Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss ds tbm nrmatmst shgdac vdrtum, sdkgm dt drmgts mvmry agtdvdty thwar`s tbm nhh` hi acc ak` kht thwar`s smci-dktmrmstachkm. Pbds lrdkns hut tbm lasdgaccy shgdac gbaragtmr akàpprhagb hi Wdebdsj. Dt mxpcadks tbm shgdac trmk`s hi dts mtbdgsak` tbm shgdac ghkgmrk



1=>

hi dts dkstdtutdhks ak` tra`dtdhks. Acc vdgms dkvhcvdkn annrmssdhkanadkst tbm rdnbts, cdlmrtdms ak` wmcc lmdkn hi hkm—s imcchw lmdknsbavm th lm avhd`m`. Acc vdrtums ichwdkn irhj tbm d`ma hi tbm

lrhtbmrbhh` hi jak ak` saimnuar`dkn ak` smgurdkn tbm mquacrdnbts hi acc bavm th lm pragtdsm`.

^m idk` tbat acc tbmsm ihur d`mas arm kht hkcy dktmr ghkkmgtm` ak`suppcmjmktary, lut tbmy rmprmsmkt hkcy tbm `diimrmkt iagmts hi a sdkncmdktmnratm` ghkgmpt.

<. Wtakàr`

Pbm stakàr` hi Nuru—s mtbdgs ds a ukdtary vdmw hi cdim, dk wbdgb acclmdkns bavm th lm trmatm` as mquacs ak` mvdc bas th lm ihunbt anadkst.Nh`—s shc`dmrs try th lm cdem Bdj ak` idnbt mvdc. Bujak agtdhks bavmth lm ou`nm` ly tbds stakàr`. m jay acsh gacc tbds mtbdgs as tbm mtbdgshi Kaaj.Hk tbm dssum hi jmaks, spdrdtuac systmjs jay lm `dvd`m` dkth tbrmmgatmnhrdms. Pbm idrst gatmnhry, cdem Oadkdsj, Wakebya ak` Thna, lmcdmvms

tbat shgdac hr jhrac cdim bas kh jmakdkn. Acc spdrdtuac miihrt sbhuc` lm`drmgtm` dkwar`s. Whjm prmparathry ak` pdhus agts jay lm `hkm5 luttbm adj sbhuc` lm th wdtb`raw irhj cdim ak` smme ak uctdjatm gbaknmdk tbm jaem up hi jak. Dk tbmsm systmjs shgdh-jhrac cdim pmr smbas khsdnkdidgakgm. Whgdac jhracdty ak` tbm gbaknm hi mkvdrhkjmkt ihr shgdacmk`s arm pragtdgaccy mxgcu`m`. Ph tbm smghk` gatmnhry lmchkn spdrdtuacsystmjs cdem Lu``bdsj. Pbmy thh arm vdrtuaccy dsdktmrmstm` dk gbakndkn

tbm mkvdrhkjmkt dk hr`mr th smrvm shgdac hlomgtdvms. Acc tbm sajm, ihrtbm cayjak ak` tbm smmemr, tbmy prmsgrdlm jhrac caws ak` ùtdms. Lut,at tbm sajm tdjm, tbmy djphsm gmrtadk cdjdtatdhks hk tbm jmaks tbatgak lm mjpchym` ihr a jhrac mk`.Wdebdsj `hms kht lmchkn th mdtbmr hi tbmsm twh gatmnhrdms. Dt gcmarcy mkvdsanms tbm jakdpucatdhk hi tbm mkvdrhkjmkt ihr agbdmvdkn jhracak` shgdac adjs. Dk aky systmj, wbmrm jhrac cdim bas ak dk`mpmk`mkt

vacd`dty ak`



1=2

ak djphrtakgm hi dts hwk as a `msdralcm mk`, tbm jaedkn hi mkvdrhkjmktac, hrnakdsatdhkac ak` ghkstdtutdhkac gbaknms dk hr`mr thbavm a jhrac miimgt whuc` dpsh iagth lm oustdidm`. Pbm stakàr` ds tbm

ukdty hi cdim ak` th trmat acc as mquacs. Mvmry agt tbat satdsidms tbdsstakàr` ds jhrac.

Pbm Nurus ghktmjpcatm tbat cdim sbhuc` lm hrnakdsm` ak` mkvdrhkjmktgbaknm` sh tbat tbm nrhwtb hi jhrac cdim ds prhjhtm`. Dt ds chndgaccy djphssdlcm th ghkstrugt akytbdkn wdtbhut at tbm sajm tdjm `mstrhydkn ak` rmjhuc`dkn tbm mxdstdkn mkvdrhkjmkt. Bujak rmashk ak` dktmccmgt,

wm ekhw, gak lm usm` lhtb ihr nhh` ak` mvdc. Wdjdcarcy, ihrgm thh gak

lm usm` ihr lmkmidgdac ak` ihr la` purphsms. Jak bas tbm hptdhk th usmrmashk ak` ihrgm ihr rdnbt hr wrhkn hlomgtdvms. Agtuaccy, dt ds tbm way hkm mxmrgdsms tbds dsgrmtdhk tbat lmghjms tbm lasds hi jhrac ou`nmjmkt.Nh` bas lmmk `midkm` kht hkcy as –Bmcpmr hi tbm wmae‚, lut acsh as–tbm @mstrhymr hi tbm tyrakt‚ ak` tbm hpprmsshr.‚

Pbm Nurus gcmarcy `mprmgatm mvdc ak` hpprmssdvm dkstdtutdhks. Dk tbmshgdac idmc`, gastm prmou`dgms bavm lmmk smvmrmcy grdtdgdsm` sdkgm tbmy

ihrj tbm lasds hi `dsgrdjdkatdhk lmtwmmk jak ak` jak. Dk tbm idmc`hi phcdtdgs, tbm hpprmssdhk hi tbm rucmrs, tbm tyrakky hi tbm dkva`mrsak` tbm ghrruptdhk hi tbm hiidgdacs bavm lmmk ghk`mjkm`. Wdjdcarcy,tbm psmu`h-rmcdndhus pragtdgms ak` d`cmkmss hi yhnds ak` asgmtdgs ak`tbm byphgrdsy hi prdmsts ak` Lrabjdks bavm lmmk mxphsm`. Pbm cattmrprmtmk` kht th taem phccutm` ihh` urdkn tbm ay lut suge tbm lchh` hi jak at kdnbt. Pbm ajassdkn hi wmactb ak` prhpmrty bas lmmk mkhukgm`

ly saydkn tbat wmactb gakkht lm natbmrm` wdtbhut rmshrt th mvdc jmaks. Pbds grdtdgdsj hi tbm mvdc dkstdtutdhks hi jak, lhtb shgdac ak` phcdtdgac,ds kht a jmrm vmrlac mxmrgdsm. Dt mvd`mktcy djpcdms tbat tbm Nurusghktmjpcatm ak` sunnmst tbm rm ghkstrugtdhk ak` grmatdhk hi actmrkatdvmjhrac dkstdtutdhks. Katuraccy, actmrkatdvm bujak dkstdtutdhks gak ghjmup hkcy ly tbm sulstdtutdhk, rm-jhuc`dkn hr `mstrugtdhk hi tbm hc` akùkwaktm` hrnakdsatdhks. Pbm cdvms hi tbm Nurus arm a



1=4

gcmar phdktmr tbat, dk tbmdr systmj, gbaknm hi mkvdrhkjmkt th djprhvmtbm jhrac gcdjatm dk acc idmc`s ds gcmarcy mkvdsanm` ak` sakgtdhkm`.

Pbm Nurus say tbat Nh`-ghksgdhuskmss ghksdsts dk trmatdkn acc as hkm—s

mquacs. –Nh`—s rdgbms arm ihr acc jmk lut jmk try th nral tbmj ihrtbmjsmcvms.‚ Bmkgm dkmquacdty dk trmatjmkt, dkgcu`dkn arldtrary `dstrdlutdhk dk wmactb, ds djjhrac. Aky mkgrhagbjmkt hk tbm rdnbts hi htbmrs hr aky dkirdknmjmkt hi tbds spdrdtuac caw ds djjhrac. Oust as accprhpmrty ds tbmit, mvmry mkgrhagbjmkt hk tbm rdnbts hi htbmrs dsannrmssdhk hr vdhcmkgm. Dt ds ghktrary th tbm vmry caw hi pbysdgs ak`dkbmrmktcy djphssdlcm tbat vdhcmkgm hr annrmssdhk ghuc` lm uk`hkm hr

rmsdstm` wdtbhut ak mquac ak` hpphsdtm usm hi ihrgm. Dk tbm whrc` hi Nh` acc prhnrmss ds gbaknm. Ak` kh gbaknm ds phssdlcm wdtbhut kmgmssary ihrgm th djpmc hr gausm dt. As sugb, acc agtdhk ak` agtdvdty, bhwshmvmrnhh`, dkvhcvm tbm usm hi ihrgm lmgausm agtdhk ak` ihrgm arm sykhkyjhus.

Agtdhk kht dkvhcvdkn tbm usm hi ihrgm ds a ghktra`dgtdhk dk tmrjs. Dktbm systmj hi tbm Nurus5 sh chkn as tbm mk` ds spdrdtuac ak` kht smci-gmktrm`, tbm usm hi kmgmssary ihrgm ds oustdidm`.

–Jmk `dsgrdjdkatm kht ak` quarrmc hvmr jmat-matdkn. Pbmy ekhw kht wbat ds icmsb ak` wbat ds khk-icmsb, ak` dk wbat cdms hr `hms kht cdm asdk.‚26 Pbds vmrsm gcmarcy djpcdms tbat sh chkn as hkm whres dk tbm jd`sthi shgdac cdim, aky arldtrary prmou`dgms alhut jmat-matdkn hr vdhcmkgmlmdkn mvdc as sugb arm ukoustdidm`. Cdim ds ykajdg ak` dkvhcvms at mvmry stmp tbm usm hi ihrgm. Pbm lasds hi acc ihrj ds ihrgm, ak`, ghksmqumktcy,hi acc lmghjdkn ak` prhnrmss. Dt whuc`, tbmrmihrm, lm jmrm shpbdstry

ak` sbmmr dnkhrakgm hi tbm rmacdty th tace hi pmrihrjdkn a rdnbtmhus hrjhrac agt wdtbhut tbm usm hi ihrgm hi hkm edk` hr tbm htbmr.Nuru Kakae bas mxprmssm` dk `mtadc21 bds vdmws ghkgmrkdkn tbm dssum hi jmaks ak` tbm gakt alhut jmat- matdkn. Bm gbd`ms tbm Lrabjdks khthkcy ihr tbmdr prmtmkgm alhut jmat-matdkn, lut acsh ihr tbmdr ghksd`mrdkn shjm agts hi supphsm` phccutdhk as sdkiuc ak` djpurm. Pbm Nuru



196

`msgrdlms bhw tbm ways ak` prhgmssms hi cdim dkvhcvm tbmtraksihrjatdhk ak` tbm usm hi tbm icmsb. Bm iurtbmr mxpcadks tbat cdim dsprmsmkt dk mvmry nradk hi hur ihh` ak` mvmk dk tbm idrm-whh` ak` tbm

ghw-ùkn wbdgb tbm Lrabjdks usm ihr tbm purphsms hi purdidgatdhk. Pbm Nuru mxphsms tbm iaccagy tbat cdim ds phssdlcm wdtbhut tbm usm hi ihrgm hr edccdkn. Bm jmaks tbat djjhracdty `hms kht cdm dk tbm usm hi ihrgm, wbdgb ds dkmvdtalcm ihr acc cdvdkn, wbmtbmr jhrac hr djjhrac, lutdt cdms dk tbm `drmgtdhk hr tbm purphsm ihr wbdgb ihrgm ds usm`. Ihrgmusm` ihr a nhh` purphsm ds jhrac.Dt jdnbt lm arnum` tbat nrmat pagdidsts cdem Jabatja Nak`bd suggmssiuccy

mjpchym` khk-vdhcmkgm as tbm jmaks hi lrdkndkn alhut shgdh-phcdtdgacgbaknms. Lut, dt ds khw wmcc- ekhwk tbat wbmk tbm Jabatja ba` thiagm a jaohr gbaccmknm hi bds cdim, bm ihuk` bdjsmci ghjpcmtmcy bmcpcmss.

Pbm Jabatja was tbm nrmatmst mxphkmkt hi khk-vdhcmkgm dk jh`mrktdjms. ^bmk tbm Wmghk` ^hrc` âr lmnak, tbm pagdidsts hi tbm whrc`chhem` up th bdj ihr shjm cma`. Lut, tbm Jabatja ghuc` iurkdsb khkhk-vdhcmkt hr miimgtdvm rmjm`y. Abdjsa ghuc` lm hi cdttcm bmcp th bdj

dk sthppdkn tbm bhchgaust. Pbm sdtuatdhk lmgajm sh irustratdkn ihr tbmJabatja tbat a kujlmr hi tdjms bm tbhunbt hi ghjjdttdkn sudgd`m,sh tbat, di bm ghuc` h khtbdkn th sthp tbm mstrugtdhk, bm whuc` atcmastkht cdvm th smm tbm jdsmry gausm` ly dt.2< Pbm htbmr twh hggasdhks,

wbmk bm ba` th dsgar` Abdjsa as a thhc, arm jhrm wmcc ekhwk5 kajmcy, wbmk bm anrmm` th tbm Ghknrmss aggmptdkn tbm mxmgutdhk hi tbm warmiihrt, ak` anadk wbmk dk 140> bm agqudmsgm` dk smk`dkn tbm Dk`dak

trhhps th Easbjdr sh as th rmpmc tbm Vaedstakd attage. Acc wm wdsb thmjpbasdzm ds tbat sdkgm Wdebdsj, as a spdrdtuac systmj ghktmjpcatm`shgdh-phcdtdgac gbaknms ak` dkvhcvmjmkt as a part hi dts rmcdndhusjdssdhk, dt was Nuru Kakae wbh spmgdidgaccy rmomgtm` Abdjsa as akukactmralcm jmaks hi rmcdndhus ak` shgdac iukgtdhkdkn. Pbds gcardidmstbm prhlcmj hi jmaks ak` rmcatm` jhrac dssums. Mvmry agtdvdty bas thlm ou`nm` hk tbm lasds hi tbm prdkgdpcms ak` tbm stakàr` hi Wdeb

mtbdgs. Wh chkn as bujak agtdhk



191

jmasurms up th tbmsm twh yar`-stdges, tbm usm hi ihrgm ds kht larrm`. Ph smm Nh` dk acc bmarts ak` th trmat acc jmk as mquac ds tbm d`mac akàcsh tbm lasds hi Wdeb mtbdgs. As tbds d`mac gak lm agbdmvm` hkcy ly

rdnbt cdvdkn, tbmrm bas th lm a `dstdkgt hrdmktatdhk ak` mùgatdhk dkgrmatdkn kmw attdtu`ms thwar`s tbm shgdac cdim ak` tbm pbysdgac whrc`.Dk tbds ghktmxt, tbm Nurus bavm phdktm` hut tbm dkstdtutdhkac ak` htbmrshgdac jakdimstatdhks hi tbds mvdc. Dt ds tbds shgdac aspmgt wbdgb dsdjphrtakt.

Pbm gastm systmj ak` tbm rmsuctakt dkstdtutdhks hi mxtrmjm dkmquacdty hr smnrmnatdhk ak` khtdhks hi phccutdhk rdnd`cy nhvmrkm` tbm mktdrm

shgdac, mghkhjdg ak` phcdtdgac cdim dk tbm ghuktry. Wdjdcarcy, dkmquacdty hi smxms ba` acsh rmgmdvm` rmcdndhus sakgtdhk. –Pbm Ymàs jaem a wrhkn `dstdkgtdhk hi gastm.‚ –Kh hkm sbhuc` taem prd`m dk gastm5 ihhcdsb jak! lm kht prhu` hi gastm5 tbds prd`m cma`s th juctdiardhus mvdcs. Pbmy jaem dstdkgtdhks hi ihur gastms, lut acc arm lhrk hi Nh`.‚ –Pbm wbhcm

whrc` ds ja`m hi tbm sajm mcmjmkts. Pbmk wby jaem `dstdkgtdhks 8‚27

–Pbmy tace hi phccutdhk ak` wark htbmrs kht th thugb tbmdr ihh` cmst dt

sbhuc` lm midcm`. Lut tbmdr hwk lh`dms arm djpurm.‚20 –^by gacc whjmkdjpurm wbmk wdtbhut whjak tbmrm whuc` lm khkm 8‚2=

Lhtb alhut tbm usm hi ihrgm ihr jhrac purphsms ak` tbm status hi whjmk Nurus— d`mas wmrm mxtrmjmcy ra`dgac. Ihr tbmj lhtb ihrgm ak`rmashk arm kmutrac thhcs wbdgb tbm mnhdst jak bas usm` ak` alusm` ihrgmkturdms. Lut dt `hms kht jmak tbat hk tbat agghukt tbmsm thhcs,

wdtbhut tbm Ghrrmgt usm hi wbdgb tbmrm whuc` lm kh shgdac cdim hr

prhnrmss, bavm kht th lm usm` ihr jhrac ak` rdnbtmhus gausms, sdjdcarcy,tbm Nurus kmvmr ghksd`mrm` whjmk th lm mvdc. Dk iagt, tbmy sad` tbattbmrm whuc` lm kh bujak cdim wdtbhut ^hjak. Pbm tbdr` nuru ja`m

whjmk dk-gbarnm hi shjm hi bds prmagbdkn gmktrms. Ghksd`mrdkn tbmiagt tbat dk htbmr systmjs whjmk wmrm mdtbmr chhem` `hwk uphk, hrassdnkm` a oukdhr pcagm (Pbm Vhpm bas mvmk khw rmiusm` th hràdk

whjmk as prdmsts). Pbds was a gbaknm tbm shgdac,



19<

jhrac ak` rmcdndhus djpcdgatdhks hi wbdgb wmrm, dk`mm`, mkhrjhus.Kmxt ghjms tbm qumstdhk hi mghkhjdg dkmquacdty. Pbds thh bas lmmkgrdtdgdsm` ly tbm Nuru. –Nh`—s lhukty lmchkns th acc, lut dk tbm whrc`

dt ds jac-`dstrdlutm`.‚ –Jak natbmrs rdgbms ly jaedkn htbmrs jdsmralcm.‚\dgbms gakkht lm natbmrm` wdtbhut sdk ak` tbmsm h kht emmp ghjpaky aitmr `matb.‚29

Pbm Nurus `mkhukgm mvmry edk` hi rmkukgdatdhk hi tbm whrc`. Pbmy ghjjmk` bhkmst whre ak` tbm prhùgtdhk hi nhh`s as tbm jhrac ak`spdrdtuac ùty hi jak. –H Thnd, arm yhu kht asbajm` hi lmnndkn irhj`hhr th `hhr ihr yhur ihh` 8‚ –Pbm jak dkgapalcm hi markdkn a cdvdkn

nmts bds mars spcdt (th lmghjm a Thnd hr lmghjms a jmk`dgakt. Bm gaccsbdjsmci a Nuru hr sadkt lut lmns ihr ihh` irhj `hhr th `hhr. Kmvmrchhe upth sugb a pmrshk hr thugb bds immt. Bm ekhws tbm rdnbt way

wbh marks bds cdvdkn ly bar` whre ak` sbarms bds markdkn wdtb htbmrs.‚2>

Pbm Nuru imct tbat imar, byphgrdsy, rdtuacdsj, gastm `dstdkgtdhks, htbmr whrc`cdkmss ak` parasdtdg cdvdkn wmrm mvdcs tbat ba` lmmk ghrrh`dkn tbmrmcdndhus cdim hi jak. Dk rmnar` th acc hi tbmj ak attmjpt was ja`m th

rmjhuc` dk`dvdùac attdtu`ms sh as th mkalcm jmk, dk pursudt hi tbmdrd`macs, th iagm ak` rmsbapm cdim lhc`cy ak` `mvmchp tbm gapagdty thrmagt anadkst shgdac ak` phcdtdgac wrhkns.



197

>

GHJVA\DWHK HIKAPBDWJ, YADWKAYDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJ

@ACOMMP WDKNB

KAPBDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJ

^m idk` tbat tbm akswmrs hi Katbdsj ak` Wdebdsj th tbm smvmkdssums dk`dgatm` ly us arm jhstcy hpphsm` dk tbmdr djpcdgatdhks. Wdebdsjds a tbmdsj. Katbdsj lmdkn a Wadva guct acsh gcadjs th lm sugb, lutcmaks jhrm thwar`s paktbmdsj. Dk lhtb gasms tbm whrc` ds taemk th lmrmac. Lut, bmrm mk`s tbm apparmkt sdjdcardty. As wm prhlm iurtbmr, sbarp`dvmr nmkgms lmndk. Pbm twh systmjs bavm mktdrmcy `diimrmktjmtbh`hchndms, nhacs ak` whrc` vdmws. Dk Katbdsj tbm whrc` ds a jdsmry ak` cdlmratdhk irhj dt bas th lm shunbt ly vhws hi gmcdlagy, Abdjsa,ak` khk-partdgdpatdhk dk tbm aiiadrs hi jak. Pbm Katb guts bdjsmci hii irhj tbm whrc` as iar as bm gak lmgausm bds nhac ds cdlmratdhk irhjdt. Hkgm cdlmratm`, tbm supmrjak jmrnms dk Wdva dk pmagm ak` lcdss.

Pbm `dsgdpcdkm th rmagb tbm nhac ds acc ihrjac, rdtuacdstdg ak` Thndg. Pbm Wdeb Nurus immc vmry `diimrmktcy. Pbmy say tbat –ly `mspdsdkn

tbm whrc` hkm nmts kht th Nh`.‚ Pbmy ghksd`mr tbm whrc` th lm a lmautdiuc

pcagm ihr acc spdrdtuac mk`mavhurs. As sugb, partdgdpatdhk dk tbm agtdvdtdmshi jak lmghjms mssmktdac. Pbm rmsphksdldcdtdms hi tbm bhusmbhc`mr—scdim arm irmmcy aggmptm`. Nh` lmdkn tbm Hgmak hi vdrtums, Bm sbhwsBds `mmp dktmrmst dk tbm whrc` ak` jak. Pbmrmihrm, dk Wdebdsj tbmsupmrjak bas th lm tbm dkstrujmkt hi Nh` dk accmvdatdkn jak—ssuiimrdkns ak` shcvdkn bds prhlcmjs. Nh`—s dcc ds Attrdlutdvm ak` jak—snhac ds acways th garry dt hut. Pbm Wdeb praymr ds kht ihr cdlmratdhk irhj

tbm whrc`, lut



190

ihr lmdkn ndvmk jdccdhks hi bak`s th smrvm Bdj, ihr, Nh` sbhwmrsBds Nragm wbmrm tbm wmae arm bmcpm`. As th tbm spdrdtuac `dsgdpcdkm,tbmrm ds hkcy hkm jmtbh`, tbm way hi nhh` `mm`s, ak` `mm`s achkm.

Pbm Nurus `h kht lmcdmvm dk Abdjsa, khr `h tbmy prmgcu`m tbm usm hi ihrgm wbmk kmgmssary. Pbm cdvms hi Nurus gcmarcy sbhw tbat. Appcydkn tbm tmst hi tbm ukdty hi pmrgmptdhk, d`mhchny ak` agtdvdtdms, tbds ds tbmhkcy dkimrmkgm wm ghuc` raw irhj tbm cdvms hi tbm Nurus. Agghr`dkncy,

wm ghkgcu`m tbat tbm twh systmjs bhc` `dajmtrdgaccy hpphsdtm whrc` vdmws.

Kht hkcy ds tbm ghktrast lmtwmmk tbm twh systmjs ncardkncy mvd`mkt,

lut mvmry stu`mkt hi tbm Nuru Nraktb ekhws, tbat Katbdsj ds hkm hi tbm imw systmjs tbm apprhagb, tbm jmtbh`hchny, tbm ihrjacdsj ak`tbm nhac hi wbdgb bavm lmmk strhkncy grdtdgdsm` ly tbm Nurus. Pbmrmarm kujmrhus byjks dk wbdgb tbm ways ak` tbm d`macs hi tbm Katbsbavm lmmk `mkhukgm` ak` tbm rdnbt ways ak` apprhagb dk`dgatm`. Ihrmxajpcm, dk tbm ihcchwdkn byjks tbm Nurus rmomgt tbm htbmrwhrc`cdkmss,asgmtdgdsj, ak` ihrjacdsj hi tbm Katbs ak`, dkstma`, rmghjjmk` tbat

vdrtums sbhuc` lm guctdvatm` ak` pragtdsm`.–Dkstma` hi wmardkn Ju`ras ak` garrydkn a lmnnar—s lan ak` staii

ak` rulldkn asbms hk tbm lh`y, hkm sbhuc` guctdvatm ghktmktjmkt ak`smci rmspmgt, `h miihrt ak` acways emmp Nh` dk jdk`.‚ –Hkm bas thghktrhc hkm—s jdk`, trmat acc lmdkns as hi hkm status ak` sacutm Bdjachkm.‚1 Anadk, ‒—Pbm spdrdtuac patb (yhn) hms kht cdm dk wmardkn Ju`rasdk mars, ak` a kmgecagm hi lma`s, khr `hms dt cdm dk emmpdkn a staii ak`

a bhrk, khr dk rulldkn asbms hk tbm lh`y ak` jaedkn a gchsm sbavm hi tbm bma`. \mac Thn (spdrdtuac way) ds th rmjadk trakqudc ak` lacakgm`ajhkn tbm turjhdcs hi tbm whrc`.‚ ‒—Pbm spdrdtuac patb gak lm trh``mkkht ly jmrm whr`s ak` tace, lut ly agtuaccy trmatdkn acc jmk acdem ak`as hkm—s mquac. Thn `hms kht cdm dk cdvdkn dk grmjatdhk nrhuk`s, `hdkn hkm-phdkt jm`dtatdhk, hr dk rhajdkn acc hvmr pcagms, dk vdsdtdkn pcagmshi pdcnrdjanms, lut dk rmjadkdkn lacakgm` ak` Nh`-gmktrm` wbdcm hdkn

tbm aiiadrs hi tbm whrc`.‚<



199

A ghkiusdhk bas ardsmk dk tbm jdk`s hi shjm stu`mkts hi rmcdndhklmgausm tbm Nurus bavm usm` shjm whr`s dk tbmdr byjks wbdgb bavmacsh lmmk mjpchym` ly tbm autbhrs hi htbmr rmcdndhus lhhes, lut wdtb

a `diimrmkt jmakdkn ak` djphrt. Ihr mxajpcm, tbm Nuru says tbat attbm idkac stanm hi spdrdtuac agbdmvmjmkt hkm nmts tbm lcdss hi –Akba`Wala`‚ hr ukstruge jusdg. Lut tbds –Akba` Wala`‚, as tbm Nurus gaccdt, bas khtbdkn th `h wdtb tbm –Akba` Wala`‚, as usm` ly tbm Katb

Thnds. Dk tbm Batb Thna –Akba` Wala`‚ ds a shuk` wbdgb tbm Thndbmars wbmk tbm Eukàcakd ds radsm` tbrhunb tbm Ka`ds ak` tbm Gbaerasdk tbm lh`y. Pbds ds a shuk` wbdgb appmars at a iar chwmr stanm hi tbm

Thndg mxmrgdsm tbak tbm idkac hkm hi lcdss wbmk tbm ukdhk hi Eukàcakdtaems pcagm wdtb Wdva at tbm Wabasrara, dk tbm thp hi tbm bma`. As sugb,tbm –Akba` Wala`‚ hi tbm Katbs, as @r. Oh`b Wdknb bas acsh statm`,bas khtbdkn th h wdtb tbm –Akba` Wala`‚ hi tbm Nurus wbdgb dk`dgatmstbm lcdss hkm nmts at tbm tdjm hi tbm idkac spdrdtuac agbdmvmjmkt. Dkiagt, tbm Nurus bavm `msgrdlm` tbds uctdjatm statm dk Wdebdsj wdtbjaky htbmr tmrjs cdem –Kdrlaka‚, –Purya‚, –Juetd‚, –Wabo‚ mtg. Lut,

tbmsm whr`s bavm qudtm `diimrmkt djphrt ak` djpcdgatdhks dk tbm htbmrrmcdndhus systmjs wbmrm thh tbmsm tmrjs bavm lmmk mjpchym`. A gchsmstu`y hi tbm Nuru Nraktb jaems dt gcmar wbat arm rmaccy tbm ghktmktsak` jmakdkns hi tbmsm tmrjs. Pbmsm arm Nurus— hwk ak` arm qudtm

vardakt irhj tbm way htbmr systmjs usm tbmj. Ihr mxajpcm, Lu``bdst–Kdrvaka‚ ds mktdrmcy `diimrmkt irhj wbat tbm Nurus ghkgmdvm ak`ghkvmy ly tbds tmrj. Pbmy hkcy jmak ukdhk wdtb Kaaj. Whjmtdjms,

tbm Nurus— usm hi tbmsm tmrjs ds hkcy jmtapbhrdg. Pbmrmihrm, tbm usmhi shjm whr`s, acsh mjpchym` ly tbm Katb Thnds, `hms kht jmak tbattbm Nurus aggmpt tbm Batb Thna jmtbh`s. Dk iagt, tbm Nurus midkdtmcy rmomgt ak` `mkhukgm tbmj. Pbhunb JgCmh` appmars th bavm lmmkjdscm` dk. bds ghkgcusdhks ly tbm usm hi shjm sugb tmrjs, ymt mvmk bmghkgm`ms tbat tbm Nuru Nraktb `hms kht jmktdhk tbm systmj hi Dà,Wusujaka, Vdknca, Gbaera ak` prakayaja wbdgb ds iukàjmktac th

tbm Batb Thna jmtbh`hchny. Pbm Nuru



19>

Nraktb gcmarcy rmghr`s, –D sbacc sdkn ak` djldlm tbm kajm hi Nhàk` agbdmvm tbm bdnbmst stanm5 D rmomgt tbm jmtbh`s hi Dà, Vdknca ak`Wusujaka ak` hi tbm ukdhk hi tbm Wuk ak` tbm Jhhk (as dk Batb

Thna, tbm suk rmprmsmktdkn Wdva, ak` tbm jhhk, tbm Eukàcakd). D sbaccrmagb Bdj htbmrwdsm. –1<

Hkm jhrm phdkt hi ghktrast. Dk Katbdsj tbm jmtbh` hi smksmdkùcnmkgm ds aggmptm` as ak actmrkatdvm `dsgdpcdkm ihr spdrdtuacattadkjmkts. Dk tbm Nuru Nraktb tbmrm ds kht tbm iadktmst sunnmstdhkhi tbds edk`. \atbmr, Katb gmcdlagy ak` dts dcc miimgts arm `mkhukgm`.–Bm garrdms a lmnnar—s lhwc ly ndvdkn up tbm whrc` ak` whjmk. Lut

hvmrphwmrm` ly passdhk, bm ds dkiatuatm` ly whjmk hi htbmrs.‚17

Dk sbhrt, Katbdsj ak` Wdebdsj prmsmkt hpphsdtm whrc` vdmws. Dt ds tbmghjpucsdhks ak` djpcdgatdhks hi magb whrc` vdmw tbat cma` tbm twhsystmjs th jhvm dk diimrmkt drmgtdhks ak` th ndvm hpphsdkn akswmrs,pragtdgaccy, th magb hi tbm smvmk dssums radsm` ly us. Pbm iukàjmktac`diimrmkgm ds tbat Katbdsj rmomgts tbm whrc` ak` cdim as jdsmry. Lut,Wdebdsj aggmpts tbmj as spdrdtuaccy jmakdkniuc. Pbmrmihrm, dk Katbdsj

wdtb`rawac irhj tbm whrc`, asgmtdgdsj , Abdjsa, gmcdlagy, tbm`hwknra`dkn hi whjmk, shcdtu`m, yhndg jmtbh`hchny, mtg., lmghjmkaturaccy mssmktdac. Lut, dk Wdeb dsj, Nh` lmdkn Attrdlutdvm, vdrtuhuspartdgdpatdhk dk tbm whrc`, tbm bhusm-bhc`mr—s cdim ak` rmsphksdldcdtdms,tbm ghksmqumkt radsdkn hi tbm status hi whjmk ak` tbm chvm ak` smrvdgmhi jak dk acc spbmrms hi bds cdim lmghjm chndgaccy kmgmssary. Lmgausm,bmrm tbm emy tmst hi spdrdtuac nrhwtb ak` staturm ds tbm `mm`s hi tbm

pmrshk ak` wbmtbmr hr kht tbm pmrshk marks bds cdvdkn, sbarms bds dkghjm wdtb htbmrs, ak` trmats mvmryhkm as bds mquac. Dk hkm gasm, tbm nhac dsjmrnmr hr ukdhk wdtb Wdva, dkvhcvdkn mtmrkac pmagm ak` lcdss wdtbhutaky rhcm ihr tbm supmrjak. Dk tbm htbmr gasm, tbm nhac ds acways th garry hut tbm Attrdlutdvm ^dcc hi Nh` ak` a ghktdkuhus vdrtuhus mk`mavhurth shcvm tbm prhlcmjs hi jak. Pbmrm ds bar`cy a jmmtdkn nrhuk` mtwmmktbm twh systmjs.



192

YADWKAYDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJHur survmy ak` bdsthry hi tbm systmj sbhws tbat Yadskavdsj ds,

dk mvmry way, a part ak` pargmc hi tbm Lrabjkdgac ghjpcmx. As hi acc

htbmr Bdkù systmjs Ymàs ak` ]pakdsa`s arm dts sgrdpturms. Pbmakswmrs hi Yadskavdsj th tbm smvmk dssums arm hpphsm` th tbhsm ndvmkly Wdebdsj. Grhhem ak` htbmr autbhrdtdms `midkm tbm ihur mssmktdacs hi Bdkùdsj as lmcdmi dk tbm sgrdpturac autbhrdty hi Ymàs, tbm tbmhry hi

Avatara bhh`? tbm gastm systmj, ak` vmkmratdhk ihr tbm ghw.10 Pbmsmarm acsh tbm ihur iukàjmktacs hi Yadskavdsj. Dk a``dtdhk, dt bas iadtbdk tbm jystdg phtmkgy hi whr`s ak` Jaktras. Pbm tbmhry hi tbm Avatars

hi Ydsku ds dkiagt, a Yadskava grmatdhk ak` kht a part hi tbm marcdmr Ym`dg rmcdndhks. Vrhlalcy lmgausm hi dts iadtb dk tbm Ym`dg systmj,Lbaetd dk Yadskavdsj ds lasdgaccy ihrjac ak` rdtuacdstdg, wdtbhut dtsmvmr irugtdiydkn dkth vdrtuhus `mm` dk tbm shgdac idmc`. Pbm YadskavaLbaetd rmjadks ghkidkm` th jm`dtatdhkac pragtdgms ak` ihrjac ak``mvhtdhkac d`hc whrsbdp dk tbm tmjpcms.

Lut, Wdebdsj gcmarcy mkdms tbm ihur prdkgdpcms hi Yadskava Lbaetd.

Kht hkcy ds tbm sgrdpturac autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs ak` ]pakdsa`srmpu`datm`, lut tbm ihcchwdkn byjk ds grdtdgac hi tbm Ym`dg gastm. –Pbm`dstdkgtdhks hi bdnb ak` chw gastms ak` ghchur, bmcc ak` bmavmkdktrhùgm` ly tbm Ymàs arm jdscma`dkn.‚1= Pbmrm arm kujmrhus byjksgcmarcy `mkydkn tbm Avatara gbaragtmr hi acc Yadskava nh`s.

Bavdkn rmomgtm` tbm iukàjmktacs hi Yadskavdsj tbm qumstdhk hi aky sdjdcardty lmtwmmk tbm twh systmjs `hms kht ardsm. ^bdcm Wdebdsj

ds strdgtcy tbmdstdg, Yadskavdsj ds, lrha`cy spmaedkn, paktbmdstdg. Dk Yadskavdsj tbm mjpbasds ds jmrmcy hk ihrjac `mvhtdhkac jmtbh`s hi whrsbdp `dvhrgm` irhj `mm`s. Ak` tbds `mvhtdhk dkvhcvms akhtbmrwhrc`cy cdim, cmakdkn thwar`s Wakyasa ak` gmcdlagy. Dk Wdebdsjtbm patb ds mktdrmcy `diimrmkt. Wbmmr `mvhtdhkac àkgdkn ds ghksd`mrm`th lm hi kh ghksmqumkgm. Dt ds vdrtuhus mm`s wbdgb arm hi tbm mssmkgmhi tbm Wdeb spdrdtuac cdim. –^dtb Nh`, hkcy tbm `mm`s hkm `hms dk tbm

whrc`, arm hi aky avadc.‚19

–Ydgm ds



194

hur mkmjy ak` vdrtum tbm hkcy irdmk`. –1>

Pbm Yadskava sadkts wmrm thh prmhggupdm` wdtb ihrjac `mvhtdhkth mktmr tbm shgdac idmc`. Kht mvmk hkm hi tbmj `d` sh, khr `d` tbmdr

`mvhtdhkac systmj pmrjdt dt, jugb cmss prmsgrdlm dt. As anadkst dt, tbm Nurus dksdst hk vdrtuhus `mm`s sh as th smme tbm

Nragm hi Nh`. Pbm idrst Nuru startm` tbm hrnakdsatdhk hi tbm Wdebpaktb. As shhk as tbm hrnakdsatdhk was sdzmalcm mkhunb, dt was tbmiditb Nuru wbh thhe tbm dkdtdatdvm, ly bmcpdkn Ebusrh, ak` prhvhem`tbm wratb hi Oabakndr. Pbds shgdh-phcdtdgac ghkirhktatdhk was ghktdkum`ly acc tbm sulsmqumkt Nurus. Pbm sdxtb Nuru ihunbt lattcms wdtb tbm

Djpmrdac ihrgms. Pbm smvmktb Nuru attmjptm` th ghjm th tbm jdcdtary ad` hi @ara, tbm rmlmc anadkst tbm tbmk Mjpmrhr. Pbm mdnbtb Nuru dm`

vmry yhukn. Auraknzml sunnmstm` th tbm kdktb Nuru kht th `allcm dktbm shgdh phcdtdgac idmc`. Lut bm rmomgtm` tbds sunnmstdhk ak` shunbtjartyr`hj ly hpmkcy ghjdkn th tbm ad` hi Easbjdrd Vak`dts dk midakgmhi tbm Djpmrdac phcdgy hi rmcdndhus pmrsmgutdhk. Pbm tmktb Nuru—sgrmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ak` ghkirhktatdhk wdtb tbm Mjpdrm ds wmcc

ekhwk. Pbmrm ds akhtbmr jaohr `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm twh. Yadskavdsj

aggmpts tbm smksuac patb as ak actmrkatdvm spdrdtuac apprhagb lutWdebdsj rmomgts dt hutrdnbt. Pbm ghkgcusdhk ds mvd`mkt tbat tbmrm ds akhlvdhus ghktrast lmtwmmk Yadskavdsj ak` Wdebdsj hk acc tbm mssmktdacshi tbm twh systmjs ak` tbm dssums statm` ly us.

KAPBDWJ, YADWKAYDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJ Katbdsj ak` Yadskavdsj, as wm bavm survmym` ak` `dsgussm`,

squarmcy iacc wdtbdk tbm ajldt hi tbm hc` Dk`dak tra`dtdhks, kajmcy,Wrajakdg, ]pakdsa`dg, Ym`aktdg hr Thndg. Dk acc tbmsm tra`dtdhks whrc`ds `mmjm` th lm a jdsmry hr Jdtbya (dccushry), ak` tbm spdrdtuac vacumhi Wakyasa, asgmtdgdsj, gmcdlagy ak` Thndg jmtbh`hchny ds rmghnkdsm`.–Ph stmmr gcmar hi tbm mshtmrdsj ak` jystdgdsj hi austmrdtdms,



1>6

smci-jhrtdidgatdhk, ak` tbm nmkmrac kmnatdvdsj hi sugb gucts ak`smgts as tbhsm hi Oadk Wakyasds, hi Katbpaktbds, Anbhra paktbds,Eapacdeas ak` htbmr edk`rm` smgts hk tbm hkm bak`, ak` hi tbm hr`mrs

hi tbm mjhtdhkaccy hrdmktm` ak` surgbarnm` Yadskavas hi tbm Lbaetdjhvmjmkt surrmk`mrdkn alomgtcy ak` alshcutmcy as jugb th tbm VmrshkacNh` as th tbm mstalcdsbm` shgdac hr`mr, was kht a vmry masy tase dk tbmghktmxt hi tbm tdjm ak` tbm spagm wm arm spmaedkn hi. Lut tbds ds mxagtcy

wbat tbm Wdeb nurus smmj th bavm lmmk adjdkn at, ak` mvd`mkgm at hur`dsphsac cmavms kh rhhj ihr `hult tbat tbmy suggmm`m` th a vmry carnmmxtmkt dk `hdkn sh.‚12 –Kmdtbmr tbm cma`mrs hi tbm Lbaetd jhvmjmkt,

khr hi tbm Katbpaktbds ak` tbm Wakt Wyktbmsds attmjptm` th `h wbatNuru Kakae `d`, kht ds aky systmjatdg jakkmr at aky ratm. Pbmsmcma`mrs smmj th bavm lmmk dk`dvd`uacs whredkn hut ihr tbmdr hwkprhlcmjs ak` thwar`s agbdmvdkn tbmdr pmrshkac rmcdndhus ak` spdrdtuacadjs ak` aspdratdhks.‚14

Pbm ghktrast lmtwmmk tbm khk-partdgdpatdhk hi Katb Thnds ak` Yadskava sadkts dk tbm shgdh-phcdtdgac idmc` ak` tbm rmpmatm` mktry ak`

ghkirhktatdhk hi tbm Wdeb Nurus dk mimkgm ak` ad` hi rdnbtmhus gausmsdk tbds spbmrm ds kht oust dkgd`mktac. Pbm trutb ds tbat khk-mktry dk hkmgasm ak` tbm aggmptakgm hi shgdac rmsphksdldcdty dk tbm htbmr gasm armtbm ghjpucsdvm ghksmqumkgms hi tbm d`mhchndms ak` hlomgtdvms hi tbmrmspmgtdvm rmcdndhus systmjs. Wadvdsj ak` Yadskavdsj apart, purmcy `mvhtdhkac spdrdtuac systmjs bavm appmarm` dk acc anms tbm whrc` hvmr,dk Nrmmgm, Nmrjaky, Irakgm, Wpadk, Mkncak`, Drak ak` tbm Jd``cm

Mast. Khwbmrm tbm mvhtdhkac jystdgs, wbmtbmr Nrmme, Gbrdstdak, Wuidhr Dk`dak bavm mvmr partaemk dk tbm shgdac idmc` as tbm Wdeb Nurus `d`hkm aitmr tbm htbmr.

Dk Wdebdsj th lm a jak ds a vmry nrmat prdvdcmnm, sdkgm bm bas tbmnchrdhus hpphrtukdty hi kht hkcy ekhwdkn tbm trutb, lut acsh jhrmnchrdhus rmsphksdldcdty hi cdvdkn dt5 hi kht hkcy uk`mrstak`dkn tbmGrmatdvm dcc, lut acsh hi garrydkn dt hut. Ihr, Nh` whres, kht tbrhunb

jdragcms lut tbrhunb jak wbhsm rmshurgms ak` gapagdty arm mkhrjhus.



1>1

Pbmrmihrm, dk Wdebdsj tbm d`mac ds kht th ekhw tbm trutb lut th cdvm tbmtrutb. Pbm rmacdsatdhk hi trutb ds kht ak mk` dk dtsmci, lut hkcy a jmaksth tbm bdnbmst mk` hi grmatdvm cdvdkn, tbm cattmr achkm lmdkn tbm ghrrmgt

tmst ak` dk`mx hi tbm ihrjmr. Dk iagt sugb ak miihrt ds kht hptdhkac luthlcdnathry, dt lmdkn tbm shcm jmasurm hi spdrdtuacdty.

Appcydkn tbm prdkgdpcm hi tbm ukdty hi pmrgmptdhk, d`mhchny ak`agtdvdtdms tbm lasdg ghktrast lmtwmmk Katbdsj ak` Yadskavdsj hk tbmhkm bak` ak` Wdebdsj hk tbm htbmr lmghjms acc tbm jhrm mvd`mkt ak`ghkspdguhus.

Dk tbm iagm hi tbm bdsthrdgac lagenrhuk` ak` tbm ghktrast lmtwmmk..

tbm qudmtdsj hi tbmsm jystdgs rmimrrm` alhvm ak` tbm agtdvdsj hi tbmWdeb Nurus, dt whuc` oust lm d`cm th sunnmst tbat tbm d`mhchny hr tbmrmcdndhus pmrgmptdhks hi tbm Wdeb Nurus wmrm dk aky jakkmr aedk thtbm d`mhchndms ak` pmrgmptdhks hi tbm qudmtdst rmcdndhks. Pbm ghktrastds thh ncardkn th lm nchssm` hvmr. Dt whuc` lm mquaccy d`cm th sunnmst tbmshdc-smm` tbmhry, hr tbm hkm hi mkvdrhkjmktac mvmchpjmkt hr rmcdndhusnrhwtb. Bhw ghuc` dt lm tbat wbdcm `mvhtdhkac lut qudmtdst rmcdndhus

systmjs ak` jystdgs bavm ardsmk dk acc anms, gcdjms ak` ghuktrdms, khtmvmk at hkm pcagm bas a qudmtdst systmj lmmk ihcchwm` ly ak agtdvdstd`mhchny hr a rmcdndhk wdtb shgdh-phcdtdgac ghkgmrk hr dkvhcvmjmkt. Dtds thh jugb th lmcdmvm tbat khwbmrm tbm qudmtdsts wmrm alcm th prmparmtbm shdc th mkalcm tbm agtdvdst smm` th sprhut, hr tbat kh hkm mvmr arhsmth shw tbm agtdvdst smm` tbmrm. Khr ds tbm sunnmstdhk hi nrhwtb hr`mvmchpjmkt uk`mrstak`alcm. Ihr, dk Dk`da Wadva, Thndg, Lbanvata ak`

htbmr `mvhtdhkac systmjs bavm mxdstm` sd`m ly sd`m ihr hvmr twhtbhusak` ymars ak` ymt kmvmr `d` ak agtdvdst ajacnaj hr nrhwtb taempcagm. Iagts ak` rmacdtdms alhut tbm Wdeb d`mhchny ak` bdsthry arm thhhlvdhus th lm mxpcadkm` ly sugb sdjpcdstdg sunnmstdhks hr ghkomgturms.

Pbm twh gcassms hr rmcdndhks arm mktdrmcy `diimrmkt dk tbmdr apprhagbak` adjs, tbmdr d`mas ak` d`macs ak` tbmdr jh`ms ak` jmtbh`s hi

whrsbdp ak` whredkn. Dk tbm tra`dtdhkac jystdg systmjs tbm nhac ds mdtbmr

th jaem rhhj ihr tbm bhcy



1><

ly tbm ‒mjptydkn hi ghksgdhuskmss—, hr th rmagb tbm statm hi ‒nkhstdgekhwcm`nm—, tbrhunb tbm ‒dktmrkaccy dshcatdkn tmgbkdqums— hi ‒ghkgmktratm` jm`dtatdhk—. Lut, dk tbm Nuru—s systmj tbm Djjakmkt

(Kaaj) ds tbm Mvmr-irmsb Ihukt nusbdkn ihrtb dkth tbm ukdvmrsm. Pbmbujak nhac ds th mstalcdsb ak dktudtdhkac hr jystdg cdke wdtb tbds Kmvmr-mlldkn Wprdkn dk hr`mr th lm tbm bujlcm lut ghksgdhus vmbdgcm hi tbdsGrmatdvm Ichw hi Chvm. Pbm jystdg—s rhcm ds `ykajdg. Pbm adj ds khtth jmrnm dk tbm Wmci-alshrvm` Yhd`. Dk tbm hkm nrhup hi systmjs, hkmrdsms thwar`s tbm bmavmks th ohdk tbm Praksgmk`mkt. Dk Wdebdsj hkmtrdms th lrdkn tbm Praksgmk`mkt th tbm martb. Ihr, tbm Nurus mjpbasdsm

tbat tbm Praksgmk`mkt ds Djjakmkt thh, mmpcy dktmrmstm` dk Bds grmatdhk.Dt ds dk tbds pmrspmgtdvm tbat wm bavm th vdmw ak` uk`mrstak` tbm jmssanmhi Nuru Kakae. Agghr`dkncy, wm idk` tbat dk tbm marcdmr Dk`dak tra`dtdhktbmrm was kh tragm hi tbm iuk`a jmktacs ghjprdsdkn tbm Wdeb whr`-

vdmw. Dk acc dts lasdg `hgtrdkms, Wdebdsj ds acdmk th tbm Dk`dak Pra`dtdhk,jugb jhrm sh th tbm Wadva, Katb, Thndg hr Yadskava tra`dtdhks. DkWdebdsj at tbm tdjm hi Ajrdt hr laptdsj, tbm Wdeb nadks idvm irmm`hjs

? (d) mcdvmrakgm irhj tbm lhk`s ak` prmou`dgms hi acc prmvdhus rmcdndhus,gusthjs ak` pragtdgms, (dd) Hlcdtmratdhk hi ak` `mcdvmrakgm irhj tbmmiimgts hi tbm marcdmr `mm`s (ddd) irmm`hj irhj tbm dkicumkgm hi tbmprmvdhus gastm hr iajdcy cdkmanm, (dv) irmm`hj irhj tbm stdnja attagbm`th a— prmvdhus gaccdkn hr a bmrm`dtary prhimssdhk, ak` (v) `mcd vmrakgmirhj acc prmvdhus rdtuacs, prmou`dgms ak` dkbdldtdhks. Pbmrm ds, tbus, aghjpcmtm lrmae wdtb tbm marcdmr d`mhchndms ak` rmcdndhus nhacs ak`

pragtdgms. Hur ghkgcusdhk ds tbat iar irhj lmdkn ghkkmgtm`, Katbdsjak` Yadskavdsj hk tbm hkm bak` ak` Wdebdsj hk tbm htbmr bak` armghjpcmtmcy ghktrastm` dk tbmdr iuk`ajmktacs, d`mhchndms, nhacsjmtbh`hchndms ak` whrc` vdmws.

Ak`, ymt, dt bas lmmk statm`? –pmrbaps tbm jhst djphrtakt `diidgucty wdtb Wdebdsj ihr tbm ghjpdcmrs hi tbm ‒whrc` rmcdndhus— tmxt lhhes dstbm qumstdhk wbmtbmr Wdebdsj ds, dk`mm`, a rmcdndhk.‚<6 –Pbm tmrj

ihuk`mr ds jdscma`dkn ihr



1>7

dt sunnmsts tbat tbm Nuru (Kakae) hrdndkatm` kht jmrmcy a nrhuphi ihcchwmrs lut acsh a sgbhhc hi tbhunbt, hr a smt hi tmagbdkns.‚<1 –Dt

was tbm dkicumkgm hi Katb `hgtrdkm ak` pragtdgm uphk Yadskava Lbaetd

wbdgb was prdjardcy rmsphksdlcm ihr tbm mjmrnmkgm hi Wakt syktbmsds.‚–Pbds ds prmgdsmcy tbm `hgtrdkm wbdgb wm idk` dk tbm whres hi NuruKakae.‚ << –Pbm Wakt tra`dtdhk was mssmktdaccy a syktbmsds hi tbrmmprdkgdpac dssmktdkn jhvmjmkts, a ghjphuk` hi mcmjmkts rawk jadkcy irhj Yadskava Lbaetd ak` tbm Batbayhna hi Katb Thnds, wdtb a jarndkacghktrdlutdhk irhj Wuidsj.‚ <7 –^dtb marcy Wdebdsj, tbm akgdmkt taktrdgpragtdgms, suljmrnm` lmkmatb tbm Lbaetd tra`dtdhk hi tbm marcy jm`dmvac

pmrdh`, rm-mjmrnm dk Wakt syktbmsds dk tbm ihrj hi Thndg d`mas ak`pragtdgms hi tbm Katbs.‚<0 –\mimrrdkn th Nuru Kakae JgCmh` wrdtms,–Katb lmcdmis gmrtadkcy mxmrgdsm` ak dkicumkgm ak` wm mkghuktmr jaky mxajpcms hi Katb tmrjdkhchny dk bds whres.‚<= –Katb dkicumkgm mjmrnmsdk jugb hi tbm lasdg tmrjdkhchny usm` ly Ealdr (ak` catmr ly NuruKakae).‚ <9 –^bat Nuru Kakae hiimrs us ds tbm gcmarmst ak` tbm jhstbdnbcy artdgucatm` mxprmssdhk hi tbm kdrnuka sajpra`aya.‚<> –Pbm

dk`dnmkhus mcmjmkts dk Wdebdsj arm carnmcy tbhsm gusthjs hi tbm trdlmshi oats, wbh ja`m Wdebdsj tbmdr hwk, ak` tbm jarndkac mcmjmkts armtbhsm hi tbm Katb Thndg tra`dtdhk, wbdgb, wdtb Yadskava Lbaetd, wasprdjardcy rmsphksdlcm ihr tbm Wakt syktbmsds.‚<2 –Pbm tmagbdkns hi Kakae `h kht bavm a drmgt gausac ghkkmgtdhk wdtb tbm catmr nrhwtb……wbdgbsbhuc` lm uk`mrsthh` carnmcy dk tmrjs hi tbm bdsthrdgac mvmkts hi tbmsmvmktmmktb ak` mdnbtmmktb gmkturdms.‚<4

Hur mxajdkatdhk rmvmacs tbat sugb vdmws alhut Wdebdsj, Katbdsjak` Yadskavdsj arm kht hkcy wdtbhut aky lasds lut acsh lmtray akdnkhrakgm hi tbm bdsthry ak` tbm mssmktdacs hi tbm tbrmm systmjs.



1>0

\MIM\MKGMW D. DKP\H@]GPDHK

1 Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, p. 47

DD KAPBDWJ < Nburym, N.W., Dk`dak Wa`bus (Lhjlay Vhpucar Vareasbak, p. 17-1=5Lrdnns, N.^.? Nhraebkatb & Eakpbata Thnds, p. <=47 Nburym? p. 11=0 Lbak`arear, \.N.? Yadskavdsj ak` Wadvdsj= Dld`, p. 11<-11=9 Nburym, p. 1=-145 Lrdnns, p. <16-115 Emdtb, A.L. ? \dn Ym` Yhc. DD? p.06<> Nburym, p. 11=-1195 Lbak`arear, p. 11<-11=2 Lrdnns, p. <12

4 Nburym, p. 1<2, 1775 Lrdnns, p. <<9, <<>, <12, 1=0, 1><16 Lrdnns, p. 197-19011 Dld`1< Dld`, <>6-15 \a`baerdsbkak? Dk`dak Vbdchshpby, Yhc. 11, p. 77917 Lrdnns, p. 1>1-1>710 Nburym? p. 11>-121= Lrdnns, p. <<4-7619 Dld`, p. <041> Dld`, <<2

12 Dld`, >414 Dld`, p. <<2-<4, 02<6 Dld`, <76-71<1 Dld`, <71, <04<< Dld`, <70-7=<7 Dld`, 1<1-1<7<0 Lr-1<7-<7<= Nburym, p. 110-19<9 Dld`, p. 1105 Lrdnns, 17>-72, <=2-90, <>6->7, 7<0, 707

<> Nburym, 119-112<2 Lrdnns, p. <91-90, <94->1, 7<0<4 Dld`, p. =76 Dld`, p. 16971 Dld`, p. 9<7< Dld`, p. <277 Dld`, p. 1-=70 Dld`, p. =-9, 767= Nburym, p. 170

79 Dld`, p. 2-47> Nburym, p. 17>



1>=

72 Lrdnns, p. 40-4974 Dld`, p. <906 Nburym, p. 17701 Lrdnns, p. <>0< Dld`, p. 0=07 Nburym, p. <<200 Lrdnns, p. 0=, Dld`, p. <>, 0>0= Nburym, p. 17409 Nburym, p. 1740> Dld`, p. 1-702 Dld`, p. 1404 Lrdnns, p. <62-16=6 Dld`, p. <16-11=1 Nburym, p. 76=< Dld`, p. <>=7 Dld`, p. <0=0 Dld`, p. <0-<=== Dld`, p. <0-7<=9 Lrdnns, p. 19-1>=> Dld`, p. <>=2 Dld`, p. 2, 77=4 Dld`, p. 996 Dld`, p. 25 Nburym, p. 170-7=

91 Lrdnns, p. 29< Dld`, p. 10<-0797 Dld`, p. 17<-7=90 Dld`, p. 40-499= Dld`, p. 19299 Dld`, p. 1019> Dld`, p. 1>, 1><92 Dld`, p. 16=94 Dld`, p. 1<=>6 Dld`, p. <9=->1

>1 Dld`, p. 179-72>< Dld`, p. <><->7>7 Dld`, <><->0>0 Dld`, p. <20-225 Nburym, p. 17<>= Dld`, p. <22-41>9 Dld`, p. <47-49>> Dld`, p. 7<4-77>2 Nburym, p. 176>4 Dld`, p. 17626 Dld`, p. 176-17721 Dld`, p. 17<



1>>

B. ? Vbdchshpbdms hi Dk`da,pp. 7>2, 721, 7475 Wpmkgmr, W. ? Jystdgdsj dk ^hrc` \mcdndhk, pp. 76-7<

= Wpmkgmr, p. 7<9 Bdrdyaka, p. =75 _djjmr, p. 772

> Bdrdyaka, p. =05 _djjmr, p. 7722 @asnupta, p. 114, 1<<4 Dld`, p. 1<6, 1<716 Dld`, p. 1<9, Bdrdyaka, p. 12=11 Akkdm Lasakt, Lbanavat ndta, Gbap. RYDDD, p. <=<-<=01< Ohsbd, C.J. ? Vukoal? Vast ak` Vrmsmkt (14>9).17 @asnupta, p. 1<110 Dld`, p. 112-1141= Dld`, p. 11>19 Bdrdyaka, p. 791> @asnupta, p. 1<912 Dld`, p. 1<7-<014 Wpmkgmr, p. 04<6 Ghwmcc, O.\A.W. (146>)<1 @asnupta, p. 1<0<< Bdrdyaka, p. 1>2-2<, 2=<7 Dld`, pp. 127-2=<0 Wpmkgmr, p. =2<= Jadtra, W.E. ? Pbm Mtbdgs hi tbm Bdk`us? p. <00, <97, <9=-99<9 Bdrdyaka, p. 120-129<> Dld`, p. 14<<2 Dld`, p. 144<4 Dld`, p. 142-4476 @asnupta, p. 17<-7771. Bdrdyaka, pp. =6-=15 _djjmr, pp. 007, 002, 0=1, Emdtb, A.L., pp. =29-

2>5 Jax ^mlmr, p. 129

DY. WDEBDWJ

1Nuru Nraktb, p. 1< Dld`, p. 0977 Dld`, p. 47>0 Dld`, pp. 11-1<= Dld`, pp. 16, 7=-799 Dld`, p. 2,> Dld`, p. <462 Dld`, p. 91<4 Dld`, p. >2216 Dld`, p. <4011 Dld`, p. 47>1< Dld`, pp. 40=-09



1>2

17 Dld`, p. <4610 Dld`, p. 72>1= Dld`, p. 16719 Dld`, pp. <97-90

1> Dld`, p. 27612 Dld`, pp. <24-4614 Dld`, p. 2=4<6 Dld`, p. 1<1 Dld`, p. 1179<< Dld`, p. 0>7.<7 Dld`, pp. 11=9, 090<0 Dld`, p. 09><= Dld`, p. <20<9 Dld`, p. 967<> Dld`, pp. 409, 0<2 Dld`, p. <47<4 Dld`, p. <0<76 Dld`, p. 7=671 Dld`, p. 097, 4767< Dld`, p. <4077 Dld`, p. 164=70 Dld`, p. 4197= Dld`, p. >2=79 Dld`, p. 2017> Dld`, p. 01272 Dld`, p. 172<74 Dld`, p. 91106 Dld`, pp. >79, 0<=, >9=01 Dld`, p. 4=<.0< Dld`, p. 49<07 Dld`, pp. 409, 09900 Dld`, p. 1<=2.0= Dld`, pp. >92, 911, 9<

09 Dld`, pp. 409, =960> Dld`, pp. 099, >>7, 299, <>702 Dld`, pp. 060, 4==, 172704 Dld`, pp. 164<, 7<, 76, 7=. =6. Dld`, p. 2<, 04=6 Dld`=1 Dld`, p. >=< Dld`, p. 1>9=7 Dld`, p. 417=0 Dld`, pp. 1<67, 1<== Dld`, pp. 1727, 471

=9 Dld`, p. 9<



1>4

=> Dld`, p. 920=2 Dld`, pp. <20, >61, 920=4 Dld`, p. <4=96 Dld`, pp. >21, >>

91 Dld`, p. <99< Dld`, p. 197 Dld`, pp. <>7, 161>, 46=, 1666, 11>=, <2<, 011, 19, <99, 16<1, <94, 16=490 Dld`, p. 10<79= Dld`, p. 40699 Dld`, p. 4419> Dld`, pp. 121, >0, >42, >>, <=6, 7>>, 20092 Dld`, p. 2=794 Dld`, p. 116=>6 Dld`, pp. 2, 7, <4=>1 Dld`, pp. 291, 010>< Dld`, p. 4<4>7 Dld`, p. 117>0 Dld`, p. 1=4>= Dld`, pp. 1=, 1<20, <9>9 Dld`, pp. 2<2, 707, 700, 17>9, =<<>> Dld`, pp. 041, 9=9>2 Dld`, p. <97>4 Dld`, p. 99126 Dld`, p. 1<2421 Dld`, pp. 1<24, 1<46, 0><2< Jaucaka Alu-uc Eacaj Aza`? Dk`da wdks irmm`hj,pp. 77-7027 Nuru Nraktb, pp. 1<, 07, 11<220 Dld`, p. 0><2= Dld`, p. 0>729 Dld`, pp. 11>1, 224, 01>2> Dld`, pp. 229, 1<0=

Y. GHJVA\DWHK HI KAPBDWJ, YADWKAYDWJ AK@ WDEBDWJ

1 Nuru Nraktb, p. 9< Dld`, p. >767 Dld`, p. 16070 Dld`= Dld`, p. 09 Dld`, p. 1197> Dld`, p. 0>72 Pbm Vukoal Vast ak` Vrmsmkt (Hgt. 14>4), p. 092.4 Nuru Nraktb, p. 4=<16 Dld`5 p. 012



126

11 JgCmh`, .B.? Nuru Kakae ak` tbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,p. 12<1< Nuru Nraktb, p. 4>717 Dld`, p. 161710 Grhhem, .? .\.M. Yhc. 9, pp. >1<->17

1= Nuru Nraktb, p. 1<0719 Dld`, 17271> Dld`, p. =>>12 \ay, Kdbarakoak?Pbm Wdeb Nurus ak` tbm Wdeb Whgdmty,pp. <=-<914 Dld`, p. 91<6 Wdeb Wtu`dms,m`dtm` ly Oumrnmksjmymr & Larrdmr, p. 1=<1 JgCmh`5 Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. =<< Dld`, pp. 9-><7 JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae ak` Bds \mcdndhk,p. 1=<<0 Wdeb Wtu`dms,p. <1<= JgCmh`, Nuru Kakae ak` Bds \mcdndhk,p. 1=><9 Dld`, p. 1=7<> JgCmh`5 Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,p. =<2 Wdeb Wtu`dms,p. </1<4 Dld`, p. 14



121

VA\P DDD

LDIPB HI PBM EBACWA



12<



120

Auraknzml was a trum lmcdmvmr dk tbds Dscajdg tbmhry. Bdsrmputatdhk ba` suiimrm` nrmatcy dk tbm Juscdj whrc` ihr bavdkn mxmgutmàcc bds lrhtbmrs ak` tbmdr shks ak` ihr djprdshkdkn bds iatbmr. Ph djprhvm

bds djanm bm lmgajm a rutbcmss purdtak. Bm wdsbm` th sbhw tbat bdsadj was th rmsthrm Dscaj th dts hrdndkac nchry. Bm a`hptm` tbm phcdgy hi pmrsmgutdhk hi khk-Juscdjs as wmcc as khk-Wukkd Juscdjs.

Auraknzml `mgd`m` th usm acc tbm rmshurgms hi a vast mjpdrm dksupprmssdkn Bdkùdsj ak` ghkvmrtdkn tbm dkid`mcs th Dscaj. @urdkn bds

vdgmrhyacty hi Nuoarat dk 1900 bm –`msmgratm` tbm rmgmktcy ludct Bdkùtmjpcm hi Gbdktajak dk Abjaàla` ly edccdkn a ghw dk dt ak` tbmk

turkm` tbm ludc`dkn dkth a jhsqum. Bm ba` at tbat tdjm acsh mjhcdsbm`jaky htbmr Bdkù tmjpcms dk tbm prhvdkgm.‚7

Dk tbm lmndkkdkn hi bds rmdnk Auraknzml hr`mrm` –tbm chgac hiidgmrs dkmvmry thwk ak` vdccanm hi Hrrdsa irhj Guttage th Jm`dkdpur‚ –th pucc`hwk acc tmjpcms, dkgcu`dkn mvmk gcay buts, ludct ùrdkn tbm cast 16 hr1< ymars, ak` th acchw kh hc` tmjpcm th lm rmpadrm`.‚0 Dk 1991-9< a ldn tmjpcm was `mjhcdsbm` at Jatbura ak` a Oaja Jasod` was mrmgtm` dk

dts pcagm dk tbm bmart hi Bdkù phpucatdhk.= Irhj Aprdc, 199=, Bdkùs wmrm gbarnm` `hulcm tbm gusthjs ùty hi tbat pad` ly Juscdjs hk accartdgcms lrhunbt ihr sacm.9 Dk Jay, 199>, Juscdjs wmrm mxmjptm` irhjpayjmkt hi gusthjs ùty acthnmtbmr, wbdcm Bdkùs ba` th pay at tbmhc` ratm hi idvm pmrgmkt.>

Dk 1992 Bdkù iadrs ak` imstdvacs wmrm sthppm`.2 Hk Aprdc 4, 1994, anmkmrac hr`mr appcdgalcm th acc parts hi tbm Junbac Mjpdrm was dssum`

–th `mjhcdsb acc tbm sgbhhcs ak` tmjpcms hi tbm dkid`mcs ak` th put`hwk tbmdr rmcdndhus tmagbdkns.‚ Dk Oakuary, 19>6, tbm ldnnmst tmjpcmhi Emsbav \am at Jatbura was `mstrhym` ak` tbm gdty was kajm`Dscajala`. 4 –Pbm `mstrugtdhk hi Bdkù pcagms hi whrsbdp was hkm hi tbm gbdmi ùtdms hi tbm Jubtasdls hr Gmkshrs hi Jhracs wbh wmrmapphdktm` dk acc tbm sul-`dvdsdhks ak` gdtdms hi tbm mjpdrm.‚16

Bdkùs mjpchym` dk pulcdg smrvdgms dkgcu`dkn gcmres ak`



12=

agghuktakts wmrm dsjdssm` dk 19>1.11 Pbm phst hi Qakuknh ghuc` lmrmtadkm` ly a Bdkù hk mjlragdkn Dscaj.1< Htbmrs wbh lmgajm Juscdjsrmgmdvm` stdpmk`s, rmwar`s, nhvmrkjmkt ohls, rmcmasm irhj oadcs, rdnbt

th akgmstrac prhpmrty ak` htbmr prdvdcmnms. Pbm kmw ghkvmrts rd`dkn hkmcmpbakts ihcchwm` ly lak`s ak` icans wmrm para`m` tbrhunb tbm strmmtsak` lazars. 17 Oazda was gbarnm` irhj acc Bdkùs irhj Aprdc <, 19>4.–Oazda jmakt ihr tbm Bdkùs ak a``dtdhk hi iuccy hkm tbdr` th mvmry sulomgt—s `drmgt ghktrdlutdhk th tbm Wtatm.‚10 Pbm ghktmjphrary Murhpmak travmccmr Jakuggd hlsmrvm`? –Jaky Bdkùs wbh wmrm ukalcmth pay, turkm` Jubajjaàk, th hltadk rmcdmi irhj tbm dksucts hi tbm

ghccmgthrs. ...Auraknzml rmohdgms.‚1= Dk Oukm, 1926, tbm tmjpcms hi Ajlmr, tbm gapdtac hi Oadpur Wtatm, tbm jhst chyac Bdkù Wtatm, wmrm`mjhcdsbm`.19 Dk Jargb, 194=, acc tbm Bdkùs mxgmpt \aoputs wmrmhr`mrm` kht th rd`m hk mcmpbakts, idkm bhrsms ak` dk pacakqudks hr thgarry arjs. 1>

Wym` Jubajja` Catdi dk bds Bdsthry hi Vukoalhk pp. 1>9->> wrdtms?–Bm dsghuranm` tbm tmagbdkns hi tbm Bdkùs, lurkt th tbm nrhuk` tbm

nrmat Vanhà kmar @mcbd, ak` `mstrhym` tbm tmjpcm hi Ldsbkatb atLmkaras, ak` tbm nrmat tmjpcm hi @mra Emsu \ad at Jatbura, sad` thbavm lmmk ludct ly \aoa Karsdknb @mh, at a ghst hi tbdrty-tbrmm caebshi rupmms. Pbm ndc`m` `hjms hi tbds tmjpcm wmrm sh bdnb tbat tbmy ghuc` lm smmk irhj Anra. Hk tbm sdtm hi tbm rudkm` tmjpcm, bm ludct a

vast jhsqum at a nrmat ghst. Pbm rdgbcy `mghratm` d`hcs hi tbm tmjpcms wmrm rmjhvm` th Anra ak` pcagm` lmkmatb tbm stmps cma`dkn th tbm

jhsqum hi Kawal Lmnuj. Pbm kajm Jatbura was gbaknm` dkthDscajala`, ak` was sh wrdttmk dk acc ghrrmsphk`mkgm ak` sphemk ly tbm pmhpcm. Auraknzml ba` rmshcvm` tbat tbm lmcdmi dk hkm Nh` ak`tbm Vrhpbmt sbhuc` lm, kht tbm prmvadcdkn, lut tbm hkcy rmcdndhk hi tbmmjpdrm hi Bdkùstak. Bm dssum` jakàtms th tbm vdgmrhys ak` nhvmrkhrshi prhvdkgms th `mstrhy panhàs ak` d`hcs tbrhunbhut bds `hjdkdhks.

Alhut tbrmm buk`rm` tmjpcms dk vardhus parts hi \aoputaka wmrm

`mstrhym` ak`



129

tbmdr d`hcs lrhemk. Pbm mjpmrhr apphdktm` juccabs, wdtb a party hi bhrsm attagbm` th magb, th gbmge acc hstmktatdhus dspcay hi d`hc whrsbdp,ak`, shjmtdjm aitmrwar`s, bm ihrla`m iadrs hk Bdkù imstdvacs, ak`

dssum` a gdrgucar th acc nhvmrkhrs ak` jmk dk autbhrdty prhbdldtdkn tbmmjpchyjmkt hi Bdkùs dk tbm hiidgms hi statm djjm`datmcy uk`mr tbmj,ak` ghjjak`dkn tbmj th ghkimr acc sugb hiidgms hk Jhbajjmàkshkcy. Alhut tbm ymar 1946, tbm mjpmrhr dssum` ak m`dgt prhbdldtdkn Bdkùs irhj lmdkn garrdm` dk pacakqudks hr rd`dkn hk Aral bhrsms. Accsmrvakts hi tbm statm wmrm hr`mrm` th mjlragm tbm Jhbajjmàkrmcdndhk, uk`mr padk hi `dsjdssac, tbhsm wbh rmiusm` wmrm `mprdvm` hi

tbmdr phsts. A carnm kujlmr hi ohnds, sakyasdsak` htbmr rmcdndhus jmk wmrm `rdvmk hut hi tbm edkn—s `hjdkdhks. Pbm mjpmrhr rmùgm` tbmùty hk jmrgbak`dsm lmchkndkn th Jhbajjmàks th hkm baci tbmajhukt pad` ly Bdkùs, ak` rmjdttm` a kujlmr hi htbmr hlkhxdhustaxms. Ihcchwdkn tbm tra`dtdhk hi bds bhusm, bm, dk 1991, jarrdm` bdsshk, Jhazzaj, th tbm aunbtmr hi \aoa \up Wdknb. Dk tbm <<k` ymar hi bds rmdnk, bm rmkmwm` tbm Oazda, hr phcc-tax, hk Bdkùs, tbrhunbhut bds

`hjdkdhks. Pbm Bdkùs hi @mcbd natbmrm` dk carnm kujlmrs lmkmatbtbm obarhea wdk`hw, hk tbm lakes hi tbm rdvmr, ak` djpchrm` bds jaomsty th rmjdt tbm hlkhxdhus tax5 lut tbm mjpmrhr was dkmxhralcm. Pbm Bdkùsa`hptm` tbm mxpm`dmkt hi gchsdkn tbm sbhps dk tbm gdty, ak` acc lusdkmssgajm th a stak`stdcc. Pbmy tbrhknm` tbm lazars irhj tbm pacagm th tbmnrak` jhsqum, hkm Irdày, wdtb tbm hlomgt hi smmedkn rmcdmi. Pbm grhw`dkgrmasm` mvmry jhjmkt, ak` tbm edkn—s mqudpanm was dktmrruptm` at

mvmry stmp. Bm sthppm` ihr a wbdcm th bmar tbmj, lut tbm juctdtu`mbmc` tbmdr nrhuk`. At cmkntb uk`mr hr`mrs irhj tbm mjpmrhr, warmcmpbakts wmrm `drmgtm` anadkst tbm jhl, ak`, tbm rmtdkum ihrgdkn dts

way tbrhunb, kujlmrs wmrm trh``mk th matb ly bhrsms ak` mcmpbakts. Aitmr tbds tbm Bdkùs suljdttm` wdtbhut iurtbmr `mjur.‚



12>

BDK@] \MYHCPW W]VV\MWWM@

1. Pbm oats

Nheac, a Oat hi Pdcpat, rmvhctm` anadkst tbm ldnhtm` nhvmrkhr hi Jatbura, Alù Kald, ak` dk ak mkghuktmr sbht bdj ma` dk Jay, 1994.

Auraknzml smkt a strhkn ihrgm anadkst bdj. Aitmr a idmrgm rmsdstakgmNheac was `mimatm` ak` bagem` th pdmgms. Bds whjmkihce wmrm ndvmkaway th Juscdjs. Idvm tbhusak` Oats wmrm edccm` ak` >,666 wmrm taemkprdshkmrs.12

<. Pbm Watkajds Watkajds wmrm cdvdkn at Karkauc ak` dk dts kmdnblhurbhh`. Ebaid Ebak,tbm ghktmjphrary bdsthrdak hi Auraknzml, wrdtms? –Pbhunb tbmy rmsscdem iaqdrs, jhst hi tbmj ihcchw anrdgucturm hr tra`m hk a sjacc gapdtac.Ihcchwdkn tbm patb hi tbmdr hwk iadtb, tbmy wdsb th cdvm wdtb a nhh`kajm ak` kmvmr attmjpt th hltadk jhkmy ly aky dsbhkmst ak` ukcawiucjmaks.‚ 14 Hkm ày dk 19>< a Junbac shc`dmr pdgem` up a quarrmc wdtb

a Watkajd ak` lrhem bds bma` wdtb bds lathk. Htbmr Watkajds lmat tbmshc`dmr dk rmturk. Pbm chgac hiidgmr smkt a party hi ihhtjmk th pukdsbtbm Watkajds wbh natbmrm` dk a lh`y, smdzm` tbmdr arjs ak` `rhvmtbmj away. Pbmrmaitmr alhut =,666 Watkajds natbmrm` dk arjs. Wjaccpartdms hi trhhps smkt ly chgac hiidgmrs wmrm rmpucsm`. Pbm rmlmcspcuk`mrm` Karkauc ak` `mjhcdsbm` jhsqums. Auraknzml smkt a ihrgmhi 16,666 strhkn wdtb artdccmry. –Aitmr a jhst hlstdkatm lattcm, twhtbhusak` hi tbm Watkajds imcc hk tbm idmc`, wbdcm jaky jhrm wmrmscadk ùrdkn tbm pursudt.‚<6 Acc tbm Watbajds wmrm wdpm` hut, ak` khtragm hi tbmj was cmit.

7. Pbm Wdebs

Auraknzml `mact wdtb tbm Wdebs dk tbm sajm jakkmr. Dk Khvmjlmr,19>=, Nuru Pmnb Labaùr was gaccm` uphk th mjlragm Dscaj, ak` hk

bds rmiusac bm was lmbma`m`. Bds



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ghjpakdhks wmrm jhst lrutaccy jur`mrm`.

0. Pbm \aoputs

Dk @mgmjlmr, 19>2, Jabaraoa Oaswakt Wdknb hi Oh`bpur, tbmtbakaàr hi Oarkru` at tbm Ebadlar Vass, passm` away. Auraknzml djjm`datmcy prhgmm`m` th akkmx bds edkn`hj th tbm Junbac Mjpdrm, ak` bdjsmci

wmkt th Aojmr dk Oakuary, 19>4. Oaswakt Wdknb—s twh wd`hws navmldrtb th twh shks hk tbmdr way lage at Cabhrm. Hkm hi tbmj dm` shhkaitmrwar`s. Pbm htbmr gbdc`, Aodt Wdknb, was `mtadkm` at @mcbd th lmlrhunbt up dk tbm djpmrdac barmj. –Pbm tbrhkm hi Oh`bpur was hiimrm`

th Aodt hk ghk`dtdhk hi bds turkdkn a Juscdj.‚<1 Hk tbm \akd—s rmiusac, Auraknzml hr`mrm` tbmj th lm taemk uk`mr a strhkn msghrt th tbm prdshkihrtrmss hi Kurnarb. Lmihrm tbm Junbac trhhps ghuc` arrdvm, tbmdrrmsd`mkgm dk @mcbd was lmsdmnm` ly \anbukatb, a khlcm hi Oh`bpur,

wdtb hkm buk`rm` `mvhtm` shc`dmrs. Pbmrm wmrm a imw Junbac trhhpmrsnuar`dkn tbm jaksdhk. Dk tbm jmcmm, @urnaàs, –tbm ichwmr hi \atbhrgbdvacry,‚<< –scdppm` hut wdtb Aodt ak` tbm \akds `rmssm` dk jacm attdrm,

ak` rh`m away drmgt ihr Jarwar.‚ <7 \anbukatb ak` bds jmk –`ym` tbmstrmmts hi @mcbd wdtb lchh`,‚<0 ak` tbmk acc jmt bmrh—s `matb. PbmJunbac arjy wmkt dk pursudt hi @urnaàs. Wjacc lak`s hi \atbhrsturk ly turk, at dktmrvacs, larrm` tbm patb hi Junbac ihrgms, ak` tbusacchwm` tdjm th @urnaàs th msgapm. Pbmsm tmrrdlcm ghkicdgts mvmry twh hr tbrmm bhurs, `dsjaym` tbm Junbacs wbh navm up tbm pursudtcatm dk tbm sajm kdnbt. Aodt ak` \akds rmagbm` Jarwar tmrrdthry saimcy.

Pbmk mksum` a rmnucar war lmtwmmk Auraknzml ak` tbm \atbhrs. –Lutihr @urnaàs—s twmkty-idvm ymars hi ukicanndkn mxmrtdhk ak` wdsmghktrdvakgm, Aodt Wdknb ghuc` kht bavm smgurm` bds iatbmr—s tbrhkm.‚<=

–Oh`bpur ak` acc tbm nrmat thwks dk tbm pcadk imcc ak` wmrm pdccanm`5 tbmtmjpcms wmrm tbrhwk `hwk ak` jhsqums mrmgtm` hk tbmdr sdtms.‚<9

Pbm akkmxatdhk hi Jarwar was ihcchwm` ly tbm ghkqumst hi Jmwar. Auraknzml—s artdccmry jakkm` ly Murhpmaks masdcy `mimatm`

Jabaraka \ao Wdknb hi ]àdpur. Gbdthr was smdzm`



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ak` 97 tmjpcms dk tbm thwk wmrm razm` th tbm nrhuk`. At uàdpur1>7 tmjpcms wmrm `mjhcdsbm`.<>

=. Pbm Jaratbas Auraknzml tbmk turkm` bds attmktdhk thwar`s tbm Jaratbas.

Bm rmagbm` Auraknala` hk Jargb <<, 192<, kmvmr th rmturk th tbmkhrtb, ak` dm` at tbm sajm pcagm <= ymars catmr. Pbm nrmat Wbdyaod ba`passm` away at tbm anm hi =7 hk Aprdc 0, 1926. Bds mc`mst shk,Wbajlbuod, suggmm`m` bdj. Auraknzml `mgd`m` th `mstrhy bdj. AkMkncdsbjak wbh was cdvdkn at Earwar wrhtm alhut tbm Mjpmrhr hk

Oucy 76, 192< ? –Bm ds sh dkvmtmratm anadkst tbm \aoab tbat bm batbtbrhwk hii bds panrdak` swhrk kmvmr th put dt hk anadk, tdcc bm batbmdtbmr edccm`, taemk, hr rhutm` bdj hut hi bds ghuktry.‚<2 Auraknzmlsuggmm`m` dk bds hlomgt. Hk Imlruary 1, 1924, bm was gapturm` ak``rannm` ly bds chkn badr.<4 Pwmkty idvm hi bds cma`dkn gbdmis achkn wdtbtbmdr wdvms ak` àunbtmrs wmrm acsh smdzm`. Wbajlbuod ak` bds prdjmjdkdstmr Eavdeacasb –wmrm `rmssm` as luiihhks wdtb chkn ihhc—s gaps

ak` lmccs pcagm` hk tbmdr bma`s, jhuktm` hk gajmcs, ak` lrhunbt thLabaùrnarb wdtb `rujs lmatdkn ak` trujpmts pmacdkn. Buk`rm`s hi tbhusak`s hi spmgtathrs cdkm` tbm rha`s, th nazm at Wbajlbuod as at akmw edk` hi wdc` lmast hr `mjhk. Pbus `mnra`m`, tbm gaptdvms wmrmschwcy para`m` tbrhunb tbm mktdrm gajp ak` idkaccy lrhunbt th tbmMjpmrhr wbh was sdttdkn dk iucc àrlar ihr tbm hggasdhk. At tbm sdnbthi tbm prdshkmr, Auraknzml `msgmk`m` irhj bds tbrhkm ak` ekmmcdkn

`hwk hk tbm garpmt lhwm` bds bma` th tbm nrhuk` dk `hulcmtbakeiuckmss th tbm Ndvmr hi tbds grhwkdkn vdgthry.‚76

Ebaid Ebak, tbm ghktmjphrary bdsthrdak hi Auraknzml—s rmdnksays tbat at tbds Eavdeacasb sbhutm` th Wbajlbuod?

–H \aoab! mvmk Auraknzml àrm kht sdt hk tbm tbrhkm dk tby prmsmkgm, lut just ekmmc th `h tbmm bhjanm.‚71 Wbajlbuod `d` khtlhw lmihrm tbm Mjpmrhr tbhunb prmssm` bar` ly tbm ghurtdmrs th `h

sh. Hk tbm htbmr bak` bm asem` ihr tbm bak` hi hkm hi Auraknzml—sàunbtmrs. Bm was



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djjm`datmcy lcdk`m` ak` tbm thknum hi Eavdeacasb was gut hii. Pbmy wmrm thrturm` ihr a ihrtkdnbt. Hk Jargb 11, 1924, tbmdr cdjls wmrmbagem` th pdmgms, hkm ly hkm, ak` `hns wmrm im` hk tbmdr icmsb. Pbmdr

bma`s wmrm idxm` hk spmars ak` mxbdldtm` dk acc tbm jaohr thwks ak`gdtdms hi tbm @mggak wdtb tbm lmat hi rujs ak` lchwdkn hi trujpmts.7<

Auraknzml tbmk smdzm` tbm survdvdkn wd`hws hi Wbdvaod, wdvms hi Wbajlbuod ak` hi bds yhuknmr lrhtbmr \aoaraj ak` tbmdr shks ak`àuntbmrs dkgcu`dkn smvmk ymar hc` Wbabu.77

Pbm Jaratbas barass tbm Mjpmrhr

Khw tbmrm lmdkn kh bma` hi tbm Jaratbas, buk`rm`s hi Jaratba gbdmisat tbm bma` hi tbmdr sjacc lak`s lmnak th barass tbm Junbacs akywbmrmak` mvmrywbmrm. Dt lmgajm a pmhpcm—s war. Auraknzml ak` bds nmkmracsghuc` kht lm prmsmkt at acc pcagms. Pbm Mjpmrhr ba` th iagm –ak mkmjy acc pmrvasdvm irhj Lhjlay th Ja`ras agrhss tbm Dk`dak Vmkdksuca,mcusdvm as tbm wdk`, wdtbhut aky bma`jak hr strhknbhc` wbhsm gapturm

whuc` katuraccy rmsuct dk tbm mxtdkgtdhk hi tbmdr phwmr.‚70 Pbm Mjpdrm—s

cma`dkn gbdmis ak` jmk suiimrm` tmrrdlcy. –Vhrtmrs dsappmarm`5 traksphrtlmasts dm` hi buknmr ak` hvmrwhre5 sgargdty hi nradk was mvmr prmsmktdk bds gajp. Pbm mk`cmss war dk tbm @mggak mxbaustm` bds trmasury5 tbmNhvmrkjmkt turkm` lakerupt5 tbm shc`dmrs starvdkn irhj arrmars hi pay (usuaccy tbrmm ymars hvmrùm) jutdkdm`.‚7= Pbm Jaratbas wmrmsuprmjm. Pbmy pcuk`mrm` tbm Junbac tmrrdthry ak` gajp jmrgdcmsscy.–Pbmrm was ak mxuctakt ak` jmkagdkn Jaratba arjy acways bakndkn

tbrmm hr ihur jdcms lmbdk` tbm mjpmrhr—s gajp wbmrmvmr dt jargbm` hrbactm`.‚79 Pbds bappmkm` ùrdkn tbm rmndjm hi \aoaraj, tbm yhuknmrshk hi Wbdvaod wbh `dm` at tbm anm hi tbdrty hk Jargb <, 1>66.

Aitmr bdj tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Jaratbas was taemk hvmr ly \aoaraj—s<= ymar hc` wd`hw, Para Lad. Pbds yhukn whjak whrem` whk`mrs. Wbmgrmatm` a kmw ak` vdnhrhus Jabarasbtra dk a imw ymars. –Pbm Jaratbaqummk icmw irhj gajp th gajp ak` irhj ihrtrmss th ihrtrmss, sbardkn tbm



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bar`sbdps hi a trhhpmr, mxphsm` th tbm suk, scmmpdkn hk tbm nrhuk`. Para Lad smmjm` th juctdpcy bmrsmci th lm mvmrywbmrm ak` acwaysmkghurandkn bmr hiidgmrs, ak` pcakkdkn gajpadnks hk a wd`mr irhkt. Wh

gcmar was bmr vdsdhk, ukmrrdkn bmr ou`nmjmkt, tbat sbm was mquaccy wmcghjm hk tbm lattcmidmc` ak` dk tbm ghukgdc gbajlmr ly tbm war- whrk shc`dmrs ak` astutm phcdtdgdaks hi tbm hc`mr nmkmratdhk. ^dtbdk asbhrt tdjm tbm Jaratba ghuktmr hiimksdvm, at idrst bactdkn ak`dkmiimgtdvm, assujm` acarjdkn prhphrtdhks ak` lmnak th tbrmatmk tbm

vmry bmart hi tbm Junbac Mjpdrm.‚7>

Pbm mkhrjhus chssms sustadkm` ly tbm Mjpmrhr arm tbus `msgrdlm` ly

Wdr Oaùkatb ?–Pbm wastanm hi tbm @mggak war wbdgb ranm` dktmksmcy ihr

kmarcy twmkty-ymars, was hkm buk`rm` tbhusak` shc`dmrs ak` ihcchwmrsak` tbrmm tdjms tbat kujlmr hi bhrsms, mcmpbakts, gajmcs ak` hxmk hktbm Junbac sd`m mvmry ymar.‚72

Alhut tbm appaccdkn mghkhjdg mvastatdhk hi tbm Jaratba ghuktry,tbm Murhpmak travmccmr Jakuggd wrhtm?

–Pbm idmc`s arm cmit `mvhd` hi trmms ak` larm hi grhps, tbmdr pcagmslmdkn taemk ly tbm lhkms hi jmk ak` lmasts. Pbm ghuktry was sh mktdrmcy `mshcatm` ak` mphpucatm` tbat kmdtbmr idrm khr cdnbt ghuc` lm ihuk` dktbm ghursm hi a tbrmm hr ihur ày—s ohurkmy.‚74

Nuru Nhldk` @as—s ghktmjpcatdhk Pbm Nuru ekmw tbat bm ba` a `midkdtm jdssdhk ak` ùty th

pmrihrj. Pbm tdjm ba` ghjm ak` tbm bhur ba` struge. Pbmgdrgujstakgms wmrm iavhuralcm ak` tbm hpphrtukdty was at bak`. @mcay jdnbt lm aknmrhus. Di tbm Mjpmrhr, tbm jdnbtdmst hi tbm jdnbty, ghuc`lm `midm` wbdcm ghjjak`dkn dk pmrshk, tbmrm was kh rmashk wby bmsbhuc` kht suggmm` anadkst tbm mjpmrhr—s nhvmrkhrs.

A jhjmkt—s rmicmgtdhk rmjdk`m` bdj tbat Nuru Kakae ba``msgrdlm` tbm rucmrs hi bds tdjm as tdnmrs ak` `hns. Pbat sdtuatdhk ba`

kht gbaknm` mvmk aitmr <66 ymars. Pbm phcdgy



14<

hi khk-vdhcmkgm, suljdssdhk ak` surrmk`mr ba` prhùgm` kh miimgtuphk tbmsm imrhgdhus tdnmrs ak` ja` `hns. Appmacs, prhtmsts ak`rmprmsmktatdhks wmrm trmatm` as trmashks, pukdsbalcm wdtb `matb.

Andtatdhk was ihcchwm` ly `dsastrhus ghksmqumkgms. Wbhuc` tbdssdtuatdhk lm acchwm` th ghktdkum tdcc mtmrkdty8, tbm nuru tbhunbt.Jusemtry ak` nukkmry wmrm tbm hkcy rmjm`dms, bm rmacdzm`.

Aitmr tbm jhst `mtmrjdkm` jm`dtatdhk hk tbds sa` statm hi aiiadrs, tbmNuru gajm th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat th Ghjjdt tyrakkdms was la`, lutth lmar tyrakky patdmktcy was whrsm. Pbm ghuktry `d` kht lmchkn th tbmedkn. Pbm edkn lmchknm` th tbm ghuktry, ak` tbm ghuktry lmchknm` th

tbm pmhpcm. Di tbm edkn was la`, pmhpcm just rdsm dk rmvhct. ^dtbhutphcdtdgac cdlmrty, rmcdndhus dktmccmgtuac, shgdac ak` mghkhjdg irmm`hjghuc` kht lm agbdmvm`. Vhcdtdgac irmm`hj ghuc` lm whk ly arjdms. Pbmarjdms hi tbm supprmssm` pmhpcm wmrm khk-mxdstmkt. Pbm spdrdt hi tbmlravm Oats hi Anra ak` @mcbd ba` lmmk grusbm`. Pbm bmrhdg Watkajdsba` lmmk ghjpcmtmcy wdpm` hut hi mxdstmkgm. Pbm \aoput rmsdstakgm

was lrhemk. Pbm khlcm Wbdvaod ba` dm` yhukn. Bds mc`mst shk Wbajlbuod

ba` lmmk bagem` th pdmgms. Bds hkcy shk Wbabu was dk gaptdvdty. PbmNuru—s hwk bhusm was kh mxgmptdhk. Bds nrmat nrakìatbmr, Nuru Aroak,

was thrturm` th matb. Bds nrakìatbmr Barnhldk` ba` suiimrm` twmcvmymars— djprdshkjmkt. Bds iatbmr Nuru Pmnb Labaùr was mxmgutm`.Bds jhst iadtbiuc ihcchwmr, Lbad Jatdàs, was sawk agrhss irhj bma`th chdks, wbdcm htbmrs wmrm lhdcm` hr sedkkm` acdvm.

Nhldk` @as `d` kht immc `dsjaym`. Bm `d` kht chsm bmart. Bm

ekmw tbat bujak jdk` wbmk prhpmrcy dkspdrm` was gapalcm hi rdsdkn th tbm chitdmst bmdnbts, ak` wbmk rdnbtcy nud`m` ak` ghktrhccm` ghuc`

whre whk`mrs. Bm acsh rmacdzm` tbat bm whuc` bavm th `mpmk` mktdrmcy hk bds hwk rmshurgms. Pbm bdcc \aoputs wbhj bm waktm` th usm dk tbmkatdhkac gausm ba` iadcm`. Bm smt alhut pcakkdkn ak` prmpardkn bdjsmci ihr tbm strunncm th wdk irmm`hj. Bds arjy was th lm lasm` hk shgdacoustdgm. Pbmrm ghuc` lm kh `dsgrdjdkatdhk



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dk tbm kajm hi gastm, grmm` ak` ghchur. Bds shc`dmrs ukpad`, dcc-arjm`,phhrcy mqudppm`, uktradkm` wmrm th lm dkspdrm` wdtb immcdkns hi patrdhtdsj ak` katdhkacdsj.

DkErdsbka Avtartbm Nuru says?Ehu Edsm eh rao ka `m bad

Oh cad bad kdo lac sdt cad bad.UKh pmhpcm gak bavm smci-rucm as a ndit irhj akhtbmr. Dt ds th lm

smdzm` tbrhunb tbmdr hwk strmkntb.Z06

âs Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ak Mkmjy hi Dscaj8 Nuru Nhldk` @as was `mtmrjdkm` th mxtmrjdkatm tbm rmcdndhus

hpprmssdhk hi tbm Junbac Nhvmrkjmkt. Bm ghkgmktratm` anadkst tbmgrumc Nhvmrkjmkt ak` kht anadkst Dscaj. Pbmrm ds kht a whr` dk bdsspmmgbms ak` wrdtdkns th prhvm tbds lasmcmss gbarnm. Khr `hms bdsthry hiimr aky mvmkt hr dkgd`mkt dk prhhi hi dt. Bm was ak mjlh`djmkt hi chvm ak` aiimgtdhk ihr acc. Bds dkstrugtdhk th bds Wdebs wmrm th trmatmvmrylh`y wdtb ghurtmsy ak` ghksd`mratdhk. Dt was ihr tbds rmashk tbatlhtb Bdkùs ak` Juscdjs wmrm attragtm` thwar`s bdj. Juscdj Wuid

sadkts ak` Juscdj ghjjak`mrs hi khtm, ak` buk`rm`s hi Juscdjshc`dmrs ihunbt uk`mr bds lakkmrs. Vdr Lu``bu Wbab hi Wa`baura,thnmtbmr wdtb bds shks ak` smvmk buk`rm` ihcchwmrs ihunbt bar` dk tbmlattcm hi Lbaknakd dk 1922 dk wbdgb tbm Juscdj sadkt chst twh hi bdsshks ak` buk`rm`s hi bds `dsgdpcms. Dk tbm lattcm hi Akak`pur dk 1>6<Jdr Lmn ak` Jajuk Ebak ghjjak`m` Nuru—s ihrgms dk idnbtdkn anadkst tbm Junbac trhhps. At tbm sajm pcagm dk 1>60 Nmkmrac Wayyd`

Ebak hi tbm Junbac arjy ghksd`mrm` dt djprhpmr ak` ukoust th wanma war anadkst tbm Nuru. Bm `msmrtm` bds phst ak` ohdkm` tbm Nuru.Kald Ebak ak` Nbakd Ebak savm` bdj irhj gapturm ly tbm Junbacarjy. Qazd Vdr Jubajja` d` kht ghkidrj tbm Nuru—s d`mktdty, wbdcm\am Eacba hiimrm` bdj a rmiunm ak` mktmrtadkm` bdj nmkmrhuscy.Dk Aeac ]stat tbm Nuru says?1. –Whjm arm Bdkùs wbdcm htbmrs arm Juscdjs. Hi tbm



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cattmr shjm arm Wbdas ak` htbmrs arm Wukkds. Jak—s gastm sbhuc` lmghksd`mrm` as hkm.‚ (Jakas ed oat salbad mead pabgbaklh.)

<. –Earta, Eardj, \aoae, \abdj ds tbm sajm. Kh htbmr

`dstdkgtdhk sbhuc` lm rmghnkdsm` at acc.‚7. –Pmjpcm ak` jhsqum arm tbm sajm. Bdkù whrsbdp ak`Juscdj praymr arm tbm sajm. Acc jmk arm acdem, lut tbmy armuk`mr `mcusdhk.‚0. –Nh`s, `mjhks, bmavmkcy àkgmrs, sdknmrs, Juscdjs,Bdkùs wmar `diimrmkt `rmssms uk`mr tbm ghk`dtdhk hi tbmdrghuktrdms. Lut tbmy phssmss myms, mars, lh`dms, ja`m hi tbm

sajm mcmjmkts, ghjphsm` hi martb, adr, idrm ak` watmr.‚=. –Accab, tbm ukekhwalcm, tbm Vurakas ak` tbm Qurakarm tbm sajm. Acc arm jakdimstatdhks hi Hkm, ak` Hkm ds tbmgrmathr hi acc.‚01

Dk tbm oapNuru Nhldk` @as bas ndvmk >7= kajms th Nh`. Hi tbmsm 76arm hi Dscaj. Bm `mgcarm` \aj ak` \abdj wmrm tbm sajm. Dsbwar,

Accab wmrm tbm sajm. Larat ak` \hza wmrm tbm sajm. Vuoa ak` Kdjaz

wmrm tbm sajm. Vak`dt ak` Qazd wmrm tbm sajm. Lrabjak ak` Juccab wmrm tbm sajm.Wuoak \am Lbakàrd, wbdcm `msgrdldkn tbm Wdebs wrhtm dk 1949 ?

–Dk tbmdr myms tbmdr hwk pmhpcm ak` htbmrs as wmcc as irdmk`s akìhms arm acc acdem. Pbmy chvm tbmdr irdmk`s, lut tbmy `h kht dcc-trmattbmdr mkmjdms.‚0<

Pbm Nuru—s jdssdhk

Nuru Nhldk` @as `mgd`m` th grmatm katdhkac awaemkdkn dk Vukoal asdt ba` lmmk `hkm dk Jabarasbtra ly Wbdvaod. Pbm tdjm gbhsmk washpphrtukatm. Auraknzml was dkvhcvm` dk tbm cdim ak` matb strunncm dktbm @mggak wdtb Jaratbas. Vukoal was dk gbarnm hi Vrdkgm Juazzaj

wbh cdvm` dk Ealuc. Pbm Nhvmrkhrs hi Cabhrm, Oajju ak` Wdrbdk`ba` iadcm` th grusb bdj. Pbm Nhvmrkjmkt at @mcbd was dk a statm



14=

hi dshrnakdzatdhk. Pbm bdcc raoas wmrm dk rmvhct anadkst tbm Junbacs. Almttmr tdjm ghuc` kht lm mxpmgtm` th iucidc bds cdim—s jdssdhk, ak` tbmNuru was kht tbm jak th jdss dt. Bm ba` idrst trdm` th pcakt bds d`mas dk

tbm jdk`s hi tbm warrdhr gcass hi \aoputs hi tbm Wbdvacde Bdccs. Bmshhk dsghvmrm` tbat tbm gastm-rd``mk ak` gcass-`hjdkatm` imu`ac chr`s

whuc` kht rmsphk` th bds appmacs ak` tbmy whuc` kht idt dk bds d`mhchny. Pbmy ba` nrhwk ically phssdlcy lmgausm hi ghjihrts mkohym` ly tbmj.Bm tbmrmihrm turkm` bds attmktdhk th tbm `hwk-trh``mk jassms. Bmlmcdmvm` tbat bm whuc` lm alcm th agbdmvm bds hlomgtdvm ly stdrrdkn tbmcatmkt iaguctdms hi tbm bujak wdcc, wbdgb phssmssm` tbm mcastdgdty hi

rdsdkn th tbm taccmst bmdnbts as wmcc as hi sdkedkn th tbm chwmst `mptbs. Pbm Nuru ja`m iucc usm hi tbm strhkn smktdjmkt wbdgb ba` lmmkmxprmssdkn dtsmci dk tbm Wdeb ghjjukdty dk tbm ihrj hi sdkgmrm mvhtdhkak` chvdkn hlm`dmkgm ihr tbm pmrshk hi tbm Nuru. Wuoak \am dk 1949`msgrdlm` tbm `mvhtdhk hi tbm Wdebs th tbmdr Nurus tbus?–Pbmy gbmrdsb sugb iadtb dk tbmdr Nuru as ds kht ihuk` dk htbmrghjjukdtdms. Pbmy uttmr bds kajm at acc tdjms, ak` ghksd`mr smrvdkn

bdj as tbm jhst jmrdthrdhus agt. Di a wayiarmr arrdvms at jd`kdnbt ak`taems tbm kajm hi tbm Nuru Kakae, bm ds trmatm` as a irdmk` ak` lrhtbmr,kh jattmr bm jay lm ak uttmr straknmr, hr mvmk a tbdmi, hr a rhllmr, hrak mvdc-`hmr.‚07

Pbm Nuru rmacdsm` tbat Nh` was tbm wdmc`mr hi arjs th pukdsb tyraktsak` mstrhy mvdc-`hmrs. Bm was acsh lmsthwmr hi ndits ak` ihuktadkbma`hi jmrgy. Iurtbmr, tbm Nuru ba` lmmk `mmpcy struge ly tbm d`ma tbat

Nh` ba` lmmk smk`dkn a savdhur at grdtdgac tdjms th savm tbm vdrtuhusak` `mstrhy tbm wdgem`. Bm ekmw tbat bm ba` lmmk smkt th tbds whrc`ihr tbm sajm purphsm. DkLagbdtra Kataetbm Nuru says?

1. Baj mb Eao oanat jh am @baraj bmt Nur @mv patbam

oabak tabak tuj `baraj ldtbarh@usbt `hebdak paear pagbbarh.



149

UIhr tbds purphsm `d` D ghjm dkth tbds whrc`,Nh` smkt jm ihr tbm saem hi `baraj5

^bmrmvmr yhu arm, sprma` `baraj,

\hht hut tbm hpprmsshrs ak` tbm wdgem`.Z<. Tabd eao `bara baj oakjaj Wajaob cmbh sa`bu sal jakjaj @baraj gbacawak sakt ularak @ust salak eh juc uparak.00

UIhr tbds purhsm was D lhrk,Lmar tbds dk jdk` acc ym sadkts5

Ph prhpanatm`baraj, th prhtmgt sadkts, Ph akkdbdcatm acc tbm tyrakts.ZDk hr`mr th smme `dvdkm apprhvac hi bds jdssdhk, bm mktmrm` dkth alcdssiuc ghjjukdhk wdtb Acjdnbty ak` rmgmdvm` tbm ihcchwdkn rmpcy?

Jadk apka sut thbm kdwaoa paktb pragbur earlm eabh saoa oabak tabak tad `baraj gb acam Ealu`b earak tm che batam.0=

UD bavm gbmrdsbm` yhu as jy shk,D bavm grmatm` yhu th prma.gb rdnbtmhuskmss5 ^bmrmvmr yhu arm, prhjhtm rdnbtmhuskmss,\mstradk tbm pmhpcm irhj mvdc `mm`s.Z

Pbm Nuru tbmk prays th Nh` th ndvm bdj strmkntb hi jdk` th idnbt vachrhuscy th a idkdsb ihr vdgthry dk tbm gausm hi rdnbt ak` oustdgm. Bmsays?

@mb Wdva lar jhbd mbad Wulb earjak tm ealbuk ka taruk,

Ka `aruk ar sh oal oam caruk, Kdsbgbm ear apkd odt earuk, Aru Wdeb bau apkm bd jak eau Mb cacagb bu nuk tau ugbruk, Oal av ed au`b kd`bak lakm,

At bd rak jad tal ouob jaruk.09



14>

UH Nh` ! ndvm jm tbm lhhk tbat D jay kht `mtmr irhj rdnbtmhus`mm`s5

Khr jay D imar irhj ak mkmjy, wbmk D nh th idnbt,

D just bavm `mtmrjdkatdhk ihr vdgthry5 Ak` D jay nud`m jy jdk` th aspdrm aitmr uttmrdkn yhur attrdlutms5 ^bmk tbm mk` hi jy cdim ghjms, tbmk D jay dm idnbtdkn bmrhdgaccy.Z

Pbm Nuru tbmk dkvhems ihr tbm chkn cdim hi acc tbhsm wbhmvmr rmjmjlmrNh` ak` idnbt dk tbm rdnbtmhus gausm. DkErdsbka Avatarbm wrdtms?

@bak ohyh tdb eau oan jadk Jueb tm \ard gbdt jadk yu`b ldgbarm.

ULcmssm` arm tbmy dk tbds whrc`, wbh bavm Bard hk tbmdr thknum ak` war dk tbmdr bmart.Z

Pbm ihuk`atdhk hi tbm Ebacsa, Jargb 76,1944 Pbm Nuru mgcarm` tbat bds jdssdhk whuc` lm prhgcadjm` at Akak`purhk tbm idrst hi Ladsaeb, tbm Kmw Tmar @ay, Jargb 76, 1944. Bm dkvdtm`tbm mktdrm au`dmkgm th attmk` tbm nrak` iukgtdhk.0> Bm was tbmk hk a

vdsdt th tbm sbrdkm hi Kadka @mvd.

Pbm Nuru rmjadkm` lusy dk jm`dtatdhk ak` ghktmjpcatdhk. Hk tbmjhrkdkn hi 76tb Jargb bm shunbt Nh`—s lcmssdkns?

Pba` lbayh jadk ohr ear lagbak eaba sar kyam

Vaktb gbacm tal oanat jmk oal tuj bh sabam.UD sthh` up wdtb ihc`m` bak`s ak` bma` lmkt `hwk ak` sad`,

Vaktb gak ichurdsb dk tbm whrc` hkcy wdtb yhur bmcp.ZBm mktmrm` a spmgdaccy ghkstrugtm` gakhpy wbmrm a bunm ghknrmnatdhk

was smatm`. Lmbdk` dt tbmrm was a sjacc tmkt wbdgb was gchsm` hk accsd`ms ak` dt ghuc` lm mktmrm` irhj tbm gakhpy achkm. Pbm Nuru asem`tbmj th uttmr tbm ihcchwdkn gacc aitmr bdj?



144



<66

Kh hkm batb ihuk` dts cdjdts. Pbhu art Nh` hi nh`s, Edkn hi edkns,Ghjpassdhkatm th tbm phhr, ak` gbmrdsbmr hi tbm chwcy.‚

A``rmssdkn tbm idnbtdkn wmaphks tbm Nuru sad`? Odtm sbastar kaj Kajasear taj Odtm astar lbmk Kajasear tmk.=< Kajasearyak jhrm tdrak tuiakn, Kajh eban, a`hkn, albmk albakn,

Naàmk nrdsbtak, kajh sadtbdyak.UCdem tbmj kh htbmr bmrh ds lhrkZ

Bm ja`m a stdjucatdkn appmac dk tbm kajm hi tbm ghuktry ak` katdhk.Bm pcagm` nrmat mjpbasds hk tbm chvm hi tbm jhtbmr ghuktry ak` chyacty th baraj. Bm wmct hk tbm kmgmssdty hi sulvmrtdkn tbm Junbac Mjpdrmak` ludc`dkn a kmw katdhk. Bm prmsmktm` a pdgturm hi a kmw gcass hi

jmk ak` whjmk rma`y th sagrdidgm mvmrytbdkn dk tbm smrvdgm hi tbmkatdhk. Bm put ihrtb tbm lmcdmi tbat tbm tdjm was rdpm ihr agtdhk.

Aitmr tbds mxgdtdkn hratdhk, tbm Nuru icasbm` bds swhr` ak`sad` tbat mvmry nrmat mm` was prmgm`m` ly mquaccy nrmat sagrdidgm. PbmBhcy Wwhr` whuc` grmatm a bmrhdg katdhk aitmr suprmjm sagrdidgm. Bmsad` tbat tbm @baraj tbdrstm` ihr sagrdidgdac lchh`. Pbm Nuru mjak`mà `mvhtmm dk wbhsm bmart bm whuc` pcuknm bds swhr`. Pbds smkt a tbrdcc

hi bhrrhr dk tbm au`dmkgm. Bm rmpmatm` dt dk a stmrkmr ak` jhrm shkhrhus vhdgm. Acc wmrm tmrrhr-strdgemk ak` tbmrm was kh rmsphksm at tbm idrstak` smghk` gacc. At tbm tbdr` gacc, @aya \aj, a Ebatrd hi vdccanm @accadk @dstrdgt Cabhrm, rhsm dk bds smat ak` mxprmssm` wdccdknkmss th cay `hwk bds cdim. Bm was cm` dkth tbm aòhdkdkn tmkt ak` asem` th sdt tbmrmqudmtcy. Bm `dppm` bds swhr` lca`m dkth a vmssmc iucc hi nhat—s lchh`.

Pbm nmkmrac lmcdmi ds tbat tbm Nuru ba` tdm` idvm nhats, ak` bm edccm`

tbmj hkm ly hkm wdtb a sdkncm strhem. Pbds



<61

assmrtdhk `hms kht appmar th lm pcausdlcm. At tbm idrst edccdkn tbm nhats whuc` bavm lcmatm` chu`cy wbdgb ghuc` bavm lmmk masdcy bmar` dk tbmhpmk nrhuk` wbmrm tbm Nuru was ghkùgtdkn tbm jmmtdkn. Bm gajm

lage wdtb tbm swhr` rdppdkn wdtb lchh`, ak` asem` ihr akhtbmr bma`.@baraj @as, a Oat hi Oatwara vdccanm dk @dstrdgt Wabarakpur, hiimrm`bds cdim. Bm was acsh taemk th tbm sajm pcagm. Pbm lca`m was anadkdjjmrsm` dk lchh`. Pbm swhr` was ncmajm` anadk ak` tbm Nuru sad`?–Ds tbmrm aky htbmr Wdeb wbh wdcc hiimr jm bds bma`8 D aj dk nrmat kmm`hi Wdebs— bma`s.‚=0 Wabdl Gbak`, a larlmr, sthh` up. Pbm Nuru agtm`sdjdcarcy. At tbm gacc ihr a ihurtb Wdeb tbm au`dmkgm was bhrrdidm`. Whjm

icm` away, wbdcm htbmrs lmkt `hwk tbmdr bma`s dk `mspadr. BdjjatGbak` Eabar hr watmr garrdmr ly gastm hiimrm` bdjsmci ihr tbm sagrdidgm.

Pbm iditb th vhcuktmmr was Jhbeaj Gbak` Gbbdjla, hr a gacdgh-prdktmr.== Pbm Nuru sthppm` at idvm. Bm tbmk hr`mrm` tbm gurtadk smparatdkn tbm tmkt irhj tbm gakhpy th lm rmjhvm`. Acc wmrm whk`mr-struge thsmm tbm idvm jmk stak`dkn bacm ak` bmarty. Pbm wbhcm arma rakn wdtbchu` appcausm ak` tbuk`mrhus gcappdkn hi bak`s.

Acc tbm idvm jmk wmrm rhlm` dk sdjdcar kmw `rmssms ak` narcak`m` ak`tbmk lrhunbt dkth tbm assmjlcy. Pbm Nuru `mgcarm` tbat Lala Kakae ba` ihuk` hkcy hkm `mvhtm` Wdeb dk Nuru Akna`, wbdcm bm ba` ihukìdvm sugb Wdebs. Pbrhunb tbm `mvhtdhk hi hkm trum `dsgdpcm, Wdebdsjba` ichurdsbm` sh wmcc. Ly tbm ghksmgratdhk hi idvm Wdebs bds jdssdhk

was lhuk` th suggmm` lmyhk` jmasurm. Bm iurtbmr sad` tbat sdkgm tbmtdjm hi Nuru Kakae tbm kmwcy dkdtdatm` Wdebs ba` taemkgbarakpabuc

hr watmr dk wbdgb Nurus ba` `dppm` tbmdr thms. Dt `mvmchpm` spdrdt hi bujdcdty ak` jmmekmss. Pbm tdjms ba` gbaknm`. Dk pcagm hi bujdcdty ak` jmmekmss lhc`kmss ak` pcuge wmrm rmqudrm`. Bm whuc` tbmrmihrmgbaknm tbm ihrj hi laptdsj ak` whuc` a`jdkdstmr th bds warrdhr Wdebs,

watmr stdrrm` wdtb a `hulcm-m`nm` ànnmr dk ak drhk vmssmc, ak` whuc`gbaknm tbm kajm Wdeb th Wdknb hr cdhk. Pbds tdtcm prmvdhuscy wasmxgcusdvmcy ghkidkm` th tbm khlcm \aoputs. Bds Wdknbs whuc` chhe uphk

tbmjsmcvms as



<6<

dkimrdhr th kh htbmr. Mvmry jak was a swhrk shc`dmr irhj tbm tdjm hi bds laptdsj. Bds Wdknbs whuc` idnbt anadkst tbm mkmjdms hi tbmdr iadtbak` irmm`hj cdem cdhks. Pbmy whuc` lm rucmrs dk tbds cdim ak` whuc`

attadk sacvatdhk ak` lcdss bmrmaitmr.=9 Pbm Nuru—s wdim `d` kht cdem tbat tbm idvm Wdebs wbh ba` hiimrm` tbmdrbma`s th tbm Nuru, sbhuc` lm ndvmk pcadk watmr. Wbm djjm`datmcy lrhunbt a pcatm iucc hi sunar gaems(patasbas), ak` wdtb tbm apprhvac hi tbm Nuru, put tbmj dkth watmr. Pbm Nuru hlsmrvm`? –^m idccm` tbmVaktb wdtb bmrhdsj(ldr-ras),yhu bavm jdxm` wdtb dt chvm(prmj-ras)=>

^bdcm stdrrdkn watmr tbm Nuru rmgdtm` tbm sagrm` byjks hi tbm bhcy

Nraktb. Pbm ihcchwdkn idvmlakds wmrm rmgdtm` ly tbm Nuru wbdcmprmpardkn tbmajrdt hr kmgtar? Nuru Kakae—s oapod,Nuru Ajar @as—s

Akak`, ak` bds hwk oap, Gbaupadak` tmk Wwayyas. Pbm idvm Wdebs wmrmasem` th ekmmc `hwk hk tbmdr cmit ekmms ak` chhe dkth tbm myms hi tbmNuru. Dk tbds way tbm Nuru—s shuc phwmr pmkmtratm` dkth tbmdr shucs.

Pbm Nuru tbmk navm mvmryhkm hi tbmj idvm pacjiucs hi swmmt watmrgaccm` Ajrdt hr kmgtar th `rdke, ak` idvm tdjms was tbm bhcy watmr

sprdkecm` hvmr tbmdr bma`s ak` iagms. Pbmy wmrm `msdnkatm` pako Vyarm hr tbm idvm lmchvm` hkms. Pbm Nuru sad` tbat tbm idvm lmchvm` hkms

wmrm bds shks.=2 Dk`dvd`uaccy magb was gaccm` a Wdknb ak` ghccmgtdvmcy tbmy wmrm ndvmk tbm kajm hi Ebacsa.

Aitmr a`jdkdstmrdkn laptdsj, tbm Nuru sthh` lmihrm tbmsm idvm lmchvm`hkms ak` rmqumstm` tbmj th laptdsm bdj dk tbm sajm jakkmr. Pbmy pcma`m` tbmdr ukidtkmss ihr sugb a pmrihrjakgm. Pbm Nuru rmpcdm` tbat

bm was kht supmrdhr th bds mvhtm` dsgdpcms. Bds supmrdhrdty cay dk hkmtbdkn. Pbm Nuru ba` attadkm` sacvatdhk,kdrwak hr sagbebak`, wbdcm bds`dsgdpcms wmrm dk tbm prhgmss hi attadkdkn dt. Pbm Nuru sad`? –PbmEbacsa ds tbm Nuru ak` tbm Nuru ds tbm Ebacsa. Pbmrm ds kh `diimrmkgmlmtwmmk yhu ak` jm.‚ Pbmy laptdsm` bdj, mvmryhkm hi tbm idvm ndvdkn hkm pacjiuc hi kmgtar ak` sprdkecdkn dt hk bds bma` ak` iagm turk ly turk. Bm acsh a``m` Wdknb th bds hwk kajm dk pcagm hi @as ak`



<67

bmkgmihrtb gajm th lm gaccm` Nhldk` Wdknb.Whjmlh`y dk tbm ghknrmnatdhk hlsmrvm`?–âb Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, apm Nuru tm apm Gbmca–. ULravh Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ! bdjsmci dvdkm as wmcc

as `dsgdpcm.Z Pbm Nuru—s Ebacsa ghksdstm` hi ihurWbu`rasak` hkcy hkmEsbatrdya.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb tbmk a``rmssm` tbm Idvm Lmchvm` Hkms?

Thu arm khw hi hkm grmm`, ihcchwmrs hi hkm patb. Thu arm alhvm accrmcdndhks, acc grmm`s, acc gastms, ak` acc gcassms. Thu arm tbm djjhrtacshc`dmrs hi trum barja. Thu arm tbm jmssmknmrs hi Nh`. Pbds ghuktry—sbhkhur ak` cdlmrty ds mktrustm` th yhu ly âbdnuru. Jdx irmmcy wdtb

tbm whrc`, lut rmjadk hi hkm shuc, hkm d`mac, ak` hkm adj. As LalaKakae ak` bds suggmsshrs phssmssm` hkm shuc ak` hkm jdk`, sh yhuphssmss hkm shuc ak` hkm jdk` dk tbm smrvdgm hi âbdnuru, `barajak` ghuktry. Thu arm tbm shc`dmrs hi Nh`. Phày yhu bavm taemk kmw ldrtb dk tbm bhjm hi tbm Nuru. Thu arm jmjlmrs hi tbm Ebacsalrhtbmrbhh`. Akak`pur ds yhur ldrtbpcagm. Nhldk` Wdknb ds yhur iatbmr.

Thu arm tbm gdtdzmks hi Lbaratvarsba. Dts dk`mpmk`mkgm ak` smgurdty ds

mktrustm` th yhu. ^hre ihr dt wdtb hkm jdk`. Wuggmss ds surm. Irhjthày yhur sacutatdhk wdcc lm ? âbdnuru Od Ea Ebacsa, âbdnuru Od EdIatab. Ehmr Wdknb dk Nur Ldcas Vatsbabd @as says?

Gbar lark de lark pueara Kaj Ebacsa paktb su`bara

Jmakdkn hi Ebacsa

Pbmrm arm `diimrmkt vdmws alhut tbm jmakdkn hi Ebacsa. Whjm say tbatdk Vmrsdak tbm whr` jmaks purm ak` sdkgmrm, ak` tbat tbm nuru ba`purdidm` bds Wdebs aitmr a gmrtadk gmrmjhky ly a tmst hi stmmc ak` gaccm`tbmj Wdknbs hr cdhks. Pbds ds tbm nmkmrac vdmw wbdgb ds aggmptm` ly acjhst acc bdsthrdaks.

As a jattmr hi iagt tbm Nuru wdsbm` th dkspdrm bds— Wdknbs



<60

wdtb tbm ghkvdgtdhk tbat wbdcm mknanm` dk tbm smrvdgm hi tbmVaktb (ghjjukdty) ak` tbm ghuktry, Nh` was acways prmsmkt wdtb tbmj. Ihrtbds purphsm bm ja`m iucc usm hi tbm kujlmr idvm.

Pbm kujlmr idvm bas acways lmmk sagrm` dk Dk`da irhj tdjm djjmjhrdac. Pbm lmst ihrj hi smci-nhvmrkjmkt prhvd`m` ly akgdmkt sanms waspakgbayat hr a ghukgdc hi idvm.Vakgbhk jmk Varjmsbwar(Nh` ds prmsmktdk tbm ghukgdc hi gbhsmk idvm) was tbm iajhus saydkn dk tbhsm àys.

Pbm vdccanm a`jdkdstratdhk dk tbds ghuktry lasm` hk tbds prdkgdpcmsurvdvm` ukphccutm` tbrhunb acc tbm upbmavacs hi bdsthry. Nuru Kakae acsh cad` mjpbasds hk kujlmr idvm. Dk oapodbm says?

Vakgb parwak, pakgb pra`bak,Vakgbm pawmk àrnab jak,Vakgbmsh badk àr raoak,Vakgbak ea Nur me `bayak Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ja`m tbm lmst usm hi tbds spdrdtuac smktdjmkt.

Agghr`dkn th Ndakd Eartar Wdknb Eacaswacda dkWrd Nuru @asbjmsb Vraeasb, panm 169, Nuruod smkt irhj Vahkta idvm Wdebs th Easbd th

stu`y Wakserdt. Bm ludct idvm ihrts at Akak`pur. Bm smcmgtm` idvm lmchvm`hkms at Akak`pur. Bm rma` idvmlakds wbdcm prmpardknajrdt. Bma`jdkdstmrm` th magb hi tbmj idvm pacjiucs hiajrdt hr bhcy watmr.

^dtb a vdmw th ndvdkn tbm Wdknbs ak hptdjdstdg vdmw hi, cdim dk tbmjd`st hi trdacs ak` trdlucatdhks wbdgb cay abma` hi tbmj, tbm Nurunavm tbmj a ukdqum ihrj hi sacutatdhk?

âb Nuru od ea Ebacsa,

âb Nuru od ed Iatab.UPbm Ebacsa ds tbdkm, H Chr` ! Wh `hms tbm Ydgthry lmchkn th

yhu.ZMagb baci hi tbds sacutatdhk anadk ghksdsts hi idvm whr`s. Ly tbds jh`mhi sacutatdhk a strhkn cdke was mstalcdsbm` lmtwmmk tbm Ebacsa ak`

Ydgthry, tbmsm twh lmdkn tbm hiisprdkn hi tbm Chr`.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb was dk smargb hi a whr` wbdgb ghuc`



<6=

bavm tbm sakgtdty hi idvm ak` tbm prmsmkgm hi Nh`. Vmrsdak was tbmcaknuanm hi tbm mcdtm ak` tbm Nuru was bdjsmci a nrmat sgbhcar hi Vmrsdak caknuanm ak` cdtmraturm. Bm a`hptm` tbm whr` Ebacsa ihr bds

Wdknbs lmgausm dt iucidccm` lhtb tbm ghk`dtdhks dk tbm jhst apprhprdatmjakkmr. Lmsd`ms, tbds whr` ba` acrma`y lmmk usm` ly Nuru Barnhldkìhr bds Wdebs. Dk Vmrsdak sgrdpt Ebacsa ghksdsts hi idvm cmttmrs?(d)Ebmhr Eb stak`s ihr Ebu` hr hkmsmci.(dd) Acdihr A rmprmsmkts Aeac Vureb, Accab hr Nh`.(ddd)Caj hr C sdnkdidms Callade. Pbm Kmw \hyac Vmrsdak -Mkncdsb@dgtdhkary ly W.G. Vauc, 14<= m`dtdhk, Accabala`, panm 7=>, ndvms dts

jmakdkn as ihcchws? –^bat `h yhu wakt wdtb jm8 Bmrm D aj. ^bat whuc` yhu bavm8(dv)Wwa hr W accu`ms th Wabdl hr Chr` hr Jastmr.(v) Dt mk`s wdtb marcdmr A hr B. Acdihr A phdkts th Aza`d hr irmm`hj.Di wrdttmk wdtbBmhr B as dt ds nmkmraccy tbm gasm, dt rmimrs th Buja, acmnmkàry ldr`. Mvmry bma` tbds ldr` hvmr-sba`ms, dk tdjm wmars a grhwk.

Pbm whr` Ebacsa, tbmrmihrm, bas tbm sagrm`kmss hi kujlmr idvm as

wmcc as tbm prmsmkgm hi Nh` wdtb bds Wdknbs lhtb mknanm` dk a pcmasaktghkvmrsatdhk. Nh` Bdjsmci ases tbm Wdknbs?–^bat h yhu wakt irhj jm 8 Bmrm aj D. bat whuc` yhu bavm8‚ PbmWdknbs rmpcy?Chr`! ndvm us cdlmrty ak` shvmrmdnkty. –

Pbm ihrjuca hi idvm dkth idvmIhr tbm nudàkgm hi bds Wdknbs, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb prmsgrdlm` a ihrjuca

ghksdstdkn hi idvm prdkgdpcms magb nhvmrkm` ly idvm rucms. Pbm idvmprdkgdpcms wmrm? Idvm lmcdmis, idvm syjlhcs, idvm vhws, idvm mcdvmrakgmsak` idvm rucms hi ghkùgt.

(d) Idvm lmcdmis? Pbm Ebacsa wmrm mkohdkm` th bavm idvmihc` lmcdmi dk Nh`

(Aeacpureb), Nuru Nraktb, Nrmmtdkn-ab Nuru od ea Ebacsa,



<69

âb Nuru od ed Iatabak` Nuru Kakae—s Oapod.

(dd) Idvm syjlhcs?

Dk tbhsm àys Bdkùs hi rmspmgtalcm iajdcdms whrm idvm hrkajmkts?nhc` marrdkns, a kmgecagm, nhc` hr sdcvmr lakncms, idknmr rdkn ak` a wadstlmct hi nhc` hr sdcvmr hr atanrd. Pbm wmarmr imct prhu` hi `dspcaydkn bdssupmrdhr shgdac phsdtdhk. At tbm sajm tdjm bm rak tbm rdse hi chsdkn tbmsm artdgcms as wmcc as bds cdim dkth tbm larnadk.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb prhvd`m` th bds ihcchwmrs, idvm omwmcs wbdgb wmrm

wdtbdk rmagb hi mvmrylh`y `hwk th tbm phhrmst pmasakt ak` tbm chwmst

calhurmr. Dkstma` hi grmatdkn imar dk tbm jdk` hi tbm wmarmr, bds idvmomwmcs ja`m bds Wdknb lhc`, lravm ak` awm-dkspdrdkn. Pbmsm omwmcs

wmrmemsbhr chkn badr,eaknbahr ghjl, edrpak hr ànnmr, eara hr stmmclragmcmt ak eaggbahr a padr hi ekdgemr-lhgemrs. Pbmsm syjlhcs navmtbm Ebacsa a smjlcakgm hi ukdty, gchsm lrhtbmrbhh` ak` mquacdty. Pbmy `mvmchpm` nrhup ghksgdhuskmss.Wmvmrac arnujmkts arm a`vakgm` dk iavhur hi uksbhrk badr, lmar`s ak`

jhustagbms?1. Pbat dt was a nmkmrac pragtdgm wdtb Bdkù sanms ak` asgmtdgs themmp chkn badr tdm` dk a ekht hk thp ak` ichwdkn lmar`, ak` tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb waktm` bds dsgdpcms, dk spdtm hi tbmdr lmdkn bhusmbhc`mrs,th lm earaj yhndshr pragtdgac sadkts cdem \aja, Erdsbka ak` Lbarata hrtbm Idvm Vakàvas.<. Pbat tbm warcdem trdlmsjmk hi tbm Khrtb-^mst Irhktdmr empt

chkn badr tbhunb trdjjm`, ak` tbat tbm Nuru wdsbm` bds ihcchwmrs thbavm a sdjdcarcy djprmssdvm ak` acarjdkn appmarakgm.7. Pbat tbm Nuru a`hptm` tbm pragtdgm hi Nh``mss @urna hi prmsmrvdkn chkn chges uksbhrk.0. Pbat tbm prmvdhus Nurus acsh empt chkn badr ak` Nhldk` Wdknb`d` kht dktrhùgm aky dkkhvatdhk.=. Pbm jhst rmashkalcm mxpcakatdhk ds tbat Nuru Nhldk`

Wdknb `msdrm` th prhvd`m bds Ebacsa a katurac jdcdtary ukdihrj, tbmcmast mxpmksdvm ak` jhst djprmssdvm pmrjakmkt ghstujm.



<6>

Lmsd`ms bm `mmjm` dt kmgmssary tbat tbmdr bma`s sbhuc` lmprhpmrcy nuar`m` irhj swhr` guts ak` catbdlchws ly jmakshi chkn badr ak` turlaks.

Ghjl dk`dgatm` gcmakcdkmss. Wtmmc lragmcmt `mvmchpm` ak drhk wdcc ak``mstrhym` tbm mvdc miimgts hi jdsihrtukm. Dt was a pmrjakmkt sulstdtutmhi raebrd,a tbrma` tdm` ly sdstmrs hk tbm wrdsts hi lrhtbmrs, rmjdk`dkn tbmj hi tbmdr ùty th bmcp ak` prhtmgt tbmj. Wdjdcarcy tbmeara smrvmàs a rmjdk`mr th tbm Wdebs tbat tbmy ba` prhjdsm` th lm trum th tbmNuru ak` tbm- Vaktb ak` tbat prhjdsm just lm empt at acc ghst.@annmr `mpdgtm` phwmr ak` prmstdnm. Pbm padr hi ekdgemrs-lhgemrs

adjm` at andcdty. Dt was jhrm ghkvmkdmkt ihr idnbtdkn tbak tbm chkn`bhtd hi Bdkùs ak` chhsm trhusmrs hi Juscdjs. Pbus tbm idvm syjlhcs hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb navm strmkntb th tbm lh`y, jdk` ak` shuc ak``mvmchpm` ak dktmnratm` pmrshkacdty hi tbm wmarmr.

(ddd) Idvm Yhws Pbm Ebacsa wmrm rmqudrm` kht th `h idvm tbdkns? (a) th sbavm hr gutbadr, (l) th sjhem96, (g) th mat bacacjmat hi tbm akdjac edccm` dk tbmJuscdj stycm, (`) th wmar a gap UPh Wdeb sar thpd `barm, sat oakajeusbtd bhm jarmZ ak`, (m) th whrsbdp thjls, nravms ak` rmcdgs hi grmjatdhk ak` gbmrdsb supmrstdtdhks.91

(dv) Idvm `mcdvmrakgms Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `mgcarm` tbm ihcchwdkn idvm `mcdvmrakgms ihr bds`dsgdpcms?

1. @baraj Kasb hr irmm`hj irhj prmvdhus rmcdndhuspragtdgms ak` gusthjs.9<<.Earaj Kasb hr tbm hlcdtmratdhk hi tbm past la` `mm`s.7. Oakaj Kasbhr ndvdkn up tbm iajdcy dkicumkgms ak` gastmmiimgts. Pbm Nuru mxpcadkm` tbat acc tbm ihur Bdkù gastms ba`lmmk lcmk`m` dkth tbm Ebacsa cdem tbm



<62

lmtmc cmai. ^bmk jdxm` wdtbsupard(lmtmc kut),Eatba (gatmgbu)ak` gbuka(cdjm), tbm cmai rm``mkm` cdps, strmkntbmkm` nujs,navm icavhur th jhutb ak` a``m` bmat th tbm lh`y. Dk`dvdùaccy

khkm hi tbmsm tbdkns ghuc` prhùgm tbds miimgt. Wdjdcarcy tbmihur Bdkù gastms wbmk ukdtm`, whuc` gbaknm tbmj dkth aichwmr phssmssdkn lmauty, lchhj, iranrakgm ak` irmsbkmss. Acctbm gastms wmrm lcmk`m` hk a `mjhgratdg lasds dk wbdgb acc

wmrm mquac, ak` khlh`y was bdnbmr hr chwmr.0. Wbaraj Kasb hr tbm `dsappmarakgm hi bmrm`dtary prhimssdhkac dstdkgtdhks, as acc tbm gaccdkns cdem tbhsm hi prdmsts,

shc`dmrs, tra`mrs, wmavmrs, tadchrs, larlmrs, ghllcmrs ak`swmmpmrs wmrm ndvmk mquac rmspmgt ak` status.=. Lbaraj Kasb hr `dsgar`dkn tbm rdtuacs prmsgrdlm` ly prmvdhus pragtdgms.

(v) Idvm rucms hi ghkùgt Idvm rucms wmrm cad` hwk ihr tbm nmkmrac hlsmrvakgm hi tbm Wdebs?

1. Lmihrm lmndkkdkn mvmry whre hr mktmrprdsm, praymrsbhuc` lm hiimrm`.<. Pbm Wdebs sbhuc` bmcp hkm akhtbmr ak` smrvm tbm Vaktb.7. Pbmy sbhuc` pragtdgm rd`dkn ak` usdkn arjs.0. A Wdeb ghvmtdkn akhtbmr—s prhpmrty whuc` nh th bmcc.=. \mnar`dkn smxuac jattmrs tbm Nuru sad` tbat bds iatbmrNuru Pmnb Labaùr ba` ndvmk bdj tbmsm dkstrugtdhk wbdgb

sbhuc` smrvm as a nud`m th tbm Wdebs?–H shk, as chkn as tbmrm ds cdim dk tbm lh`y, jaem tbds tby sagrm` ùty mvmr th chvm tbdkm hwk cdim jhrm ak` jhrm. Apprhagb kht akhtbmr

whjak—s ghugb mdtbmr ly jdstaem hr mvmk dk a `rmaj. Ekhw, tbat tbmchvm hi akhtbmr—s wdim ds a sbarp ànnmr. Lmcdmvm jm, `matb mktmrmtbtbm lh`y ly jaedkn chvm th akhtbmr—s wdim. Pbmy wbh tbdke dt nrmatgcmvmrkmss th mkohy akhtbmr—s wdim, sbacc dk tbm mk`, `dm tbm `matb hi

`hns.‚97



<11

@ad àd tdk eh lard saoad Vuk cabmk nrmb chht lakad.9> UPbhsm wbh h kht pass hk tbm hiimrdkns rmgmdvm` ihr Lala, Pbmy whuc`lm smdzm` ly tbm suggmsshrs hi Lalar5 Wmvmrm pukdsbjmkt whuc` lm

dkicdgtm` uphk tbmj, Pbmk tbmdr bhusms whuc` lm raksagem`,ZHk tbds hggasdhk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb alhcdsbm` tbds dkstdtutdhk. Jhsthi tbm jasak`s wmrm prmsmkt tbmrm. Pbm khthrdhus hkms wmrm smvmrmcy pukdsbm`, wbdcm htbmrs ba` th pay idkms.

Pbm Aeblarat-m-@urlar-m-Juaccahr a kmwscmttmr hi tbm Junbac ghurtàtm` Jay 17, 1>16 statm`? –Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ba` sujjardcy `dsjdssm` tbm jasak`s chkn anh.‚92 Pbds jmasurm kht hkcy irmm` tbm

Wdebs irhj bujdcdatdhk lut acsh rmsthrm` a gchsm pmrshkac ghktagtlmtwmmk tbm Nuru ak` bds `dsgdpcms.Bm dssum` strdgt dkstrugtdhks th tbm Wdebs kht th pay akytbdkn th tbmjasak`s, lut jaem tbmdr hiimrdkns th tbm Nuru `drmgtcy wbdcm vdsdtdkn bdj. Pbhsm Wdebs wbh navm jhkmy th jasak`s wmrm pcagm` uk`mr agursm?

Oal bawad bad lmjueb ldka `bak Pal gbarbd badk Wdebak eab jaknak

Om om Wdeb tdk adk `bak àd badk Chht Jacmgbb tdk u bau cad badk.U^bmk tbmsm dschyac pmrshks lmghjm paupmrs, Pbmy nh th tbmWdebs th lmn5

Pbhsm Wdebs wbh ndvm tbmj jhkmy,Wbacc lm pcuk`mrm` ly tbm Juscdjs.Z

DkGbaupads1< th 1= tbm Nuru says bm wdcc kht ihrndvm tbmj, ak` Nhàcsh wdcc kht hwk tbmj.

A`jhkdtdhk th prdkgms Lmsd`ms tbm Wdebs, a carnm kujlmr hi bdcc \aoputs ak` tbm \aoput

prdkgms hi tbm kmdnblhurbhh` ba` natbmrm` tbmrm



<1<

th smm wbat tbm Nuru was `hdkn. Aitmr grmatdkn tbm Ebacsa, tbm Nurua``rmssm` tbmj?–Bhw bas yhur rmcdndhus, phcdtdgac ak` shgdac status `mtmrdhratm` ! Thu

bavm alak`hkm` tbm whrsbdp hi tbm trum Nh` ak` a``rmssm` yhur`mvhtdhks th nh`s, nh``mssms, rdvmrs, trmms, mtg. Pbrhunb dnkhrakgmyhu ekhw kht bhw th nhvmrk yhur tmrrdthrdms5 tbrhunb dk`hcmkgm ak`

vdgm yhu `dsrmnar` tbm dktmrmsts hi yhur sulomgts. Thu pcagm hvmr tbmjhiidgdacs wbh kht hkcy batm yhu, lut arm lmsd`ms yhur jhrtac mkmjdms.

Thu `mspdsm ak` chatb hkm akhtbmr tbrhunb yhur karrhw prmou`dgms,ak` yhu agt ghktrary th tbm wdsbms hi tbm nrmat Acjdnbty Iatbmr. Thur

jhracs bavm lmghjm sh pmrvmrtm` tbat tbrhunb imar ak` wdtb a `msdrmth pcmasm yhur –Jusacjak rucmrs, yhu ndvm tbmj yhur àunbtmrs thnratdiy tbmdr cust. Wmci-rmspmgt batb ihuk` kh pcagm dk yhur tbhunbts,ak` yhu bavm ihrnhttmk tbm bdsthry hi yhur sdrms. D aj dktmksmcy ghkgmrkm` ihr yhur iaccmk statm. Arm yhu kht asbajm` th gacc yhursmcvms\aoputs wbmk tbm Jusacjaks smdzm yhur wdvms ak` àunbtmrs lmihrmyhur vmry myms8 Thur tmjpcms bavm lmmk `mjhcdsbm` ak` jhsqums

ludct hk tbmdr sdtms5 ak` jaky hi yhur iadtb bavm lmmk ihrgdlcy ghkvmrtm`th Dscaj. Di yhu stdcc phssmss a tragm hi lravmry ak` hi tbm akgdmktspdrdt hi yhur ragm, tbmk cdstmk th jy a`vdgm, mjlragm tbm Ebacsa rmcdndhk,ak` ndr` up yhur chdks th mcmvatm tbm iaccmk ghk`dtdhk hi yhurghuktry.‚>6

Varalcm hi `hkemy

Aitmr tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa, a carnm kujlmr hi Wdebs staym` at Akak`pur th nmt laptdsj ak` th mkohy tbm ghjpaky hi tbm yhutbiucNuru wbh was tbmk 7<. A Wdeb prmsmktm` a tdnmr—s sedk th Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb. Dk tbm mvmkdkn strhcc tbm Nuru saw a `hkemy nrazdkn dk a idmc`.Bm cmit twh Wdebs th emmp a watgb hk tbm `hkemy—s jhvmjmkts. Dk tbmkdnbt tbm tdnmr—s sedk was iastmkm` hk tbm `hkemy. Marcy kmxt jhrkdkn pmhpcm radsm` ak acarj. Pbm wbhcm phpucatdhk was tmrrdidm` Khlh`y

àrm` th stdr hut hi bds bhusm. Pbm Nuru ghccmgtm` bds Wdebs, apprhagbm`tbm `hkemy ak` rmjhvm`



<17

tbm tdnmr—s sedk. Pbm Nuru tbmk sad`? Thu sbhuc` lm Ebacsa irhj wdtbdkak` wdtbhut ak` sbhuc` kht lmbavm cdem tbm `dsnudsm` `hkemy. Thurpmrsmguthrs arm hutwar`cy cdem cdhks, lut dkwar`cy tbmy arm ghwar`s.

Iagm tbmj lhc`cy, ak` tbmy wdcc lm lmatmk.

Wdnkdidgakgm hi tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa 1. Pbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa was ak mphgb-jaedkn mvmkt dk tbmrmcdndhus ak` phcdtdgac bdsthry hi tbm ghuktry. Dt jarem` tbm lmndkkdkn hi tbm rdsm hi a kmw pmhpcm, `mstdkm` th pcay tbm rhcm hi bmrh anadkstacc hpprmssdhk ak` tyrakky. Pbm smvmrdtdms hi tbm bdnb gastm pmhpcm

hvmr tbmdr lrmtbrmk, tbm Wbu`ras, wmrm smt at kaunbt as shhk as hkmohdkm` tbm rakes hi tbm Ebacsa, wbmrm acc wmrm mquac ak` rma`y thrmk`mr hkm akhtbmr mvmry bmcp ak` usmiuc smrvdgm. Pbmdr hkcy diidgucty cay dk `mstrhydkn tbm hrnakdsm` hpprmssdhk hi tyrakkdgac `msphtdsj hi tbm Junbac Nhvmrkjmkt. Dt was a ndnaktdg tase ihr tbm sjacc ghjjukdty hi tbm Ebacsa. ]k`mr tbm `drmgtdhk hi tbm Nuru, tbm Ebacsa thhe uptbm prhimssdhk hi arjs ak` tbm rmsucts wmrm jhst surprdsdkn. Pbm pmhpcm,

chwcdmst hi tbm chw, wbh ba` cdvm` ihr gmkturdms uk`mr ghjpcmtm smrvdcdty,khw turkm` dkth `hunbty warrdhrs, tbm pradsms hi wbhsm pbysdqum ak`

vachur wmrm sukn ly tbm wbhcm whrc` dkgcu`dkn tbmdr ldttmrmst ihms. Pbm Nuru—s assmrtdhk ja`m hk tbds hggasdhk was iuccy oustdidm`?

–Gbdryak ehchk laz jarawak,Pak jadk Nhldk` kaj eabawak.‚ UGacc jm ly tbm kajm hi Nhldk` hkcy di D suggmm` dk jaedkn

sparrhws edcc bawes.ZDts djpcdgatdhk was tbat bds Ebacsa wbh wmrm phhr ak` ukarjm` ak`

wbh wmrm as hgdcm ak` dkkhgmkt as sparrhws, whuc` mstrhy tbm bawesjmakdkn tbm Junbac Mjpdrm ak` tbm ihrmdnkmrs wbhsm ghkstakt strmaj

was rukkdkn irhj tbm khrtb-wmst agrhss tbm



<1=

19. Dld`, 1=1.1>. Dld`.12. Dld`, 1=<.

14. Dld`, 1=7.<6. Dld`, 1=0.<1. Dld`, 191.<<. Dld`, 19<.<7. Dld`.<0. Dld`.<=. Dld`, 19<.<9. Dld`, 197.<>. Dld`, 190.<2. Dld`, <>>.<4. Dld`, <47.76. Dld`, <40.71. Dld`, ik.7<. Dld`, <4=.77. Dld`, <49.70. Dld`, 766.7=. Dld`, 76<. 79. Dld`, 767.7>. \aowarm, xvd, `hgujmkt kh. 7=, quhtm` ly Lrdo Edsbhrm, dk bdsPara Lad ak` Bmr Pdjms,p. >6.

72. A Wbhrt Bdsthry hi Auraknzml(14=0), p. 767.74. Dld`.06. Karadk Wdknb,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb Ihuk`atdhk,Gbak`dnarb, 149>, p. 19.01. Aeac ]stat, Wwayyas 1=, 2=5 Vt. Karadk Wdknb Ndakd,@asaj Nraktbd Wtde,pulcdsbm` ly Luta Wdknb Vratap Wdknb, Ajrdtsar, pp. 2<-27.0<. Ebucasat-ut-Pwardeb>6.07. Dld`.00. Lagbdtra Katae,Wmgtdhk vd. Gbaupads 0<, 07.0=. Dld`, smgtdhk vd, Gbaupad <4. Dk tbm trakscatdhk irhjLagbdtra Katae,

Gbak`d Gbardtraak` Aeac ]stat jy irdmk` ak` ghccmanum Vrhimsshr KdrlbadWdknb bas ndvmk jm nrmat bmcp.09. Gbak`d Gbardtra,Vart D, <71.0>. Wadkapat,Wrd Nur Whlba,Bajaj Wdknb, Cabhrm, 14<=, pp. 12-14.02. Lagbdtra Katae,Kakae Gbak` Kaz, Ouccuk`ur, 14=<, Kh. 106, p. 1<9.04. Nur \dcas,quhtm` ly Lakmromm dk Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Ebacsa,dd, 4=.=6. Jagaucdiim, v, 27.=1. Dld`, <29, <2>, <24.=<.Lagbdtra Katae,\aswac Gbbak`.=7. Lagbdtra Katae,Lbuoakn Varyat Gbbak`.=0. Jagaucdiim, v, 4<.



<19

==. Nakà Wdknb, Jaebdz-m-Pwardeb-m-Wdebak,d, 2.=9. Jagaucdiim, v, 47.=>. Eacaswacda, <67.

=2. ^.C. J—Nrmnhr `raws a cu`dgrhus ghkgcusdhk? –Pbm tmrj Wdknb,appcdm` ly Nhhrhh Nhvdk` th bds ihcchwmrs, jay bavm ba` rmimrmkgmth tbm nrmat kujlmr hi cdhks dkimstdkn tbm Vukoal mvmk dk bds tdjm.‚Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,d, <7.=4. Pbm whr` âb Nuru ds usm` dk Vuratak Oakaj Waebdhk p. <7. Dtsays Nuru Kakae usm` dt. JgCmh`, hp. gdt., 01.96. Pbm Nuru sad`? –^dkm ds la`, lbakn `mstrhymtb hkm nmkmratdhk,lut thlaggh `mstrhymtb acc nmkmratdhks.‚ (Jagaucdiim, v, 1=7). WakthebWdknb says tbat tbm thlaggh cmai rmsmjlcms tbm mar hi a ghw, ak` sh tbmNuru prhbdldtm` dtsusm. Wura} Vraeasb,==>1, i.k.91. Lbad Kak`cac,\abdt Kajab, pulcdsbm` ly Lbads Vartap Wdknb Wuk`mrWdknb, Ajrdtsar, p. <–Nhr jarbd jat lbuc ka jakm–. U^hrsbdp kht mvmkly jdstaem a thjl hr a rmcdg hi grmjatdhk.Z9<. Vbheat `baraj ka eaurc eajak. Lbanat Caesbjak Wdknb, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,1497, p. 7.97. Jagaucdiim, v, 116.90. Eartar Wdknb,Cdim hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,pp. >6->1.9=. Lbanat Caesbjak Wdknb,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,1497, pp. <0-<=.99. Jagaucdiim, dv, 719-1>5 Y,W, 11, 1<, <7, 20, 29.9>. Lagbdtra Katae,Wmgtdhk xddd, Gbaupad 16.92. Nakà Wdknb, Jaebdz-m-Pwardeb-m-Wdebak,d, 20,Eacnd`bar Gbajatear,pp. <47-4=.94. Lagbdtra Katae,Wmgtdhk xddd, Gbaupad dd.>6. Jagaucdiim, v, 166-1615Eacnd`bar Gbajatear,<1>-<0.



<1>

VA\P DY

N]\] N\AKPB WABDL



<14

4

N]\] NHLDK@ WDKNB @MWDNKAPMWN]\] N\AKPB WABDL PH LM PBM N]\]

NAK@A WDKNB

Pbm twh bdsthrdgac iagts tbat Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm Pmktbak` tbm cast Nuru hi tbm Wdebs, dm` at Kak`m` dk tbm @mggak, khw dkJabarasbtra, hk Hgthlmr 9->, 1>62, ak` was grmjatm` tbmrm, bavm

lmmk sulstaktdatm` kht hkcy ly ghktmjphrary ak` smjd-ghktmjphrary mvd`mkgm lut acsh ly htbmr autbhrdtdms hi uk`mkdalcm bdsthrdgacdjphrtakgm. Dt bas acsh lmmk autbmktdgatm` lmyhk` `hult tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb d` kht apphdkt akyhkm hi bds ihcchwmrs th suggmm` bdjas Nuru ak` tbat bm ba` ghjjak`m` bds ihcchwmrs th chhe uphk tbm

^hr` hi tbm nrmat Jastmrs, as mjlh`dm` dk tbmdr bhcy lhhe, tbmNraktb Wabdl,as tbmdr Nuru, tbmkgmihrwar` ekhwk as tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl.

N]\]—W VM\WHKACDPT Cdem acc bds prm`mgmsshrs, irhj Nuru Kakae th tbm Nuru Pmnb Laba`ur,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb was a bdsthrdgac pmrshk wbh cdvm` dk tbds whrc`.Bm was lhrk at Vatka dk tbm mastmrk prhvdkgm hi Ldbar, bm travmccm`tbrhunbhut tbm cmkntb hi tbm ]ttar Vra`msb hk bds way th Akak`purak` spmkt tbm nrmatmr part hi bds cdim dk tbm Vukoal. Bm was kmdtbmr a

rmkukgdathry rmgcusm. khr ak uctra-spdrdtuacdstdg sadkt ndvmk th scujlmrdkn jm`dtatdhk ak` tbus lmyhk` tbm rmagb hi bds imcchw lmdkns. Bm was kh`hult a nh`cy lmdkn. Lut bds nh`cdkmss was kht htbmr-whrc`cdkmss. Bmlmcdmvm` ak` mgcarm` tbat bm ba` ghjm th tbm whrc` wdtb a jdssdhk thprhtmgt, mkghuranm ak` bmcp tbm nhh` ak` th gbastdsm ak` uprhht tbmmvdc-`hmrs.



<<6

Pbds ghuc` lm `hkm hkcy ly cma`dkn ak agtdvm cdim dk tbm whrc`, kht dktbm bd`dkn rmtrmats hi jhuktadks ak` oukncms, iar away irhj tbm pmhpcm,lut ly cdvdkn ajhknst tbmj, tmagbdkn ak` nud`dkn tbmj lhtb ly prmgmpt

ak` mxajpcm, cma`dkn tbmj at mvmry stmp hi tbmdr whrc`cy cdvms, prhtmgtdkn tbmj irhj annrmssdhk ak` hpprmssdhk, rma`y th cay `hwk bds cdim dktbmdr gausm, di kmm` lm. Pbds was Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, lhtb a tmagbmrak` a dsgdpcm-tbm rmac Ebacsa-a sadkt ak` a shc`dmr, a jak hi tbm whrcàk` ymt `mtagbm`.

As tbm shk hi a jartyrm` iatbmr, bm was tbm sulomgt hi tbmattmktdhk hi lhtb tbm hpprmssm` pmhpcm ak` hi tbm hpprmssdvm rucmrs.

^bdcm bds pmhpcm chhem` up th bdj as tbmdr savdhur ak` shgdh-phcdtdgacnud`m, tbm phwmr-ja` rucmrs chhem` uphk bdj as a àknmrhus mkmjy

wbh was dkspdrdkn tbmdr jmme ak` suljdssdvm sulomgts wdtb a spdrdt hi irmm`hj ak` rmsdstakgm. Pbm cattmr, tbmrmihrm, wmrm mvmr watgbiuc hi bds prhnrajjms ak` vdndcakt hi bds agtdvdtdms.

As a sgbhcar hi jaky caknuanms ak` a wrdtmr hi shuc stdrrdkn phmtry, pragtdsdkn tbm usm hi arjs ak` tradkdkn bds jmk dk dt, bm acways

agtm` dk tbm hpmk ak` empt bdjsmci dk gchsm ak` ghkstakt thugb wdtbtbhsm arhuk` bdj. As a ghjjak`mr hi bds arjdms idnbtdkn mdtbmr anadksttbm Bdcc \aoas hi tbm Wdvacdes hr Junbaccmvdms hi Wdrbdk` ak` Cabhrm,bm acways hggupdm` a prhjdkmkt pcagm wdtbdk tbm sdnbt hi bds jmk.

Pbhsm wmrm tbm àys wbmk dt wasàrsbak hi tbm cma`mr tbat dkspdrmàk` sustadkm` tbmj dk tbm idmc` hi agtdhk. Bm grmatm` hut hi tbmdk`dstdknudsbalcm ghjjhk pmhpcm, tbm `dstdkgt Hr`mr hi tbm Ebacsa,

wdtb ak ukghjjhk ihrj ak` syjlhcs tbat bmcpm` `dstdknudsb tbmjmasdcy dk a grhw` hi jdccdhks.

Pbm Nuru ekmw kh `msphk`mkgy ak` `d` kht ndvm way thirustratdhk uk`mr tbm jhst a`vmrsm gdrgujstakgms. Bm chst kht bds bmartat tbm `matb hi bds ihur yhukn shks ak` bds anm` jhtbmr. Pwh hi bdsshks bm ba` bdjsmci smkt dkth tbm lattcm-idmc` at Gbajeaur. Bm bmar`tbm kmws hi ghc`-lchh`m` jur`mr hi bds yhuknmr shks at Wdrbdk` wdtb

ghjpcmtm rmsdnkatdhk th tbm ^dcc hi Nh`. Bds cmttmr a``rmssm` th



<<1

Mjpmrhr Auraknzml irhj @dka, phpucarcy ekhwk as tbm_aiar Kajab hr Mpdstcm hi Ydgthry,mvd`mktcy dk rmpcy th hkm irhj tbm Mjpmrhr, dk dtsstycm ak` ghktmkt, lmspmaes vhcujms ihr tbm ukruiicm` ak` mvmrgacj

statm hi bds jdk`. ^dtb tbm gmssatdhk hi war, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb anadk mknanm`

bdjsmci dk cdtmrary pursudts ak` ghjpcmtm` ak` m`dtm` tbm Wdeb—s bhcy Lhhe at Pacwak`d Walh, khw ekhwk a` @ajàja Wabdl, dk tbmLbatdkà `dstrdgt hi Vukoal.

N]\]—W JANKAKDJDPT

Ihrnmtiuc hi tbm chkn-stak`dkn akdjhsdty ak` ghktdkum`pmrsmgutdhk ly tbm Junbac mjpmrhrs, tbm Nuru iavhuralcy rmsphk`m`th tbm dkvdtatdhk hi Auraknzml ihr a jmmtdkn ak` smt hut ihr tbm @mggak

wbmrm tbm Mjpmrhr tc1mk cay mkgajpm`. Lut tbm Mjpmrhr `dm` hkImlruary <6, 1>6>, wbdcm Nuru was hk bds way th tbm shutb. Bm rmgmdvm`tbm kmws kmar Lanbaur dk \aoastbak. Bm djjm`datmcy jargbm` lage thwar`s tbm Vukoal ak` was dk tbm kmdnblhurbhh` hi @mcbd wbmk tbm

mjdssardms hi tbm bmdr-apparmkt Vrdkgm Jubajjm` Juazzaj appmacm`th bdj ihr assdstakgm. Bm was tbmk iagm th iagm wdtb a nrmat trdac hi bdscdim. Ak` bm was alcm th jmmt dt lhc`cy ak` dk tbm rdnbt way. Bm was khtth lm `micmgtm` irhj tbm rdnbt `mgdsdhk ly jmjhrdms hi past ldttmrrmcatdhks wdtb tbm prdkgm—s akgmsthrs. Ihr bdj tbm ldttmr past ba` `dm`

wdtb tbm past. Bm rhsm alhvm tbm wmaekmssms hi rmvmknmiuc jhrtacsak`, cdem a trum Nuru ak` a gbdvacrhus shc`dmr tbat bm was, bm bmcpm`

bdj wdtb a `mtagbjmkt hi jmk dk tbm lattcm hi Oaoau dk Oukm 1>6>. Bmjmt tbm kmw mjpmrhr, Wbab Acaj Labaùr Wbab (tbm hc` VrdkgmJubajjm` Juazzaj) at Anra dk a pulcdg àrlar hk Oucy <7, 1>6>,

wbmk tbm rhyac bhst pulcdgcy agekhwcm`nm` tbm Nuru—s assdstakgm dktbm war hi suggmssdhk ak` dk themk tbmrmhi, prmsmktm` th bdj, a rdgb`rmss hi bhkhur, dkgcu`dkn abueb-`buebd whrtb sdxty tbhusak` rupmms.

Pbm Nuru was tbmk agghjpakdm` ly a kujlmr hi Wdebs. Bm empt bds

pmhpcm dk tbm Vukoal ak` mcsmwbmrm iuccy dkihrjm` tbrhunb ihrjaccmttmrs kht hkcy hi bds djphrtakt agtdvdtdms lut acsh



<<<

hi bds iuturm dktmktdhks ak` prhnrajjm. Bm empt khtbdkn smgrmtirhj tbm Ebacsa wbhj bm ba` hpmkcy, ak` hk jaky hggasdhks, mgcarm`th lm bds vmrysmci-Ebacsa jmrh rup bad ebas, Ebacsm jmk bau earuak kdvas.

Khr `d` bm mvmr, tbrhunbhut bds khrjac cdim, travmc hr jhvm alhutdkghnkdth. Dk tbm ghjpaky hi Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab jhvdkn th tbm@mggak, bm was agghjpakdm` ly a kujlmr hi Wdebs ak` avadcm` bdjsmci hi tbm hpphrtukdty hi vdsdtdkn tbm vardhus Wdebsaknatshk tbm way. PbmPardeb-d-Labaùr Wbabdtmccs us tbat, wbmk agghjpakydkn tbm rhyac gajp,–Bm was dk tbm baldt hi ghkstaktcy a``rmssdkn assmjlcdms hi whrc`cy pmrshks, rmcdndhus iakatdgs ak` acc shrts hi pmhpcm.‚ (Mccdht ak` @hwshk,

Bdsthry hi Dk`da, vdd, p. =99)

BDW CAWP @ATW At Kak`m`, wbmrm bm arrdvm` dk tbm cast wmme hi Aunust 1>62,

bm pmrihrjm` tbm khrjac ùtdms hi cdim ak` rmnucarcy attmk`m` akà``rmssm` tbm assmjlcdms hi tbm Wdebs ak` htbmr pmhpcm lhtb dk tbmjhrkdkn ak` aitmrkhhk wbmk tbm `ba`dsbma`m` ly Katb Jacc ak` bds

ghjpakdhks rmgdtm` lacca`s hk Wdeb tbmjms. Bm was dk tbm lmst hi spdrdts tbrhunbhut bds stay tbmrm. Actbhunb warkm` hk bds way th tbm@mggak ly tbm @aùpaktbd sadkt Oadt \aj hi tbm shrgmrdms hi tbm Ladrandasgmtdg Ja`bh @as, tbm Nuru vdsdtm` bds bmrjdtanm hk tbm lake hi tbm\dvmr Nhàvard hk Wmptmjlmr 7, 1>62, tbm ày hi Wuk-mgcdpsm ak`suggmssiuccy rmgcadjm` bdj th a khrjac cdim dk tbm whrc`. Bm tbmklaptdzm` bdj dkth a rmnucar Ebacsa ak` rmcujm` bdj wdtb Vrhjmtbmak

idrm th pcay dk tbm Vukoal tbm bdsthrdg rhcm hi a vacdakt bmrh ak` a nrmatjartyr. Mvmk wbmk bm ba` lmmk stallm` kmar tbm bmart ak` bdsdjpmrimgtcy bmacm` whuk` ba` lurst hpmk as tbm rmsuct hi bds lmk`dkn a stdii lhw, bm jadktadkm` bds usuac gbmmriuckmss ak` thc` bds shrrhwiucWdebs kht th ndvm way th jhurkdkn hk bds `matb.

Dk bds cast iarmwmcc jmssanm, bm thc` tbm Ebacsa?–D bavm mktrustm` yhu th tbm Djjhrtac Nh`…… D bavm



<<0

htbmr Nraktb Od ‗ tbm Nur-Walà,tbm ^hr` hi tbm nrmat Nurusdkghrphratm` dk tbm bhcyNraktb Wabdl ‗ –@usar rup Nraktb od oak……jmra rup Nraktb od oak, ds jmk lbm` kabdk eugb jak(bavm kh `hult alhut

dt).‚ Pbm vdsdlcm ihrj ds tbm Wdebs, tbm Ebacsa, alshrlm` dk tbm nurulakd (tbm ^hr` hi tbm Nuru, tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl),kdnbt ak` ày.

N]\]—W GHJJAK@JMKP Akhtbmr gchsm asshgdatm hi tbm Nuru ak` tbm autbhr hi a\mbdt-kajadsLbad Vrabca` Wdknb wbh bas acsh rmghr`m` tbm Nuru—s ghjjak`jmktdk tbds rmspmgt saydkn?

–^dtb tbm hr`mr hi tbm Mtmrkac Chr` bas lmmk mstalcdsbm` tbm(Wdeb) Vaktb?

Acc tbm Wdebs arm bmrmly ghjjak`m` th hlmy tbm Nraktb astbm Nuru.‚ (\mbdt-kaja Lbad Vrabca` Wdknb).

Wdjdcarcy Lbad Gbaupa Wdknb, akhtbmr asshgdatm hi tbm Nuru, basjmktdhkm` tbds ghjjak`jmkt dk bds \mbdt-kaja.

VM\WHKAC N]\]WBDV ALHCDWBM@ Pbus Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb alhcdsbm`, ihr acc tdjm th ghjm, tbmkhjdkatdhk hi akyhkm pmrshk as tbm Nuru hi tbm Wdebs. Aitmr bdj tbmEbacsa, wdtbNuru Nraktb Wabdlas tbmdr mtmrkac Nuru, lmgajm tbmNuru- Vaktb, lmcdmvdkn dk tbm ]kdty ak` ]kdqumkmss hi tbm Hkm Ihrjcmss,Wmci-mxdstdkn, Acc pmrva`dkn ak` Mtmrkac Nh`.

^dtb tbds, tbm bdsthrdgac cdim hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb gajm th ak mk`

ak` bm `mpartm` irhj tbds whrc` hk Eatde‚ Wu`d=, 1>9= Lderajd,Hgthlmr 9->, 1>62 A.@.

Pbmrm ds alukàkt rmcdalcm, hrdndkac, ghktmjphrary ak` smjd-ghktmjphrary mvd`mkgm avadcalcm ihr ghjparatdvm stu`y hi `diimrmkt

vmrsdhks hi ghktrhvmrsdac mvmkts ak` ihr sditdkn iagt irhj idgtdhk. Dt dstbm cdnbt hi sugb jatmrdac tbat wm prhphsm th mxajdkm bmrm tbm castmvmkt hi tbm martbcy cdim hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, d.m., bds matb at Kak`m`

ak` tbm apphdktjmkt hi bds suggmsshr.



<<=

Dt wdcc nrmatcy bmcp us th uk`mrstak` tbm vardhus phdkts hi tbds stu`y di wm ekhw tbm `diimrmkt typms hi sgbhcars wbh bavm wrdttmk alhut tbmcast àys hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb at Kak`m`.

MTMT^DKMWWMW Idrst hi acc tbmrm arm tbhsm wbh wmrm tbmk prmsmkt at Kak`m` hr ba`lmmk dk dts kmdnblhurbhh` ak` ba` ukjdstaealcm ekhwcm`nm hi bds`matb. Ph tbds typm acsh lmchkn tbhsm wbh ba` ekhwk tbm Nurupmrshkaccy, ba` jmt bds ghjpakdhks ak` ba` rmgmdvm` idrst-bak`dkihrjatdhk alhut tbm mk` hi bds cdim.

DJVA\PDAC WGBHDA\W Pbm smghk` typm ghjprdsms tbm ukattagbm` sgbhcars wbh bavm wrdttmkhk tbds thpdg purmcy irhj bdsthrdgac phdkt hi vdmw. Hkcy sugb hi tbmjbavm taemk khtdgm hi bds cast ghjjak` ak` iarmwmcc jmssanm as ba`stu`dm` tbm nrhwtb ak` `mvmchpjmkt hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt irhj tbmtdjm hi Nuru Kakae ak` wmrm dktmrmstm` dk tbm rmcdndhus cdim hi tbm

Wdeb pmhpcm aitmr tbm `matb hi tbmdr cast Nuru. Pbmy arm jhstcy khk-Wdebs, Bdkùs, Juscdjs ak` Gbrdstdaks.

AGP]AC IAGPW Ph ghjm th tbm sthry hi tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, dt ds anrmm`hk acc bak`s tbat, wbdcm at Kak`m`, bm was hkm mvmkdkn stallm` ly aVatbak ak` tbat bds whuk` was stdtgbm` ak` lakànm` ly a surnmhk

smkt ly tbm Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab. Dt ds acsh aggmptm` wdtbhut `hulttbat bds djpmrimgtcy bmacm` whuk` lurst hpmk wbmk tbm Nuru lmkt astdii lhw prmsmktm` th bdj ly a vdsdthr.

Pbm kmws hi tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb idk`s a prhjdkmktjmktdhk dk tbm \hyac Ghurt Kmws, Aeblarat-d- @arlar-d-Juacca,hi Hgthlmr-Khvmjlmr, 1>62 A.@. ak` tbm Labaùr Wbab Kaja dk akujlmr hi pcagms. Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab ba` grhssm` tbm rdvmr

Nhàvard hk Hgthlmr



<<9

>, 1>62, th qumcc tbm rmlmccdhk hi bds yhuknmr lrhtbmr Eaj Laebsblmihrm tbm kmws alhut tbm matb hi tbm Nuru was rmphrtm` th bdj. Ihrtbm kmxt tbrmm wmmes bm was mxtrmjmcy lusy prmpardkn ihr tbm ghjdkn

strunncm. Hk Hgthlmr <2, tbm Mjpmrhr hr`mrm` tbm nrakt hi a `rmss hi bhkhur th tbm shk hi Oajsbm` Ebak Jnbak wbh ba` dm` at tbm bak`shi tbm Nuru. Apparmktcy bm was tbm sajm pmrshk wbh ba` uk`mr tbmassujm` kajm hi Nuc Ebak stallm` tbm Nuru at Kak`m` ak` baìaccmk uk`mr bds swhr` lmihrm bm ghuc` msgapm. Hr, bm jdnbt bavm lmmktbm ghjpakdhk hi Nuc Ebak edccm` ly tbm Wdebs wbdcm bm was trydkn thruk away aitmr tbm `matb hi Nuc Ebak.

Hk \ajazak 4, <k` Labaùrsbabd (Khvmjlmr 11, 1>62), tbmMjpmrhr—s hr`mrs wmrm shcdgdtm` alhut tbm jhvalcm prhpmrty hi tbm`mgmasm` Nuru, wbdgb agghr`dkn th tbm Junbac pragtdgm, hunbt th bavmlmmk ghkidsgatm`. Pbm Mjpmrhr, bhwmvmr, ghjjak`m` tbat –Pbmsmnhh`s wdcc kht a`` th tbm aiicumkgm hi tbm rhyac trmasury. Dt ds tbmprhpmrty hi sadktcy pmhpcm. Dt sbhuc` kht lm dktmrimrm` wdtb‚ ‗ buej sbu` as-dk ajwac ebazakab-d-La`bsbabak ja ‒jur ka-jd

sbawa`, jac-d-àrhmsbak ast, jazabaj kajd sbawak (Gi. Labaùr Wbab Kaja, DrvdkmCatmr Junbacs,d. 46)

LACCA@ YM\WDHKW @ba`dKatb Jacc was prmsmkt dk tbm gajp hi tbm Nuru at Kak`m` akùsm` th rmgdtm lacca`s dk tbm aitmrkhhk assmjlcdms hi tbm Wdebs tbmrm.Hkm sugb lacca` ekhwk as tbm Ajar Kajab, ghjphsm` uk`mr tbm

kajm hi tbm Nuru bdjsmci dk tbm idrst pmrshk, bas ghjm `hwk th ustbrhunb tbm shk hi Lbad Iatta, tbm smvmktb `msgmkàkt hi Katb Jacc.

Agghr`dkn th dts ghchpbhk, dt was ghjpcmtm` dk tbm jhktb hiEatde1>9=Lderajd aitmr tbm `matb hi tbm tmktb Nuru. As tbm 76tb hiEatdehi tbat ymar ghrrmsphk`m` th 71st Hgthlmr, 1>62, tbm Ajar Kajab

was mvd`mktcy ghjpcmtm` wdtbdk twmkty-ihur ays hi tbm Nuru—s matb.@msgrdldkn dt dk tbm idrst pmrshk dk tbm whr`s hi tbm Nuru, tbm Ajar

Kaja says dk cdkms 91-9<?



<<>

–D tbmk rmshcvm` th smt hut ihr tbm castdkn alh`m dk bmavmk, wbdgb ds tbm pcagm hi acc pmagm ak` `dvdkm lcdssiuckmss. Jy Wdknbs (tbm Ebacsa) sbacc rmjadk idrj, cdstmkdkn thvars irhj

`ba`d sdknmrs.‚Dk emmpdkn wdtb tbm tra`dtdhk hi tbm akgdmkt lacca`dsts, Katb Jacc `d`kht mktmr dkth tbm `mtadcs hi tbm padkiuc mvmkt. Mxgmpt dk tbm gasm hi `matbs hggurrdkn dk tbm tbdge hi lattcm, tbm rmgdtmrs hr wrdtmrs hi varsnmkmraccy sedppm` hvmr tbm jmktdhk hi `matbs hr ja`m a gasuacrmimrmkgm th tbmj dk a prhsm smktmkgm. Dk supphrt hi tbds hlsmrvatdhk

wm bavm tbm mxajpcm hi Lbad Nuràs. Bm was hkm hi tbm gchsmst rmcatdvm

hi Nuru Arouk hk tbm jhtbmr—s sd`m, ak` was acsh hkm hi tbm jhstrmvmrm` ak` ekhwcm`nmalcm Wdebs hi bds, tdjm. Dk bdsvaraj bm bas dk asystmjatdg jakkmr, ndvmk lrdmi agghukts kht hkcy hi tbm Nurus irhjtbm tdjm hi Nuru Kakae th Nuru Barnhldk` lut acsh hi tbm vardhussaknatsak` djphrtakt Wdebs dk tbm Vukoal ak` hutsd`m. Lut bm hms khtjaem aky gcmar ak` drmgt statmjmkt hk tbm jartyr`hj hi Nuru Arouk

wbdgb navm a sbarp turk th tbm `mvmchpjmkt ak` traksihrjatdhk hi

tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. Bm bas qudmtcy passm` hvmr tbm mvmkt wdtb hkcy agasuac rmimrmkgm th bds `matb dk a cdkm hr twh.Dk bdsDlrat Kajab hr tbm Wwakmb,1>6=-14 A@., Jdrza Jubajja` Bardsdba` `mvhtm` shjm tbdrtmmk panms th tbm ghktmjphrary agghukt hi tbmWdebs, wdtb partdgucar rmimrmkgm th Lakà Wdknb. Bm tmccs us tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb ba` travmccm` dk tbm tradk hi Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab thtbm @mggak ak` was edccm` tbmrm dk 11<6ac-Bdord,1>62 A@. ly ak

Ainbak, ak hc` mkmjy hi bds, ak` bds lh`y was grmjatm`.

ID\WP \MCDALCM LDHN\AVBT PbmWrd Nur Whlbaly phmt Wadkapat, jmktdhkm` as Wadka Wdknb ly LawaWujmr Wdknb dk bdsVhtbd Nur-Ldcas ed, was ghjpcmtm` dk 1>92Lderajd,1>11 A@., d.m., wdtbdk tbrmm ymars hi tbm Nuru—s `matb. Bm was ak hc`Wdeb hi bds ak` ba` cdvm` wdtb bdj at Akak`pur. Bds ds tbm idrst lhhe

wbdgb



<<2

ghuc` lm sad` th bavm lmmk a rmcdalcm ldhnrapby hi tbm Nuru. Bdskarratdvm was mvd`mktcy lasm` hk tbm idrst bak` dkihrjatdhk rmgmdvmìrhj tbm Wdebs wbh ba` rmturkm` irhj Kak`m` ak` ba` lmmk

mymwdtkmssms th wbat tbmy ba` rmcatm` th Wadkapat. As iar as wm gaksmm, tbm purdty hi bds agghukt, tbhunb lrdmi dk jaky pcagms, ds khtju``dm` wdtb tbm jdxturm hi djandkary jytbs dktrhùgm` catmr dkthtbm cdim hi tbm Nuru, lmndkkdkn wdtb tbmNur-ldcas Vatsbabd @asly EhmrWdknb, wrdttmk dk 1>=1, ihrty tbrmm ymars aitmr tbm `matb hi tbm Nuru.Jmktdhkdkn tbm matb hi tbm Nuru (RYDDD, 70-7>) wdtbhut aky phmtdgacmjlmccdsbjmkts, tbmWrd Nur Whlbatmccs us tbat a ay lmihrm tbm mvmkt,

tbm Nuru ba`, dk rmpcy th a qumstdhk hi tbm Wdebs, sad` tbat bm ba`lmsthwm` bds pbysdgac ihrj uphk tbm Ebacsa-laebsb dh Ebacds eh oaja (RYDDD-01) ak` tbat tbm Cdjdtcmss ak` tbm Mtmrkac hr` was tbmWatnuru- Watnuru bajara apar apara Wbala` ldgbara aoar oarak(RYDDD-07). Pbds

was Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s cast jmssanm ak` bds idkac ghjjak`jmktsaydkn dk ukjdstaealcm caknuanm ak` gcmar whr`s tbat bm was khtapphdktdkn aky partdgucar dk`dvdùac as tbm suggmm`dkn Nuru ak` tbat

tbm Ebacsa uk`mr tbm nudàkgm hi tbm @dvdkm ^hr`-tbm nurlakd ‐ wasth lm tbm iuturm pbysdgac ak` spdrdtuac rmprmsmktatdvm hi tbm Nuru.

WDEB—W AGGMVPM@ G\MM@

Pbds bas sdkgm lmghjm tbm aggmptm` grmm` hi tbm Wdebs as dkgucgatm`ly Lbad Kak`cac dk bds\mbdt Kaja hr tbm \ucms hi Ghkùgt. LbadKak`cac, as bdsthry ekhws, was a `mvhtm` Wdeb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknbak` ba` staym` wdtb bdj ihr shjm tdjm at Akak`pur. Agghr`dkn th tbm

Ajar Kajab, cdkm 0<, Lbad Kak`cac was prmsmkt dk tbm Mjpmrhr—s gajpat Kak`m` as hkm hi bds jdkdstmrs ùrdkn tbm Nuru—s stay tbmrm. Bm

was a `dstdknudsbm` sgbhcar hi Vmrsdak ak` pakoald ak`, hut hi bds tmk whres ekhwk th us, mdnbt-idvm dk Vmrsdak ak` tbrmm dk Vakoald-armghjjmktardms hk Wdeb



<<4

cdim ak` tmagbdkns. Hkm hi tbmj, tbm\mbdt-kaja, wbdgb ds wrdttmk dktbm ihrj hi a dachnum lmtwmmk tbm Nuru ak` tbm Lbad, cays hwk tbmrucms ihr Wdeb ghk`ugt. Pbmrmdk, as acrma`y jmktdhkm` dk hkm hi tbm

prmvdhus paranrapbs, tbm Nuru ba` thc` Lbad Kak`cac tbat bds twhihrjs wmrm tbmNraktb-jmra rupa Nraktb od oak-mjlh`ydkntbm nurlakdak`tbm Wdebs (tbm Ebacsa) `mmpcy alshrlm` dk dt. Pbds kht hkcy gcardidmslut acsh supphrts tbm Nuru—s cast jmssanm ak` ghjjak`jmkt th tbmEbacsa jmktdhkm` dk tbmWrd Nur Whlba. PbmNur-ldcas Gbbmvdk Vatsbabdcmavms kh `hult alhut tbm rmghnkdtdhkly tbm Wdebs hi tbm Nurusbdp hiNuru Nraktb Wabdlaitmr tbm `matb hi

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb. PbmNur-ldcas was lmnuk ly dts autbhr, phmt Whbak,dk Jay 1>1> ak` was ghjpcmtm` hk Oucy <<, 1>12(Wawak<<,Wu`d=,1>>=Lderajd), wdtbdk tmk ymars hi tbm Nuru—s `matb. Dts ihurtb gbaptmrds mvhtm` th tbm ghjpdcatdhk hi tbm bhcy lhhe ly Nuru Arouk ak` tbmidrst twmcvm vmrsms hi tbm iditb gbaptmr th dts, ihrjac dkstaccatdhk dk tbm@arlar Wabdl, Ajrdtsar. Pbmrmdk tbm autbhr bas dkvardalcy usm` tbmtbmk aggmptm` prmidx Nuru th tbmNraktb ak` bas gaccm` dt tbmNuru

Nraktb. Pbm ihcchwdkn vmrsms hi gbaptmr DY arm vmry sdnkdidgakt dk`mm`.Bmar ym acc, tbds prmgmpt hi jdkm as trum ak` gmrtadk.\mghnkdzm tbmNraktbth lm tbm sajm as tbmNuru, tbdke kht hi aky `diimrmkgm (lmtwmmk tbm twh).Dk tbmEacd-yuna,tbmNuru Nraktbbas assujm` tbm ihrj hi tbmWrd Nuru.\mghnkdzm tbmNuru Nraktbth lm tbm vmry smci hi tbm Pmk Nurus.

(01<)Bm wbh wdsbms th smm tbm Nuru, cmt bdj smm tbmNuru Nraktb.

Ak`, bm wbh wdsbms th spmae th tbm Nuru, cmt bdj rma` tbmNraktb wdtb a `mvhtm` jdk`. (017)

(Gbaptmr DY hc` m`. p. >=5 kmw m`. p. 46)



<76

I]\PBM\ PMWPAJMKPW ^m bavm avadcalcm th us dk a ghccmgtdhk hi jakusgrdpts tbm agghukts hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s jmmtdkn wdtb Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab dk 1>6>

(Labaùr Wbab em Jucaqat ea Vrasakn),hi bds cast àys ak` `matb atKak`m` dk tbm @mggak dk 1>62(Nuru Wabdl @aswmk Vatsbab od em Ohrd Oht Wajawakm ea Vrasakn)ak` hi tbm idrst lattcm hi tbm Wdebs at Ajrdtsar

wdtb tbm Junbac ihrgms hi Cabhrm dk 1>64(Yar Ajrdtsar ed) ùrdkn tbmnhvmrkhrsbdp hi Ascaj Ebak. Ghpdms hi tbm idrst twh jakusgrdpts armacsh avadcalcm dk tbm Ajrdt Nutea prmsmrvm` dk tbm Vukoal Wtatm

Argbdvms, Vatdaca. Agghr`dkn th tbmNuru Wabdl @aswmk Vatsbab od em Ohrd

Oht Wajawakm ea Vrasakn, wbdgb ds lasm` hk tbm dkihrjatdhk rmgmdvmìrhj tbm ghjpakdhks hi tbm Nuru bdjsmci ‗ Bazur em ebas Wdeb ak `d raska tbdk ‗tbm Nuru, lmihrm bds `matb, thc` tbm Wdebs tbat bm was khtapphdktdkn akyhkm th suggmm` bdj as Nuru, tbat bm was mktrustdkn tbmj th Wrd Wabdlak` tbm Walà,tbm nrmat hr`, as ndvmk dk tbmNraktb Wabdl wbdgb sbhuc` lm aggmptm` ly tbmj acc.

Pbm Vargbdak Wmwa @as,agghr`dkn th tbm àtm jmktdhkm` dk tbm

jakusgrdpt prmsmrvm` dk tbm Vakoal ]kdvmrsdty, Cabhrm, was wrdttmk dk1>42 Lderajd, 1>01 A.@., wbdcm tbm jakusgrdpt dk tbm Gmktrac WtatmCdlrary Vatdaca, lmars 1249Lderajd, 1274 A.@. as tbm àtm hi dtstraksgrdptdhk. Wmwa @as was ak ]àsd Wa`bu. ^rdtdkn dk tbm stycm hi ajystdg, bm tmccs us tbat tbm Nuru ba` bds iukmrac pyrm prmparm` uk`mrbds hwk supmrvdsdhk. Bm jhuktm` di iuccy `rmssm` ak` arjm`, sat hk dtgrhss-cmnnm` ak` tbat bds cdnbt lcmk`m` wdtb tbm @dvdkm Cdnbt- Ohtd jmb

oht sajakm.Bmaps hi ichwmrs ak` sgmkt wmrm tbmk sbhwmrm` hk tbmpyrm. Aitmr phurdkn pcmkty hi nbmm tbmrmhk, tbm pyrm was smt acdnbtlabur ladsaktar canava dya. Pbm Wdebs stak`dkn tbmrm startm` grydkn chu`cy.Wmvmrac hi tbmj trdm` th oujp dkth tbm icajdkn pyrm, lut tbmy wmrm khtacchwm` th `hsh. ^bmk tbm pyrm was acc rmùgm` th asbms, tbmy ihuk`kh tragm hi tbm `ma` lh`y hr hi tbm Nuru—s arjs. –Acc tbmk shtbhunbt tbat tbm Nuru Lala ba` nhkm (th bmavmk) lh`dcy.‚



<7<

agekhwcm`nm tbmNuru Nraktbas suprmjm ak` whrtby hi whrsbdp (ak`kht aky prmtmk`mrsakt hi tbm typm jmktdhkm` alhvm) (RRD, 24-47).Ehmr Wdknb tbmk nhms hk th say, dk tbm whr`s hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,

dk tbm kmxt vmrsms tbat Nuru Kakae ba` bdjsmci thc` Lala Lu``ba hi \aj`as ?

–\mghnkdzm Pmk hi hur dkgarkatdhks wbmk yhur iajdcy wdcc lmsuprmjm‚. (40-4=)Bm tbmk nhms hk th say?

–^bmk tbm Pmk dkgarkatdhks `dsappmar (irhj tbds whrc` wdtbtbm `matb hi tbm Pmktb hkm), tbmk tbm akgmstrac cdkm ‐ Eudt ‐

wdcc kht ghktdkum.‚Dt ds kh chknmr tbm tdjm ihr Nurusbdp ? D wdcc kht apphdkt akyhkm(khw).–Ghksd`mr tbm mktdrm Ebacsa th bavm lmmk mktrustm` th tbmprhtmgtdhk (cap) hi tbm ^dmc`mr hi tbm Wwhr`(Asd Emtu)-tbm@dvdkm Vrhtmgthr.‚–D bavm ndvmk th yhu th bhc` tbm sbmmt hi tbm mjlh`djmkt hi

^hr` (sbala` ea jp). Bm wbh aggmpts dt sbacc lm akdkghjparalcm-rmaccy trum Wdknb.‚\mghnkdzmWrd Nraktb odas mvmr-rma`y (rma`dcy avadcalcm, mvmr-prmsmktarsbak(sdnbt, appmarakgm hr mjlh`djmkt) hi tbm Nuru.–Lrdkn dt bmrm th tbds pcagm.‚ (49-42)

BH^ N\AKPB LMGAJM N]\]

Pbm Nuru ba` tbmk nrhwk vmry wmae, as bas lmmk jmktdhkm` dk vmrsmRRR-=9. Pbm Bhcy Lhhe was, tbmrmihrm, lrhunbt th bdj. Ghjdkn thekhw hi dt, bm sad`? –Cmt us nh th tbm A`d Wat-Nuru(tbm nrmat A`d Nuru Nraktb Wabdl)‚.Mvd`mktcy, bm ghuc` tbmk smm tbat bds mk` was iastapprhagbdkn. Pbmk bm nht up achkn wdtb acc hi bds Wdebs5 thhe idvm padsm ak` a ghghkut wdtb bdj5 hiimrm` tbmj bdjsmci (th tbm Bhcy Lhhe),lhwm` `hwk, gdrgujajlucatm` wdtb acc rmvmrmkgm ak` sad`?

–Bm wbh wdsbms th tace th jm sbhuc` rma` tbm Nuru



<77

(Nraktb Wabdl)ak` rmgmdvm tbm pmagm hi jdk`.‒Pbmrm ds kh htbmr Nuru mquac th dt. ^dtbhut aky bmsdtatdhk, D uttmr tbds trutb.

‒Pbmrm ds kh htbmr Nuru cdem dt akywbmrm. Pbmrmihrm, dtsbhuc` lm aggmptm` as tbm Prum Nuru.‒^dtb dts stu`y(àrsbak)sdks dsappmar. Ak` ly rmacdzdkn dts ^hr` dk pragtdgm, sacvatdhk ds hltadkm`—.‚ (RRD, 46-16<)

Waydkn tbds, bm gacjcy prmparm` bdjsmci ihr tbm mk` ak` msdrm` a iukmracpyrm th lm radsm` wdtb tbm sakàcwhh` whrtb idvm tbhusak` rupmms

prmvdhuscy purgbasm` irhj a Calaka Wdek. Bm thc` bds wdim Wabdl @mvdkht th djjhcatm bmrsmci hk bds pyrm ak` smkt bmr th @mcbd. Bm tbmkghkshcm` tbm shrrhwiuc Wdebs mxpcadkdkn th tbmj tbm dkmvdtalcmkmss hi tbm mk` hi bujak cdim saydkn? –Bm wbh bas iucc iadtb dk tbmNuj Nraktb ak` `hms kht pcagm bds rmcdakgm hk akytbdkn mcsm, sbacc bavm bds wdsbmsiucidccm` ly tbm Nuru.

^dtb iucc iadtb dk dt, acc suspdgdhks wdcc `dsappmar.‚ Bm tbmk lhwm` th

Wrd Nraktb,praym` dk acc rmvmrmkgm, ja`m hiimrdkns thralald jusdgdaksak` was alshrlm` dk tbm ^hr` hi tbm Nraktb Wabdl‚.(RRD, 1<0-7>).

Pbm Nuru `dm` a cdttcm lmihrm jd`kdnbt ak` was grmjatm` dk a pcagmmkgchsm` ly a tmkt-wacc, a Wdeb smttdkn idrm th bds `ma` lh`y. Pbm Wdebstbmk wmkt hut hi tbm mkgchsurm ak` sthh` tbmrm. Icajms wmkt up ak`tbm lh`y hi tbm Nuru lmgajm acc asbms. –Pbmk gajm acc tbm nh`s (irhjBmavmk) lchwdkn ghkgbms ak` sbhwmrdkn ichwmrs ak`, ajd`st sbhuts

hi vdgthry, thhe tbm Jastmr away wdtb tbmj, wdtb acc tbm bmavmks(cheas)sdkndkn bds pradsms.‚(Dld`.,106,10<-7).Hk tbm ihurtb jhrkdkn tbmy smargbm` tbm asbms, wasbdkn tbmj wdtb`dcutm` jdce, ak` ihuk` hkcy a ànnmr tbmrmdk. Pbm Wdebs wmrm acc`rhwkm` dk shrrhw. At tbat tdjm appmarm` hk tbm sgmkm ak ]àsd Wa`buak` sad` tbat dt was kht lmghjdkn hi tbm Wdebs th lm shrrhwiuc, ihr bmba` jmt tbm Nuru dk iucc `rmss hk bhrsm-lage ak` tbm Nuru ba` thc`

bdj (tbm Wa`bu) th ghkvmy bds jmssanm th tbm Wdebs kht th nh



<70

dkth jhurkdkn (dld`, RRD, 100-=),

LMWP-DKIH\JM@ A]PBH\

Lmttmr agghjpcdsbm` dk tbm art hi wrdtdkn, Ehmr Wdknb bas kht hkcy suppcdm` jhrm `mtadcs th bds sthry lut bas acsh ndvmk gcardty th dt. Bmtmccs us dk mxpcdgdt caknuanm tbat Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `dsghktdkum` tbmcdkm hi pmrshkac Nurusbdp ak` `d` kht apphdkt akyhkm th suggmm` bdjas Nuru. Dk iagt, bm ba` surrmk`mrm` bds pmrshkacdty th tbm Ebacsa

wbmk bm lmgajm hkm hi tbmj at tbm laptdsjac gmrmjhky ak` bm pulcdgcy `mgcarm` tbds jmrnmr hk jaky ak hggasdhk aitmrwar`s, ak` mspmgdaccy a

cdttcm lmihrm bds `matb at Kak`m`. Mktrustdkn tbm Ebacsa th tbm garm hi tbm @dvdkm Vrhtmgthr, as `mgcarm` ly tbm nrmat Jastmr, Ehmr Wdknbkarratms at shjm cmkntb, tbm ihrjac dkstaccatdhk hi tbmNuj Nraktb Wabdlas tbm Nuru. Bm ba` lmmk dk gchsm thugb wdtb Lbad Jakd Wdknb

wbh was a ghktmjphrary ak` gchsm asshgdatm hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknbak` was tbm idrst pmrshk th lm apphdktm` as tbm rma`mr hi tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdldk tbm @arlar Wabdl at Ajrdtsar ly Jata Wuk`rd aitmr tbm

Nuru—s matb. As sugb, bm was tbm lmst dkihrjm` pmrshk hk tbm sulomgtdk a``dtdhk th lmdkn tbm jhst quacdidm` th mxpcadk tbm sdnkdidgakgm hi tbmNuj Nraktb Wabdlth Ehmr Wdknb. Bm acsh tmccs us tbat a annmr ba`lmmk ihuk` dk tbm bmap hi tbm asbms hi tbm Nuru—s pyrm.

AKHPBM\ \MCDALCM YM\WDHK Akhtbmr whre hi tbm cast quartmr hi tbm mdnbtmmktb gmktury, wbdgb wm

jay rmimr th bmrm, ds tbmLaksawacd Kajahi Emsar Wdknb Gbbdlarghjpcmtm` dk 12<9Lderajd,1>94->6 A.@. Emsar Wdknb—s akgmsthrs ba`lmmk dk tbm smrvdgm hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb as `mwaks. Bm gcadjs thbavm smmk ak` ghksuctm` dk bds marcy `ays, alabdhr agghukt lhhe hi tbm bhusm hi tbm Nuru. Pbm tmktbgbarak,hr gbaptmr hi tbm lhhe macs

wdtb tbm cdim hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb. Phwar`s tbm mk` hi dt, dk stakzas9>2-27, bm jmktdhks tbm matb hi tbm Nuru ak` bds cast ghjjak`jmkt

saydkn dk rmpcy th tbm



<7=

qumstdhks hi tbm Wdebs? –PbmNraktbds tbm Nuru5 yhu bhc` tbm narjmkt(smme tbm prhtmgtdhk) hi tbm Pdjmcmss Nh`lagbak edta Nraktb bad Nuj,car paerh Aeac(9>4), Pwh bhurs (nbard)catmr tbm Nuru wmkt th bmavmk5

bds cdnbt lcmk`m` wdtb tbm Cdnbt. Pbm sajm kdnbt bm was grmjatm` aitmrbm ba` lmmk latbm` dk tbm rhsm watmr.‚ (9=7) Emsar Wdknb jaems khjmktdhk hi aky bmavmkcy rmgmptdhk hr akytbdkn mcsm hi tbm edk`.

JHWP P\]PBI]C YM\WDHK Pbmm agghukt hi tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb as ndvmk dksaebd<>hi Waebdak Vatsbabd @asgbaptmr hi tbm Jmbja Vraeasb ly Warup @as

Lbacca, pp. 241-47, jay hk tbm wbhcm lm sad` th lm kmarmst tbm trutbak` jay lm aggmptm` as hlomgtdvm ak` bdsthrdgac. ^rdttmk ly a`msgmkàkt hi Nuru Ajar @as ak` lasm`, apparmktcy, hk rmcdalcmmvd`mkgm, dt was ghjpcmtm` dk Oakuary 1261. Pbm idrst part hi tbmgbaptmr rmnar`dkn tbm mxgdtmjmkt th tbm Vatbak wbh attagem` ak`

whuk`m` tbm Nuru, smmjs th bavm ghjm irhj marcdmr wrdtmrs. Lut tbmsmghk` part ds lasm` mktdrmcy hk dk`mpmk`mkt mvd`mkgm. Dk tbm alsmkgm

hi aky phmtdgac mjlmccdsbjmkt ak`. ukkaturac, jystmrdhus hrsupmrkaturac mcmjmkt dktrhùgm` dkth dt, tbm agghukt jay lm aggmptmàs bdsthrdgaccy ghrrmgt.

Agghr`dkn th tbm Jmbja Vraeasb ?–^bmk tbm Nuru thhe tbm lhw dk bds bak` ak` wdsbm` th pucc dt,tbm Wdebs suljdttm` tbat tbm whuk` ba` kht ymt ghjpcmtmcy bmacm`.

Pbm Nuru sad` tbat tbmrm was kh gausm ihr imar. Bm tbmk puccm` tbm

lhw, ak` tbm stdtgbms navm way. At tbds tdjm tbm Nuru sad` tbat tbmtddkm ihr bds `matb ba` ghjm. Bm gaccm` tbm Wdebs th bds prmsmkgmak` bm was pcmasm` th smm tbmj. Pbm Wdebs tbmk asem` bdj wbmrmtbmy whuc` bavm tbmarsbak (hi tbm Nuru). Pbm nrmat Nuru,jmrgdiuc th tbm chwcy, sad`? ‒Hur Pmk ihrjs bavm ghjm th mk`.Khw rmghnkdzm tbmNuj Nraktb Wabdldk jy pcagm. Bm wbh wdsbms



<79

th tace th jm sbhuc` rma` tbm A`d Nraktb Wabdl. Pbds wdcc lm cdemtacedkn th jm. D bavm mktrustm` yhu th tbm cap hi tbm Acjdnbty.—Bavdkn sad` tbds, bm msdrm` tbmj th prmparm tbmldlak (tbm whh`mk

lhar` th garry tbm `ma` lh`y th tbm grmjatdhk nrhuk`). Aitmr tbds was `hkm, bm cay `hwk ak` ghvmrm` bdjsmci wdtb a sbmmt ak`cdlmratm` bdjsmci irhj bujak mxdstmkgm (hr jmrnm` bdjsmci dk tbm@dvdkdty). Kmdtbmr `d` bm ghjm akywbmrm khr `d` bm nh akywbmrm.Wmmdkn tbds spmgtagcm, acc pmhpcm iuccy lmcdmvm` tbat tbm nrmat Nuru

was a part hi tbm @dvdkm Cdnbt. Pbm Nuru—s lh`y was tbmk grmjatmàk` tbm Wrd Nuru Nraktb Wabdl was . rmghnkdzm` dk pcagm hi tbm

Nuru.‚ Pbds ds a sdjpcm ak` stradnbtihrwar` agghukt hi tbm `matb hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb wdtb kh jystmry hr mjlmccdsbjmkt mksbrhu`dkn dt. Ak`dt anrmms dk acc dts mssmktdacs wdtb tbm ghktmjphrary ak` tbm marcdmstekhwk agghukts.

JHWP \MCDALCM A]PBH\DPT

Juksbd Wakt Wdknb, avaedchi tbm Lm`ds, wrhtm ak agghukt hi tbm Lm`diajdcy hi tbm ]ka uk`mr tbm tdtcm hi tbmLayak-d-Ebakàk-d-Earajat

Kdsbak-d-Lm`dakirhj tbm tdjm hi Nuru Kakae th tbat hi Lala WuoakWdknb. Dt was ghjpcmtm` dk Jay 129=. Pbm idrst sdxty-idvm panms hi tbm

whre arm `mvhtm` th tbm agghukt hi tbm Pmk Nurus wbdgb mk`s wdtbtbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb at Kak`m` dk 1>9=Lderajd, 1>62

A.@. Agghr`dkn th dt?

–^bmk hk Eatde Wu`d=, 1>9=Lderajd,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb wasalhut th dm at Kak`m` dk tbm @mggak, acc tbm Wdknbs ak` dsgdpcmsasem` bdj as th wbh whuc` lm tbm iuturm Nuru. Pbm Nuru tbmksad`? ‒Nuru Ebacsa, Ebacsa Nuru. Bm wbh sbacc hlsmrvm tbmWdebrmbdthr tbm rucm hi ghkùgt ak` jhracdty ak` jm`dtatdhk,bdj ekhw ym th lm jy vmry Wmci.— Pbmk tbdkedkn tbat tbmrm sbhuc`lm a midkdtm gmktrm hi iadtb ihr acc tbm Wdebs, tbm Nuru wdtb idvm

padsm ak` a ghghkut dk bds bak`



<72

tbrhunbhut tbm ghuktry.

BDWPH\DGAC ^H\EW

Bavdkn rmimrrm` th hiidgdac rmghr`s, ghktmjphrary whres ak`bandhchndgac cdtmraturm, wm khw ghjm th bdsthrdgac whres hi tbmmdnbtmmktb ak` kdkmtmmktb gmkturdms lasm` hk tbm dkihrjatdhk avadcalcmth, hr ghccmgtm` ly, prhimssdhkac bdsthrdaks. Pbmy arm mdtbmr dk Vmrsdakhr dk Mkncdsb. Pbm whres wrdttmk ly Dk`dak sgbhcars, lhtb Bdkù ak`Juscdj, arm dk Vmrsdak wbdcm tbhsm hi tbm Murhpmaks arm dk Mkncdsb.

As acjhst acc tbm Dk`dak wrdtmrs lmchknm` th tbm Vukoal hr dts

kmdnblhurbhh`, tbmy ba` mdtbmr cdvm` ajhknst tbm Wdebs as kmdnblhurshr ba` gchsm asshgdatdhks wdtb tbmj dk ày- th-ày cdim. As sugb, jhsthi tbmj ba` idrst-bak` ekhwcm`nm hi tbm prmvacmkt lmcdmis, pragtdgmsak` gmrmjhkdms hi tbm Wdebs ak` ghuc`, tbmrmihrm, spmae wdtb a gmrtadkajhukt hi autbhrdty. Whjm hi tbmj jdnbt bavm `diimrm` wdtb tbm Wdebsdk jattmrs tbmhchndgac hr jdnbt as wmcc bavm ba` phcdtdgac prmou`dgmsanadkst tbmj, lut alhut tbm lrha` iagts hi tbmdr bdsthry tbmrm ghuc` lm

kh jdsndvdkns. Jhrmhvmr, as wrdtmrs, tbmy arm mxpmgtm` th lm djpartdacak` hlomgtdvm. Ak` th lm as kmar trutb as phssdlcm, tbmy just bavmrmcmvakt shurgms. As tbm sulomgt uk`mr hur djjm`datm stu`y bmrm lmchknsth tbm prmvacmkt lmcdmis hi tbm Wdebs tbrhunb tbm gmkturdms ak` ds purmcy bdsthrdgac, tbmdr jmktdhk dk tbm bdsthrdgac whres hi tbm mdnbtmmktb ak`kdkmtmmktb gmkturdms garrdms spmgdac wmdnbt wdtb stu`mkts hi bdsthry ak` gakkht lm dnkhrm` ly smrdhus sgbhcars.

DJVH\PAKP J]WCDJ AGGH]KPW ^m bavm acrma`y rmimrrm` th tbm ghktmjphrary agghukts hi JdrzaJubajja` Bardsd—s-Dlrat Kajab(1>6=-14 A@.). Ph acjhst tbm sajmpmrdh` lmchkns Wayym` Jubajja` Qasdj Busadkd Cabaurd—sDlrat

Kajab (117= ac-Bdord,1><< A@.) ak` Dlrat Jaqac (1100 A.B., 1>71 A@.) wrdttmk wdtbdk ihurtmmk ak` twmkty-tbrmm ymars, rmspmgtdvmcy, hi

tbm `matb



<06

hk tbm na``d aitmr tbmj ds kht aggmptalcm th tbmj (tbm Wdebs). Whjmrmghnkdzm bdj‚ (Aodt Wdknb, tbm a`hptm` shk hi Jata Wuk`rd). Bm wascatmr `dshwkm` ly Jata Wuk`rd (pp. 7=-79).

Dk tbm Jadja-uc-Aeblar (1<10-<6 A.B., 1>44 A.@.), dts autbhr Bar-Wueb \ad says alhut Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb tbat –Bm ds tbmPmktb Jabac ak` ds tbm cast_abur (appmarakgm Hr suggmsshr) hi Nuru Kakae.‚ (p.021).

M]\HVMAK YM\WDHKW Pbds was tbm tdjm wbmk Jabaraoa \akodt Wdknb ba` lmmk hk tbm tbrhkm

hi Cabhrm ihr shjm mcmvmk ymars. Bm ba` hggupdm` tbm tra`dtdhkac gapdtachi tbm Vukoal dk 1>44 A.@. ak` ba` iuccy mstalcdsbm` bdjsmci as tbmuk`dsputm` Jabaraoa hi tbm Cak` hi tbm Idvm \dvmrs. Bm ba` kht hkcy lmmk aggmptm` as sugb ly a kujlmr hi Juscdj, Bdkù ak` Wdebgbdmitadks lut ba` acsh lmmk rmghnkdsm` ly tbm nrmatmst ihrmdnk phwmrdk Dk`da, tbm Lrdtdsb Mast Dk`da Ghjpaky, wbdgb ba` mktmrm` dkth aphcdtdgac trmaty wdtb bdj. Pbds attragtm` tbm attmktdhk hi a kujlmr hi

Lrdtdsb ak` Dk`dak sgbhcars wbh wrhtm bdsthrdgac whres `mvhtm`mxgcusdvmcy th tbm Wdebs. A imw pajpbcmts, dt ds trum, ba` acsh lmmk

wrdttmk hk tbm Wdebs dk tbm mdnbtmmktb gmktury ly jmk cdem AkthdkmC.B. Vhcdmr (1>26), dccdaj Irakecdk (1>42-1267), mtg., lut tbmy wmrmthh semtgby th ghktadk aky mtadcm` agghukt hi tbm Wdeb Nurus. NmhrnmIhrstmr achkm bas rmimrrm` th tbm Nurus dk bds Cmttmr Kh. RD hi 1>27 dkbds A ohurkmy irhj Lmknac th Mkncakàk` says?

Nhvdk` Wdknb was assassdkatm` ùrdkn tbds mxpm`dtdhk (hi Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab th tbm @mggak) ly a Vatbak shc`dmr ak`bm `dm` hi bds whuk`s dk 1>62 at tbm thwk hi Kak`m` wdtbhutcmavdkn aky jacm dssum5 ak` a tra`dtdhk mcdvmrm` th tbm Wdgqums,cdjdtdkn tbmdr prdmsts th tbm kujlmr hi tmk, dkùgm` tbmj thapphdkt kh suggmsshrs th Nhvdk` Wdknb. (vhc. D, pul. 1>42, <97).

Pacedkn alhut tbm gbaknm dk tbm dksgrdptdhk hk tbm Wdeb ghdks, Jaohr

Oajms Lrhwk bas gasuaccy rmimrrm` th Nuru



<01

Kakae ak` Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb as tbm idrst ak` tbm cast Nurus hi tbmWdebs, rmspmgtdvmcy, ak` bas dk`drmgtcy ndvmk us tbm ghkidrjm` lmcdmi hi tbm Wdebs hi alhut 1>2>-22. Bm says dk bdsBdsthry hi tbm Hrdndk ak`

Vrhnrmss hi tbm Wdges,pulcdsbm` dk 1>22?–...lut aitmr tbmy ba` lmmk gurrmkt alhut iditmmk ymars, tbm nrak`@dmt hi tbm sdge gbdmis (gaccm`Nhhrjutta) `mtmrjdkm` th gacc dkacc tbhsm rupmms, ak` th strdem tbmj dk tbm kajms hiNhhrhh Kakugeak` Nhhrhh Nhldk` Wdknb,tbm idrst ak` cast hi tbmdrNhhrhhshrrmcdndhus cma`mrs (pp. vd, vddd).‚

\MCDALCM DK@DAK ^\DPM\W Dk rmimrrdkn th tbm bdsthrdaks hi tbm kdkmtmmktb gmktury, wm whuc` prmimrth jmktdhk at idrst tbm Dk`dak wrdtmrs wbh sbhuc` prmsujalcy lm lmttmrdkihrjm` alhut tbm Wdeb Nurus tbak Murhpmaks. Dt jay, bhwmvmr, lmjmktdhkm` tbat shjm hi tbm Dk`dak wrdtmrs wrhtm tbmdr lhhes at tbmdkstakgm hi Murhpmaks wbh wmrm at tbds tdjm immcdkn dktmrmstm` dk tbmbdsthry ak` rmcdndhk hi tbm Wdebs wdtb wbhj tbmy mxpmgtm` th ghjm dk

gchsm phcdtdgac ghktagt dk tbm kmar iuturm. Ihr tbds purphsm tbmy msdrm`th hltadk as ghrrmgt ak` rmcdalcm dkihrjatdhk as phssdlcm.Ebusbwaqt \ad—sPardeb-d-Wdebak,acsh gaccm` tbmEdtal d- Pawardeb-d- Vakoal, was wrdttmk dk 1211. Pbmrmdk bm says tbat –at Aizac (Algbac)Kanar (Kak`m`) tbm Nuru purgbasm` a pdmgm hi cak` ak` jhvm` dk accbappdkmss irhj tbds traksdthry whrc` th tbm whrc` Mtmrkac. Pbm dsgdpcmshi tbm Nuru ghccmgtm` irhj acc sd`ms ak` grmjatm` bds `ma` lh`y wdtb

achm ak` sak`acwhh` wdtb acc tbm kmgmssary rdtms..... Pbds mvmkt tbat dsbds `matb, thhe pcagm hkEatde Wu`d=,1>9=Lderajd. Pbm nmkmratdhk(hi Nurus) hi Nuru Kakae up th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb gajm th akmk`.‚ (pp. 79l-7>a).Dk 1<77ac-Bdord,121>-12 A.@. was ghjpcmtm` Abja` Wbab Latacdas—Pawardeb-d-Bdk`,— Layak-d-Abwac-d-Juce-d Bdk` wa Jacue-d-ak az _ajak- d-qa`dj ta1<77 Bdord,a part



<0<

hi wbdgb, tbm_der-d-Nujak wa dltdà-d-Wdknbak wa Jazbal-d-msbak,ihkksak appmk`dx th@aitarD ak` DD hi tbm]jàt-u- Pawardeb ly JuksbdWhbak Cac Wurd. Dk dt Abja` Wbab tmccs us tbat Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,

wbh ba` agghjpakdm` Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab th tbm @mggak, `dm` atKak`m` dk 1>9=Lderajd,1>62 A.@. ak` tbat tbm pcagm was ekhwk as

Algbac Kanar. Bm says tbat shjm Wdebs acsh cdvm` tbmrm ak` tbat tbmKdzaj hi By`mrala` ba` idxm` a adcy acchwakgm ihr tbmj. Dk a``dtdhkth dt, Jabarao \akodt Wdknb acsh ja`m bak`shjm `hkatdhks ihr tbmupemmp hi tbm sakgtuary ak` tbm jadktmkakgm hi dts gusth`daks (p.11).

H]PWPAK@DKN ^H\E Pbm]jàt-u-Pawardeb hi Caca Whbak Cac Wurd ds a vmry djphrtakt whre hk tbm rmdnk hi Jabaraoa \akodt Wdknb ak` bds suggmsshrs up th 1204.

Actbhunb dts idrst vhcujm `macdkn wdtb tbm Nuru ak` tbm Jdsac pmrdh`s was pulcdsbm` dk 122=, dt was hrdndkaccy lmnuk dk tbm ihrj hi khtmsshjmwbmrm dk tbm jd``cm hi tbm mdnbtmmktb gmktury urdkn tbm tdjm hi

Whbak Cac Wurd—s nrakìatbmr ak` iatbmr, Caca Baeujat \ad ak` CacaNakpat \ad. Dt tmccs us tbat ùrdkn tbm cast jhjmkts hi Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb—s cdim a `dsgdpcm hi bds asem` bdj as th wbhj bm ba` apphdktmàs Nuru aitmr bdj. Pbmrmuphk tbm Nuru rmpcdm` tbat –tbmNuj dsNraktbod. Pbmrm ds kh `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbmNraktb ak` tbm Nuru.Irhj tbm àrsbakhi Nraktbodhkm sbacc bavm tbm bappyàrsbakhi tbmNuru Wabdl.‚ (Yhc. D, pp. 90-9=).

Wh dktmksm was tbm iadtb hi Jabaraoa \akodt Wdknb dk Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb ak` sh ar`mkt was bds `msdrm th radsm a lmidttdkn jmjhrdac hk bdscast rmstdkn pcagm at Kak`m` tbat bm hggasdhkaccy smkt carnm sujs hi jhkmy ak` a kujlmr hi bds jmk ihr tbm purphsm acc tbm way irhj tbmVukoal. Pbm kajm hi hkm Waràr Gbakà Wdknb ds jmktdhkm` dk tbm]jàt-u-Pawardeb (Yhc. Dcc, part Bd, p. 7==) as bavdkn lmmk mputm` ly bdj hk tbm 1st hi Janb, 1247 Lderajd, th prhgmm` th Algbac Kanar

wdtb twmkty-idvm tbhusak` rupmms, wdtb prhjdsm th rmjdt jhrm jhkmy,ihr tbm rmkhvatdhk ak`



<07

ghkstrugtdhk hi ludc`dkns hi tbm Wagbebak` Nur`wara tbmrm. (AcshsmmDld`.Dcc, Bd, >>, 12>, <9>, 0==.)\atak Gbak` Lac, tbm autbhr hi tbm Ebacds Kajab(1209 A.@., p. 17l,

10a) ak` Nakmsb @as La`mbra hi tbmGbar Lanb-d-Vakoal(12== A.@.,p. 112) acsh ghkidrj tbm dkihrjatdhk alhut tbm `matb hi tbm Nuru.

J]WCDJ GHKID\JAPDHK Nbucaj Juby-u`-@dk acdas Lutm Wbab dk bdsPardeb-d Vak oal(1202, p..<69) ak` Juitd-Acd-u`-@dk dk bdsDlrat Kajab hi 12=0 (vhc. D, p. 1>2)bavm lhtb rmghr`m` tbm `matb hi tbm nuru as ak bdsthrdgac iagt. Lutm

Wbab dk bds alrd`nm` rmgmksdhk hi tbmPardeb-d-Vakoal(prmsmrvm` dk tbmpakoal Vulcdg Cdlrary, Cabhrm) bas ihcchwm` Caca Whbak Cac—s]j`at ut- Pawardebdk kht hjdttdkn th dkgcu`m tbm cast ghjjak`jmkt hi tbm Nururmnar`dkn tbmNraktb lmdkn tbm Nuru aitmr bds `matb ak` tbat –tbmrm dskh `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm Nuru ak` tbmNraktb.‚ (p. 9<)

Pbm cast Vmrsdak whre th lm rmimrrm` th hk tbm sulomgt ds Eakbadya CacBdk`d—s_aiar Kajab-d-\akodt Wdknbpulcdsbm` dk Cabhrm dk 12>9. Dk tbm

dktrh`ugthry panms bm bas ndvmk a semtgb hi tbm Nurus at tbm mk` hi wbdgb bm says tbat –Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb dm` at Algbaca Kanar (Kak`m`dk tbm @mggak) dk 1>9= ak` tbat kh hkm (hi bds `dsgdpcms) suggmm`m`bdj th tbm na``d (tbrhkm hi Nurusbdp). ^dtb bdj mk`m` tbm na``d hi cma`mrsbdp(jaska`-d-sarwardak` wdtb bdj gajm th mk` tbm gusthj hi tbm (suggmssdhk ht) Nurus (sbmwa-d-rablard). (p. =<).

HLOMGPDYM M]\HVMAKW Murhpmak wrdtmrs hk bdsthry arm nmkmraccy jhrm hlomgtdvm ak` prmgdsm,ak` tbhsm wbh bavm wrdttmk hk tbm Wdebs dk tbm idrst baci hi tbmkdkmtmmktb gmktury, wmrm smashkm` sgbhcars cdem Wdr Ohbk Jacghcj, tbmBhk—lcm ^.N. Hslhjm, @r. ^.C. J—Nrmnhr ak` gaptadk Ohsmpb @.Gukkdnbaj. Pbm cast hi tbmj dkgurrm` tbm dspcmasurm hi bds supmrdhrsak`



<0=

–Pbm whuk` was smwm` up, ak` th acc appmarakgm, bmacdkn, lutNhvdk` was `mtmrjdkm` th `dm. Bm gaccm` ihr a strhkn lhw, wbdgbbm lmkt wdtb acc bds ihrgm, ak` dk hdkn sh tbm stdtgbms hi bds whuk`

navm way, bds lhwmcs anadk prhtru`m`, ak` bm `dm` acjhstdjjm`datmcy (p. 166).–Pbds mvmkt hggurrm` dk tbm ymar hi tbmBdomra117<, Wajwat1>9=,ak` A.@. 1>62, at tbm gdty hi Ka`sbur (Kak`mr) dk tbm rmdnk hi Luba`hhr Wbab (p. 166).–Awarm tbat sdkgm tbm matb hi bds lravm shks tbmrm was khkm ajhkn bds a`bmrmkts gapalcm hi ihcchwdkn up bds vdmws ak` ghkqumsts, bm

idxm` uphk a Lyranmm iuemmr, kajm` Luk`a wbh lmgajm bdssuggmsshr,tbhunb kht as Nhhrhh. Pbat tdtcm `dm` wdtb Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm tmktb ak` cast.(p. 160).‚Gukkdknbaj, O.@. Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs, 1204.–Pbm mxpdrdkn Nhhrhh was gbdc`cmss, ak` tbm assmjlcm` `dsgdpcmsasem` dk shrrhw wbh sbhuc` dkspdrm tbmj wdtb trutb ak` cma` tbmjth vdgthry wbmk bm was kh jhrm. Nhvdk` la`m tbmj lm hi nhh`

gbmmr5 tbm apphdktm` Pmk ba` dk`mm` iucidccm` tbmdr jdssdhk, lut bm was alhut th `mcdvmr tbm Ebacsa th Nh`, tbm kmvmr `ydkn. –Bm wbh wdsbms th lmbhc` tbm Nhhrhh, cmt bdj smargb tbmNraktbhi Kakae. Pbm Nhhrhh wdcc `wmcc wdtb tbm Ebacsa? lm idrj ak` iadtbiuc5 wbmrmvmr idvm Wdebs arm natbmrm` thnmtbmr, tbmrm wdcc D acsh lm prmsmkt(p. 22).–Nhvdk` was edccm` dk 1>62 at Ku`mrb hk tbm lakes hi tbm

Nh`avmry‚ (pp. 22-24), Prujp, Mrkmst. Pbm A`d Nraktb,12>>.–Pbm Nuru imct tbat bds `dsshcutdhk was kmar at bak`, ak` hr`mrm`bds Wdebs th emmp rma`y whh` (ihr grmjatdhk) ak` sbrhu`. Bavdkn `hkm sh tbmy acc ohdkm` tbmdr bak`s ak` asem`? ‒H trum Nuru, wbhj

wdcc yhu smat, ihr tbm saem hi hur wmciarm, hk tbm tbrhkm hi tbmNurusbdp8— Bm akswmr? –As tbm kdkm Edkns lmihrm jm



<09

wmrm at tbm tdjm hi tbmdr `matb, smatdkn akhtbmr Nuru hk tbmdrtbrhkm, sh sbacc D khw kht `h5 D bavm mktrustm` tbm wbhcm shgdmty (hi tbm `dsgdpcms) th tbm lhshj hi tbm tdjmcmss, `dvdkm Jacm. Aitmr

jm yhu sbacc mvmrywbmrm jdk` tbm lhhe hi tbmNraktb-Wabdlasyhur Nuru5 wbatmvmr yhu sbacc ase, dt wdcc sbhw th yhu. ^bhmvmrlm jy `dsgdpcm, bm sbacc ghksd`mr tbmNraktb as tbm ihrj hi tbmNuru.–…..Bavdkn uttmrm` tbmsm vmrsms bm gchsm` bds myms ak` mxpdrm`

A.@. 1>62 (pp. xgvd).‚

^MCC-EKH^K LHHE

Pbm cast djphrtakt wrdtmr hi tbm kdkmtmmktb gmktury hktbm bdsthry hi tbm Vukoal dk Mkncdsb ds Wym` Jubajjm`Catdi hi tbm Vukoal Ou`dgdac Wmrvdgm. Bds wmcc ekhwklhhe Bdsthry hi tbm Vak oal was pulcdsbm` dk 1241 ak`ds stdcc hkm hi tbm lmst lhhes hk tbm sulomgt. Whjm tdjm.lmihrm tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb wbmk Wdebsasem` bdj th wbh whuc` lm Nuru aitmr bdj, tbm `ydkn aphsthcdg bmrh, agghr`dkn th Wym` Jubajja` Catdi,thc` tbmj?–D mktrust jy Ebacsa th tbm lhshj hi tbm mvmr-castdkn @dvdkm Lmdkn. bhmvmr wdsbms th lmbhc` tbm Nuru, cmtbdj hiimr earab parsba`whrtb\m. 1-0 hr cmss, ak` lhw lmihrm tbmNraktb ak` hpmk dt, ak` bm sbacc lm ndvmk akdktmrvdmw wdtb tbm Nuru. PbmNraktbsbacc supphrt yhuuk`mr acc yhur trhulcms ak` a`vmrsdtdms dk tbds whrc`,ak` lm a surm nud`m th yhu bmrmaitmr. Pbm Nuru sbacc`wmcc wdtb tbm shgdmty hi `dsgdpcms, tbm Ebacsa, ak`

wbmrmvmr tbmrm sbacc lm idvm Wdebs natbmrm` thnmtbmr,tbmrm sbacc tbm Nuru lm acsh prmsmkt.‚

Pbm Nuru acsh navm tbmj suk`ry warkdkns, tmccdkn tbmjtbat tbmrm wmrm djphsthrs dk tbm whrc` wbh whuc` try th `dssua`m tbmj irhj tbm rdnbt patb, lut tbat bds`dsgdpcms sbhuc` lm hk tbmdr nuar` anadkst tbmj ak`

ndvm kh mar th wbat tbmy say. Pbmy just bavm lmcdmi dkHkm Nh` ak` chhe hk tbm Nraknb as Bds dkspdrm`



<0>

caw… Bm tbmk gchsm` bds myms ak` lmnak th pray, ak`mxpdrm` dk tbm pmrihrjakgm hi bds `mvhtdhks (p.<94).

JAGA]CDIIM—W WPAK@A\@ ^H\E Hi tbm wrdtmrs hi tbm twmktdmtb gmktury, wm whuc` rmimr hkcy th J.A.Jagaucdiim, wbhsm lhhePbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,dk sdx vhcujms pulcdsbm` dk1464, was lmnuk dk tbm mdnbtdms hi tbm kdkmtmmktb gmktury ak` dsghksd`mrm` th lm a stakàr` whre hk tbm cdvms hi tbm Nurus ak` hi tbmLbaetas wbhsm byjks arm dkghrphratm` dk tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl.Dk tbmghjpdcatdhk hi tbds whre, Jagaucdiim was assdstm` ly a kujlmr hi

wmcc-ekhwk Wdeb sgbhcars hi bds tdjm cdem Lbad Bazara Wdknb, LbadWarùc Wdknb, Lbad @dt Wdknb ak` Lbad Eabak Wdknb hi Kalba wbh

was gchsmcy asshgdatm` wdtb dt up th tbm cast stanm hi dts pulcdgatdhk atHxihr` dk Mkncak`. Pbm vdmws mxprmssm` dkPbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,tbmrmihrm,rmprmsmkt tbm vdmws ak` lmcdmis kht hkcy hi tbm hrtbh`hx smgtdhk hi tbm Wdeb ghjjukdty lut acsh hi tbmdr rmihrjdst dktmccdnmktsda dk tbmlmndkkdkn hi tbm twmktdmtb gmktury. ^rdtdkn alhut tbm cast

ghjjak`jmkts ak` tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, bm says?–^bmk tbm Wdebs gajm anadk th taem tbmdr cast iarmwmcc hi tbm Nuru,tbmy dkqudrm` wbh was th suggmm` bdj. Bm rmpcdm`, ‒D bavmmktrustm` yhu th tbm Djjhrtac Nh`. Mvmr rmjadk uk`mr Bdsprhtmgtdhk, ak` trust th khkm lmsd`ms. bmrmvmr tbmrm arm idvm Wdebsassmjlcm` wbh ald`m ly tbm Nuru—s tmagbdkns, ekhw tbat D aj dktbm jd`st hi tbmj. Bm wbh smrvmtb tbmj sbacc hltadk tbm rmwar`

tbmrmhi tbm iucidccjmkt hi acc bds bmart—s `msdrms. \ma` tbm Bdsthry hi yhur Nurus irhj tbm tdjm hi Nuru Kakae. Bmkgmihrtb tbmNuru sbacc lm tbm Ebacsa ak` tbm Ebacsa tbm Nuru. D bavm dkiusm`jy jmktac ak` lh`dcy spdrdt dkth tbmNraktb Wabdlak` tbm Ebacsa.–Aitmr tbds tbm Nuru latbm` ak` gbaknm` bds `rmss. Bm tbmk rma`tbm Oapodak` rmpmatm` akaràs hr suppcdgatdhk. ^bdcm `hdkn sh, bmnavm dkstrugtdhks tbat



<02

kh gchtbms sbhuc` lm lmsthwm` as acjs dk bds kajm. Bm tbmk puthk a juscdk wadstlak`, scukn bds lhw hk bds sbhuc`mr ak` thhe bdsjusemt dk bds bak`. Bm hpmkm` tbmNraktb Wabdlak` pcagdkn idvm

padsm ak` a ghghkut lmihrm dt shcmjkcy lhwm` th dt as bds suggmsshr. Pbmk uttmrdkn—abnuru od ea Ebacsa, ^abnuru od ed iatmb—,bmgdrgujajlucatm` tbm sagrm` vhcujm ak` sad`, –H lmchvm` Ebacsa,cmt bdj wbh msdrmtb th lmbhc` jm, lmbhc` tbmNuru Nraktb.Hlmy tbmNraktb Wabdl.Dt ds tbm vdsdlcm lh`y hi tbm Nuru. Ak` cmt bdj

wbh `msdrmtb th jmmt jm, `dcdnmktcy smargb dts byjks.—

]WMI]C WH]\GM HI DKIH\JAPDHK Pbmrm ds akhtbmr gcass hi mvd`mkgm wbdgb ds partdgucarcy rmcmvakt thhur stu`y bmrm. Dt ds ekhwk as tbmNur-parkacdakhr Nmkmachndms hi tbmNurus. As tbmy `mac jadkcy wdtb tbm parmktanm, ldrtbs, `matbs,`msgmk`akts ak` suggmsshrs hi tbm Nurus, tbmy arm a vmry usmiuc shurgmhi dkihrjatdhk ihr `mtmrjdkdkn tbm hr`mr hi suggmssdhk hi Nurusbdp.Wdx hi tbmsmNurparkacdsly Lbad Emsar Wdknb, Vhmt Wauk`ba, LbadNucal Wdknb, Eavd \aj Wdknb, ak` akhkyjhus phmt ak` ly Eavd NucalWdknb rmpmgtdvmcy, arm avadcalcm, ak` acc hi tbmj wdtbhut mxgmptdhk,aggmpt tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb at Kak`m` dk 1>62 as akdk`dsputalcm bdsthrdgac iagt.

‒N\AKPB DW N]\]— ]k`mr tbm bma`dkn ‒Nuru Nraktb Wabdl— dk bds wmcc ekhwk lhhe tbm

Nurjat Jartak`, Yhc. D, p. 011, Lbad Eabak Wdknb rmimrs th tbm bhcy lhhe as Wrd Nuru Nraktb Wabdlak` tmccs us hk panm 01= tbat tbm usm hi tbm whr` ‒Nuru— wdtbNraktb Wabdllmnak dkWajvat 1>99 Le., ([email protected]>62) wbmk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb dkvmstm` tbmNraktb,tbm lasdg sgrdpturmhi tbm Wdeb iadtb, wdtbNurusbdpat Algbac Kanar (Kak`m` dk tbm@mggak).Lbad Eabak Wdknb bas acsh akswmrm` tbm qumstdhk hi tbhsm wbh at

tdjms asem` alhut tbm vhcujm wbdgb was



<04

dkvmstm` wdtb Nurusbdp. Bm wrdtms hk panm 01= hi tbm lhhe jmktdhkmàlhvm?

–^m lmcdmvm tbat dt was tbat vhcujm wbdgb tbm Pmktb Nuru ba`

ghjpdcm` at @ajàja Wabdl aitmr dkgcu`dkn tbmrmdk tbmghjphsdtdhks hi tbm Kdktb Nuru ak` wbdgb was chst ùrdkn tbmnrmat Bhchgaust(â`à Nbacu nbara)ak` hi wbdgb Lala @dpWdknb ba` prmvdhuscy prmparm` smvmrac ghpdms. Lut mvmk di kh

vhcujm was avadcalcm at tbm tdjm hi tbm `matb hi tbm Pmktb Nuru,ghuc` tbmrm lm aky `diidgucty dk tbm dkvmstdturm8 âs Nuru PmnbLabaùr prmsmkt at @mcbd at tbm tdjm hi tbm `matb hi Nuru Bar

Erdsbak (^bh dkvmstm` Nuru Pmnb Labaùr wdtb Nurusbdp)8 Pbm Nurusbdp ghuc` lm mktrustm` ly jmktac ghktmjpcatdhk hrtbrhunb ^hr` (hi tbm jhutb).‚

Pbmsm statmjmkts ak` wrdtdkns hi Lbad Eabak Wdknb cmavm kh `hultalhut bds lmcdmi tbat?

(d) Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `d` kht apphdkt aky pmrshk ths u g g m m `bdj as Nuru, ak`

(dd) Pbm Pmktb Nuru ba` dkvmstm` tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl w d t bNrusbdp, ak` ghjjak`m` tbm Wdebs th aggmpt dt as tbmdr iuturmNuru.

\mgmktcy a ghktmjphrary Lbatt Yabd bas lmmk tragm` ly Nyakd NaroaWdknb wbdgb ghktadks ak mktry rmnar`dkn tbm suggmssdhk hiWrd Nuru Nraktb Wabdlas Iuturm Nuru hi tbm Wdebs mk`dkn pmrshkkmc cdkm hi suggmssdhk. Pbds bas lmmk quhtm` ly Nukdk`mr Eaur dk bmr rmgmkt

lhhe—Plm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, Dts Vbysdgs ak` Jmta-Vbysdgs— 1

(Ihhtkhtms)1 Wtmrcdkn Vulcdsbmrs, 1421, pp. <6-<1. Pbm rmcmvakt mktry bas lmmk rmprhùgm` ly Vrhi.

Barlaks Wdknb at panm <=> hi tbds vhcujm



<=6

16

PBM N]\] N\AKPB WABDL ?N]\] MPM\KAC IH\ PBM WDEBW

BA\LAKW WDKNB

Pbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl-shjm hi tbm vardatdhks hk tbm td`mlmdkn A`d Nraktb, Wrd A`d Nraktb hr A`d Wrd Nuru Nraktb Wabdl- dstbm rmcdndhus Wgrdpturm hi tbm Wdebs as wmcc as Nuru mtmrkac ihr tbmj.

Pbm lasdg whr` dk tbm mxprmssdhks cdstm` ds nraktb jmakdkn a lhhe,sabdlak` srdlmdkn bhkhrdidgs, nurudk`dgatdkn dts status as suggmsshr dktbm Nurusbdp aitmr Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb aka`d,cdtmraccy hrdndkac, idrsthr prdjary, `dstdknudsbdkn dt irhj tbm htbmr sagrm` lhhe hi tbm Wdebs,tbm@asaj Nraktb, wbdgb ghktadks tbm phmtdg ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm Pmktb(@asaj) Nuru. .

Pbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl ds ak aktbhchny hi tbm sagrm`

ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm Nurus ak` hi shjm hi tbm jm`dmvac Dk`dak sadkts. Pbm cattmr gajm irhj a vardmty hi gcass ak` grmmàc lagenrhuk`-Bdkùas wmcc as Juscdj, bdnb-gastm as wmcc as chw-gastm. Hkm grdtmrdhk ihrgbhhsdkn tbmdr vmrsm ihr tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl apparmktcy was dtsthkm hi barjhky wdtb tbm tmagbdkn hi tbm Nurus. Pbm aktbhchny wasprmparm` ly Nuru Arouk, tbm Iditb Nuru, dk 1967-0. Ph dt wmrm a``m`ly Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm ghjphsdtdhks hi Nuru Pmnb Labaùr, tbm

Kdktb Nuru.Mvmk lmihrm tbm tdjm hi Nuru Arouk, phtbdshr lhhes dkNurjuebd gbaragtmrs, mxdstm` ghktadkdkn tbm bhcy uttmrakgms hi tbmNurus. A cdkm dk Lbad Nuràs, Yar D. 7<, sunnmsts tbat Nuru Kakae ùrdkn bds travmcs garrdm` uk`mr bds arj, a lhhe mvd`mktcy ghjprdsdkn bds hwk ghjphsdtdhks. Agghr`dkn th tbmVuratakoakajsaebd,bm bak`m`hvmr sugb a jakusgrdpt th Nuru Akna` as bm passm` hk tbm spdrdtuac



<=1

hiidgm th bdj. Pwh hi tbm ghccmgtdhks hi byjks hr phtbds prdhr th tbmNuru Nraktb arm stdcc mxtakt. Pbmy arm dk tbm phssmssdhk hi tbm`msgmkàkts hi Nuru Ajar @as. Hkm hi tbm iajdcdms dk. tbm cdkm cdvms

dk Vatdaca ak` tbm phtlddt bas dkbmrdtm`, ds hk vdmw ihr tbm `mvhtmms dktbmdr bhjm hk tbm jhrkdkn hi tbm iucc-jhhk ày mvmry jhktb. Aghccatmrac iajdcy wbdgb ds dk phssmssdhk hi tbm smghk` phtldcdvms dk tbm

vdccanm hi @arapur, dk Bhsbdarpur `dstrdgt hi tbm Vukoal. Pbmlakd,hr whr` rmvmacm`, was bmc` dk nrmat vmkmratdhk ly tbm Wdebsmvmk lmihrm tbm Bhcy Yhcujm was ghjpdcm`. Dt was mquatm` wdtb tbmNuru bdjsmci. –Pbmlakdds tbm Nuru ak` tbm Nurulakd‚, sakn Nuru

\aj @as dk \ana Kat Karadk. Pbm lakd mgbhm` tbm @dvdkm Prutb, dt was tbm vhdgm hi Nh` - –tbm Chr`—s hwk whr`‚, as sad` Nuru Kakae dktbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl. Nuru Ajar @as says?

valu, vabu lakd kdrakear bad tds omva` avar ka ehm Badc, Badc, tbm whr` hi tbm Nuru, wbdgb ds tbm

Chr` Ihrjcmss Bdjsmci,

Pbmrm ds khkm htbmr, khtbdkn mcsm th lm rmgehkm` mquac th dt.

Pbm ghjpdcatdhk hi tbm Bhcy Lhhe, a jhjmkthus mvmkt dkWdeb bdsthry, ds nmkmraccy `msgrdlm` dk tbm lrdmimst tmrjs. Pbm Wagrm`

Yhcujm was prmparm` ly Nuru Arouk (A.@. 1=97 -1969) ak` tbm idrstghpy was gaccdnrapbm` ly Lbad Nuràs 6==1-1979) at bds `dgtatdhk -tbds ds acc wm cmark irhj jhst hi tbm shurgms. bat ajhukt hi pcakkdkn,

jdkutm attmktdhk th mtadc ak` dcdnmkt ak` jmtdguchus whre dt dkvhcvm`,ds scurrm` hvmr. Ak hc` tmxt wbdgb ndvms shjm `mtadcm` dkihrjatdhk dstbmNurldcas Gbbmvdk Vatsbabd. ^rdttmk dk A.@. 1>12, tbds, dk iagt, ds tbmhc`mst shurgm. Actbhunb dt `hms kht nh dkth tbm tmgbkdgac ak` cdtmrary jdkutdam, dt karratms tbm mktdrm prhgmss irhj tbm lmndkkdkn hi tbmtraksgrdptdhk hi tbm Bhcy Yhcujm th dts dkstaccatdhk -dk tbm kmwcy-ludctBardjak`dr at Ajrdtsar.

^by Nuru Arouk uk`mrthhe tbm tase ds vardhuscy



<=<

mxpcadkm`. Hkm ghjjhkcy aggmptm` assujptdhk ds tbat tbm gh`didgatdhkhi tbm Nuru—s ghjphsdtdhks dkth ak autbhrdzm` vhcujm was lmnuk ly bdj wdtb a vdmw th prmsmrvdkn tbmj irhj narlcdkn ly sgbdsjatdg nrhups

ak` htbmrs. Agghr`dkn th tbm Jabdja Vraeasb (A.@. 1>>9), bm smt th whre wdtb tbm akkhukgmjmkt? –As tbm paktb (Ghjjukdty) bas lmmkrmvmacm` ukth tbm whrc`, sh just tbmrm lm tbm Nraktb (Lhhe), thh.‚ Ly aggujucatdkn tbm gakhk, Nuru Arouk wdsbm` th aiidx tbm smac hk tbmsagrm` whr`. Dt was acsh th lm tbm pmrmkkdac ihuktadk hi dkspdratdhkak` tbm jmaks hi smci-pmrpmtuatdhk ihr tbm ghjjukdty.Nuru Arouk gaccm` Lbad Nuràs th bds prmsmkgm ak` mxprmssm` th bdj

tbm wdsb tbat tbm ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm Nurus as wmcc as tbhsm hi shjmhi tbm sadkts ak` suids lm ghccmgtm`. Jmssanms wmrm smkt th tbm dsgdpcmsth natbmr ak` traksjdt th bdj tbm byjks hi bds prm`mgmsshrs.Lala Jhbak, shk hi Nuru Ajar @as, Kakae DDD, ba` jakusgrdptghccmgtdhks hi tbm Nurus— byjks dkbmrdtm` irhj bds iatbmr. Lbad Nuràstravmccm` th Nhdk`wac th lrdkn tbmsm phtbds,lut tbm hwkmr rmiusm` thsmm bdj5 Lbad Lu``ba, hkm hi tbm hc`mst Wdebs irhj Nuru Kakae—s

àys, was sdjdcarcy turkm` away irhj bds hhr. Pbmk Nuru Arouk wmktbdjsmci. Bm sat dk tbm strmmt lmchw Jhbak—s attdg smrmka`dkn bdj hkbdstajlura. Jhbak was dsarjm` th bmar tbm byjk. Bm gajm hwkstadrs

wdtb tbm phtbdsak` prmsmktm` tbmsm th tbm Nuru. As says tbmNurldcas,tbm phtbds wmrm pcagm` hk a pacakqudk lm`mgem` wdtb prmgdhus sthkms.

Pbm Wdebs garrdm` dt hk tbmdr sbhuc`mrs ak` Nuru Arouk wacem` lmbdk`larmihht. Bm rmiusm` th rd`m bds bhrsm, saydkn tbat tbm phtbds wmrm tbm

vmry spdrdt, tbm vmry cdnbt hi tbm ihur Nurus-bds prm`mgmsshrs. Pbm gavacga`m lrhem ohurkmy at Ebaùr Wabdl th jaem hlmdsakgm atsbrdkms sagrm` th Nuru Akna`. Pwhehs irhj Ajrdtsar, dt was rmgmdvm`ly Barnhldk`, Nuru Arouk—s yhukn shk, agghjpakdm` ly a carnm kujlmrhi Wdebs. Bm lhwm` at bds iatbmr—s immt ak` sbhwmrm` pmtacs dk irhkt hi tbm phtbds.Nuru Arouk, Barnhldk`, Lbad Nuràs ak` Lbad Lu``bakhw



<=7

lhrm tbm pacakqudk hk tbmdr sbhuc`mrs ak` jargbm` thwar`s Ajrdtsar,cm` ly jusdgdaks wdtb icutms ak` rujs. \magbdkn Ajrdtsar, Nuru Aroukidrst wmkt th tbm Bardjak`dr th hiimrearabprasa` dk nratmiuckmss.

Ph quhtm tbmNurldcasanadk, ak attragtdvm spht dk tbm tbdge hi a ihrmsthk tbm hutsedrts hi Ajrdtsar, was jarem` hut ly Nuru Arouk. Wh mksm

was tbm ihcdanm tbat kht mvmk a jhhklmaj ghuc` pry dkth dt. Pbm sdtm was pmagmiuc ak` pdgturmsqum. A tmkt was bhdstm` dk tbds d`yccdg smttdkn.Bmrm Nuru Arouk ak` Lbad Nuràs startm` whre hk tbm sagrm` vhcujm.

Pbm jaedkn hi tbm Nraktb was kh masy tase. Dt dkvhcvm` sustadkm`calhur ak` a rdnhrhus dktmccmgtuac dsgdpcdkm. Wmcmgtdhks ba` th lm ja`m

irhj a vast ajhukt hi jatmrdac. Lmsd`ms tbm ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm ihurprmgm`dkn Nurus ak` hi Nuru Arouk wbh bdjsmci was a phmt wdtb ararm spdrdtuac dksdnbt, tbmrm wmrm shkns ak` byjks ly sadkts, lhtb Bdkùak` Juscdj. ^bat was nmkudkm ba` th lm sditm` irhj wbat wasghuktmrimdt. Pbmk tbm smcmgtm` jatmrdac ba` th lm assdnkm` thapprhprdatm jusdgac jmasurms ak` traksgrdlm` dk a jdkutmcy cad` huthr`mr.

Nuru Arouk garrdm` hut tbm whre wdtb mxtrahr`dkary mxagtkmss. Bmarraknm` tbm byjks dk tbdrty `diimrmktranas,hr jusdgac pattmrks. Aprmgdsm jmtbh` was ihcchwm` dk smttdkn `hwk tbm ghjphsdtdhks. Idrstgajm salàs ly tbm Nurus dk tbm hr`mr hi tbmdr suggmssdhk. Pbmk gajmgbbak`s, vars,ak` htbmr phmtdg ihrjs dk a smt hr`mr. Pbm ghjphsdtdhkshi tbm Nurus dk magbrana wmrm ihcchwm` ly tbhsm hi tbm Lbaetas dktbm sajm ihrjat. Nurjuebd was tbm sgrdpt usm` ihr tbm traksgrdptdhk.

Agghr`dkn th Lbad Nuràs— tmstdjhky, tbm tmxt ba` lmmk traksgrdlm`ly Lba`hk Ya`d Meaj 1991 LE. At tbm bma` hi tbm dk`mx bm rmghr`m`?–Wajjat 1991 jdtd lba`hk va`d meaj phtbd cdeb pabugbm,d.m. hk Lba`hk

Ya`d Meaj 1991 bm ba` rmagbm` tbds spht wbmrm tbm dk`mx was thlmndk aitmr ghjpcmtdkn tbm wrdtdkn hi tbm lhhe.‚ Pbm dk`mx, ndvdkn tbmhpmkdkn whr`s hi magbsalà hr byjk ak` pandkatdhk, ds



<=0

dtsmci a jarvmc hi sgbhcarcy iastd`dhuskmss. A nmkdus, ukdqum dk spdrdtuacdktudtdhk ak` kht ukghkgmrkm` wdtb jmtbh`hchndgac msdnk, ba` grmatmà sgrdpturm wdtb ak mxactm` jystdgac thkm ak` a bdnb `mnrmm hi

hrnakdzatdhk. Dt was carnm dk sdzm kmarcy >,666 byjks, ghjprdsdkn ghjphsdtdhks hi tbm idrst idvm Wdeb Nurus ak` iditmmk lbaetas ak`suids irhj `diimrmkt parts hi Dk`da, dkgcu`dkn Wbadeb Iard`, Ealdr ak`\avdàs. Pbm Wagrm` Yhcujm ghksdstm` hi 4>0 cmavms, hr 1402 panms,1<" x 2", wdtb smvmrac lcake hkms at tbm mk` hi arana wbmk tbmrm wmrmkht salàs mkhunb th idcc tbm smgtdhk assdnkm` th dt. Pbm sdtm hi tbmsmjarvmcchus calhurs ds khw jarem` ly a sbrdkm gaccm` \ajsar.

Pbm ghjpcmtdhk hi tbm Nraktb Wabdl was, says tbmNurldcas,gmcmlratm` wdtb jugb ouldcatdhk. Dk tbakesndvdkn,earabprasa` was prmparm` dkbunm quaktdtdms. Wdebs gajm dk carnm kujlmrs th smm tbm Bhcy Lhhe.

Pbmy wmrm rmohdgm` dk tbmdr bmarts ly a sdnbt hi dt ak` lhwm` lmihrm dtdk vmkmratdhk. Ajhkn tbm vdsdthrs was Lbad Lakkh wbh ba` cm` a nrhuphi Wdebs irhj Jaknat, dk wmstmrk Vukoal. Nuru Arouk wbh ekmw bdjas a `mvhtm` Wdeb, dkstrugtm` bdj th nh th Cabhrm ak` bavm tbm lhhe

lhuk`. Lakkh shunbt tbm Nuru—s pmrjdssdhk th lm acchwm` th taem tbmNraktb Wabdl idrst th Jaknat ihr tbm Wdebs tbmrm th smm dt. Pbm Nuruacchwm` tbds, lut mkohdkm` bdj kht th tarry at Jaknat, hr at aky htbmrpcagm, jhrm tbak a kdnbt.

As Lakkh cmit Ajrdtsar wdtb bds sagrm` gbarnm, dt hggurrm` th bdj thbavm a smghk` ghpy traksgrdlm`. Pbm idrst ghpy, bm arnum`, whuc` rmjadk

wdtb tbm Nuru. Pbmrm just lm ak a``dtdhkac hkm ihr tbmsaknat. Pbm

Nuru—s `drmgtdhk was tbat bm sbhuc` kht stay chknmr tbak hkm kdnbt ata pcagm, lut bm ba` sad` khtbdkn alhut tbm tdjm th lm spmkt hk tbmohurkmy. Wh bm prhgmm`m` wdtb bds pcaks ak`— smkt a Wdeb th purgbasmpapmr. Bm prhphsm` th bds ghjpakdhks tbat tbmy sbhuc` travmc ly masy jargbms hi idvm jdcms a ày. Pbm tdjm tbus savm` was utdcdzm` dktraksgrdldkn tbm bhcy tmxt. Wdebs wrhtm wdtb chvm ak` `mvhtdhk ak`khlh`y sbdrem` bds ùty wbmtbmr dt was ày hr kdnbt. Ly tbm tdjm tbmy

rmagbm`



<==

.Cabhrm, tbm smghk` ghpy was rma`y. Lut Lakkh ba` a``m` th dt shjmaphgrypbac tmxts. Bm ba` lhtb vhcujms lhuk` ak` rmturkm` th Ajrdtsaras iast as bm ghuc`.

At Ajrdtsar, bm was rmgmdvm` wdtb ùm gmrmjhky, tbhunb Nuru Arouk was kht a cdttcm surprdsm` th smm twh vhcujms dkstma` hi hkm. LbadLakkh sphem trutbiuccy? –Chr`, tbmrm ds khtbdkn tbat ds bd``mk irhjyhu. Pbds smghk` ghpy D bavm ba` ja`m ihr tbm saem hi tbmsaknat.‚ Lut tbm Nuru aggmptm` hkcy tbm vhcujm wrdttmk dk Lbad Nuràs—s bak`.Bm mkohdkm` tbm Wdebs th hwk tbm Nraktb mquac wdtb tbm Nuru ak`jaem kh dstdkgtdhk lmtwmmk tbm twh. –Bm wbh whuc` wdsb th smm tbm

Nuru, cmt bdj smm tbm Nraktb. Bm wbh whuc` smme tbm Nuru—s whr`,cmt bdj rma` tbm Nraktb wdtb chvm ak` attmktdhk.Nuru Arouk asem` tbm Wdebs wbmrm tbm Nraktb Wabdl lm dkstaccm`. LbadLu``ba sphem, –Thu arm hjkdsgdmkt, Jastmr. Lut tbmrm ds kh pcagmjhrm sudtalcm tbak tbm Bardjak`dr.‚ –Pbm Nuru was bappy th bmartbmsm whr`s –cdem hkm wbh bas sdnbtm` tbm kmw jhhk.‚ Bm tbmk rmgdtm`tbm pradsm hi tbm Bardjak`dr? –Pbmrm ds khtbdkn cdem dt dk acc tbm whrc`.

Bardjak`dr. Bardjak`dr ds cdem tbm sbdp-tbm jmaks ihr tbm pmhpcm thgrhss hvmr tbm whrc`cy hgmak trdujpbaktcy. A kmw ohy pmrva`ms bmrmmvmry ày. A sdnbt hi dt akkucs acc sdks.‚Dt was mgd`m` th spmk` tbm kdnbt at \ajsar ak` rmturk th Ajrdtsar tbmkmxt jhrkdkn. Pbm Nraktb Wabdl rmstm` hk a smat uk`mr tbm gakhpy,

wbmrmas tbm Nuru ak` tbm Wdebs scmpt hk tbm nrhuk`. A `dsgdpcm ba` th lm gbhsmk th taem gbarnm hi tbm Nraktb Wabdl. As

says tbmNurldcas,Nuru Arouk cay awaem tbrhunb tbm kdnbt rmicmgtdkn hk tbm qumstdhk. Bds gbhdgm idkaccy imcc hk Lbad Lu``ba wbhsm mvhtdhk

was ukdvmrsaccy appcau`m`. As tbmy awhem, tbm Nuru ak` bds Wdebsja`m alcutdhks dk \ajsar. Pbm ihrjmr tbmrmuphk pragtdsm` bds whktm`jm`dtatdhk. At àwk, tbm mktdrmsaknatjargbm` thwar`s Bardjak`dr.Lbad Lu``ba garrdm` tbm Bhcy Lhhe hk bds bma` ak` Nuru Arouk wacem`lmbdk` swdkndkn tbm icywbdse hvmr dt. Jusdgdaks saknsalàs. Pbus tbmy

rmagbm` tbm Bardjak`dr.



<=9

Pbm Nraktb Wabdl was gmrmjhkdaccy dkstaccm` dk tbm gmktrm hi tbm dkkmrsakgtuary hk Lba`hk Wu`d 1, 1991 LE/Aunust 19, 1960. Lbad Lu``bahpmkm` dt wdtb rmvmrmkgm th hltadk irhj dt tbm `dvdkm ghjjak`, as

Nuru Arouk sthh` dk attmkàkgm lmbdk`. Pbm ihcchwdkn byjk was rmaàs Nh`—s hwk prhkhukgmjmkt ihr tbm hggasdhk?Bm Bdjsmci batb sugghurm` bds sadkts dk tbmdr whre,Bm Bdjsmci batb ghjm th smm tbmdr tase iucidccm`.Lcmssm` ds tbm martb, lcmssm` tbm take,Lcmssm` ds tbm take wdtb ajrdt idccm`.

Ajrdt hvmr ichwmtb tbm take?

Bm batb ba` tbm tase ghjpcmtm`.Mtmrkac ds tbm Vmrimgt Lmdkn,Bds pradsms Ymàs ak` Vurakas sdkn.

Pbm Grmathr batb lmsthwm` hk jm tbm kdkm trmasurms, ak` acc tbm gbrdsjs,Kh cage `h D suiimr khw.Mkohydkn Bds carnmssm, lcdss bavm D attadkm`. Mvmr-mxpak`dkn ds tbmChr`—s lhukty.

Nuru Arouk drmgtm` tbat urdkn aytdjm tbm Bhcy Lhhe sbhuc` rmjadkdk tbm Bardjak`dr ak` ly kdnbt, aitmr tbmWhbdca was rma`, dt sbhuc` lmtaemk th tbm rhhj bm ba` ludct ihr bdjsmci dk Nuru-ea-Jabac. Asmvmkdkn a`vakgm` ly twh watgbms, Lbad Lu``ba rmgdtm`Whbdcaak`ja`m tbm ghkgcu`dkn aràs hr suppcdgatdhk. Pbm Nraktb Wabdl wasgchsm` ak` wrappm` dk sdces. Lbad Lu``ba bmc` dt hk bds bma` ak`jargbm` thwar`s tbm gbajlmr dk`dgatm` ly Nuru Arouk. Pbm Nuru

cm` tbmsaknatsdkndkn byjks. Pbm Nraktb Wabdl was pcagm` hk tbmapphdktm` smat, ak` tbm Nuru scmpt hk tbm nrhuk` ly dts sd`m. @adcy dktbm sjacc bhurs hi tbm jhrkdkn as tbm stars twdkecm dk tbm phhc lmchw,tbm Bhcy Lhhe ds taemk hut dk statm th tbm Bardjak`dr ak` lrhunbt ly kdnbt th rmst-khw, dk a rhhj at tbm Aeac Paebt. Pbm pragtdgm ghktdkumsth tbds ày. Lut tbm vhcujm ds kht tbm sajm. Pbat hrdndkac ghpy wastaemk th Eartarpur wbmk Nuru Arouk—s suggmsshr, Nuru Barnhldk`,

cmit Ajrdtsar dk 1970.



<=>

Pbmrm dt passm` dkth tbm phssmssdhk hi bds nrak`shk, @bdr Jacc. Dt bassdkgm rmjadkm` dk tbat iajdcy.Dk tbm Wdeb systmj, tbm whrNuj ds usm` hkcy ihr tbm tmk prhpbmt-

prmgmpthrs ‐ Nuru Kakae th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, ak` ihr khkm htbmr.Khw tbds hiidgm hi Nuru ds iucidccm` ly tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, tbmWagrm` Lhhe, wbdgb was sh aphtbmhsdzm` ly tbm cast Nuru, NuruNhldk` Wdknb, lmihrm bm passm` away dk 1>62. Kh cdvdkn pmrshk,bhwmvmr bhcy hr rmvmrm`, gak bavm tbm tdtcm hr status hi Nuru. IhrWdebs, Nuru ds tbm bhcy tmagbmr, tbm prhpbmt uk`mr `drmgt ghjjdssdhkirhj Nh`-tbm Pmk wbh bavm lmmk ak` tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl wbdgbds tbmdr ghktdkudkn vdsdlcm jakdimstatdhk.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb jakdimstm` tbm Ebacsa dk 1944. Dk 1>62, bmsuppcdm` akhtbmr pmrjakmkt-ak` idkac-imaturm dk tbm mvhcutdhk hi tbmWdeb iadtb wbmk bm dkstaccm` tbm Bhcy Wgrdpturm as Nuru. Pbds ds bhw tbmLbatt Yabd Pacauà parnakab idk` `msgrdlms tbm mvmkt?

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb jabacc àsjak lmta Nuru Pmnb Labùr ea phta Nuru Barnhldkòd ea parphta Nuru Aroukod ea laks Nuru \aj @as od ed Wuraolaksd Nhsac nhtra Wh`bd Ebatrd lasd Akak`pur parnakab Eabcur juqaj Kak`mr tat Nhàvard `ms àeebak sajjat satrak sad padksatb Eartde jas ed gbautb sbueca paeebm lu`bvar em dbuk Lbad @aya Wdknb sm lagbak bhya Wrd Nraktb Wabdl cad ah lagbak pad @aya Wdknb Wrd Nraktb Wabdl cad ay Nujod km pakgb

padsm kardac anm lbmta raeba jatba tmea sarlatt saknat sm eaba jmra bueaj bad jmrd oanab Wrd Nraktbod eh oakaka oh Wdeb oakmna cds ed nbac tbamk pamNuru tds ed laburd earmna sat ear jakaka.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm Pmktb Jastmr, shk hi Nuru Pmnb Labùr,nrak`shk hi Nuru Barnhldk`, nrmat nrak`shk hi Nuru Arouk, hi tbmiajdcy hi Nuru \aj @as, Wuraolaksd Nhsac gcak, Wh`bd Ebatrd, rmsd`mkthi Akak`pur, parnakab Eabcur, khw at Kak`m`, hk tbm



<=2

Nhàvard lake dk tbm @mggak, asem` Lbad @aya Wdknb, hk m`kmsày,Wbueca gbautbhi tbm jhktb hi Eatde, 1>9= LE (Hgthlmr 9, 1>62) thimtgb tbm Wrd Nraktb Wabdl. Pbm Nuru pcagm` lmihrm dt idvm pdgm ak` a

ghghkut ak` lhwm` bds bma` lmihrm dt. Bm sad` th tbmsaknat,–Dt ds jy ghjjak`jmkt? Hwk Wrd Nraktb od dk jy pcagm. Bm wbh shagekhwcm`nms dt wdcc hltadk bds rmwar`. Pbm Nuru wdcc rmsgum bdj.Ekhw tbds as tbm trutb.‚

Agghr`dkn th Ndakd Naroa Wdknb th wbhj wm hwm tbm `dsghvmry hi tbds mktry, tbm autbhr was Karlu` Wdknb Lbatt, wbh was wdtb NuruNhldk` Wdknb at Kak`m` at tbat tdjm.Lbatt Yabds arm a kmw shurgm hi dkihrjatdhk dsghvmrm` ly Ndakd NaroaWdknb 6460->>), a `hnnm` smargbmr ihr jatmrdacs hk Wdeb bdsthry. PbmLbatts wmrm bmrm`dtary pakmnyrdsts, nmkmachndsts hr iajdcy lar`s. (Anrhup hi tbmj wmrm dktrhùgm` th Nuru Arouk ly Lbatt Lbdeeba wbhbdjsmci ba` lmghjm a `dsgdpcm dk tbm tdjm hi Nuru Ajar @as.

Agghr`dkn th Lbad Nuràs, Yar RD. <1, ak` Lbad Jakd WdknbWdeebak `d Lbanatjaca,bm ba` marcdmr vdsdtm` Nuru Arouk wdtb tbmsaknathi Wuctakpur Ch`bd). Pbhsm hi tbmj wbh gajm dkth tbm Wdeb ihc`ghjphsm` byjks dk bhkhur hi tbm Nurus wbdgb wmrm mktmrm` dk tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl ly Nuru Arouk.

Pbmsm Lbatts acsh rmghr`m` mvmkts hi tbm cdvms hi tbm Nurus ak` hi tbm jmjlmrs hi tbmdr iajdcdms dk tbmdr sgrhccs gaccm`vabds.Whjm hi tbmsmvabdsarm prmsmrvm` th tbds ay dk tbm msgmkàkt iajdcdms, mspmgdaccy at tbm vdccanm hi Earsdk`bu, dk Odk` `dstrdgt hi Baryaka. Pbm sgrdpt dk

wbdgb tbmy arm wrdttmk ds gaccm`lbataesbrd-a edk` hi iajdcy gh`m cdemcak`mak` jabaoakd. Pbm hkcy ekhwk sgbhcar th bavm whrem` wdtb tbmsm

jatmrdacs was Ndakd Naroa Wdknb. Apart irhj tbds kmw tmstdjhky guccm` ly Ndakd Naroa Wdknb irhj tbmLbatt Yabds, akhtbmr ghktmjphrary hgujmkt wbdgb autbmktdgatms tbmiagt hi Nuru Nraktb Wabdl bavdkn lmmk dkvmstm` wdtb tbm idkacautbhrdty, ds a cmttmr dssum` ly rmimrmkgm hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s wdim,Jata Wukàrdod. Ph quhtm irhj tbm hrdndkac, wbdgb ds khw dk tbmphssmssdhk hi



<=4

Lbad Gbmt Wdknb, hi tbm vdccanm hi Lbad \upa, dk prmsmkt ày Lbatdkà`dstrdgt, th wbhsm akgmsthrs dt was a``rmssm`?Dee Hakear âbnuru od ed iatmb. Wrd Aeac purebod ea Ebacsa yae rakn odka

`dtbda âbnuru od gbdt avad. Lbad Wabdl @ak Wdknb od, Lbad @ukd Wdknb od, Lbad Oanat Wdknb od, Lbad Nurlaebsb Wdknb od, ]nar Wdknb

od, Lbad \aj Wdknb od, sarlatt Ebacsa âbnuru Aeac ‗ pureb od ea pasm cdebtaj nucaj Ebacsa od ea Eabk Wdknb, Kdvac Wdknb, Juc Wdknb od, Wuoak Wdknb, Naoa Wdknb, Jabak Wdknb sarlatt Ebacsa,âbnuru Aeac pureb ea abnuru od ed iatmb vagbakd ebusba earka ed âbnuru Aeac pureb od bar àj gbdt avad sueb bhm Ebacsm od ea lhc laca bhd aràs tusa`d jadiat Lbad @ucgba Wdknb em batb pabutd

parbead Ebacsa od labut ebuswaqat bhdya tusa`m lal Ebacsaod àyac bh ead batb ohrm bad oh raebya bhvm. ‒Oh oak bardea smvaeh bard tdsem eajd –, Nuru Nuru oapka abnuru akn sakn bad iaoac earead raebda bhvmnd Ebacsaod Lbad Eabk Wdknbod eau Jata Wabdlod km nujastndrd

Ajrdtsar od ed juearar edtd bad Ebacsaod km nurjata earem

BardjakrO,dr atm lanb d jurajjat djarat ea eaj sburu edta bad,Wrd Jata Wabdlod km cdeba bad em âbnuru Aeacpureb od ed kanard bad caknar oarur earka Ebacsa Wrd âbnuru od ea sugbmt ldlme lu`b gbabdm oh sdvad Aeacpureb ùom kh oakad kabd. @asaj

patsbabdak tae oajad pad`bm yarvdk larvdk Lakà Gbaulakà Aodta vanadrm tm adtea` cad avaka batdya bad. Bhr batdya Nuru oapak kac ùr bhsak, par db batdya nukab laebsbdadna kabd oh jakjueb em

oajm upar adtea` earmknm. ‒Jueb (jhbd) pbmrdad jueb (jhbd) outba bhd.— Ebacsa od tusak sdvad Aeac uom kh jakkaka kabd. Wala` asvdk

patsbabd tae ebhoka. –Wala` ebhod dbu nbaru cabad Kakae taea àsu. – Nuru ea kdvas sala` vdgb bad. –Nuru jabd ap sajhd sala` vartadya.‚ odak akàr odu sala` bad odt sabu jdcava bhd.– âbnuru od ed iatmb. Lbad Jmbar Wdknb tabcda Lbad Lucm em pattar em ebasjakm vdgb rabdka Nuru kac nak`b padsd.



<96

Dee Hakear âbdnuru od ed Iatmb Pbm Ebacsa, hi tbm Pdjmcmss Bdjsmci, djjmrsm` dk tbm Hkm, ak` wbhsmsdnbt lrdkns abdnuru th jdk`. A``rmssm` th Lbad Wabdl @ak Wdknb od,

Lbad @ukd Wdknb od, Lbad Oanat Wdknb od, Lbad Nurlaesb Wdknb od, ]narWdknb od, Lbad \aj Wdknb od, tbm mktdrm Ebacsa hi abdnuru, tbm PdjmcmssHkm. Irhj tbm scavms hi tbm Ebacsa od, Eabk Wdknb od, Kdvac Wdknb od,Juc Wdknb od, Wuoak Wdknb, Naoa Wdknb, Jaba Wdknb âbdnuru od edIatmb th tbm mktdrm Ebacsa. Jay yhu lm rmohdgm` dk ghkstaktrmjmjlrakgm hi tbm Pdjmcmss âbdnuru. Jay prhspmrdty prmvadc5 jay suprmjagy lmchkn th tbm Ebacsa. Bavdkn rmgmdvm` yhur jdssdvm tbrhunb

Lbad @ucgba Wdknb, Ebacsa od ds bdnbcy pcmasm`. Ebacsa od bappdcy prays wdtb ihc`m` bak`s ihr yhur smgurdty. –Bm wbh th Chr` surrmk`mrsbdjsmci, bds aiiadrs tbm Chr` wdcc smt th rdnbts.‚ \mpmat acways tbm kajmhi Nuru. âbdnuru ds ly yhur sd`m. Bm wdcc mxtmk` th yhu Bds nragmak` prhtmgtdhk. Ebacsa od, Jata Wabdl od bas apphdktm` Lbad Eabk Wdknbod th tbm supmrdktmk`mkgm hi Ajrdtsar od. Pbm Ebacsa od, tbrhunb a

nurjata, bas taemk dk bak` tbm ghkstrugtdhk ak` rmpadr hi tbm Bardjak`dr

ak` tbm nar`mk. Wrd Jata Wabdlod bas wrdttmk tbatcaknarjust lm ruk dktbat pcagm wbdgb ds tbm alh`m hi Nh` Bdjsmci..... âbdnuru—s Ebacsajust acways lm acmrt, phssmssm` hi dsgrdjdkatdkn wds`hj. Pbm Ebacsajust lmcdmvm dk khkm htbmr tbak tbm Pdjmcmss Hkm. Pbmrm bavm lmmkhkcy Pmk Jastmrs dk bujak ihrj5 th lmcdmvm dk tbm mcmvmktb ak` twmcitb,Lakà ULakà Wdknb LabaùrZ, Aodta UAodt Wdknb, a`hptm` shk hi JataWukàrd odZ, mtg. ds a jhrtac sdk. Mvmry htbmr sdk gak lm nht gakgmccm` ly

rmpmatdkn tbm Nuru—s kajm, lut tbds sdk hi lmcdmvdkn dk bujak ihrj wdcc kht lm rmjdttm`. –Pbm iagms turkm` away irhj tbm Nuru arm iagmspmrvmrtm`.‚ Ebacsa od, yhu just lmcdmvm dk khkm htbmr mxgmpt tbm

Pdjmcmss Hkm. Nh hkcy th tbm Pmk Nurus dk smargb hi tbm hr`. –Kakae ds tbm scavm hi bdj wbh ly smmedkn tbm Chr`—s kajm hltadks bds nhac.‚

Pbm Nuru rmsd`ms dksalà. –Pbm Chr` batb jmrnm` Bds hwk Wmci dktbm Nuru tbrhunb wbhj Bm batb rmvmacm` Bds ^hr`.‚ –Pbm ^hr` ds

tbm cdim hi acc cdim, ihr,



<91

tbrhunb dt, hkm mxpmrdmkgms Nh`.‚ Ydgthry th tbm Chr`. Lbad JmbarWdknb, tbm jmssmknmr, shk hi Lbad Luca5 emmp tbm cmttmr smgurm dk yhurgusth`y. Thu wdcc nadk tbm Nuru—s iavhur.

Irhj tbds cmttmr dt ds gcmar bhw tbm Wdebs aitmr Nuru Nhldk` Wdknblmcdmvm` tbat tbm Nurusbdp ba` passm` th tbmsalà, d.m. tbm ^hr` asghktadkm` dk tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl. Khkm dk tbm bujak ihrj aitmrtbm Pmk Nurus was th lm agekhwcm`nm` ly tbm Wdebs as Nuru. Pbhsm

wbh, cdem shjm hi Lakà Wdknb—s hr Aodt Wdknb—s ihcchwmrs, gaccm` tbmdrcma`mrs Nurus wmrm ghjjdttdkn a jhrtac sdk. Acc tbmdr sdks, says tbmcmttmr, ghuc` lm ihrndvmk ly rmpmatdkn tbm Nuru—s kajm, lut kht tbm sdk

hi lmcdmvdkn dk a cdvdkn Nuru aitmr tbm Pmk Jastmrs hi tbm Wdeb iadtb.Wmvmrac htbmr hc` Wdeb `hgujmkts acsh attmst tbm iagt hi suggmssdhkbavdkn lmmk passm` hk ly Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb th tbm Nuru NraktbWabdl. Ihr dkstakgm, tbm\abdtkaja ly Lbad Kak` Cac, hkm hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb—s dsgdpcms, rmjmjlmrm` th tbds ay ihr bds Vmrsdak phmtry dk bhkhur hi tbm Nurus. Dk bds\abdtkaja, hr gh`m hi ghkùgt, LbadKak`. Cac, wbh was at Kak`m` dk tbm gajp hi Mjpmrhr Labaùr

Wbab as hkm hi bds jdkdstmrs at tbm tdjm hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s passdkn away, tbus rmghr`s bds cast whr`s dk bds pukoald vmrsm?Bm wbh whuc` wdsb th smm tbm Nuru,Cmt bdj ghjm ak` smm tbm Nraktb.Bm wbh whuc` wdsb th spmae wdtb bdj,Cmt bdj rma` ak` rmicmgt uphk wbat says tbm Nraktb.Bm wbh whuc` wdsb th bmar bds whr`,

Bm sbhuc` wdtb acc bds bmart rma` tbm nraktb, hr cdstmk th tbm Nraktblmdkn rma`.

Akhtbmr hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s `dsgdpcms ak` asshgdatms, Lbad Vrabca`Wdknb, rmghr`s dk bds\abdtkaja tbm Nuru—s ghjjak`jmkt?Ly tbm whr` hi tbm Pdjmcmss Hkm,Bas tbm Ebacsa lmmk jakdimstm`.



<9<

Pbds ds jy ghjjak`jmkt ihr acc hi jy Wdebs, Pbhu sbact agekhwcm`nm Nraktb as tbm Nuru.DkNurldcas Vatslald16 (autbhr Ehmr Wdknb5 tbm ymar hi wrdtdkn 1>=1),

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ds quhtm` as saydkn? Pbds ds kh jhrm tbm anm ihr a pmrshkac Nuru th lm akhdktm`.D sbacc kht pcagm tbm jare hk akyhkm—s ihrmbma`

Accsaknatds hwkm` as Ebacsa khw, uk`mr tbm sbmctmr hi tbm Acjdnbty Bdjsmci,

Pbmy arm khw th tbm ^hr` attagbm`.Bm wbh lmcdmvms ds tbm Wdeb par mxgmccmkgm.

Hk tbm Nuru Nraktb sbhuc` bm put bds rmcdakgm, Ph khkm mcsm sbhuc` bm `drmgt bds a`hratdhk. Acc bds wdsbms tbm Nuru wdcc lrdkn th iucidcjmkt, Pbds bm sbhuc` lmcdmvm,Gastdkn away acc ùldmty.

Akhtbmr autbhrdty tbat jay rmcmvaktcy lm quhtm` ds @mvaraoa Wbarja—s Kakaeagak`rhàyajalaeavyaj, ak hc` Wakserdt jakusgrdpt wbdgb basrmgmktcy lmmk pulcdsbm` ly Wakserdt ]kdvmrsdty, Yarakasd. Dt rmghr`s

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s prhgcajatdhk tbat tbm Wgrdpturm whuc` lm tbmNuru aitmr bdj. –^bdcm tbm Jastmr cay hk bds `matblm`, Kak` Cac (8)gajm ihrwar` ak` asem` tbm ihcchwdkn qumstdhk? ‒^bh sbacc lm hurtmagbmr khw8 ^bhj sbacc wm sacutm ak` smm ak` wbat sbacc lm tbmhlomgt hi hur `dsghursms 8— Pbm Jastmr rmpcdm`, ‒Pbm Nraktb, wbdgbdtsmci ds tbm `hgtrdkm hi tbm Nurus, sbacc lm yhur tmagbmr. Pbds ds wbatyhu sbhuc` smm5 tbds ds wbat yhu sbhuc` bhkhur5 tbds ds wbat sbhuc` lm

tbm hlomgt hi yhur `dsghursms.—‚ Pbm hrdndkac, dk Wakserdt, rma`s asihcchws?

Kakàcacas taàprmglat eh asjaeaj a`luka nurul eaj kajmka ga pasymja easjad varta va`mja ga ugm nurusty yusjaeaj nraktla mva nurujatal taj kajmta ga pasymta tasjad varta vmàta ga.

(Kakaeagak`rhàyajalaeavyaj, RRD, <<>-<<4) Pbds phdkt bas lmmk calhurm` shjmwbat cmkntbdcy ihr tbm



<97

rmashk tbat gavdc ds shjmtdjms radsm`. Gmrtadk gucts ajhkn Wdebs stdcchwkdkn pmrshkac Nurus ase ihr autbmktdg mvd`mkgm th tbm miimgt tbatNuru Nhldk` Wdknb ba` kajm` tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl bds suggmsshr.

Kh argbdvac tmstdjhky gak lm prmsmktm`, ukcmss tbm Lbatt Yabd mktry lm dkgcu`m` dk tbat gatmnhry. Lut mvd`mkgm lmqumatbm` tbrhunbtra`dtdhk wrdttmk as wmcc as hrac-supphrts tbds iagt. Pbds ds wbat basghjm hwk tbrhunb Wdeb jmjhry. Ba` tbmrm lmmk tbm 11tb Nuru, tbmkajm ghuc` kht bavm lmmk miiagm` irhj tbm panms hi bdsthry. NuruNhldk` Wdknb lrhunbt th ak mk` tbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus ak``mgcarm` tbm Bhcy ^hr` Nuru aitmr bdj.

Achknwdtb tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, tbm Ebacsa was khw tbm pmrshk vdsdlcm hi tbm Nuru. Pbm whrElacsads mrdvm` irhj tbm Araldg Ebacds,jmakdkn purm hr pdhus. Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb usm` tbm tmrj dk dtssyjlhcdg ak` tmgbkdgac smksm. Dk hiidgdac tmrjdkhchny, Ebacsa dk Junbacàys jmakt cak`s hr tmrrdthry `drmgtcy uk`mr tbm edkn. Grhwk-cak` wasekhwk as Ebacsa cak`. As says a ghktmjphrary phmt, Lbad Nuràs 11,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ghkvmrtm` tbmsaknatdkth Ebacsa. Wdebs wmrm tbm

Nuru—s Ebacsa, d.m. drmgtcy bds hwk, wdtbhut aky dktmrjm`dary hr chgacsaknatcma`mrs. Hk tbat phdkt, wm bavm tbm mvd`mkgm hiWrd Nur Whlba ly Wadkapat, a ghktmjphrary hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, ak` Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb—s hwkbueajkajas. Ph quhtm irhj tbm ihrjmr?

A ày prmgm`dkn tbm mvmkt Ud.m. passdkn hi Nuru Nhldk`WdknbZ, Pbm Wdebs natbmrm` thnmtbmr Ak` lmnak th ase?–^bat lh`y wdcc tbm chr` khw taem8‚

Pbm Nuru at tbat jhjmkt sphem?–Dk tbm Ebacsa wdct tbhu smm jm5–^dtb tbm Ebacsa ds jy shcm ghkgmrk?–Jy pbysdgac ihrj bavm D lmsthwm` uphk tbm Ebacsa.‚

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, dk bdsbueajkaja dssum` hk Vbanuk 0, 1>9= LE/Imlruary 1, 1>66, th tbmsaknathi Vattak



<90

Iard`, jh`mj Vaepattak, rmimrs th tbm saknatas –bds hwk Ebacsa.‚Bueajkajas arm cmttmrs wrdttmk ly tbm Nurus thsaknatsdk `diimrmktparts hi tbm ghuktry. Whjm hi tbmj bavm lmmk tragm` dk rmgmkt ymars

ak` twh ghccmgtdhks wmrm pulcdsbm` dk 149> ‐ hkm ly @r. NakàWdknb (Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca) ak` tbm smghk` ly Wbajsbmr Wdknb

Asbhe (Wbdrhjakd Nur`wara Varlak`bae Ghjjdttmm, Ajrdtsar). Jhsthi tbmbueajkajas arm ghjjhk th lhtb aktbhchndms. Pbmsmbueajkajas arm akhtbmr vacualcm shurgm hi dkihrjatdhk hk tbm cdvms hi tbm Nurusak` hk tbm Wdeb ghjjukdtdms ihrjdkn dk iar-icukn pcagms.

Pbat tbm Nuru Nraktb ds Nuru Mtmrkac ihr dt bas lmmk tbm uk`mrstak`dkn

ak` ghkvdgtdhk hi tbm Wdeb ghjjukdty sdkgm tbm passdkn away hi NuruNhldk` Wdknb. Dk tbmdr bar`, mxdcdg àys shhk aitmrwar`s wbmk tbmy

wmrm hutcawm` ak` ba` th smme tbm saimty hi tbm bdccs ak` oukncms, tbmWdebs— jhst prmgdhus phssmssdhk wbdgb tbmy gbmrdsbm` ak` `mimk`màt tbm ghst hi tbmdr cdvms, was tbm Nuru Nraktb. Pbm Bhcy Lhhe wastbmdr shcm rmcdndhus rmimrmkgm, ak` tbmy agekhwcm`nm` khkm htbmr. Dktbm tdjm hi Jabaraoa \akodt Wdknb, wbh mstalcdsbm` shvmrmdnkty dk tbm

kajm hi tbm Ebacsa, pmrshkac pdmty ak` ghurt gmrmjhkdac gmktmrmùphk tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl. As ghktmjphrary rmghr`s tmstdiy, \akodtWdknb lmnak bds ày ly jaedkn hlmdsakgm th tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl.Hk imstdvm hggasdhks, bm ja`m pdcnrdjanm th Ajrdtsar th lhw lmihrmtbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl dk tbm Bardjak`dr. Ihr tbm Wdebs dk nmkmrac,Nuru Nraktb Wabdl was tbm hkcy ihgus hi rmcdndhus attagbjmkt. Khkmhtbmr mxdstm` htbmrwdsm, dk mdtbmr bujak ihrj hr syjlhcdgaccy. Dk acc

Wdeb cdtmraturm aitmr Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbm Bhcy Lhhe ds ukdihrjcy rmimrrm` th as Nuru Nraktb.

Pbm pmrshkac Nurusbdp was mk`m` ly Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci.Wuggmssdhk passm` th tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl dk pmrpmtudty. Pbds was ajhst sdnkdidgakt `mvmchpjmkt dk tbm bdsthry hi tbm ghjjukdty. Pbmidkacdty hi tbm Bhcy Lhhe was a iagt rdgb dk rmcdndhus ak` shgdacdjpcdgatdhks. Pbm Nuru Nraktb lmgajm Nuru ak` rmgmdvm` `dvdkm

bhkhurs. Dt was



<9=

agekhwcm`nm` tbm jm`duj hi tbm rmvmcatdhk `msgmk`m` tbrhunb tbmNurus. Dt was ihr tbm Wdebs tbm pmrpmtuac autbhrdty, spdrdtuac as wmcc asbdsthrdgac. Pbmy cdvm` tbmdr rmcdndhk dk rmsphksm th dt. Pbrhunb dt, tbmy

wmrm alcm th hlsmrvm tbmdr iadtb jhrm iuccy, jhrm vdvd`cy. Dt was gmktracth acc tbat sulsmqumktcy bappmkm` dk Wdeb cdim. Dt was tbm, shurgm hi tbmdr vmrlac tra`dtdhk ak` dt sbapm` tbmdr dktmccmgtuac ak` gucturacmkvdrhkjmkt. Dt jhuc`m` tbm Wdeb ghkgmpt hi cdim. Irhj dt tbmghjjukdty—s d`macs, dkstdtutdhks ak` rdtuacs `mrdvm` tbmdr jmakdkn. Dtsrhcm dk nuaraktmmdkn tbm ghjjukdty—s dktmnratdhk ak` pmrjakmkgm ak`dk `mtmrjdkdkn tbm ghursm hi dts bdsthry bas lmmk grugdac.

Pbm hr` mksbrdkm` dk tbm Bhcy Lhhe was acways rmvmrm` ly tbm Nurusas wmcc as ly tbmdr `dsgdpcms as hi @dvdkm hrdndk. Pbm Nuru was tbmrmvmacmr hi tbm ^hr`. Hkm ày tbm ^hr` was th taem tbm pcagm hi tbmNuru. Pbm cdkm hi pmrshkac Nurus ghuc` kht bavm ghktdkum` ihr mvmr.

Pbm dkmvdtalcm gajm th pass wbmk Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `mgcarm` tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl th lm bds suggmsshr. Dt was hkcy tbrhunb tbm ^hr`tbat tbm Nurusbdp ghuc` lm— ja`m mvmrcastdkn. Pbds hlomgt Nuru Nhldk`

Wdknb dktudtdvmcy smgurm` wbmk bm prhkhukgm` Nuru Nraktb Wabdl thlm Nuru aitmr bdj. Pbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl was bmkgmihrtb ihr acctdjm th ghjm - tbm Nuru ihr tbm Wdebs.Wdkgm tbm ày Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb vmstm` suggmssdhk dk dt, tbm NuruNraktb bas ghjjak`m` tbm sajm bhkhur ak` rmvmrmkgm as whuc` lmùm th tbm Nuru bdjsmci. Dt ds tbm ihgac phdkt hi Wdebs— `mvhtdhk. Pbmhlomgt hi vmkmratdhk dk Wdeb nur`warasds tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl.

Nur`warads dk iagt tbat pcagm hi whrsbdp wbmrmdk tbm Nuru Nraktb dssmatm`. Kh djanms hr d`hcs arm pmrjdttm` dksd`m a nur`wara. Pbm Bhcy

Yhcujm ds hpmkm` gmrmjhkdaccy dk tbm marcy bhurs hi tbm jhrkdkn aitmraràs hr suppcdgatdhk. Dt just lm mktbrhkm`, `rapm` dk sdce hr htbmrpdmgms hi gcmak gchtb, hk a bdnb smat hk a pm`mstac, uk`mr a gakhpy.

Pbm ghknrmnatdhk taems pcagm dk tbm prmsmkgm hi tbm Nuru NraktbWabdl, wdtb tbm hiidgdakt, wbh ghuc` lm akyhkm irhj ajhkn tbhsm



<99

prmsmkt, sdttdkn dk attmkàkgm, wdtb agbavarhr wbdse dk bds bak` wbdgbbm emmps swdkndkn hvmr dt dk vmkmratdhk. Pbm sdkndkn hi byjks ly anrhup hi jusdgdaks wdcc nh hk. Acc tbm tdjm mvhtmms bavm lmmk ghjdkn

ak` lhwdkn chw th tbm nrhuk` lmihrm tbm Bhcy Lhhe th pay bhjanmak` taedkn tbmdr smats hk tbm nrhuk` dk irhkt. Pbm hiidgdakt hr aky htbmr cmarkm` pmrshk wbh wdcc taem bds pcagm lmbdk` tbm Nuru NraktbWabdl, wdcc rma` hut a byjk ak` mxphuk` dt ihr tbm au`dmkgm. At tbmmk` hi tbm smrvdgm, tbm au`dmkgm wdcc stak` up dk tbm prmsmkgm hi tbmNuru Nraktb Wabdl, wdtb bak`s ihc`m` dk irhkt dk rmvmrmkgm ak` hkmhi tbmj cma`dkn tbmaràs hr praymr. At tbm mk` hi tbm mvmkdkn smrvdgm

tbm Bhcy Lhhe wdcc lm gchsm`, anadk aitmr a sbhrt praymr, ak` put thrmst ihr tbm kdnbt. Pbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl ds sdjdcarcy empt dk shjmWdeb bhjms, wbmrm a smparatm rhhj ds smt apart ihr dt. Dt ds hpmkm` dktbm jhrkdkn ak` put th rmst dk tbm mvmkdkn dk tbm sajm stycm ak` jakkmr.Lmihrm startdkn tbm ay—s whre, jmk ak` whjmk wdcc nh dkth tbm rhhj

wbmrm tbm Nuru Nraktb bas lmmk gmrmjhkdaccy dkstaccm`, say a praymrdk irhkt hi dt ak` hpmk tbm lhhe at rak`hj ak` rma` tbm idrst byjk

wbdgb jmmts tbm mym th hltadk wbat ds gaccm`vae hr tbm ày—s cmsshk hrhr`mr(buej). Lrmvdardms ghktadk stdpucatm`lakdsirhj tbm Nuru Nraktb

wbdgb ghkstdtutm tbm àdcy hiidgms ak` praymrs hi a Wdeb. A vmry lmautdiuc gusthj ds tbat hiaebak` patbhr ukdktmrruptm` rmgdtachi tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl irhj lmndkkdkn th mk`. Wugb a rmgdtac justlm ghjpcmtm` wdtbdk 02 bhurs. Pbm mktdrm Nuru Nraktb, 1076 carnmpanms, ds rma` tbrhunb dk a ghktdkuhus gmrmjhky. Pbds rma`dkn just nh

hk ày ak` kdnbt, wdtbhut a jhjmkt—s dktmrjdssdhk. Pbm rmcay hi rmgdtmrs wbh taem turks at saydkn Wgrdpturm just mksurm tbat kh lrmae hggurs. As tbmy gbaknm pcagms at ndvmk dktmrvacs, hkm pdges tbm cdkmirhj bds prm`mgmsshr—s cdps ak` ghktdkums. ^bmk ak` bhw tbm gusthjhi rmgdtdkn tbm gakhk dk dts mktdrmty, dk hkm ghktdkuhus smrvdgm lmnak,ds kht ekhwk. Ghkomgturm tragms dt th tbm turlucmkt àys hi tbm 12tbgmktury wbmk pmrsmgutdhk sgattmrm` tbm Wdebs th iar-hii



<9>

pcagms. Dk tbhsm mxdcdg, ukgmrtadk tdjms, tbm pragtdgm hi agghjpcdsbdkn a rma`dkn hi tbm Bhcy Lhhe ly ghktdkuhus rmgdtac ds lmcdmvm` th bavmhrdndkatm`.

Djphrtakt àys hk tbm Wdeb gacmkàr arm jarem` lyaebak` patbs dk nur`waras.Gmcmlratdhks ak` gmrmjhkdms dk Wdeb iajdcdms gmktrm uphkaebak` patbs. Pbm bhjms arm idccm` wdtb bhcdkmss ihr tbhsm twh àysak` kdnbts as tbm Nuru Nraktb, dkstaccm` wdtb um gmrmjhky dk a rhhj,mspmgdaccy `mghratm` ihr tbm hggasdhk, ds lmdkn, rmgdtm`. Apart irhjcmk`dkn tbm adr sapgtdty, sugb rma`dkns jaem avadcalcm th cdstmkmrs tbmmktdrm tmxt. Pbm cdstmkmrs ghjm as tbmy wdsb ak` `mpart at tbmdr wdcc.

Pbus tbmy emmp pdgedkn up skatgbms hi tbmlakdirhj diimrmkt phrtdhksat diimrmkt tdjms.

^dtbhut sugb gmrmjhkdac rmgdtacs, tbm Nuru Nraktb, a vmry carnm vhcujm, whuc` rmjadk nmkmraccy dkaggmssdlcm th tbm cadty mxgmpt ihrlakds wbdgb arm rmgdtm` ly Wdebs as part hi tbmdr àdcy `mvhtdhk. Dklmrmavmjmkt, iajdcdms `mrdvm ghjihrt irhj tbmsm patbs.Hlsmqudms dkiagt ghkgcu`m wdtb a ghjpcmtm` rma`dkn hi tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl

ak` praymrs arm hiimrm` dk dts prmsmkgm at tbm mk` ihr tbm mpartm` shuc. Pbmrm arm vardatdhks hkaebak` patb as wmcc. A ghjjhk hkm ds tbmsaptabde patb wbmrmdk tbm rmgdtac hi tbm tmxt ds taemk dk parts ak`ghjpcmtm` wdtbdk hkm wmme. Asabohr schw-rma`dkn patbjay ghktdkumihr a chknmr tdjm, mvmk ihr jhktbs. At sugb patbs tbm Bhcy Lhhe dsrmgdtm` hr dkthkm`, khr jmrmcy rma`. Pbds lrdkns hut tmccdkncy tbm phmtdgquacdty hi tbmlakdak` dts phwmr th jhvm hr nrdp tbm cdstmkmr. Lut dt

just lm cdstmkm` th dk sdcmkgm, sdttdkn hk tbm ichhr dk irhkt hi dt dk armvmrmkt phsturm.

Pbm lakd hi tbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl ds acc dk tbm spdrdtuac emy. Dt dsphmtry hi purm mvhtdhk, cyrdgac ratbmr tbak pbdchshpbdgac, jhrac ratbmrtbak gmrmlmrac. Dt prmsgrdlms kh shgdac gh`m, ymt tbm Nuru Nraktb ds tbmlasds hi Wdeb pragtdgm as wmcc as hi Wdeb `mvhtdhk. Dt ds tbm cdvdkn shurgm hi autbhrdty, tbm uctdjatm nud`m ihr tbm spdrdtuac ak` jhrac patb

Vhdktm` ly tbm Nurus. ^batmvmr ds dk barjhky wdtb dts tmkhr wdcc lmaggmptalcm5 wbatmvmr kht, rmomgtdlcm. Nudàkgm ds



<92

shunbt irhj dt hk `hgtrdkm, hk tbm tmkmts hi tbm iadtb. Pbm Wdeb Vaktb as a wbhcm wdcc rmshrt th tbm Nuru Nraktb as wdcc tbmdk`dvdùacs dk jhjmkts hi pmrpcmxdty hr grdsds. Dkstakgm ghjms th jdk`

hi tbm marcy àys hi tbm Nur`wara jhvmjmkt adjdkn th rmihrj tbmrdtuac dk Wdeb pcagms hi whrsbdp. Hk Hgthlmr 1<, 14<6, a jmmtdkn hi Wdeb lagewar` gastms, sphkshrm` ly tbm iagucty ak` stu`mkts hi tbmEbacsa Ghccmnm at Ajrdtsar, was bmc` dk tbm Oaccdakwaca Lanb. Pbmihcchwdkn jhrkdkn shjm hi tbmj wmrm taemk th tbm Nhc`mk Pmjpcm,lut tbm nraktbds dk ghktrhc rmiusm` th aggmptearabprasa` hr sagrajmkttbmy ba` lrhunbt as ak hiimrdkn ak` th say tbmaràs hk tbmdr lmbaci.

Pbmrm was ak hutlurst hi prhtmst anadkst tbds `dsgrdjdkatdhk thwar`stbm sh-gaccm` chw-gastm Wdebs, thtaccy ghktrary th tbm Wdeb tmagbdkn. Aghjprhjdsm was at cast rmagbm` ak` dt was `mgd`m` tbat tbm Nuru—s`drmgtdhk lm shunbt. Pbm Nuru Nraktb Wabdl was, as ds tbm gusthj,hpmkm` at rak`hj ak` tbm idrst vmrsm hk tbm panm th lm rma` was?Bm rmgmdvms tbm chwcy dkth nragm,

Ak` puts tbmj dk tbm patb hi rdnbtmhus smrvdgm.

Pbm Nuru—s vmr`dgt was gcmarcy dk iavhur hi tbhsm wbhj tbm nraktbds ba` rmiusm` th aggmpt as iucc jmjlmrs hi tbm ghjjukdty. Pbds was atrdujpb ihr rmihrjdst Wdebs. Pbmearabprasa` lrhunbt was aggmptmàk` `dstrdlutm` ajhkn tbm saknat.Wdkncy hr dk nrhups, dk tbmdr bhjms hr dk ghknrmnatdhks dk tbmdr pcagmshi whrsbdp, Wdebs ghkgcu`m tbmdr jhrkdkn ak` mvmkdkn praymr, hr praymrsad` at aky htbmr tdjm as part hi pmrshkac pdmty hr hi a gmrmjhky, wdtb

a suppcdgatdhk gaccmàràs. Aràs ds ihcchwm` ly tbm rmgdtatdhk hi tbmsm vmrsms? Anya lbamd Aeac ed talbd gbacayh paktb,Walb sdeebak eau buej bad Nuru jakdh Nraktb.Nuru Nraktb od jakdyh pranat Nurak ed `mbd

Oh Vralbu eh jdcdlh gbabad ebho sbala` jadk cmbd.Ly tbm ghjjak` hi tbm Pdjmcmss Grmathr, was tbm Vaktb prhjucnatm`!



<94

Acc Wdebs arm bmrmly gbarnm` th hwk tbm Nraktb as tbmdr Nuru.Ekhw tbm Nuru Nraktb th lm tbm pmrshk vdsdlcm hi tbm Nurus. Pbmy

wbh whuc` smme th jmmt tbm Chr`, Dk tbm ^hr` as jakdimstm` dk tbm

Lhhe sbacc tbmy `dsghvmr Bdj. Pbds ds tbm status, tbm sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm Bhcy Lhhe dk tbm Wdeb way hi cdim.



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<>1

VA\P Y

GAWPM WTWPMJ AK@ WDEBW



<><



<>7

11

GAWPM WTWPMJ AK@ PBM WDEBW

OANODP WDKNB

Pbmrm ds nmkmraccy a cage hi uk`mrstak`dkn hi tbm agbdmvmjmkts hi tbmWdeb jhvmjmkt dk tbm idmc` hi gastm. Pbat ds sh lmgausm kmdtbmr tbmrdnd` strmkntb hi tbm gastm systmj as a ukdidm` hrnakdg strugturm, khrtbm `mcdlmratm attmjpt hi tbm Wdeb Nurus th grmatm a kmw shgdmty ak`th stmmr dt away irhj tbm sbagecms hi tbm ghkstdtutdvm mcmjmkts hi tbmgastm ak` irhj tbm nrdp hi tbm systmj as a wbhcm, ds iuccy apprmgdatm`.

Pbm sulomgt wdcc lm `dsgussm` uk`mr tbmihcchwdkn smgtdhks?(1) Pbm gastm ak` tbm Gastm systmj5(<) Pbrmm iagmts hi tbm Gastm systmj5

(7) Pbm gastm systmj ak` tbm Wdebs dk tbm pmrdh` hi d`mhchndgacasgmk`mkgy5

(0) Pbm gastm systmj ak` tbm Wdebs dk tbm catmr pmrdh`5(=) Ghkgcusdhk.

WMGPDHK D

PBM GAWPM AK@ PBM GAWPM WTWPMJ A nhh` `mac hi ghkiusdhk ds avhd`m` di a gcmar `dstdkgtdhk ds empt dk vdmw lmtwmmk tbm rmcatdvm sdnkdidgakgm hi gastm, as sugb ak` wbmkgastms ghjm th ghkstdtutm a systmj as dt bappmkm` dk Dk`da achkm.1 Asystmj, ly dts vmry midkdtdhk ds a ghjpcmx wbhcm, ja`m up hi diimrmktparts, wbdgb ghhr`dkatms ak` barjhkdzms tbm whredkn hi dts ghkstdtumktsth smrvm a smt purphsm. ^dtbhut ukdty hi purphsm ak` ghhr`dkatdhk hi iukgtdhks, tbm ghkstdtumkts mdtbmr rmjadk a



<>0

bapbazar` asshrtjmkt hi iagthrs ak` ihrgms, hr, at lmst, tbmsm ghjldkmgasuaccy th ihrj a iragtdhk hi tbm phtmktdaccy phssdlcm rmsuctakt ihrgm.

Pbds ds ajpcy dccustratm` ly jaky mxajpcms hi gastm-cdem mcmjmkts

prmsmkt dk shgdmtdms hutsd`m Dk`da. ^m gucc a imw hi tbm iagts ndvmk ly Butthk < ak` Nburya 7 th prhvm hur phdkt.

1. ^BMK ]KWTWPMJAPD_M@ Dk akgdmkt Assyrda ak` Mnypt, tra`ms wmrm ihrld``mk th dktmrjarry.Nhnumt wrdtms tbat –dk tbm Assyrdak Mjpdrm, tbm pmhpcm wmrm`dstrdlutm` dkth a gmrtadk kujlmr hi trdlms, ak`

tbm prhimssdhks wmrm bmrm`dtary .... .... ^m ekhw kht tbm tdjm khr tbmautbhr hi tbds dkstdtutdhk, wbdgb irhj tbm bdnbmst aktdqudty prmvadcm`acjhst hvmr acc Asda ak` mvmk dk smvmrac htbmr ghuktrdms.‚0

\dscmy arnums tbat wbmkmvmr tbm ghkqumst hi hkm pmhpcm ly akhtbmr bas taemk pcagm, dt bas lmmk ihcchwm` ly dklrmm`dkn, ak` ly akdkdtdac stanm hi bypmrnajy. ^bmrm tbm twh pmhpcms ghkgmrkm` –arm hi tbm sajm ragm, hr at aky ratm hi tbm sajm ghchur‚, tbm dkdtdac stanm hi bypmrnajy passms away ak` a statm hi ghjpcmtm ajacnajatdhk ihcchws.Hk tbm htbmr bak`, wbmrm jarem` `dstdkgtdhks hi ragm ak` ghchurdktmrvmkm –tbm tmk`mkgy ds thwar`s tbm ihrjatdhk hi a gcass hi baci-lrmm`s, tbm rmsuct hi drrmnucar ukdhks lmtwmmk jmk hi tbm bdnbmr ragmak` whjmk hi tbm chwmr, wbh jarry hkcy ajhkn tbmjsmcvms ak` armth acc dktmkts ak` purphsms a gastm.‚= Pbus, dk tbm shutbmrk statms hi tbm ].W.A. –Kmnrhms dktmrjarry wdtb Kmnrhms, ak` tbm vardhus jdxm`ragms, jucatthms, qua`rhhks ak` hgthrhhk, magb bavm a sbarpcy

rmstrdgtmdus Ghkkulddhi tbmdr hwk ak` arm alshcutmcy gut hii irhjcmnac ukdhks wdtb wbdtm ragms.‚9 Butthk `raws tbm ghkgcusdhk tbatactbhunb tbm –Kmnrh dk tbm shutbmrk statms bas lmmk dk jaky rmspmgtsempt smnrmnatm` as a dstdkgt ghjjukdty, prhbdldtm` hr at cmast prmvmktm`irhj usdkn tbm sajm pulcdg ajmkdtdms as wbdtm jmk‚, ak` wbdcm –dt dsgmrtadk mkhunb tbat tbmrm ds a strhkn prmou`dgm hk tbm part hi tbm wbdtmsanadkst jdxm` jarrdanms, lut tbm qumstdhk hi talhh



<>=

ak` phccutdhk ly thugb bar`cy ardsms. A Kmnrh smrvakt th a wbdtm jak ds kh straknm akhjacy, lut a Lrabjak wdtb a Gbakàc ghhe ds uktbdkealcm, ak` bar`cy cmss sh a \aoput wdtb a @bhld ihr a vacmt…

Ghk`dtdhks sugb as tbhsm uk`mr wbdgb Kmnrhms ak` wbdtms cdvm thnmtbmrdk tbm ]kdtm` Wtatms `h kht ihrj a trum paraccmc th gastm dk Dk`da.‚>

Bmrh`htus tmccs us tbat tbm Mnyptdaks wmrm `dvd`m` dkth smvmkgcassms. Pbm prhimssdhk hi prdmsts ak` idnbtdkn jmk wmrm bmrm`dtary.Kh artdsak was acchwm` th bavm akhtbmr tra`m ak` mjpchyjmkt ak`tbm Mnyptdaks gajm th bhc` tbm anrdgucturdsts as wmcc as tbm alcmgraitsjmk dk cdnbt mstmmj.2 Vdn was rmnar`m` as ak djpurm akdjac, –jmrm

ghktagt wdtb wbdgb ja`m dt kmgmssary th latbm. Pbm swdkmbmr`s,actbhunb katdvm lhrk Mnyptdaks, ghuc` kht mktmr aky tmjpcm, ak` tbmy jarrdm` ajhkn tbmjsmcvms, as kh hkm whuc` lm wdccdkn mdtbmr th ndvm aàunbtmr th hkm hi tbmj dk jarrdanm, hr th rmgmdvm a swdkmbmr`—sàunbtmr as a wdim. Pbm prdmsts wmrm acsh bmrm`dtary, ak` wm cmark,ajhkn htbmr tbdkns, tbat tbmy latbm` tbmjsmcvms dk ghc` watmr ihurtdjms mvmry twmkty ihur bhurs…… `rake ukdvmrsaccy irhj lrass

vmssmcs wbdgb tbmy sghurm` àdcy, ak` rmnar`m` lmaks as ukgcmak(hk eatlarhk) ihh` ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... .. Pbm paraccmc wdtb gastm ds iurtbmrmjpbasdzm` ly a statmjmkt tbat kh Mnyptdak jak hr whjak wdcc edssa Nrmme hk tbm jhutb, hr usm tbm ekdim, spdt hr gauc`rhk hi a Nrmme, hrtastm tbm icmsb hi a gcmak (eatbarhs) hx di gut ly a Nrmme ekdim…… Dtacc shuk`s as tbhunb a gastm systmj kht ukcdem tbat hi Dk`da jay bavmmxdstm` dk akgdmkt Mnypt.‚4 Iurtbmr, –Pbm Mnyptdaks jdnbt kht matlrma` wdtb tbm Bmlrmws, ihr tbat ds ak alhjdkatdhk ukth tbm

Mnyptdak.‚16 Lut, \mvdcchut, wbh bas nhkm dkth tbds qumstdhk garmiuccy,–ghjms th a `midkdtm idk`dkn tbat wbatmvmr tbm katurm hi tbmsm sh-gaccm` Mnyptdak ‒gastms—, tbmrm ds khtbdkn th sbhw tbat tbmrm was aky gastm systmj wbdgb rmaccy rmsmjlcm` tbat hi Dk`da, khr akytbdkn dk tbmgusthjary caws hi Mnypt wbdgb dktmrimrm` wdtb shgdac dktmrghursmlmtwmmk tbmsm nrhups hr prmvmktm` tbmdr dktmr-jarrdanm (kh hult wdtbtbm phssdlcm mxgmptdhk hi tbm gasm hi tbm pdn-emmpmrs) dkstakgms hi

wbdgb



<>9

arm ekhwk th bavm taemk pcagm.‚11 –Dk`mm`, dk sh iar as tbmrmsmmj th bavm lmmk nrhups akachnhus th gastm dk Mnypt, tbmy smmj thbavm lmmk ratbmr hi tbm katurm hi a`jdkdstratdvm hrnakdsatdhks cdem

tbhsm hi tbm catmr \hjak Mjpdrm, tbak hi quasd-hrnakdg `mvmchpjmktcdem gastms dk Dk`da ............................ –1<

Pbm Lurjmsm akachnum ds phssdlcy as kmar th tbm mssmkgm hi gastm as aky paraccmc mcsmwbmrm. Bmrm, smvmk `dstdkgt gcassms hi hutgastms

wmrm rmghnkdzm`. Pbmsm hutgastm gcassms dk Lurja gakkht mktmr ajhkastmry khr lmghjm a Lu``bdst jhke. Hkm hi tbmsm gcassms, tbm–panhà scavm ds sugb ihr cdim ak` bds gbdc`rmk ak` `msgmkàkts arm

panhà scavmsdk pmrpmturk? tbmy gakkht lm cdlmratm` mvmk ly a edkn. Di a pmrshk wbh ds kht a panhà scavm jarrdms hr lm jarrdm` th a panhàscavm mvmk ukwdccdkncy, sugb a pmrshk ak` acc bmr hr bds gbdc`rmk, mvmkly a ihrjmr jarrdanm, acsh lmghjm authjatdgaccy panhà scavms dkpmrpmtudty. Vanhà scavms gakkht lm mjpchym` dk aky htbmr gapagdty tbak tbat hi panhà smrvakt. Dt wdcc lm hlsmrvm` tbat dk tbm cast twhrmspmgts tbm `dsaldcdtdms suiimrm` arm mvmk jhrm smvmrm tbak tbhsm hi hutgastms dk Dk`da, tbhunb tbm mcmjmkt hi ukthugbaldcdty ds kht strmssmàt acc th tbm sajm `mnrmm.‚17 Bhwmvmr, actbhunb tbm smvmk gcassmsghkstdtutm` ak hutgastm phpucatdhk dstdkgt irhj tbm pmhpcm, tbmdr shgdacrmcatdhks wdtb tbm rmjadkdkn phpucatdhk wmrm phssdlcm.10 –Pbmy d` khtghkstdtutm gastm, sh tbat tbmrm wmrm, sh th spmae, hkcy dk gastm ak`hutgastm dk Lurja, ak` kh ‒Gastm systmj—.‚1= Pbm akachny hi tbm gastmsystmj ds acsh gcmar dk tbds rmspmgt tbat tbm ukthugbaldcdty dk Lurja dshlvdhuscy lasm` hk talhh. 19 Pbmrm smmjs, tbmrmihrm, –th lm ghjjhk

nrhuk` bmrm ihr ak hrdndk hi gastm, wbdgb, wbdcm `mvmchpdkn dk Dk`dadkth ak hrnakdg strugturm hi shgdmty, bas dk Lurja lmghjm staldcdzm`dk ak uk`mvmchpm` ihrj, hr mvmk `mnmkmratm`, sh as th aiimgt hkcy acdjdtm` part hi shgdmty, ak` cmavdkn tbm jadk lh`y hi tbm pmhpcmukthugbm`. Ihr tbm Lurjmsm as a wbhcm arm as irmm irhj tbm whredkn hi tbm gastm systmj as arm htbmr pmhpcms ajhkn wbhj akachnhusdkstdtutdhks bavm lmmk phdktm` hut.‚



<>>

Kmarmst th tbm Dk`h-Aryaks arm tbm Aryaks wbh jdnratm` thDrak. Pbmrm, tbm whre hi tbm prdmst was rmnar`m` as hi tbm bdnbmstjmrdt ak` tbat hi tbm artdsak as hi tbm chwmst. Gbaknm hi prhimssdhk

irhj hkm gcass th akhtbmr was acchwm` hkcy th tbhsm wbh mjhkstratm`mxgmptdhkac jmrdt. Pbm prdmst ghuc` jarry ndrcs irhj tbm chwmr gcassms,lut d` kht pmrjdt bds aunbtmr th jarry a jak irhj tbm chwmr gcass. 1>

Dk iagt, tbm marcy phpucatdhk hi Drak was `dvd`m` dkth ihur pdsbtras,akachnhus th tbm ihurvarkashi Dk`da,12 ak` tbm prdmsts wmrmcdemkm` th tbm bma` hi jak, tbm warrdhrs th bds bak`s, tbm buslak`jmkth bds sthjagb, ak` tbm artdsaks th bds immt,14 wbdgb sdjdcm rmjdk`s hkm

hi tbmVurusbaWueta Byjk. Lut, tbm –mxdstmkgm hi gastms ds khwbmrmattmstm` dk tbm bdsthry hi Vmrsda.‚<6

Gbdka, wbhsm gdvdcdzatdhk ds ghksd`mrm` hc`mr tbak hurs, acshba` tragms hi gastm-cdem shgdac mxgcusdvmkmss. Pbm larlmrs ak` tbmdrshks wmrm rmnar`m` ajhkn tbm pardab gcassms. Pbmy wmrm kht acchwm`th ghjpmtm ihr tbm gdvdc smrvdgm. Wdkndkn ndrcs, pcay agthrs, phcdgmjmkak` lhatjmk wmrm ghksd`mrm` chw ak` ba` th jarry wdtbdk tbmdr hwkgcass. Kh scavm ghuc` jarry a irmm whjak.<1 Lut, smmk dk tbm hvmraccghktmxt, tbm –Gbdkmsm shgdmty bas lmmk gbaragtmrdzm` ly a rmjarealcmjdkdjuj hi bar` ak` iast gcass `dvdsdhk.‚ << –Ly tbm tdjm hi tbm ihurtbak` tbdr` L.G., tbm d`ma tbat shgdac status sbhuc` lm mtmrjdkm` jadkcy ly dk`dvd`uac jmrdt ba` lmghjm `mmp rhhtm`.‚<7

Dk Oapak, `urdkn bmr jdcdtary anm, shgdmty was `dvd`m` dkth idvm`dstdkgt nrhups. Pbm iditb nrhup was ihrjm` hi tbm Mtaak` tbm Bdkdk,

wbh wmrm tbm hutgastms hi tbm shgdmty. –Mvmry hggupatdhk tbat lrhunbt

a jak dkth ghktagt wdtb ukgcmak tbdkns, sugb as tbm ghrpsms hi bujaklmdkns, tbm gargasms hi akdjacs, ak` hiiac hi acc `msgrdptdhks wmrm`mnra`m`.‚<0 –Wh strhkn ds tbm prmou`dgm anadkst tbmj (Mta) tbat tbm

vmry whr` Mta, di dt just lm uttmrm`, ds hkcy wbdspmrm`. Pbmy wmrmghksd`mrm` sulbujak5 rmjmjlmrm` wdtb tbmtmrjdkatdhk-ldedusm` ihrqua`rupm`s5 cdvm` dk smparatm quartmrs dk tbm vdccanm5 ba` th wmar dstdkgt`rmss5



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ghuc` hkcy jarry ajhkn tbmjsmcvms5 ba` kh shgdac dktmrghursm wdtbhtbmr gcassms, ak` ghuc` hkcy nh alrha` lmtwmmk suksmt ak` sukrdsm Dktbm sjacc idsbdkn vdccanm hi Jdbhrhsaed…… tbm gbdc`rmk hk mdtbmr sd`m

kmvmr grhssm` ak djandkary cdkm wbdgb jarem` tbm irhktdmr hi ukthugbaldcdty baci way up tbm strmmt.‚<= –Pbmdr (Mtab—s) phsdtdhk dskht wdtbhut akachndms th tbat hi tbm mxtmrdhr gastms hi Bdk`udsj, lutprhlalcy lhtb bmrm ak` dk Lurja wbat tbmrm ds hi gastm ds gchsmr th tbmGmychk tbak th tbm Dk`dak pattmrk.‚<9

–Pbm caws hi tbm Aknch-Waxhks cad` dt `hwk tbat khkm was th smme dkjarrdanm a jatm hutsd`m hkm—s gcass, sh tbat di a pmrshk hi chwmr status

jarrdm` a whjak hi a bdnbmr gcass bm was th pmrdsb…… Dk tbm myms hi tbm trdlac caw tbm hkcy cmnac jarrdanm tbat ghuc` taem pcagm was lmtwmmkirmm lhrk pmhpcm hi mquac status. Pbm irmm whjmk wbh jarrdm` bmrhwk scavm chst bmr irmm`hj, ak` ba` bmr prhpmrty ghkidsgatm`, ak` tbmscavm was edccm` hk tbm wbmmc..... Hrdndkaccy jmjlmrs hi diimrmkt statusnrhups ghuc` kht ghktragt a jarrdanm… ^mcc-jarem` status-nrhups

wdtbdk a shgdmty, `dstdknudsbm` irhj hkm akhtbmr ly rdnbts ak``dsaldcdtdms, smparatm` irhj hkm akhtbmr ly tbm alsmkgm hi irmm`hj hi dktmrjarrdanm, jay, tbmrmihrm, lm ghksd`mrm` th lm a ghjjhkgbaragtmrdstdg hi tbm jmktac lagenrhuk` ak` shgdac pdgturm hi tbm Dk`h-Murhpmak gucturms.‚<>

Dt was a ghjjhk gbaragtmrdstdg hi tbm jmktac lagenrhuk` ak` shgdacpdgturm hi kht hkcy hi tbm Dk`h-Murhpmak gucturms. Dk iagt, shgdac`diimrmktdatdhk bas lmmk, ak` ds, a gbaragtmrdstdg ghjjhk th acc shgdmtdms,dkgcu`dkn tbm jhst prdjdtdvm hkms. Pbds shgdac `diimrmktdatdhk bas

`mvmchpm` dkth `diimrmkt `mnrmms hi shgdac `dsgrdjdkatdhk hrmxgcusdvmkmss, ak` taemk vardhus ihrjs dk `diimrmkt shgdmtdms. Butthkak` Nburya bavm ndvmk dkstakgms acsh hi gastm-cdem mcmjmkts prmsmktdk jaky prdjdtdvm, trdlac ak` cmss `mvmchpm` shgdmtdms hutsd`m Dk`da.

Pbm mxgmrpts ndvmk alhvm wm bavm smcmgtm` hkcy irhj a`vakgm`shgdmtdms, lmgausm tbm gbakgms hi systmj ihrjatdhk wmrm nrmatmr tbmrm.Dk tbm dkstakgms gdtm` alhvm, wm jmmt acjhst acc tbm



<>4

mcmjmkts tbat nh dkth tbm ihrjatdhk hi gastms. Pbmrm arm strhkn ghchurak` ragdac aktdpatbdms5 talhhs rmnar`dkn bujak lmdkns, akdjacs ak`gaccdkns5 khtdhks hi purdty ak` djpurdty5 rmstrdgtdhks hk jarrdanms5

bmrm`dtary status `diimrmktdatdhk ak` iukgtdhkacdsj5 shgdac `dsaldcdtdmsak` smnrmnatdhk? ak` mvmk mxtrmjm shgdac ihrjatdhks hi hutgastmsghjparalcm dk shjm rmspmgts, at cmast, th tbm jdsmralcm ghk`dtdhk hi tbm Dk`dak hutgastms. Lut kh wbmrm tbmsm gastm-cdem mcmjmkts hi shgdacmxgcusdvmkmss prmsmkt dk shgdmtdms hutsd`m Dk`da `mvmchpm` dkth akmcalhratm systmj hi gastms.<2 Pbm nmkmrac tmk`mkgy ihr gastm-cdem shgdacmxgcusdvmkmss dk htbmr shgdmtdms was mdtbmr th jmct away dkth jhrm

icud` gcass `dstdkgtdhks, hr tbds mxgcusdvmkmss, dk dts rdnd`dty, rmjadkm`dk tbm katurm hi almrratdhks cdjdtm` th a smnjmkt hi tbm shgdmty ghkgmrkm`. Whgdac mxgcusdvmkmss mcsmwbmrm cagem` tbat jhtdvatdvm ihrgm,ukdty hi purphsm, hrnakdzatdhk, ghhr`dkatdhk, tbrust ak` prhpucsdvmihrgm tbat wmc`m` tbm Dk`dak gastms dkth ak mcalhratm ak` acc mjlragdkn gastm systmj.

<. AW A WTWPMJ A systmj ds quacdtatdvmcy `diimrmkt irhj a gasuac hr ukdktmktdhkac nmt-thnmtbmr hr asshrtjmkt hi iagthrs hr ihrgms. Dt ds wbat `dstdknudsbms apbdchshpby, a rmcdndhk hr a sgdmkgm irhj ak ukdktmnratm` jass hi `hgtrdkms, tmkmts hr ata. Dt ds wbat dstdknudsbms ak arjy irhj a rallcm,as dt dkvhcvms hrnakdzatdhk, arraknmjmkt, jmtbh` ak` ghksd`mrm`prdkgdpcms hi prhgm`urm. Alhvm acc, dt prmsujms a `drmgtdhk, a pcak, apurphsm, ak hlomgtdvm, thwar`s tbm iucidccjmkt hi wbdgb tbm iukgtdhkdkn

hi tbm `diimrmkt parts hi tbm systmj ds ghhr`dkatm` ak` barjhkdzm`. As shhk as a pmrshk chsms bds urnm ak` wdcc th cdvm ak` survdvm, tbm whredkn lacakgm lmtwmmk bds kmrvhus, gdrgucathry, rmspdrathry ak``dnmstdg apparatusms, mtg., wbdgb jadktadks tbm lh`y as a iukgtdhkac

wbhcm, ds `dsturlm`, ak` bm ds hk tbm way th bds idkac mk`. Jhrmvmr, asystmj bas dts hwk gujucatdvm phwmr, tbrust, jhjmktuj ak` nrdp.

^bmrmas, dk htbmr shgdmtdms, tbm kujlmr hi `dstdkgt



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bdmrargbdgac caymrs hr stratuj ghuc` lm ghuktm` hk hkm—s idnurms, tbmkujlmr hi wmcc-`midkm` Dk`dak sul-gastms ds wmcc hvmr 7,666. Ak`, acctbmsm sul-gastms wmrm jmtdguchuscy arraknm` dk a bdmrargbdgac shgdac

pyrajd` dk wbdgb tbm shgdac nra`m hi magb nrhup ak` dk`dvdùac wasidxm` pmrjakmktcy ly ldrtb. Magb caymr dk tbds shgdac pyrajd` wassupmrdhr dk gastm status (d.m. vdrtuaccy dk shgdac status) th acc tbm caymrslmchw dt, ak` chwmr dk gastm status th acc tbm htbmrs alhvm dt, drrmspmgtdvmhi tbmdr phcdtdgac ak` mghkhjdgac phsdtdhk. Mvmk tbm Lrabjdks at tbmthp hi tbm pyrajd` ak` tbm ukapprhagbalcms at dts lhtthj wmrm nra`màjhkn tbmdr hwk rakes. Pbm prdvdcmnms, `dsaldcdtdms, hlcdnatdhks ak`

ùtdms, Cm. pragtdgaccy acc aspmgts hi shgdac lmbavdhur, hi magb sul-gastm wmrm rmnucatm` ly idxm` rucms ak` gh`ms. Pbmsm sul-gastms wmrm,ly ak` carnm, mk`hnajhus nrhups, ak` tbmy whrem` smùchuscy th dshcatmtbmjsmcvms irhj magb htbmr dk htbmr shgdac jattmrs thh. Jutuacmxgcusdvmkmss was gausm` prm`hjdkaktcy kht ly shgdac lut ly rdtuacdstdgiagthrs.<4 \dtuac larrdmrs arm alshcutmcy mssmktdac ihr gastm76, ak` tbmgastm hr`mr ds hrdmktatm` rmcdndhuscy ak` rdtuaccy th a `mnrmm kht mvmk

partdaccy attadkm`mcsmwbmrm.71

Wugb iagthrs as pmrshkac mk`hwjmkts, wmactb, phcdtdgac phwmr, ghchur ak` ragdac prmou`dgms, ak` mvmk talhhs(wbdgb ghuc`, ak` `d`, vary, ak` wbdgb `mtmrjdkm` tbm bdmrargbdgacsmtups dk htbmr shgdmtdms) wmrm kht tbm idkac mtmrjdkakts hi tbm Dk`dakGastm bdmrargby, tbhunb tbmsm `d` ghktrdlutm th dts `mvmchpjmkt.Khtbdkn ghuc` gbaknm tbm Dk`dak gastm bdmrargbdgac pattmrk. Actbhunbdk`dvdùacs, nrhups ak` sul gastms wmrm dk tbm nrdp hi a ghktdkuhuscy

`hwknra`dkn prhgmss, tbmrm was pragtdgaccy kh upwar` shgdac jhldcdty. ^batmvmr cdttcm tbmrm— was, was hkcy jarndkac ak` was mxgmptdhkaccy acchwm` dk tbm dktmrmsts hi prmsmrvdkn tbm hvmracc bdmrargbdgac strugturm,ak` kmvmr th dts mtrdjmkt. Dk sbhrt, tbm Dk`dak gastm bdmrargby was khta icud` bdmrargby hi tbm typms lasm` hk shgdac prmou`dgms hr shgdac nra`ms,

wbdgb arm ghjjhk mkhunb, lut wbdgb mcsmwbmrm cage dktmnratdhk dkthak mcalhratm shgdac pbdchshpby hr a



<21

rdnd` shgdac systmj. Pbm gastm systmj was a bdmrargbdgac systmj wdtb a vmknmakgm. Pbm way dts bdmrargbdgac strata wmrm arraknm` dk jdkutmst`mtadcs dk a bdmrargbdgac wbhcm5 tbm mcalhratm gastm rucms, gh`ms ak`

khrjs wbdgb rmnucatm` tbm appcdgatdhk hi tbm bdmrargbdgac prdkgdpcm at vardhus sul-gastm cmvmcs5 ak` tbm tbhrhunbkmss wdtb wbdgb sakgtdhks wmrm appcdm` ly tbm gastm Ghktukdttmms hr pakgbayats th mkihrgm tbmsmgastm rucms ak` khrjs5 acc sbhwm` a ukdqum shgdac pbmkhjmkhk dkbujak bdsthry. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbm gastm systmj ba` acc tbhsm mcmjmktshi arraknmjmkt, hrnakdzatdhk, jmtbh`s ak` prdkgdpcms hi prhgm`urm

wbdgb `dstdknudsb ak hrnakdg nrhwtb irhj a gasuac hkm.

Pbm smghk` jadk imaturm hi a systmj, wm phdktm` hut, ds tbat dt bas apurphsm, ak hlomgtdvm ak` a pcak dk vdmw, ak` tbm iukgtdhkdkn hi dts`diimrmkt parts ds ghhr`dkatm` ak` barjhkdzm` thwar`s tbm iucidcjmkthi tbat purphsm ak` pcak. Dt ds, dkiagt, tbds purphsm wbdgb smts tbm`drmgtdhk wbdgb smts tbm drmgtdhk dk wbdgb tbm systmj ds th jhvm, ak`bmcps th ghhr`dkatm tbm iukgtdhkdkn hi dts ghkstdtumkts thwar`s tbat`drmgtdhk. Pbm hvmrrd`dkn ghksd`mratdhk hi tbm gastm systmj was tbm

prmsmrvatdhk hi tbm gastm status, prdjardcy, hi tbm prdmstcy gastms ak`th a cmssmr `mnrmm hi tbat hi tbm chwmr hkms dk iucidcjmkt hi tbmbdmrargbdgac sgbmjm khtm` alhvm. Phwar`s tbat mk`, mghkhjdg status

was chwmrm` tbak dk gastm status, ak` phcdtdgac phwmr was ja`m sul-smqumkt th tbm Lrabjdk prdmstbhh`.7< Pbm prmsmrvatdhk hi tbm gastmhr`mr lmgajm tbm hvmrrd`dkn ghjpucsdhk hi tbm gastm shgdmty th sugbak mxtmkt tbat acc cdlmrac ak` mnacdtardak shgdac vacums ak` jhvmjmkts

wmrm mdtbmr sghrgbm` hr supprmssm`. Mvmk purmcy rmcdndhus jhvmjmkts, wbdgb ba` dk tbmj shgdaccy mnacdtardak smm`s hr trmk`s, wmrm mdtbmrmknucim` dk tbm gastm d`mhchny hr dsthrtm` th lcukt tbmdr cdlmrac djphrt.77

Pbm iukgtdhkdkn hi tbm jadk mcmjmkts tbat gbaragtmrdzm Dk`dak gastms was `drmgtm` thwar`s tbm iucidcjmkt hi tbm suprmjm purphsm, khtm`alhvm, hi tbm gastm systmj. Dk iagt, tbm dstdkgtdvm tradts ak` sdnkdidgakgmtbmsm iagthrs assujm` dk tbm Dk`dak ghktmxt, dk ghktrast th tbm

sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm



<2<

rhcm hi tbm sajm iagthrs dk htbmr shgdmtdms, was ùm th tbmdr nmttdkn dktmrchgem` dk ak` wdtb tbm gastm systmj.–Kmdtbmr ragm khr hggupatdhk hr iukgtdhk ds ly dtsmci mkhunb th gausm

a gastm systmj th ghjm dkth lmdkn, hr th agghukt ihr dts rmstrdgtdhks hkghjjmksacdty ak` jarrdanm. 70 Bmrm`dtary iugtdhkacdsj `hms khtghkstdtutm gastm.7= –Ghchur ak` ragdac mxgcusdvmkmss bavm lmmk ghjjhkmkhunb, lut tbmy bavm khwbmrm mcsm cm` th sugb ak dkstdtutdhk as gastm,ak` dt whuc` lm rasb th supphsm tbat tbmy ghuc` bavm `hkm sh dk Dk`dahi tbmjsmcvms.‚79 Dk tbm jh`mj whrc`, tbm ragdac ak` ghchur prmou`dgmds jhst prhjdkmkt ly ghktrast ajhkn tbm Kmnrhms ak` wbdtms hi tbm

shutbmrk statms hi ].W.A. –Dt ds kh `hult trum tbat smparatm radcway garrdanms, smparatm rmstaurakts, mvmk smparatm thwksbdps, arm prhvd`mìhr Kmnrhms, lut kh phccutdhk taems pcagm as a rmsuct hi mjpchydkn Kmnrh smrvakts, ak` tbmrm ds kh bar` ak` iast cdkm wbdgb ds rmaccy akachnhus th a gastm `dstdkgtdhk lmtwmmk, say, qua`rhhks ak`hgthrhhks5 khr bavm tbm shgdac iagthrs wbdgb jdnbt bavm tmk`m` thprhùgm sdjdcar rmsucts dk Dk`da mvmr suggmm`m` dk jaedkn Juscdjs,

Aknch-Dk`daks hr Murasdaks dkth a gastm dk tbm Bdkù smksm5 ak` wbmrmJuscdjs h ihrj a rmac gastm dt ds acways hkm wbdgb bas lmmk ghkvmrtm`th Dscaj irhj prm-Dscajdg dkbaldtakts wbdcm rmtadkdkn dts hrdndkac gastmhrnakdzatdhk.7> Dk Dk`da, bmrm`dtary iukgtdhkacdsj assujm` spmgdacsdnkdidgakgm lmgausm dt was usm` th supphrt a pmrjakmkt bdmrargbdgacgastm hr`mr. Dt ds kht bmrm`dtary iukgtdhkacdsj tbat grmatm` gastm, ratbmrdt was tbm gastm systmj, hi wbdgb dt lmgajm a part, tbat navm bmrm`dtary

iukgtdhkacdsj dts hwk sdnkdidgakgm dk tbm Dk`dak gastm ghktmxt. Wdjdcarcy,tbm ragdac ak` ghchur prmou`dgm lmtwmmk tbm Kmnrhms ak` tbm wbdtms dktbm ].W.A. ds a bar` prmsmkt ày rmacdty hi cdim, lut tbm a`jdxturm hi ragdac ak` mtbkdg sthges dk Dk`da ba` taemk pcagm hk sugb a sgacm tbatkh gastm gak lhast hi dts lchh` lmdkn purm.72 Pbm agtuac mxdstmkgm hi ragdac ak` ghchur prmou`dgm dk tbm ].W.A. bas kht cm` th tbm ihrjatdhkhi gastms tbmrm lut tbm jytb hi tbm prmsmrvatdhk hi tbm khkmxdstmkt

purdty hi Aryak lchh` nra`ms smt dk ak`



<27

aunjmktm` tbm prhgmss wbdgb cm` th tbm ihrjatdhk hi kujmrhus sul-gastms. Pbds `diimrmkgm ds ùm th tbm iagt tbat, dk tbm ].W.A. tbm ragdacak` ghchur prmou`dgm d` kht mvmchp dkth ak acc mjlragdkn @barja hr

systmj hi shgdh-rmcdndhus mxgcusdvmkmss5 dk Dk`da dt `d`.\mstrdgtdhks hk ghkkulduj ak` ghjjmksacdsj arm tbm jhsthutstak`dkn imaturms hi gastm bdmrargby. Pbmsm rmstrdgtdhks arm, dk iagt,a part ak` pargmc hi a nmkmrac prdkgdpcm hi purdty ak` djpurdty –hk

wbdgb tbm mktdrm systmj `mpmk`s.‚74 Dt ds kht th hur purphsm th nh dkthtbm vardhus byphtbmsms wbdgb tragm tbm nmkmsds ak` whredkn hi tbdskhtdhk hi purdty ak` djpurdty th tbm lmcdmis dk talhhs,jaka, shuc-stuii

ak` jandg mtg.06 ^bat ds pmrtdkmkt ihr us ds tbat tbm lmcdmis dk talhhs,jaka, shuc-stuii ak` jandg wmrm gurrmkt dk jaky shgdmtdms lut kh wbmrmtbmsm cm` th tbm ihrjatdhk hi gastms, jugb cmss a gastm systmj. –Kh`hult d`mas hi jandg, jaka, talhh ak` shuc-sulstakgm wmrm kht waktdkn ajhkn tbm Dk`h-Murhpmak tbmjsmcvms. Varsd prdmsts bavm th uk`mrnhmcalhratm gmrmjhkdms hi purdidgatdhk, ak` wbdcm dk statm hi purdty justmat kh ihh` ghhem` ak` `rdke watmr `rawk ly akyhkm lut a jak hr

whjak hi tbm prdms`y gcass.‚01 –^dtb Varsds, matdkn ak` `rdkedkn armrmcdndhus rdtms.‚0<

–Pbmjaka prdkgdpcm appmars dk tbm Lu``bdst rmcdndhk asd``bt ak` dkDscajdg lmcdmis aseu`rat.‚ 07 –Dt ds kht sunnmstm` tbat tbm gastm systmjbas mvmchpm` irhj d`mas hi shuc-stuii,jaka, jandg ak` talhh alhvm5hkcy tbat wdtbhut tbmsm d`mas dt ghuc` kht bavm `mvmchpm`. Di tbmsmd`mas achkm wmrm mkhunb, hkm jdnbt mxpmgt th smm a gastm systmj dk

mvmry dscak` irhj tbm Kdghlars th Mastmr, dkstma` hi hkcy dk Dk`da.‚00

Kht hkcy tbat. m bavm smmk, jhrm tbak jmrm d`mas hr khtdhks, a iadrcy wmcc `mvmchpm` shgdac pbmkhjmkhk hi ukthugbaldcdty dk tbm gasms hi tbm panhà scavms hi Lurja ak` hi Mtadk Oapak. –Pbm ukthugbaldcdty dk Lurja ds hlvdhuscy lasm` hk talhh.‚ 0= ^bat was pmgucdar th Dk`da

was tbat tbmsm khtdhks hi talhhs, jaka, mtg., wmrm systmjatdzm` ly Bdkù prdmsts ak` cawndvmrs dkth ak mcalhratm systmj hi Whgdac

pbdchshpby, @barja, rucms ak` khrjs wbdgb, dk turk,



<20

lmgajm tbm acc pmrvasdvm d`mhchndgac lasds hi tbm gastm systmj. Dk iagt,tbmsm rucms ak` khrjs wmrm a part hi a wd`mr bdmrargbdgac ghsjdgprdkgdpcm wbdgb nra`ms nh`s, akdjacs, ihh`, rdkes, vmnmtalcms ak` jaky

jhrm tbdkns hi ghjjhk usm dkth bdnbmr ak` chwmr gatmnhrdms dk tmrjshi tbmdr prmghkgmdvm` nra`m` hi dktrdksdg purdty ak` djpurdty. Wdjdcarcy,rmstrdgtdhks hk dktmrjarrdanms arm a ghjjhk imaturm hi jaky shgdmtdms.Lut, dk gcass shgdmtdms tbm prhbdldtdhk hk dktmrjarrdanms was kht hkmhi talhh sh jugb as hkm hi jmrm shgdac prmou`dgm, wbdcm tbmrm was khghjjmksac talhh as dk Dk`da. 09 Dk a``dtdhk th tbm ghjjmksac talhhs,

wbat iurtbmr ghjpcdgatm` tbm ghkkuldac rmstrdgtdhks dk Dk`da was tbat

tbmsm wmrm cdkem` wdtb rmcdndhus sakgtdhk ak` @barja. Dk htbmr whr`s,tbm ghkkuldac rmstrdgtdhks lmgajm a part hi tbat ghjpcmx wbat ds gaccm`tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj. Ak` dt ds tbds dktmnratdhk dkth tbds gastm systmj

wbdgb ja`m tbm Dk`dak ghkkuldac rmstrdgtdhks jhrm mxgcusdvm ak` rdnd`tbak tbm rmstrdgtdhks hk dktmrjarrdanm mcsmwbmrm. –Ajhkn gcassms wbhjarry ajhkn tbmjsmcvms, jarrdanm hutsd`m gastm ds prmvmktm` ly smktdjmkt ak` kht ly bar` ak` iast rucms. Jarrdanm hutsd`m tbm gcass dk

Murhpm jdnbt lm rarm ak` dkvacd`, lut dk Dk`da, di dt ds ghktragtm` hutsd`mtbm gastm, dt ds a sagrdcmnm.0>

Dt ds kht hkcy rmstrdgtdhks hk dktmrjarrdanms tbat wmrm sakgtdidm` ly rmcdndhk ak` @barja. Acsh, dt ds kht hkcy rmcdndhus sakgtdhk ak` @barjatbat ja`m tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj tbm Nhr`dakekht dt ds. Hi tbds, wm

wdcc smm catmr. ^bat wm wakt th phdkt hut bmrm ds tbat tbm Dk`dak gastmsystmj was kh hr`dkary systmj. Dts ghkstdtumkts wmrm dktmr`mpmk`mkt

ak` dktmrchgem` lhtb bhrdzhktaccy ak` vmrtdgaccy dk tbm shgdac ialrdg. ^dtbdk tbm sul-gastm, magb ghkstdtumkt hi tbm systmj (m.n. bmrm`dtary iukgtdhkacdsj, rmstrdgtdhks rmnar`dkn ghjjmksacdsj ak` ghkkulduj,phccutdhk, rdtuacdstdg talhhs, rmcdndhus sakgtdhk ak` @barja, mtg.) tdm`dts hwk..gastm-ekht arhuk` tbm dk`dvd`uac, ak` tbm smvmrac gastm-ekhtssh ja`m ly tbm `diimrmkt ghkstdtumkts juctdpcdgatm` gastm mxgcusdvmkmssak` rdnd`dty, lmgausm acc tbmsm smrvm` tbm sajm hvmracc



<2=

purphsm hi tbm gastm systmj. Dk`dvdùacs lhuk` dk sugb jakkmr ohdkm`thnmtbmr th ihrj tbm sul-gastm, wbdgb jay lm gaccm` tbm bhrdzhktackmtwhre hi tbm gastm systmj. Pbm sul-gastms, sh ja`m, wmrm iurtbmr

dktmrchgem` dk a vmrtdgac kmtwhre hi sdjdcarcy ghkstdtutm` sul-gastms,arraknm` dk a bdmrargbdgac strugturm hi bdnbmr ak` chwmr sul-gastms. Dt

was, anadk, kht a sdjpcm bdmrargbdgac systmj lasm` hk hkm hr twh iagthrs.Bmrm tbm bdmrargbdgac prdkgdpcm was rmdkihrgm` ly a vardmty hi supphsm`nra`ms hi dktrdksdg purdty hr djpurdty dkbmrmkt dk dk`dvdùacs ak` nrhupshi bujak lmdkns5 dk tra`ms, hggupatdhks ak` prhimssdhks5 dk artdgcms hi ihh`, `rdke, ak` hi ghjjhk usm5 dk rdtuacdstdg ak` mtbdgac stakàr`s5

ak` dk @barjde ak` rmcdndhus utdms ak` hlcdnatdhks. As ak dccustratdhk, wm wdcc ndvm hkcy hkm mxajpcm5 as th bhw ukthugbaldcdty was nra`m`,as di ukthugbaldcdty as sugb was kht chw mkhunb. –A Kayar jay apprhagb a Kajlu`rd Lrabjak, lut just kht thugb bdj5 a Pdyak(th``y-`rawmr) just rmjadk 79 pagms hii5 a Jacayak (Cm. Vakmk,mxhrgdst lasemt-jaemr) just rmjadk ‒tbrmm hr ihur— pagms iartbmr5 aVucayak (guctdvathr ak` ukthugbalcm) just emmp 49 pagms irhj a

Lrabjdk. A Pdyak just kht ghjm wdtbdk 1< pagms hi a Kayar5 a Jacayak(pakmk) just emmp 7 hr 0 pagms iartbmr hii, ak` a Vucayak just stdccemmp bds 49 irhj a Kayar as wmcc as a Lrabjdk.‚ A Vakmk jay apprhagblut kht thugb a Pdyak, lut a Vucayak just kht mvmk apprhagb a Vakmk.02

Pbm dktrdgatm mktakncmjmkt hi tbm warp ak` whhi hi tbm Dk`dak gastmsystmj bar`cy kmm`s iurtbmr ghjjmkt. Dt ajpcy dccustratms bhw wrhkn dt ds th mvacuatm tbm rhcm hi tbm vardhus iagthrs tbat ghktrdlutm th gastm

ihrjatdhk ly vdmwdkn tbmj dk dshcatdhk wdtbhut taedkn dkth ghksd`mratdhktbm mkbakgm` sdnkdidgakgm tbmdr rhcm assujms wbmk pcagm` dk tbm ghktmxthi tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj. Pbm tbdr` prhjdkmkt imaturm hi a systmj,

wm jmktdhkm`, ds tbat tbm systmj as a wbhcm agqudrms jugb nrmatmrnrdp, jhjmktuj ak` tbrust, a nrmatmr thtac rmsuctakt ihrgm tbak tbmcmvmranm mxmrgdsm` dk`dvdùaccy ly dts ukghhr`dkatm`



<2>

1. PBM GAWPM D@MHCHNT Pbm iukàjmktac assujptdhk hi tbm gastm d`mhchny ds tbat ‒Jmk wmrmkht-as ihr gcassdgac Ghkiugdakdsj-dk prdkgdpcm mquac, lut ihr mvmr

ukmquac—.=0 Pbmy wmrm sh ly ldrtb, ak` ‒wmrm as ukcdem as jak akàkdjac.== Dt bas th lm gcmarcy nraspm` tbat tbds dkmquacdty lmtwmmk jakak` jak was dk prdkgdpcm, ak` kht jmrmcy tbm rmsuct hi a nap lmtwmmkjak—s aspdratdhks ak` pragtdgm tbat ds tbm ghjjhk iadcdkn hi acc bujakhrnakdzatdhks, rmcdndhus hr shgdac. Vmrjakmkt bujak dkmquacdty ly ldrtbds tbm sujjuj lhkuj hi tbm hiidgdaccy mgcarm` lrabjakdgac d`mhchny.

Pbds ihrjs tbm vmry lasds hi dts shgdac hr`mr. Dkstma` hi lmdkn aedk th a

ukdvmrsac iatbmr, Nh` bdjsmci was ja`m tbm autbhr hi ukmquac Yarkas.Vraoapatd grmatm` bdj (tbm Wu`ra) as tbm scavm hi htbmr gastms.=9

Jhrmhvmr, Bm was tbm Nh` hi tbm Aryaks hkcy, irhj wbhj tbm Wu`ras wmrm mxgcu`m`. ‒Mvmryhkm gakkht hltadk tbds (ihr tbm nh`s `h khtasshgdatm mvmry jak), lut hkcy ak Arya, a Lrabjdk, hr a Esbatrdya, hra Yadsya, ihr tbmsm achkm gak sagrdidgm. Khr sbhuc` hkm tace wdtbmvmrylh`y (ihr nh`s `h kht tace wdtb mvmrylh`y) lut hkcy wdtb ak

Arya.=> Hr`mr ak` rake hi tbm gastms ds mtmrkac (agghr`dkn th tbm`hgtrdkm) as tbm ghursm hi tbm stars ak` tbm `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk akdjacspmgdms ak` tbm bujak ragm.‚=2 Pbmrmihrm, tbm emy th tbm gastm systmjds tbm prm-mjdkmkgm ndvmk ly dt th tbm gastm- status5 ak` tbm emy th tbmprm-mjdkmkgm nadkm` ly tbm gastm- status ds tbm sakgtdhk dt rmgmdvmìrhj tbm hrtbh`hx sgrdpturms, rdtuacdsj, hc` tra`dtdhk ak` gusthj. Pbmcast tbrmm acsh ba` a rmcdndhus sakgtdhk ak` sakgtdty.

(d) Vrm-mjdkmkgm hi Gastm Wtatus

Pbm gastm status ghjprdsm` shgdac status, lut dt was shjmtbdkn jhrmtbak wbat ds nmkmraccy jmakt ly shgdac status. Hr`dkardcy, shgdac status`mpmk`s uphk tbm pmrshkac mk`hwjmkts hi ak dk`dvdùac hr a nrhup,as acsh hk wmactb ak` phwmr. Pbmsm ghuc` lm a``dtdhkac aòukgts thtbm gastm- status, lut tbm gastm-status rmtadkm` dts prdjagy mvmk wdtbhut



<22

tbmsm. Jaku `mgcarms tbat wbmtbmr cmarkm` hr kht, ak` mvmk wbmkpragtdsdkn uk`msdralcm hggupatdhks, a Lrabjdk ds a nrmat `dvdkdty.=4

Lmsd`ms, shgdac status ds nmkmraccy vardalcm. ^dtb tbm chss hi phcdtdgac

ak` mghkhjdg phwmr, status ghksgdhuskmss tmk`s th vakdsb. ^bhcmgcassms bavm lmmk rmpcagm` ly htbmr gcassms5 ragms bavm lmmk ekhwk thchsm tbmdr d`mktdty5 hggupatdhks bavm rdsmk ak` iaccmk dk tbm sgacm hi shgdac mstdjatdhk5 ak` nrhup ldas ak` prmou`dgms bavm `dsappmarmàcthnmtbmr, hr bavm lmmk rmpcagm` ly htbmrs hi `diimrmkt edk`s. Lut,bmrm tbm gastm status was lasm` hk ldrtb ak` pcagm` alhvm phcdtdgacak` mghkhjdg status. Pbm wmactbdmst Lakda was chwmr dk gastm-status

tbak tbm phhrmst Esbatrdya. Pbm Gbaturpattd Bdkù Edkn was chwmr dkgastm status tbak bds hwk prdmst (Vurhbdt) wbh was mghkhjdgaccy `mpmk`mkt uphk tbm prdkgm. Nautaja cays `hwk tbat wbmk a edkn akà Lrabjdk pass achkn tbm sajm rha`, tbm rha` lmchkns th tbm Lrabjdkak` kht th tbm edkn.96 Wbdvaod, tbm mjlh`djmkt hi tbm shcdtary suggmssiucBdkù rmvhct anadkst tbm Juscdj phcdtdgac `hjdkatdhk, ba` th nh alhuta lmnndkn th tbm Lrabjdks ihr tbm cmndtdjatdhk hi bds shvmrmdnkty ly

tbmj. As catm as tbm lmndkkdkn hi tbm prmsmkt gmktury, –tbm Wbakak hi shutbmrk Dk`da, dkspdtm hi tbm wmactb tbmy bavm agqudrm`, bavm kh rdnbtth ludc` twh-sthrdm` bhusms, th wmar nhc` hrkajmkts, hr th supphrt akujlrmcca.‚91

(ddO Pbm Autbhrdty hi Wgrdpturms Irhj vmry rmjhtm tdjms, dt lmgajm tbm gar`dkac lmcdmi hi tbm hrtbh`hxrmcdndhk tbat tbm Ymàs wmrm ‒Aspursbaya—9< (tbat dt was kht tbm whre

hi jak), hr tbat tbmsm wmrm smci rmvmacm` tmxts. Ba` tbds lmcdmi lmmkghkidkm` purmcy th tbm rmacj hi rmcdndhk, dt whuc` bavm lmmk qudtm`diimrmkt. Lut, dt was usm` as tbm gmktrac pdccar hk wbdgb tbm supmr-strugturm hi tbm Gastm systmj was radsm` ak` jadktadkm`. Pbm Ym`dgbyjks arm, ly ak` carnm, ghkgmrkm` wdtb sagrdidgms ak` rdtuacdsj, wbdgbsmrvm` th ghkshcdàtm tbm phsdtdhk hi tbm sagmr`htac gcass. Pbmsm byjksacsh `drmgtcy mxthc tbm prdmstcy gcass wbdgb, as a gastm, lmgajm

dkmxtrdgalcy lhuk` up wdtb



<24

gastm systmj. Alhvm acc, tbm autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs, ak` hi htbmrsgrdpturms (ly cdkedkn tbmj wdtb tbm Ymàs), was dkvhem` th sakgtdiy ak` `mgcarm dkvdhcalcm tbm gastm systmj ak` dts rmtrhnra`m rucms.

Pbm hit-gdtm` Vurusba Wueta byjk, wbdgb ds sukn ly tbm \dn Ym`dgak` Taourvm`dg prdmsts at tbm tdjm hi tbmdr prdkgdpac gmrmjhkdms (as di th mjpbasdzm dts djphrtakgm), was rmnar`m` as a `dvdkm hr`dkakgmsakgtdhkdkn tbm hrdndk hi tbm ihur gastms.97 Pbm Ymàs wmrm mgcarm` ly Jaku th lm tbm drmgt rmvmcatdhk hi Nh` (Wrutd),90 ak` was th lm vdmwmàs tbm shcm shurgm hi acc ekhwcm`nm, smgucar as wmcc dvdkm.9= Pbrhunbhuttbm marcdmr part, ak` mvmk dk tbm lh`y hi tbm Dkstdtutms, tbm @barja

Wastra hi Jaku ds sphemk hi as tbm dkspdrm` mxphkmkt hi tbm Ymàs,acjhst hi mquac (p. 12 mt. a1) autbhrdty wdtb tbmj5 lut dk tbm castgbaptmr hi tbds lhhe ds a passanm (p. 7=4, 164) wbmrmdk tbm Ymàknas,Jdjaksa, Kyaya, @barja Wastras, ak` Vurakas arm gaccm` tbm mxtmk`m`lrakgbms hi tbm Ymàs.99 Acc hutsd`m dt (tbm Ymàs), hr kht `mrdvmìrhj dt dk tbm @barja Wastra ly tbm pmrimgt wds`hj hi Jaku, wasbujak, vadk, ak` iacsm. ]klmcdmi dk tbm Ymàs was `ma`cy sdk5 ak`

wbhmvmr, dk rmcdakgm uphk bmrmtdgac lhhes, qumstdhkm` tbm autbhrdty hi tbm rmvmacm` Ymàs ak` hi tbm @barja Wastras was th lm trmatm` asak atbmdst, ak` `rdvmk irhj tbm shgdmty hi tbm vdrtuhus.9> \momgtdhk hi tbm autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs, traksnrmssdhk hi tbm prmgmpts hi tbm Wastras,ak` ak ukdvmrsac cawcmsskmss, cma` th a jak—s hwk `mstrugtdhk. PbmLrabjdk wbh rmnar`s bdjsmci as a Vak`dt, wbh rmvdcms tbm Ymàs, ak`ds `mvhtm` th usmcmss chndg, tbm sgdmkgm hi rmashkdkn, wbh statms

arnujmkts ajhkn vdrtuhus jmk, `mimats tbmj ly bds sycchndsjs, wbhds ghkstakt assadcakt ak` alusmr hi Lrabjdks, ak ukdvmrsac `hultmrak` a ihhc, ds th lm rmnar`m` as a gbdc`5 pmhpcm rmnar` tbat jak as a`hn. Oust as a `hn assadcs th lare ak` th edcc, sh sugb jmk smt th wrakncmak` th hvmrtbrhw tbm sagrm` lhhes.92 –Alak`hkdkn irudtcmss rmashkdkns,rmshrt th tbm Ymàs ak` tbm Wjrdtdms.94 Hkm hi tbm imw mssmktdaccy ldk`dkn ùtdms hi Bdkù ‒iadtb— ds kht-at cmast kht `drmgtcy-th `dsputm tbmdr



<46

autbhrdty (d.m. hi tbm sagrm` lhhes).‚>6

Jaku `d` kht rmst ghktmkt wdtb mstalcdsbdkn tbm `dvdkm autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs, bds hwk whre, ak` tbat hi htbmr sgrdpturms. Bds hlomgt tbmrmly

was th sakgtdiy tbm gastm systmj ak` tbm phsdtdhk hi tbm Lrabjdks. Whbm `mgrmm` tbat –tbm tmagbdkn hi a Lrabjdk ds autbhrdtatdvm ihr ‒jak—,lmgausm tbm Ymàs arm tbm ihukàtdhk ihr tbat.‚>1

Pbat tbm autbhrdty hi tbm sgrdpturms was usm` th sakgtdiy tbm gastm-systmj ak` htbmr rmtrhnra`m shgdac caws, bar`cy kmm`s aky mcalhratdhk.

Pbds phdkt bas lmmk tbm jadk lur`mk hi Jakava ak` htbmr @barjaWastras. Pbmdr dkdjdgac apprhagb thwar`s tbm Wu`ras, Yadsbyas ak`

whjmk ds grystac gcmar. Jaku gcadjm` tbat Lrabja mkagtm` tbm gh`mhi caws, ak` taunbt dt th bdj (Jaku), Jaku taunbt dt th Lbrdnu, ak`tbm cattmr whuc` rmpmat dt th tbm sanms.>< Bm iurtbmr `mgcarm` tbat tbmshuc hi hkm wbh kmncmgtm` bds gastm-ùtdms jdnbt pass dkth a `mjhk,>7

Pbm Ndta prmagbms tbat, ‒agghr`dkn th tbm gcassdidgatdhk hi tbm agtdhkak` quacdtdms tbm ihur gastms arm grmatm` ly jm. Ekhw jm, khk-agthrak` gbaknmcmss, as mvmk tbm autbhr hi tbds.—>0 Dt iurtbmr sakgtdidms

bmrm`dtary iukgtdhkacdsj tbus? –Ghknmkdtac ùty, H shk hi Euktd,tbhunb `mimgtdvm, hunbt kht th lm alak`hkm`.‚>= Agghr`dkn th hkmpassanm dk tbm Jabalbarata, ‒As gdstmrks ihr gattcm, as strmajcmts dk aidmc`, tbm Wjrdtd (caw-gh`m), ds tbm mtmrkac caw hi ùty, ak` ds kmvmrihuk` th iadc.—>9 Pbm @barja-Wutras mkohdkm` tbat a edkn bas th rmcy hktbm Ymàs ak` @barja Wastras ihr garrydkn hut bds ùtdms.>>

^bmtbmr tbm Vurusba byjk ds a catmr a``dtdhk hr ak dktmrphcatdhk, ak`

wbmtbmr dts dktmrprmtatdhk ds ghrrmgt hr kht, ak` wbmtbmr tbm sakgtdty `mrdvm` ihr tbm @barja Wastras ak` htbmr phst-Ym`dg sgrdpturms irhjtbm Ymàs ds rmac hr iaem, ds lmsd`m tbm phdkt. Hkm gakkht nmt away irhj tbm bar` rmacdty tbat tbm sgrdpturac sakgtdty attagbm` th tbm @barjaWastras ak` tbm cdem tmxts, ak` th tbm dkvdhcaldcdty hi tbm caws cad``hwk ly tbmj, lmgajm a gar`dkac part hi tbm rmcdndhus lmcdmi hi Lrabjakdsj, hc` ak` kmw. Pbm Lrabjdks gajm th jhkhphcdzm tbm

dktmrprmtatdhk hi tbmsm sgrdpturms.>2

Pbm



<41

Lrabjakdgac dktmrprmtatdhk hi tbmsm sgrdpturms lmgajm tbm jadk prhpihr sakgtdiydkn ak` jadktadkdkn tbm gastm-systmj ak` shgdac rmagtdhk.

Alhvm acc, tbm Lrabjakdgac dktmrprmtatdhk hi tbm sgrdpturms dk tbds

rmspmgt was kmdtbmr gbaccmknm` ihr tbhusak`s hi ymars, khr a sdkncm vhdgm radsm` anadkst dt irhj wdtbdk hrtbh`hxy. Akylh`y wbh àrm` th`diimr irhj tbm Lrabjakdgac vdmw was `mgcarm` a bmrmtdg, ak` tbds sh-gaccm` bmrmsy was tbm jadk pcake ihr ghjlatdkn Lu``bdsj ak` htbmrcdlmrac trmk`s ghktrhvmrtdkn hr hultdkn tbm vacd`dty hi tbm gastm-systmjhr Lrabjakdsj. ‒Ph agekhwcm`nm tbm autbhrdty hi tbm Ymàs, as`mjak`m` hi tbm Bdkù, jmaks id`ms djpcdgdta dk a jhrm iukàjmktac

smksm tbak tbat hi Gatbhcdg Gburgb, ak` prmgdsmcy lmgausm kh savdhurds jmktdhkm` wbhsm rmvmcatdhk ghuc` bavm sulstdtutm` kmw caw ihrhc`.—>4 Ak`, –Lrabjakdgac ak` gastm phwmr rmsuctm` irhj tbm dkvdhcaldcdty hi acc sagrm` caw wbdgb was lmcdmvm` th war` hii mvdc mkgbaktjmkt.‚26

(ddd) Bdkù @barja Dk tbm mvmr-gbakndkn sgmkm hi tbm djphrtakgm hi `mdtdms, grmm`s, ragdacaktdpatbdms ak` htbmr ghksd`mratdhks, tbmrm was dk Bdkùdsj hkm iagthr

wbdgb was pmrsdstmkt. Dt was tbm ghkgmpt hi Bdkù @barja. Pbdsghkgmpt was sykhkyjhus, hr vmry gchsmcy dktmrwhvmk, wdtb tbm shgdachr`mr hi Lrabjakdsj. vdz., tbm gastm systmj (Yarka Asbraja @barja).Cdem tbm lakes hi a strmaj, dt `mtmrjdkm` tbm cdjdts wdtbdk wbdgb tbmgurrmkt hi Dk`dak shgdac cdim just ichw ak` tbm `drmgtdhk systmj, acc

vardmtdms ak` shrts hi `hnjas, d`mas, iadtbs, grmm`s, gusthjs ak`

pragtdgms wmrm thcmratm` ak` acchwm` th lm a part hi tbm Bdkù @barja.Lut aky tbrmat th tbm irajmwhre hi tbm shgdac hr`mr was irhwkm` uphk,ghk`mjkm`, hr ghjlattm` anadkst, mpmk`dkn uphk tbm smrdhuskmss hi tbm tbrmat phsm`. Pbm ghkgmpt hi Bdkù @barja was tbm jadk pcake ihr idnbtdkn bmrmsdms cdem Lu``bdsj ak` Oadkdsj, lut wbat Lrabjakdsj

was ghkgmrkm` wdtb was kht tbm `dvmrnmkgm irhj tbm Ym`dg rmcdndhkak` pragtdgm, lmgausm Kmh-Lrabjakdsj



<4<

dtsmci was tbm rmsuct hi sugb a vardatdhk dk lmcdmi ak` pragtdgm. Dt ba` vdrtuaccy lrhemk away irhj tbm hc` Ym`dg rmcdndhk. ‒Ymàs ghktadkkhtbdkn alhut tbm dvdkm ak` bujak aiiadrs iukàjmktac th Bdkùdsj.—21

Pbm Ymàs ratbmr `miy tbm `barja hi Bdkùdsj. 2< Dk iagt, dt ds sugb anmt-thnmtbmr hi icud` rmcdndhus d`mas, lmcdmis, gucts, mtg., tbat ‒at tbmprmsmkt tdjm dt ds kmxt th djphssdlcm th say mxagtcy wbat Bdkùdsj ds,

wbmrm dt lmndks, ak` wbmrm dt mk`s. @dvmrsdty ds dts vmry mssmkgm.—27

As sugb, wbat was rmaccy at staem was kht tbm rmcdndhus `hgtrdkms ak`lmcdmis, lut tbm hrtbh`hx shgdac hr`mr, Cm. tbm gastm systmj hr tbm Yarka

Asbraja @barja as dt was gaccm`. ‒Dk ghktrast th tbm hrtbh`hx smgts,

tbm bmrmsy hi tbm tbmhpbratrdms ghksdsts dk tbm iagt tbat tbmy tmar tbmdk`dvdùac away irhj bds rdtuacdstdg ùtdms, bmkgm irhj tbm ùtdms hi tbm gastm hi bds ldrtb, ak` tbus dnkhrm hr `mstrhy bds `barja. ^bmktbds bappmks tbm Bdkù chsms gastm. Ak` sdkgm hkcy tbrhunb gastm hkmgak lmchkn th tbm Bdkù ghjjukdty, bm ds chst th dt.—20

Pbm alhvm vdmw ds iurtbmr supphrtm` ly tbm iagt tbat tbm bhstdcdty hi Lrabjakdsj thwar`s diimrmkt bmrmtdg smgts bas vardm` acjhst dk drmgt

prhphrtdhk th tbm miimgtdvm tbrmat tbmy phsm`, kht sh jugb th tbmhrtbh`hx grmm` as sugb, lut th tbm gastm systmj. Irhj tbm purmcy tbmhchndgac phdkt hi vdmw, Oadkdsj was kh cmss bmrmtdg tbak Lu``bdsj,lut tbm Oadks suiimrm` iar cmss pmrsmgutdhk tbak tbm Lu``bdsts. Dt wassh lmgausm, ‒di tbm kmgmssdty arhsm, Oadkdsj was kht ukwdccdkn th a`jdta nh` hi phpucar Bdkùdsj th tbds nacaxy. Lmsd`ms, dt was acsh khthpphsm` th tbm tbmhry hi gastm. Dt was tbus vmry jugb cmss bhstdcm ak`

jhrm agghjjhàtdkn th Bdkùdsj tbak htbmr bmtmrh`hx systmjs. Pbmrmsuct hi tbds spdrdt hi agghjjhàtdhk was tbat Oadkdsj bas survdvm`dk Dk`da tdcc thày, wbmrmas Lu``bdsj, dts twdk sdstmr, ba` th chhe ihrbaldtatdhk mcsmwbmrm.2= Acsh, wbmk Lu``bdsj dtsmci ba` gmasm` th lm asmrdhus gbaccmknm th tbm mstalcdsbm` shgdac hr`mr, Chr` Lu``ba wasdkgcu`m` dk tbm cdst hi Ydsbku—s Avtaras, actbhunb Lu``bdsj ba` ly khjmaks ghjprhjdsm`, mvmk at tbat pmrdh`, dts mssmktdac tmkmts.



<47

Dt ds sdnkdidgakt tbat Wadvdsj, wbdgb ba` lmmk mstalcdsbm` tbrhunbhutDk`da dk tbm tbdr` gmktury LG.29 (ak` was tbm prm`hjdkakt rmcdndhk dktbm >tb ak` tbm 2tb gmkturdms,2> hr sbarm` mvmk bhkhurs dk phpucardty

wdtb Yadskavdsj22 ), but wbdgb `d` kht strmss tbm hlsmrvakgm hi gastm,24

ak` sbhwm` ghjparatdvm dk`mpmk`mkgm irhj Lrabjdks ak`Lrabjakdsj, nht stma`dcy pusbm` dkth tbm lagenrhuk` ly Yadskavdsj,

wbdgb was cdlmrac dk aggmptdkn tbm gastm systmj ak` tbm Lrabjdks asdts jdkdstmrs.

Pbm alhvm byphtbmsds acsh bmcps us th mxpcadk wby Lrabjakdsj, wbdgbba` acc achkn lmmk vmry partdgucar alhut smx jhracdty ak` mvmk upbmc`

gmcdlagy as ak d`mac, ghuc` put up wdtb tbm Waeatas, wdtb tbmdr hlsgmkmpragtdgms, lut rmomgtm` tbm bdnbcy mtbdgac Lu``bdsts. Dt acsh mxpcadks

wby tbm `hhrs hi Ym`dg rmcdndhk, wbdgb wmrm gchsm` th Wu`ras ak` whjmk sh chkn as tbmy rmjadkm` dk tbm shgdac idmc`, wmrm hpmkm` thtbmj di tbmy lmgajm shpbdsts hr jmk`dgakts, Cm. wbmk tbmy guttbmjsmcvms away irhj tbm nmkmrac shgdmty ak` tbmdr status gmasm` thlm hi aky ghksmqumkgm th tbm shgdac hr`mr.

Dt ds kht hur adj th rmùgm tbm dktmrprmtatdhk hi vardhus shgdh-rmcdndhus`mvmchpjmkts dk Dk`da dk tmrjs hi a sdjpcm ihrjuca. ^m hkcy smme thmjpbasdzm tbat tbm ghksd`mratdhk hi prmsmrvdkn tbm hrtbh`hx shgdachr`mr (tbm gastm systmj) was suprmjm dk mtmrjdkdkn tbm drmgtdhk ak``mvmchpjmkts hi mvmk tbm rmcdndhus systmjs. Pbds vdmw ds iurtbmrsupphrtm` ly tbm pattmrk hi assdjdcatdhk hi acdmk mcmjmkts dkthBdkùdsj. Pbm jhtdvatdhk hk tbm part hi tbhsm assdjdcatm`, wbmtbmr

trdlms, gcassms, smgts, hr khlcms, was tbm cmndtdjatdhk hi tbmdr shgdacak` mghkhjdg sdtuatdhk.46 Pbm prmghk`dtdhk ihr tbmdr assdjdcatdhk wastbm a`hptdhk ly tbmj hi tbm Kmh -Lrabjakdgac shgdac gusthjs akùsanms. Pwh aspmgts hi tbds prhgmss hi assdjdcatdhk arm khtm-whrtby.Idrst, lhtb tbm jhtdvatdhk ak` tbm ghk`dtdhks ihr aggmptdkn hutsd`mrsba` kht jugb th `h wdtb rmcdndhk as sugb5 tbmsm wmrm prdjardcy shgdacdk tbmdr katurm. Wmghk`cy, tbm jhrm hkm aggmptm` tbm aktdshgdac

rmstrdgtdhks rmnar`dkn hggupatdhks, ghktagt, talcm



<40

ghjjukdty ak` wd`hw-rmjarrdanm, ak` a`hptm` gusthjs sugb asmk`hnajy ak` gbdc`-jarrdanm, bdnbmr tbm status hkm nht dk tbm hrtbh`hxshgdac hr`mr.41 Dk htbmr whr`s, ghkihrjdty wdtb tbm gastm-systmj was

tbm gmktrac grdtmrdhk ihr a`jdssdhk th tbm Bdkù @barja. Pbmassdjdcatm` ragms, trdlms hr khlcms, ihuk` tbmdr pcagm hkcy as jmjlmrshi shjm gastm hr as kmw gastms.(dv) Gusthj, \dtuacdsj ak` Gmrmjhkdacdsj Gusthj, gmrmjhkdacdsj, ak` rdtuacdsj `h kht can lmbdk` dk gcadjdkn sakgtdhk hi tbm sagrm` sgrdpturms.41-4<-47-40-4=-49-4>-42-44-166 Gusthj, says

Pbm Gh`m hi Jaku, ds traksgmk`mkt caw.161 Bmkgm, tbm assmrtdhk hi

Jaku tbat a kujlmr hi Esbatrdya ragms sake ajhkn jmk th tbm chwmsthi tbm ihur gastms hk agghukt hi tbmdr hjdssdhk th pmrihrj bhcy rdtmsak` th smm tbm Lrabjdks.16< Wdjdcarcy, gbdc`rmk, actbhunb tbm hii sprdknshi a ghupcm dk tbm sajm gastm, wmrm cdemcy th ihrimdt tbmdr gastm -statusdi tbm hlcdnathry gmrmjhkdms wmrm kmncmgtm`. A spmgdac tmrj Yratyas

was usm` th `dstdknudsb tbmj irhj htbmrs.167

Pbm patb hi agtdhk (Earja-jarna), hkm hi tbm tbrmm rmghnkdsm` patbs

hi attadkdkn sacvatdhk, wbdgb was mjpbasdzm` ly tbm Ymàs ak` tbmLrabjakas, was tbm patb hi `hdkn prmsgrdlm` ùtdms hi rdtuacs. Dt wastbm jhst wd`msprma` hi tbm tbrmm patbs. rdtuacdsj was kht ghkidkm` thtbm rmcdndhus spbmrm5 dt nhvmrkm` acc aspmgts hi tbm cdim hi ak dk`dvdùacak` gdrgujsgrdlm` bds hutchhe ak` agtdhk. Pbm nrmat djphrtakgmattagbm` th rmcdndhus ak` gmrmjhkdac hlsmrvakgms mkalcm` tbm prdmstcy gcass th mktrmkgb dtsmci dk tbm shgdac systmj th ak mxtmkt wbhccy ukekhwk

mcsmwbmrm. ]pakayka gmrmjhky was ja`m alshcutmcy hlcdnathry ihrtbm idrst tbrmm gastms. ]kcmss pmrihrjm` ly tbm prmsgrdlm` anm, tbmdk`dvdùac chst bds gastm. Pbus, dk a``dtdhk th tbm rdnbt ly ldrtb, dkdtdatdhk,

wbdgb was gaccm` rmldrtb hr smghk` ldrtb, was tbm `hhr ly wbdgb hkmmktmrm` tbm Aryak iajdcy. Pbm emy th tbds `hhr was pcagm` dk kh htbmrbak` tbak tbat hi tbm Lrabjdk, lmgausm bm achkm ba` tbm rdnbt th dkdtdatm.

Acc rha`s cma` th \hjm. \dtuacdsj, gmrmjhkdacdsj, ak`



<4=

gusthj acsh ghkvmrnm` thwar`s mktrmkgbdkn tbm gastm hr`mr ak` shgdacrmagtdhk. Jutuac mxgcusdvmkmss was prm`hjdkaktcy gausm` kht ly shgdac,lut ly rdtuacdstdg iagthr,160 ak` –tbm mssmktdac ghkgmpts hi ghjjmksacdty,

ak` mk`hnajy arm rdtuac ratbmr tbak mghkhjdg dk katurm.‚16= \dtuaclarrdmrs wmrm alshcutmcy mssmktdac ihr gastm,169 –Pbm gastm hr`mr dshrdmktatm` rmcdndhuscy ak` rdtuaccy th a mnrmm kht mvmk partdaccy attadkm`mcsmwbmrm.‚16> Pbat tmrrdthry hkcy was rdtuaccy purm wbmrm ba` lmmkmstalcdsbm` tbm ihur gastms.162 As acrma`y khtm`, tbm `barja, wbdgbbdknms hk tbm rdtuacdstdg ùtdms hi hkm—s gastm, ‒ds tbm gmktrac grdtmrdhkhi Bdkùdsj.—164

(v) Vhccutdhk Pbm khtdhks alhut phccutdhk, hi wbdgb tbm talhh hk ihh` ds oust hkmaspmgt, pcaym` tbm ldnnmst rhcm dk mxtmk`dkn tbm gastm systmj ak` dkprhomgtdkn dt dk dts ày th ày hpmratdhk. Dt bas lmmk jmktdhkm` tbatghchur-prmou`dgm ak` ragdac batrm`, pmrbaps, wmrm rmsphksdlcm ihrchwmrdkn tbm status hi tbm Wu`ras. Lut dt was kht oust tbat. Pbmy wmrmghksd`mrm` th lm djpurm ly tbmdr vmry ldrtb as Wu`ras. Pbmdr jmrm

prmsmkgm `midcm` tbm adr. Pbm dkbmrmkt djpurdty dk tbmj ghuc` kht lmsbaemk hii ly aky jmaks. Pbm sthry hi Jatakna, a Wu`ra, ndvmk dk tbmMpdg, wmcc dccustratms tbm apprhagb hi tbm gastm d`mhchny thwar`s tbmWu`ras. Jatakna `hms pmkakgm ihr gmkturdms th rmnadk bds chst `dnkdty.Dk`ra hk bds tbrhkm ds jhvm` ak` prhjdsms bdj mxgmptdhkac iavhurs5lut tbm hkm hi rdsm th a bdnbmr gastm, wbdgb tbm pmkdtmkt shcdgdtm`, wasdjphssdlcm. ‒Pbhusak`s ak` jdccdhks hi suggmssdvm ldrtbs arm kmgmssary

th hltadk tbm asgmkt irhj a chwmr th bdnbmr gastm—, rmpcdms Dk`ra.116

Dt was, tbus, tbm khtdhk hi dkbmrmkt phccutdhk hr djpurdty wbdgb wasjadkcy rmsphksdlcm ihr stdiimkdkn ak` jaedkn pmrjakmkt tbm shgdacmxgcusdvmkmss anadkst tbm Wu`ras. Pbm ghkgmpt hi phccutdhk `d` khtrmjadk ghkidkm` th tbm Wu`ras. As dt hrdndkatm` dk tbm iakgy hi Lrabjdksak` was kht sulomgt th aky prdkgdpcm, dt was `dvmrsdidm` ak` mxtmk`m`dk jaky ways ak` `drmgtdhks. Bujak lmdkns, akdjacs,



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vmnmtalcms, artdgcms hi ihh` ak` hi àdcy usm, hggupatdhks, mtg., wmrmnra`m` dk ak arldtrardcy idxm` sgacm hi ghjparatdvm purdty ak` djpurdty.

^bat ds stdcc whrsm, tbds nraàtdhk was ja`m ak dkstrujmkt ihr idxdkn

tbm shgdac phsdtdhk hi dk`dvdùacs ak` nrhups dk tbm gastm shgdmty. Pbmd`ma hi phccutdhk asshgdatm` wdtb tbm aitmr-miimgts hi gbdc`-ldrtb ak`tbm ichw hi lchh` at tbm tdjm hi tbm jhktbcy pmrdh` hi whjmk ba`jugb th `h wdtb tbm uk`mrjdkdkn hi tbmdr shgdac status. Pbm pmasakts,

wbh ghjprdsm` tbm jaohrdty ajhkn tbm Yadsyas, wmrm `hwknra`m`sdjpcy lmgausm pchunbdkn dkvhcvm` tbm edccdkn hi whrjs. Dk tbm gcassdgaccdtmraturm ‒tbm Yadsya ds, idrst a pmasakt.111 Ardak `msgrdlms tbm

buslak`sjak as rmspmgtm` ak` as bavdkn bds rdnbts prmsmrvm` mvmkùrdkn a war.11< Lut ‒dk phst-gcassdgac tdjms ak` at prmsmkt tbm ghkgmptdhkhi tbm Yadsya as a –pmasakt‚ bas ghjpcmtmcy vakdsbm`.—117 Bm bas lmmk,

wdtb a imw mxgmptdhks, pusbm` th tbm lhr`mrcdkm hi tbm Wu`ras. ‒Ihr ajak th cay bds bak` th tbm pchunb hr th guctdvatm vmnmtalcms ds tbrhunbhuttbm bdnb gastms, ghksd`mrm` th mktadc mrhnatdhk.—110 Wdjdcarcy, bhkhurm`

Ym`dg prhimssdhks, sugb as tbhsm hi tbm takkmr, wmavmr, sjdtb ak`

gbardht-jaemr gajm th lm ghkidkm` dk catmr ays th tbm Wu`ras.11= Gastmsgajm th lm hwknra`m` lmgausm tbmy thhe th vhgatdhks wbdgb dkvhcvm`prhgmssms hr bak`cdkn hi artdgcms ghksd`mrm` th lm rmcdndhuscy djpurm.‒Pbm chwmst gastm strata was ghksd`mrm` th lm alshcutmcy `midcdkn ak`ghktajdkatdkn. Idrst, tbds stratuj ghjprdsm` a kujlmr hi tra`ms wbdgbarm acjhst acways mspdsm` lmgausm tbmy dkvhcvm pbysdgaccy drty whre5strmmt gcmakdkn ak` htbmrs. Iurtbmrjhrm, tbds stratuj ghjprdsm` smrvdgms

wbdgb Bdkùdsj ba` ghjm th ghksd`mr rdtuaccy djpurm? takkdkn, cmatbmr whre.119 Pbmk tbmrm wmrm htbmr gastms wbdgb, tbhunb trdicm bdnbmr dktbm shgdac sgacm, arm ihr acc tbat kht trmatm` wdtb aky rmspmgt. Pbm larlmrsak` wasbmrjmk arm chhem` uphk as jmkdacs lmgausm hi tbm ukgcmaktbdkns tbmy bavm th bak`cm. Pbm phttmrs arm acsh a vmry chw gcass. Pbmidvm gastms hi artdsaks ak` tbm jakuiagturmrs ak` vmk`hrs hi hdc arm

vmry jugb chhem` `hwk uphk. Pbm Jhgbds hr takkmrs



<4>

arm sh jugb `mspdsm` tbat htbmr Wu`ras whuc` bar`cy ghk`msgmk` thndvm tbmj a `rhp hi watmr th `rdke. Pbds immcdkn hi rmpucsdhk ds gausm`ly tbm `midcmjmkt wbdgb ds prmsujm` th mksurm irhj tbmdr ghkstaktcy

bak`cdkn tbm sedk hi `ma` akdjacs.11> –Ak` dk acc gasms tbm katurm hi talhh ds sugb, hi ghursm, tbat tbm ghktandhk hi tbm phccutdhk hggupatdhkghktajdkatms acc jmjlmrs hi tbm gastm wbatmvmr tbmdr dk`dvdùachggupatdhk jay lm, ak` th ak dkidkdtm kujlmr hi nmkmratdhk.112

Kht hkcy was djpurdty hr midcmjmkt lmcdmvm` th lm djpartm` ly drmgtghktagt, lut dt was supphsm` th lm ghktragtm` dk`drmgtcy tbrhunb hlomgts,ak` dk ak mxtrmjm gasm mvmk tbrhunb sdnbt. Pbds ds wbat cm` th tbm

gastms hi ukthugbalcms, ukapprhagbalcms ak` uksmmkalcms. Pbmrm arm vdccanms hi Lrabjdks th wbdgb acc htbmr gastms wmrm strdgtcy rmiusmà`jdttakgm.114 Djpurm gastms sbukkm` dkimgtdhus ghktagt wdtb khk-jmjlmrs as rdnd`cy as tbm bdnb gastms.1<6 As acrma`y smmk,ukapprhagbaldDdty acsh gajm th lm jmtdguchuscy nra`m`.

Pbmrm ds a prhvmrl tbat gastm ds hkcy a qumstdhk hi ihh`.1<1 Pbm Waktbacs,a vmry Dhw gastm dk Lmknac, bavm lmmk ekhwk th dm hi buknmr dk tdjms

hi iajdkm ratbmr tbak thugb ihh` prmparm` mvmk ly Lrabjdks.1<< Anmkmrac grdtmrdhk hi tbm shgdac phsdtdhk hi tbm gastm hi a pmrshk was asth wbdgb hi tbm bdnbmr gastms whuc` aggmpt watmr hr ihh` irhj bdj.1<7

Dk iagt, tbm khtdhk hi phccutdhk dk dts appcdgatdhk assujm` dkkujmralcm vardatdhks ak` ghkirhktm` dk`dvdùacs hitmk dk tbmdr àdcy cdim. Pbmnra`dkn hi prhimssdhks, graits ak` hggupatdhks, hi wbdgb hwknra`dkn hi shjm hi tbmj ds a ghrhccary, ‒was sh jugb ak dktmnrac part hi tbm

gastm systmj tbat Kmsidmc` nhms th tbm mxtmkt hi rmnar`dkn hggupatdhkas tbm gmktrm arhuk` wbdgb tbm gastm bas nrhwk up. Pbm prmssdkn hi hdc-smm`s ds stdnjatdzm` as a mnra`dkn hggupatdhk dk tbm Gh`m hi Jakulmgausm dt ds supphsm` th `mstrhy cdim. Pbds smmjs th bavm cm` th tbm`dvdsdhk hi tbm Pmcd gastm dkth twh. Pbm hkms wbh prmss hdc arm trmatmàs ukthugbalcms, ak` tbm Pmcds wbh hkcy smcc hdc wdcc hutgastm



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a jmjlmr wbh sbhuc` vmkturm th prmss dt.1<0 Dt ds kht Hur purphsm th nhdkth jaky mtadcs. Lut dt kmm`s th lm strmssm` tbat tbm d`ma hi phccutdhk

was ndvmk a `dstdkgt rmcdndhus sdnkdidgakgm. Dt sprma` a wd`m kmtwhre

wbdgb `drmgtcy `hwknra`m` mxdstdkn gastms, grmatm` kmw hkms, ak`ghkshcdàtm` shgdac `diimrmktdatdhk dk tbm gastm shgdmty ly radsdkn rmcdndhuscy (hr jandgaccy) tdknm` dksurjhuktalcm larrdmrs lmtwmmk`diimrmkt gastms.(vd) Pbm Pbmhry hi Avtaras ak` tbm ‒Earja— tbmhry

Pbm Avtara tbmhry, hr tbm tbmhry hi dkgarkatdhks hr tbm `msgmkt hi Nh`, cm` th djphrtakt shgdac djpcdgatdhks. Whgdac rmagtdhk was tannm`

hk th tbm iadr kajm hi tbm Avtaras ak` tbmdr autbhrdty was dkvhem` thghkimr `dvdkm sakgtdhk ihr tbm gastm-hr`mr ak` shgdac rmagtdhk. Chr`\aja was sad` th bavm gut hii tbm bma` hi a Wu`ra ihr tbm shcm grdjmhi dkùcndkn dk rmcdndhus rdtms kht acchwm` th bds gastm.1<= Chr` Erdsbka

was supphsm` th bavm assmrtm` tbat bm was tbm grmathr hi Gbaturvarkya.1<9 Pbm asshgdatdhk hi tbm autbhrdty hi Chr` Erdsbkaak` Chr` \aja, tbm phpucar Avtaras hi Ydsbku, wdtb tbm gastm hr`mr

ak` tbm rmagtdhkary shgdac usanm, navm nrmat supphrt th tbmsm dkstdtutdhks. Pbm Wbastras ak` tbm htbmr Lrabjakdgac rmcdndhus cdtmraturm ba`, kh`hult, acrma`y gcadjm` Ym`dg sakgtdhk ihr tbmsm. Lut Ym`dsj ba` gmasm`th lm a cdvdkn ihrgm dk tbm phst-Lu``bdst pmrdh`, mxgmpt as ak autbhrdty ihr hwkdkn ihrjac accmndakgm. Lut, Chr` Erdsbka ak` Chr` \aja, wbhas Avtaras wmrm tbhunbt th bavm ghjm dk tbm narl hi bujak lmdkns thupbhc` @barja, ba` lmghjm cdvdkn rmacdtdms ihr tbm vast juctdtu`ms

wbh whrsbdppm` tbmj. Wakgtdhk hi tbm gastm hr`mr ly tbmsm Avtaras,tbmrmihrm, navm irmsb sakgtdhk th tbds dkmqudthus shgdac systmj.

Pbm Earja tbmhry, as appcdm` ly Lrabjakdsj, kht hkcy mxpcadkm` tbmgastm hrdndk hi dk`dvdùacs ak` prhvd`m` ihr ‒tbm gh-mxdstmkgm hi `diimrmkt mtbdgac gh`ms ihr diimrmkt status nrhups—, lut dt acsh lmkujlm`tbm jhrac smksdtdvmkmss hi tbhsm wbh gajm uk`mr dts spmcc. Dt ja`mlcdk` th tbm mvd`mkt djjhracdty hi tbm gastm mtbdgs. Ihr, hkgm tbm

prmjdsms hi tbds



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tbmhry wmrm aggmptm`, ‒Earja `hgtrdkm traksihrjm` tbm whrc` dkth astrdgtcy ratdhkac, mtbdgaccy-`mtmrjdkm` ghsjhs.1<> Pbm gastm sdtuatdhkhi tbm dk`dvdùac was kht aggd`mktac. Bm was lhrk dkth a gastm as

jmrdtm` ly bds ghkùgt dk a prdhr cdim. ‒Ak hrtbh`hx Bdkù ghkirhktm` wdtb tbm `mpchralcm sdtuatdhk hi a jmjlmr hi ak djpurm gastm whuc`hkcy tbdke tbat bm bas jaky a nrmat sdk th rm`mmj irhj bds prdhrmxdstmkgm.1<2 Pbds acsh cm` th tbm ghrhccary tbat a jmjlmr hi ak djpurmgastm tbrhunb prdjardcy hi lmttmrdkn bds iuturm shgdac hpphrtukdtdms dktbm kmxt ldrtb ly cma`dkn ak mxmjpcary cdim agghr`dkn th tbm prmsgrdlm`ùtdms hi tbm gastm dk wbdgb bm was lhrk. Dk tbds cdim tbmrm was kh

msgapm irhj tbm gastm. Pbmrm was kh way th jhvm up dk tbm gastmhr`mr. ‒Pbm dkmsgapalcm hk rhccdkn earja gausacdty ds dk barjhky wdtbtbm mtmrkdty hi tbm whrc`, hi cdim, ak`, alhvm acc, tbm gastm hr`mr.1<4 Dt

was, tbmrmihrm, smksmcmss th tbdke hi hvmrtbrhwdkn tbm systmj. Akdk`dvdùac hpprmssm` ly tbm gastm hr`mr was kht cmit wdtb aky bhpm

wbatshmvmr. ‒Bm thh gak –wdk tbm whrc`‚, mvmk tbm bmavmkcy whrc`5 bmgak lmghjm a Esbatrdya, a Lrabjak, bm gak nadk Bmavmk ak` lmghjm

a nh`-hkcy kht dk tbds cdim, lut dk tbm cdim hi tbm iuturm aitmr rmldrtb dkthtbm sajm whrc` pattmrk.176 ‒Alshcutm prm-rmqudsdtm, bhwmvmr, wmrm strdgtiucidcjmkt hi gastm hlcdnatdhks dk tbds prmsmkt cdim, tbm sbukkdkn hi rdtuaccy sagrdcmndhus ymarkdkn ihr rmkhukgdkn gastm.—171 Pbm LbanavataVuraka (Lhhe RD, Gbap. R) mjak`m` tbat tbm ihcchwmrs hi Lbanavata,‒ihrsaedkn acc `msdrms sbhuc` agt dk ghkshkakgm wdtb tbmdr gastms.—Dk sugb a sgbmjm hi Earja-lhuk` shgdmty, jmk wmrm ‒ihr mvmr ukmquac—.

‒Pbus tbmrm was kh –katurac‚ hr`mr hi jmk ak` tbdkns dk ghktrast thphsdtdvm shgdac hr`mr. Pbmrm was khshrthi –katurac caw‚…… Acc tbmprhlcmjs wbdgb tbm ghkgmpt hi –katurac caw‚ gaccm` dkth lmdkn dk tbmHggd`mkt wmrm ghjpcmtmcy cagedkn. Pbmrm sdjpcy was kh –katurac‚.mquacdty hi jak lmihrm aky autbhrdty, cmast hi acc lmihrm a supmr-whrc`cy nh` dt mxgcu`m` ihr mvmr tbm rdsm hi shgdac grdtdgdsj, hi ratdhkacdstdgspmgucatdhk, ak` alstragtdhks hi tbm



766

katurac caw typm, ak` bdk`mrm` tbm `mvmchpjmkt hi aky Whrt hi d`ma hi –bujak rdnbt‚. 17<

Dt ds kht sunnmstm` tbat tbm Earja tbmhry was ihrjucatm` kmgmssardcy

th oustdiy tbm gastm hr`mr ak` gastm-mtbdgs. Lut, tbmrm ds kh hult tbat dta`jdralcy smrvm` tbm mk`s hi tbm gastm hr`mr. Cdem tbm sgrdpturms,rmcdndhus cdtmraturm ak` tbm mpdgs, dt was jhuc`m` th tbm mxtmkt kmgmssary ihr tbm Lrabjakdgac purphsms. Pbm iagts mkujmratm` alhvm cmavm kh`hult tbat tbm Dk`dak gastm d`mhchny was acthnmtbmr diimrmkt irhj tbmchhsm luk`cm hr ghjldkatdhk hi shgdac prmou`dgms ak` dsgrdjdkatdhks,sugb as wm jmmt dk tbm ghchur ak` ragdac lar ajhkn tbm Kmnrhms ak`

tbm wbdtms dk tbm ]W.A., hr dk tbm rmstrdgtm` ous ghkkulddajhkn gcassshgdmtdms dk nmkmrac ak` ajhkn tbm jdxm` ragms hi jucatthms,quar`rhhks ak` hgthrhhks dk partdgucar, hr dk tbm khtdhk hi djpurdty attagbm` th pdn ak` swdkmbmr`s dk Mnypt, hr dk tbm mcmjmkts hi ukthugbaldcdty tbat wm idk` ghkgmrkdkn tbm panhà scavms hi Lurjaak` Mta hi Oapak. Pbm Dk`dak gastm d`mhchny was kht a sdjpcm d`mhchny.Dt was ak d`mhchndgac systmj, wbmrmdk shgdac prmou`dgms ghkgmrkdkn

bdmrargby, ghchur, ragm, talhhs, purdty, djpurdty ak` phccutdhk mtg., wmrmdktmnratm` dkth hkm wbhcm th smrvm tbm hvmracc purphsm hi tbm gastmsystmj. Phwar`s tbds mk`, Bdkù sgrdpturac sakgtdhk, @barja,tra`dtdhk, gusthj, rdtuacdsj, gmrmjhkdacdsj ak` tbm tbmhrdms hi ‒Earja—ak` ‒Avtaras— wmrm dktmrcdkem` ak` ghhr`dkatm`. –Ph qudt tbm whre ak`ùtdms hi (hkm—s) gastm ds a sdk.‚177 Pbm jhst bmdkhus grdjm was thghjjdt ak hiimkgm anadkst tbm gastm hr`mr.170 Pbm shuc hi hkm wbh

kmncmgtm` bds gastm ùtdms jdnbt pass dkth a `mjhk.17=

@barja gajmth jmak prdjardcy rdtuacdstdg ùtdms, ak` rdtuacdstdg larrdmrs lmtwmmkgastms arm iukàjmktac th tbm gastm systmj.179 Hkm—s @barja mpmk`mùphk tbm Gastm dkth wbdgb tbm dk`dvdùac was lhrk17> ak` was dk`dsshculcy ghkkmgtm` wdtb bds gastm ùtdms. Bmkgm, ihr tbm ùtdms hi hkm—s gastm, aspmgdac tmrj, ‒Yarkasraja @barja—, was ghdkm`. As sugb, ‒Yarkasraja@barja—, tbm rdtuacdstdg ùtdms hi gastms, lmgajm tbm gmktrac



761

grdtmrdhk hi Bdkùdsj.172 Ly dnkhrdkn bds rdtuacdstdg ùtdms, kajmcy tbmgastm ùtdms, tbm dk`dvdùac chst lhtb bds @barja ak` bds gastm.174

Wdnkdidgaktcy, tbm gh`ms, wbdgb cad` tbm cmnac lasds hi tbm gastm shgdmty,

wmrm tdtcm` as @baraj Wbastras. Dk tbds way, @barja was, hk tbm hkmbak`, cdkem` th rmcdndhus ùtdms, ak`, hk tbm htbmr, th tbm gastm ùtdms,tbus, ihrndkn akhtbmr cdke, apart irhj sgrdpturac sakgtdhk, ihr mk`hwdkn rmcdndhus sakgtdty th tbm gastms ak` tbm gastm systmj. Pbds d`mhchny radsm` shgdac bmdrargby th tbm cmvmc hi a rmcdndhus prdkgdpcm ly ndvdkn dttbm sakgtdhk hi Bdkù sgrdpturms, @barja ak` htbmr ghkstdtumkts hi tbm gastm d`mhchny, wbdgb acsh ba` rmcdndhus ghkkhtatdhk hi hkm edk`

hr tbm htbmr. Pbds prdkgdpcm hi shgdac bdmrargby, dk dts pragtdgacappcdgatdhk, was `dvmrsdidm` ak` gh`didm` ly Bdkù caw ndvmrs ak`prdmsts dk sugb nrmat `mtadc as th jaem tbm Dk`dak gastm shgdmty tbmjhst mcalhratm bdmrargbdgac shgdac systmj mvmr ekhwk th tbm whrc`.

^m bavm smmk alhvm bhw tbm Bdkù @barja ja`m tbm gastm systmjrdnd` ak` dkvdhcalcm. Dk sbhrt, tbm gastm d`mhchny, wm rmpmat, was kht asdjpcm d`mhchny. Dt was ak d`mhchndgac systmj, `diimrmkt ghkstdtumkts

hi wbdgb wmrm dk`dsshculcy dktmr-cdkem` ak` ghhr`dkatm` wdtb hkmakhtbmr th smrvm hkm smt purphsm, d.m. hi tbm gastm hr`mr. Dk iagt, tbdsd`mhchndgac systmj was tbm d`mhchndgac lasm hk wbdgb tbm supmrstrugturmhi tbm gastm systmj was rmarm` ak` jadktadkm`. \atbmr, wm jay kht lm

wrhkn dk gaccdkn tbm twh systmjs (tbm d`mhchndgac systmj ak` tbm shgdacsystmj-tbm gastm systmj) twh sd`ms hi tbm sajm ghdk.

<. L\ABJDKW Pbm rmghr` iagmt hi tbm gastm systmj wmrm tbm Lrabjdks as a gastm. @r.Lbakàrear wrdtms? –Pbmrm ds bar`cy a gcass hr gastm dk Dk`da wbdgb baskht a ihrmdnk stradk dk dt. Pbmrm ds a`jdxturm hi acdmk lchh` kht hkcy ajhkn tbm warrdhr gcassms-tbm \aoputs ak` tbm Jaratbas-lut acshajhknst tbm Lrabjdks. Chhem` at irhj tbm aktdquardak hr mtbkhchndgacphdkt hi vdmw, tbm gcadjs hi mdtbmr ghjjukdty (Lrabjdks hr Esbatrdya)

th purdty hi lchh` arm uktmkalcm ak` alsur`.‚106



76<

Pbds ghkgcusdhk ds supphrtm` ly acjhst acc autbhrdtdms.101 Khw, tbmprmsmrvatdhk hi tbm supphsm` purdty hi Aryak lchh` dk tbm uppmr gcassmsds tbmradshk `—mtrmihr mstalcdsbdkn tbm gastms. Dt was wbat cm` th bmrm`dtary

iukgtdhkacdsj ak` rmstrdgtdhks hk ghkkulduj ak` ghjjmksacdsj. Anrmat bujak ghksgdhus miihrt was kmm`m` th arrmst tbm a`jdxturm hi

Aryak ak` khk-Aryak lchh` ak` th mstalcdsb tbm jytb hi @vdoashr tbmtwdgm-lhrk. Wdjdcarcy a nrmat ghksgdhus miihrt was kmm`m` th `mtbrhkmLu``bdsj ak` dts phcdtdgac sway wbdgb ba` castm` suprmjm ihr hvmrhkm tbhusak` ymars. Pbmsm `mvmchpjmkts wmrm tbm bak`dwhre hi Lrabjdks. Dk a``dtdhk, tbm Lrabjdks, as a gastm, wmrm tbm acc-tdjm

stak`dkn edknpdk hi tbm gastm systmj dk jhrm tbak hkm way. Pbmy wmrmdts d`mhchndms as wmcc as tbm ihgac phdkt arhuk` wbdgb tbm systmjrmvhcvm`.

(d) As D`mhchnums

]k`hultm`cy, tbm mktdrm khk-bmrmtdgac phst-Ym`dg cdtmraturm ds tbmbak`dwhre hi Lrabjdks. Pbmy arm acsh jadkcy rmsphksdlcm ihr tbmjhuc`dkn hi khk-bmrmtdgac tra`dtdhk. Acc tbrhunb tbm gmkturdms, kh hkmirhj wdtbdk tbm hrtbh`hx shgdmty bas mvmr àrm` th qumstdhk tbdsrmjhuc`dkn bak`dwhre hi tbm Lrabjdks.

Pbm cdtmraturm hi tbm kmw ihrj hi Lrabjakdsj ds acc tbm whre hi, hrdkspdrm` ly, tbm Lrabjdk bdmrargby.10< Pbm iditb lhhe hi Adtarmya

Arakyaea ds khthrdhuscy spurdhus.107 Agghr`dkn th hkm vdmw, mvmk Ym`dgbyjks bavm lmmk arraknm` dk tbm Lrabjakdgac dktmrmsts,100 ak` JakuWjrdtd pas lmmk sbhrtmkm` ak` rmagtdhkary kmw caws dktrhùgm` dk tbmhc` vmrsdhk.10= Alhut tbm prmsmkt Jabalbarta tbmrm ds kh `hult tbat dtds a rmàgtdhk hi Yyasa—s hrdndkac bdsthrdgac phmj, m`dtm` ly

Yadsbajpayakmm ak` rmdssum` a smghk` tdjm wdtb khtms ak` a``dtdhksly Wautd.109

Vurakas thh wmrm gbaknm`. Hkm uk`hultm` prhhi hi dktmrphcatdhksbavdkn taemk pcagm ds tbat, actbhunb tbmsm lmchkn th `diimrmkt pmrdh`s,‒magb ak` acc hi tbm Vurakas bavm



767

magb ak` acc hi tbmj tbm kajms hi tbm wbhcm mdnbtmmk rmghr`m` dk tbmtmxt.10>

(dd) As a Vdvhtac Vhdkt Acjhst acc autbhrdtdms arm anrmm` tbat dt ds tbm Lrabjdk gastm, wbdgb,cdem a wbmmc wdtbdk a wbmmc, ds tbm axds hi tbm gastm-systmj. Dt ds tbdsgastm wbdgb smts tbm nud`mcdkms hi tbm systmj, ak` `mtmrjdkms tbm`drmgtdhk hi dts ghursm. Dt ds tbm Lrabjdks wbh bavm prhidtm` jhstirhj tbm-systmj ak` arm jadkcy rmsphksdlcm ihr dts jadktmkakgm akìurtbmrakgm.

^m bavm jmktdhkm` tbat tbm emy th tbm gastm systmj ds tbm urnm ihrnadkdkn a phsdtdhk hi vaktanm dk tbm gastm pyrajd`. ]k`hultm`cy, tbmpdvht hi gastm bdmrargby ds tbm rmghnkdzm` supmrdhrdty hi tbm Lrabjdkgastm. Kht hkcy tbat, tbm Lrabjdks gajm th hggupy tbm gmktrac phsdtdhkdk Bdkùdsj, lmgausm gastm ds mssmktdaccy a shgdac rake5 ak` tbm shgdacrake hi tbm gastms ds `mtmrjdkm` wdtb rmimrmkgm th tbm Lrabjdks.102

Pbm Lrabjdk ‒rmgmptdhk hr rmomgtdhk hi watmr hr ihh` ds tbm jmasurm

hi tbm status hi aky ndvmk gastm dk a ndvmk pcagm.104 Acc tbdkns ghksd`mrm`, wbat nhvmrks prmgm`mkgm ds tbm `mnrmm hi id`mcdty wdtb wbdgb magbgastm ghkihrjs, hr prhimssms th ghkidrj, th Lrabjakdgac tmagbdkn mdtbmras rmnar`s jarrdanm hr mxtmrkac purdty, hr as rmnar`s tbm hggupatdhks hraggmsshry gusthjs. A ‒gastm sugb as jdnbt arhusm, jugb prmou`dgm ak`ghktmjpt jay, dk spdtm hi acc tbds, lm trmatm` wdtb castdkn mstmmj ihrtbm shcm rmashk tbat dt `dspcays supmrdhr id`mcdty th tbm Lrabjakdg

pragtdgms.1=6

Pbm rmcdndhus ak` shgdac autbhrdty tbat tbm Lrabjdks gajm th wdmc` dsthh wmcc ekhwk th kmm` aky ghjjmkt. Pbm rmghnkdtdhk hi tbm sakgtdty hi tbm Lrabjdk Cavdtm gastm lmgajm hkm hi tbm vmry imw ldk`dkn iagthrsdk tbm gbahtdg jass hi Kmh-Lrabjakdgac `hnja ak` pragtdgm. Pbmrmspmgt hi shjm hi tbm Bdkùs ihr tbm Lrabjdks nhms sh iar tbat,agghr`dkn th a prhvmrl, th lm rhllm` ly Wakavrdya Lrabjdks, wbh ba`

a`hptm` bdnbway rhllmry as a prhimssdhk, was rmnar`m` as a iavhurirhj bmavmk.1=1



760

Dk tbm phcdtdgac spbmrm, thh, tbm Lrabjdks— dkicumkgm gajm th lmukgbaccmknm`. Mvmk tbm Mpdg, wbdgb ds ghkkmgtm` wdtb tbm khldcdty ak` bmkgm tmk`s th attrdlutm th edkns, tbm supmrjagy wbdgb ds gcadjm`

ly tbm caw lhhes ihr tbm Lrabjdks, ghkgm`ms tbm dkghjparalcm nrak`murhi tbm sagmr`htac gcass. ‒^bmrmas dk htbmr ghuktrdms tbm rdvacry lmtwmmktbm khldcdty ak` tbm sagmr`htac gcass nmkmraccy rmsuctm` dk tbm trdujpbhi tbm tmjphrac phwmr hvmr tbm spdrdtuac dk Dk`da rmvmrsm bas lmmk tbmgasm. Pbm gastm systmj, wdtb dts watmr tdnbt ghjpartjmkts, bas lmmkacways a`vmrsm th tbm mstalcdsbjmkt hi a rmnucar phcdtdgac hrnakdzatdhk,

wbdcm tbm nrmat djphrtakgm attagbm` th rmcdndhus rdtms ak` gmrmjhkdac

hlsmrvakgms bas mkalcm` tbm prdmstcy gcass th annrak`dzm dtsmci th akmxtmkt wbhccy ukekhwk mcsmwbmrm. Pbm suprmjagy hi tbm Lrabjdksbas khw lmghjm hkm hi tbm gar`dkac `hgtrdkms hi Bdkùdsj.—1=<

Pbm rhcm pcaym` ly tbm Lrabjdks, as a gastm, dk dktmrcdkedkn tbm gastmd`mhchny ak` tbm gastm systmj ds tbus hlvdhus mkhunb.

7. PBM GAWPM WHGDMPT

Pbm tbdr` iagmt hi tbm gastm systmj was tbm gastm shgdmty dtsmci.D`mhchndms, th lm miimgtdvm hk tbm pragtdgac pcakm, bavm th `mvmchpghrrmsphk`dkn dkstdtutdhks. Pbmsm dkstdtutdhks, hkgm `mvmchpm`, bavm,apart irhj tbmdr d`mhchndgac ghktmkt, a ghjpucsdvm jmgbakdsj ak``rdvm hi tbmdr hwk. Dk tbm gasm hi tbm gastm d`mhchny, tbm prdjary shgdacdkstdtutdhk wbdgb mjlh`dm` dt was tbm gastm shgdmty dtsmci as a wbhcm.

Pbm vmry ghkstdtutdhk hi tbm gastm shgdmty, dts mvmry gmcc, was ludct hk

tbm prdkgdpcm hi gastm dkmquacdty ak` bdmrargby. Pbm phsdtdhk hi magbsul-gastm, ak` tbrhunb tbm sul-gastm tbat hi dts mvmry dk`dvdùacjmjlmr, was idxm` pmrjakmktcy ly ldrtb dk tbm gastm bdmrargby. Acsh,dt was a shgdac strugturm wbdgb was acc-dkgcusdvm ihr tbhsm wdtbdk dtsihc` ak` acc mxgcusdvm ihr hutsd`mrs. As acrma`y phdktm` hut, magb ak`mvmry Bdkù ba` th lm a jmjlmr hi hkm gastm hr tbm htbmr.

Ak` th lm a Bdkù, hkm ba` th lm lhrk as Bdkù. Acc hutsd`m



76=

tbm Bdkù ihc` wmrm mdtbmr bmrmtdgs, jacmgbas, hr thcmratm` asukthugbalcm ak` mxtmrdhr gastms. Akyhkm hkgm ghkvmrtm` th Dscaj mvmktbhunb ihrgdlcy, ghuc` kht lm taemk lage dk tbm Bdkù shgdmty, ak`

akyhkm wbh parthhe lmmi mvmk hkgm, bm ak` bds prhnmky wmrm rmcmnatm`th tbm mxtmrdhr gastm status, hkgm ihr acc. Wh jugb sh , a tmrrdthry wbmrmgastms wmrm kht mstalcdsbm`, was `mgcarm` th lm djpurm. Pbm gastmshgdmty was mquaccy ghjprmbmksdvm, rdnd` ak` dkmxhralcm dk dtshpmratdhkac aspmgt. ^dcshk sujs up ghjprmbmksdvmcy tbm mxtmkt th

wbdgb gastm rucms nhvmrk mvmry jmjlmr hi aky gastm. Gastm, bm says,‒ndvms dts `drmgtdhks ihr rmghnkdtdhk, aggmptakgm, ghksmgratdhk, ak`

sagrajmktac `m`dgatdhk, ak` vdgm vmrsa, hi a bujak lmdkn hk bdsappmarakgm dk tbm whrc`. Dt bas ihr dkiakgy, pupdcanm, ak` jakbhh`, dtshràdkm` jmtbh`s hi sugedkn, sdppdkn, `rdkedkn, matdkn ak` vhd`dkn5hi wasbdkn, rdksdkn, akhdktdkn, ak` sjmardkn5 hi gchtbdkn, rmssdkn ak`hjajmktdkn5 hi sdttdkn, rdsdkn ak` rmgcdkdkn5 hi jhvdkn, vdsdtdkn ak`travmccdkn5 hi spmaedkn, rma`dkn, cdstmkdkn, ak` rmgdtdkn5 ak` hi jm`dtatdkn, sdkndkn, whredkn, pcaydkn, ak` idnbtdkn. Dt bas dts caws ihr

shgdac ak` rmcdndhus rdnbts, prdvdcmnms, ak` hggupatdhks5 ihr dkstrugtdkn,tradkdkn, ak` mùgatdkn5 ihr hlcdnatdhk, ùty, ak` pragtdgm5 ihr `dvdkmrmghnkdtdhk, ùty ak` gmrmjhky5 ihr mrrhrs, sdks, ak` traksnrmssdhks5ihr dktmr ghjjukdhk, avhdàkgm, ak` mxghjjukdgatdhk5 ihr midcmjmkt,alcutdhk, ak` purdidgatdhk5 ihr idkms, gbastdsmjmkts, djprdshkjmkts,jutdcatdhks, lakdsbjmkts ak` gapdtac mxmgutdhks. Dt ukihc`s tbm wayshi ghjjdttdkn wbat dt gaccs sdk, aggujucatdkn sdk, ak` hi puttdkn away

sdk5 ak` hi agqudrdkn jmrdt, dspmksdkn jmrdt, ak` chsdkn jmrdt. Dt trmatshi dkbmrdtakgm, ghkvmyakgm, phssmssdhk, ak` `dsphssmssdhk5 ak` hi larnadks, nadk, chak, ak` rudk. Dt `macs wdtb `matb, lurdac, ak` lurkdkn5ak` wdtb ghjjmjhratdhk, assdstakgm, ak` dkoury aitmr `matb. Dtdktmrimrms, dk sbhrt, wdtb acc tbm rmcatdhks ak` mvmkts hi cdim, ak` wdtb

wbat prmgm`ms ak` ihcchws cdim…1=7

A`bmrmkgm th tbmsm rucms hr usanms ds khrjaccy mksurm`



769

tbrhunb tbm gastm jmjlmrs hi tbm chgacdty wbh ekhw magb htbmrdktdjatmcy. Pbm jmjlmrs, tbrhunb tbm gastm ghukgdc (Vakgbayat) hrhtbmrwdsm, lmghjm tbm nuar`daks hi tbm gastm rucms. Ak` tbm drhky hi

dt ds tbat ‒tbm chwmr tbm gastm dk tbm shgdac sgacm, tbm strhknmr dtsghjldkatdhk ak` tbm jhrm miidgdmkt dts hrnakdzatdhk.1=0 Dk htbmr whr`s,tbm chwmr gastms arm jhrm prhkm th tdnbtmk tbmdr hwk sbagecms. Pbmdkirdknmjmkts hi gastm rucms garrdm` tbmdr hwk gmksurms ak` pmkactdms

wbdgb wmrm as vardm` as tbm gastm rucms. Lut, wm sbacc taem bmrm hkcy tbm gasm hi mxghjjukdgatdhk irhj tbm gastm sh as th dccustratm tbmdkmxhralcm whredkn hi tbm gastm jmgbakdsj. H—Jaccmy `msgrdlms tbm

wrmtgbm` pcdnbt hi shjm bdnb-gastm pmrshks wbh ba` lmmkmxghjjukdgatm` dk Hrdssa. Kh prdmst, larlmr hr wasbmrjak whuc`rmk`mr tbmj aky smrvdgm, wdtb tbm rmsuct tbat ‒tbmy ba` chkn lmar`sjattm` wdtb `drt, tbmdr badr bukn dk chkn strak`s ak` was idctby dk tbmmxtrmjm, ak` tbmdr gchtbms wmrm lmyhk` msgrdptdhk ihr ukgcmakcdkmss.—1==

Wdjdcarcy, Allm @ulhds `raws ak mvmk jhrm nrapbdg pdgturm hi tbmiatm hi ak mxghjjukdgatm` jak. ‒Pbds mxpucsdhk irhj tbm gastm, wbdgb

hggurs dk gasms hi lrmagb hi gusthjary usanm hr hi shjm pulcdg hiimkgm wbdgb whuc` `dsbhkhur tbm wbhcm gastm dt rmjadkm` ukpukdsbm`, ds aedk` hi gdvdc mxghjjukdgatdhk wbdgb `mprdvms tbm pmrshk, wbh bastbm jdsihrtukm th dkgur dt, hi acc dktmrghursm wdtb bds imcchws. Dt rmk`mrsbdj, sh th spmae, `ma` th tbm whrc`. ^dtb tbm chss hi gastm, bm chsmskht hkcy bds rmcatdhks ak` irdmk`s, lut shjmtdjms mvmk bds wdim ak`gbdc`rmk, wbh prmimr th alak`hk bdj mktdrmcy ratbmr tbak sbarm bds dcc-

ihrtukm. Kh hkm arm mat wdtb bdj, khr mvmk hiimr bdj a rhp hi watmr.—‒Bm just mxpmgt, wbmrmvmr bm ds rmghnkdzm`, th lm avhd`m`, phdktm` at

wdtb tbm idknmr hi sghrk, ak` chhem` uphk as a rmprhlatm… A jmrmWu`ra, prhvd`m` bm bas shjm tragm hi bhkhur ak` sgrupuchuskmss,

whuc` kmvmr ohdk ghjpaky, khr mvmk ghjjukdgatm wdtb a Lrabjaktbus `mnra`m`.1=9

Pbm rhcm hi tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm Lrabjdks dk tbm



76>

`mvmchpjmkt ak` ghkshcdàtdhk hi tbm gastm-systmj ds wmcc ekhwk. ^bat kmm`s th lm mjpbasdzm` ds tbm djphrtakt part pcaym` ly tbm rdnd`shgdac irajmwhre, d.m. tbm gastm shgdmty, dk jadktadkdkn ak` mktrmkgbdkn

tbm systmj. ^m rmimrrm` lrdmicy th tbm iagt tbat magb sacdmkt mcmjmkt hi tbm gastm d`mhchny (gastm bdmrargby5 sgrdpturac sakgtdhk5 sakgtdhks hi Bdkù @barja, rdtuacdsj, gmrmjhkdacdsj ak` gusthj5 tbm talhhs ak`phccutdhk5 gastm ghkkulduj ak` ghjjmksacdsj5 tbm tbmhry hi Earjamtg.) iastmkm` magb ak` mvmry dk`dvdùac hi a sul-gastm wdtb dts hwksmparatm d`mhchndgac strak` hi bujak dkmquacdty ak` shgdacmxgcusdvmkmss. Dk htbmr whr`s, a jmjlmr hi a sul-gastm was lhuk`

`hwk kht ly hkm hr twh, lut ly smvmrac d`mhchndgac lhk`s hi bujakdkmquacdty ak` shgdac dsgrdjdkatdhk. Di hkm emmps dk vdmw bhw diidguctdt bas lmmk th mrasm sugb shgdac prmou`dgms mvmk wbmrm tbmsm wmrmhpmratdkn as a sdkncm iagthr (m.n. as ghchur ak` ragdac prmou`dgm lmtwmmktbm wbdtms ak` tbm Kmnrhms hi tbm ].W.A., hr as talhhs anadkst tbmVanhà scavms hi Lurja ak` Mta dk Oapak, hr as mk`hnajy dk gastm-cmss shgdmtdms), tbm djprhlaldcdty hi suggmss dk guttdkn tbm Nhr`dakekht

whvmk ly tbm juctdpcdgatdvm miimgt hi tbm vardhus iagthrs hi tbm gastmd`mhchny lmghjms qudtm apparmkt. Ak` wbat ja`m tbm prhlcmj hi tbmgastm systmj stdcc jhrm dktrdgatm ak` dktragtalcm was tbat tbds ghjphsdtmd`mhchny hi gastm bdmrargby ak` shgdac mxgcusdvmkmss was iusm` wdtbmvmry idlrm hi tbm shgdac tmxturm hi tbm gastm shgdmty.1=>

Mvmry dk`dvdùac dk tbm gastm shgdmty was kht hkcy bdjsmci mktakncm`ly smvmrac tmktagcms hi tbm gastm d`mhchny, lut bm was iastmkm` th htbmr

sdjdcarcy lhuk` dk`dvdùacs th ihrj a bhrdzhktac shgdac kmtwhre wdtbdka sul-gastm. Dk iagt, tbm gastm lhk`s, tbm Wdebs, ludct tbm Aeac Paebtak` startm` tbm ghkstrugtdhk hi ukdtm` jmjlmrs hi a sul-gastm. Pbmhpmratdhkac miidgdmkgy wdtb wbdgb jmjlmrs hi a sul-gastm smvmraccy ak` ohdk`y as a nrhup (d.m. as a sul-gastm) mksurm` rdnd` a`bmrmkgm thtbm gastm khrjs dkicmxdlcm dk tmrjs hi gastm. Hk tbm thp hi dt, tbdsbhrdzhktac shgdac kmtwhre hi magb sul-gastm was tdm` vmrtdgaccy, lhtb

d`mhchndgaccy as tbm



762

rdtuac1=2, tbm mtbdgac gh`m1=4 ak` tbm pmkac gh`m wmrm bdmrargbdgaccy nra`m`ak` hrnakdsatdhkaccy, th htbmr sdjdcarcy ghkstdtutm` bdnbmr ak` chwmrsul-gastms. Dk sbhrt, tbm shgdac ialrdg ak` tbm gastm d`mhchny wmrm

dktmrchgem` arhuk` mvmry ukdt hi tbm gastm shgdmty. Pbds ds wbat ja`mtbm gastm systmj sykhkyjhus wdtb tbm gastm shgdmty. Pbds ds wbat ja`mtbm Dk`dak gastm systmj, dk dts rajkdidm` phwmr ak` dkicumkgm, jhrmrdnd` ak` acc-pmrvasdvm, as ghjparm` th gastm-cdem ihrjatdhks mcsmwbmrm.Dk \dscmy—s pbrasm, tbm rmjhvac hi tbm gastm systmj whuc` lm ‒jhrmtbak a rmvhcutdhk5 dt whuc` rmsmjlcm tbm rmjhvac hi shjm mcmjmktacihrgm cdem nravdtatdhk hr jhcmgucar attragtdhk.— Bds statmjmkt jdnbt

appmar shjmwbat nrapbdg, lut wbat bm jmaks th ghkvmy ds sulstaktdaccy ghrrmgt.

Pbm vmry strugturac jaem-up hi tbm gastm-shgdmty, ak` tbm d`mhchndgacstrakncmbhc` hi tbm gastm d`mhchny wbdgb ghjphuk`m` dts mvmry ukdt,cmit cdttcm, di aky, rhhj ihr rmihrjdkn hr rmghkstrugtdkn dt hk mnacdtardakcdkms irhj wdtbdk. Ph taem hkcy hkm dtmj, Jax ^mlmr bas ghjm th tbmghkgcusdhk tbat –Dk`da—s gastm hr`mr ihrjm` ak hlstagcm th tbds (d.m.

ghjjmksac iratmrkdzatdhk) wbdgb was uksurjhuktalcm, atcmast ly dtshwk ihrgms.‚196 Mnacdtardak vacums ak` shgdac ihrjatdhks arm tbm aktd-tbmsds hi tbm gastm systmj ak` tbm gastm shgdmty. Ihr tbm sajm rmashk,tbmrm was mquaccy cdttcm gbakgm ihr nrhups hr smgtdhks hi tbm gastmshgdmty th `h dt dk`mpmk`mktcy hk tbmdr hwk, sh chkn tbmsm ghktdkum`th iukgtdhk as a part hi tbm wbhcm. Hi dk`dvd`uacs, wm kmm` kht spmae as tbmy wmrm jmrm authjathks, wbhsm iatm was dk`dsshculcy cdkem`

wdtb tbat hi tbm sul-gastm th wbdgb tbmy lmchknm`. Pbm hkcy pragtdgac way hpmk ihr ihrjdkn ak mnacdtardak shgdmty was th gut hii ghjpcmtmcy irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty ak` th ludc` a kmw, hutsd`mdt ak` hk a kmw d`mhchndgac lasds.

Pbm djpagt hi gapdtacdst mghkhjy, dts gucturm ak` vacums, ds kh `hult,lmndkkdkn th mrh`m kht hkcy tbm gastm lut acsh tbm gastm systmj dtsmci.Dt bas sprma` a nmkmrac awarmkmss hi tbm dkmqudtalcm katurm hi tbds

shgdac ihrjatdhk ak` ndvmk



764

rdsm th smvmrac aktd-gastm jhvmjmkts wdtbdk tbm Bdkù ihc`. Lut tbdssbhuc` kht jdscma` us dkth assmssdkn jhvmjmkts hi tbm prm-Lrdtdsbmra, wdtb wbdgb wm arm jadkcy ghkgmrkm`, dk tbm cdnbt hi tbm jdcdmu

ak` ihrgms nmkmratm` ly tbm mstmrk gucturm ak` gdvdcdzatdhk wdtb wbdgbtbm Lrdtdsb rucm lrhunbt us dkth ghktagt ihr tbm idrst tdjm. Ihr hkmtbdkn, tbm gastm systmj ds khw up anadkst kht jmrm d`mas ak` d`mhchndms,lut anadkst akhtbmr wmcc-hrnakdzm` phcdtdgac ak` mghkhjdg systmj. Dtds a rmjarealcm pbmkhjmkhk hi bdsthry tbat, actbhunb Dscaj dshutstak`dkncy mnacdtardak, tbm djpagt hi Dscajdg rucm ihr gmkturdmsthnmtbmr dkstma` hi shitmkdkn tbm gastm ratbmr bar`mkm` dt. Dt was

prhlalcy lmgausm Wbardatdg mxgcusdvmkmss ak` phcdtdgh-rmcdndhuspmrsmgutdhk asshgdatm` wdtb tbm Juscdj rucm prmvmktm` tbm pmkmtratdhkhi Dscajdg mnacdtardakdsj hutsd`m Juscdj phcdty. Alhvm acc, Dscajdgmnacdtardakdsj rmcdm` jadkcy hk dts rmcdndhus appmac ak` kht hk akhrnakdzm` ghjprmbmksdvm phcdtdgac ak` mghkhjdg ihrgm (Cm. a systmj)sugb as gapdtacdsj ds. Gapdtacdsj ds kht jmrm ak mghkhjdg smtup. Dt dsasshgdatm` acsh wdtb bujak rdnbts, phcdtdgac `mjhgragy ak` jass

mùgatdhk. Pbm prmphk`mrakgm hi jhkmy vacums dk acc waces hi cdimlrhunbt alhut ly tbm gapdtacdst mghkhjy ak` tbm ratdhkac apprhagbmjpbasdzm` ly tbm wmstmrk gucturm arm `dnndkn `mmp dkth rmcdndhus ak`gastm aiidcdatdhks, sakgtdhks hi @barja ak` tbm sgrdpturms, ak` khtdhkshi talhhs ak` phccutdhk mtg. Di tbm gastm systmj ds stdcc prhvdkn a bar`kut th grage dkspdtm hi tbds hkscaunbt ly akhtbmr strhknmr systmj,(supphrtm` as dt ds ly sugb phtmkt iagthrs as jhkmy vacums, phcdtdgac

`mjhgragy ak` jass mùgatdhk), dt hkcy luttrmssms hur ghktmktdhk tbattbm hkcy imasdlcm way hpmk th ludc` ak mnacdtardak shgdmty dk tbm prm-Lrdtdsb pmrdh` was th rmar dt Hutsd`m tbm gastm shgdmty.



716

WMGPDHK DDD

PBM GAWPM WTWPMJ AK@ PBM WDEBW DK

PBM VM\DH@ HI D@MHCHNDGAC AWGMK@MKGT Pbm jhrm castdkn, bmkgm jhrm djphrtakt, agbdmvmjmkt hi tbm Wdebjhvmjmkt was tbat dt lrhem away ghjpcmtmcy kht hkcy irhj tbm gastm,as sugb, lut acsh irhj tbm gastm systmj ak` tbm gastm shgdmty. Dk tbdsartdgcm, wm wakt th ghkgmktratm hk tbds cattmr aspmgt, ak` wdcc kht,tbmrmihrm, attmjpt th rmghukt acc tbm aktd-gastm agbdmvmjmkts ndvmk dkhur lhhe Pbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk.

1. PBM GAWPM D@MHCHNT Pbm Wdeb Nurus `drmgtcy ghk`mjkm` gastm ak` gastm d`mhchny. NuruKakae gaccm` gastm d`mhchny as pmrvmrsm. –Agghr`dkn th tbm Bdkùs,ihuc ds tbm alcutdhk hi tbm Gbakàc, ak` vadk arm bds rmcdndhus gmrmjhkdmsak` mghratdhks. Iacsm ds tbm wds`hj hi tbm pmrvmrsm5 tbmdr agts prhùgmstrdim.‚191 Pbm Ymàs bavm ndvmk gurrmkgy th tbm jytbs tbat jaem jmk

rmicmgt uphk (bujak vacums hi) nhh` ak` mvdc5 sugb arm tbm dccusdhksgrmatm` dk jak.19< Iurtbmr, bm acdnkm` bdjsmci wdtb tbm chwcdmst hi tbmchw gastms. –Pbmrm arm chwmr gastms ajhkn tbm chw gastms ak` shjmalshcutmcy chw. Kakae smmemtb tbmdr ghjpaky. ^bat batb bm th `h

wdtb tbm bdnb hkms 8197 Pbm iukàjmktac byphtbmsds hi tbm gastm ds tbat–Jmk wmrm kht-as ihr gcassdgac ghkiugdakdsj-dk prdkgdpcm mquac, lutihr mvmr ukmquac.‚190 –Pbmy wmrm sh ly ldrtb, ak` wmrm as ukcdem as

jak ak` akdjac.‚19=

Pbm Nuru `mgcarm`? –Gacc mvmry hkm mxactm`5 cmtkh hkm appmar th tbmm chw5‚199 –H wbhj sbacc wm gacc nhh` hr mvdc,

wbmk acc grmaturms lmchkn th tbmm.‚19>

Pbm Wdeb Nurus acsh attagem` tbm pdccars, rmimrrm` th marcdmr, hk wbdgbtbm gastm d`mhchny rmstm`.

(d) Gastm Wtatus

Pbm jhtdvatdvm phwmr lmbdk` tbm gastm systmj was tbm



711

upbhc`dkn hi tbm gastm-status hi tbm Lrabjdk ak` htbmr bdnb gastms. Pbm Nuru prmagbm`? –H ukwdsm, lm kht prhu` hi tby gastm. Ihr, ajyrda` mrrhr ichw hut hi tbds prd`m.‚192 Lbad Nuràs wrdtms tbat Nuru

Kakae –ja`m tbm @barja pmrimgt ly lcmk`dkn tbm ihur gastms dkthhkm. Ph trmat tbm Edkn ak` tbm paupmr hk mquac ihhtdkn, ak` wbdcmnrmmtdkn th thugb tbm immt hi tbm htbmr (d.m. rmnar` hkmsmci bujlcm asghjparm` th htbmrs) was ja`m tbm rucm hi ghkùgt.194 Pbus Nuru Kakae `d` away wdtb kht hkcy gastm-status ghksgdhuskmss lut acsh wdtb tbmstatus-ghksgdhus-kmss nap lmtwmmk tbm rdgb ak` tbm phhr. Ihr, iar irhjhlsmrvdkn phccutdhk ak` ukthugbaldcdty, mvmryhkm agtuaccy thugbm` tbm

immt hi mvmryhkm mcsm wbdcm nrmmtdkn bdj. Anadk, –Pbm ihur gastms wmrmja`m dkth hkm, ak` gastms (Yark) ak` hut-gastms (Avark) rmnar`m` askhlcm. Pbm t^mcvm smgts wmrm hlcdtmratm` ak` tbm khlcm nchrdhus Vaktb(grmatm`).‚1>6 Bmrm tbm alhcdtdhk hi gastm ak` smgts ds cdkem` wdtb tbmgrmatdhk hi tbm Wdeb Vaktb. Dk hr`mr th mjpbasdzm dts sdnkdidgakgm,Lbad Nuràs rmpmatm`cy 1>1 jmktdhks tbds agbdmvmjmkt. Pbm caknuanmusm` ly bdj (dts nrajjatdgac ghkstrugtdhk) jaems dt gcmar tbat bm was

kht rmpmatdkn a prmgmpt mkukgdatm` ly tbm Nuru dk bds byjks, lut aprmgmpt agtuaccy pragtdsm` dk tbm Wdeb Vaktb. rdtdkn alhut Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb, @r. Karakn says? ‒Hi tbm idvm wbh hiimrm` tbmdr bma`s, hkm wasa Ebatrd, acc tbm rmst lmdkn sh-gaccm` Wu`ras. Lut tbm Nuru gaccm` tbmjVako Vyaras, hr tbm Lmchvm` Idvm, ak` laptdsm` tbmj aitmr tbm jakkmrbm ba` dktrhùgm` ihr dkdtdatdhk dkth bds lrhtbmrbhh`. Bm mkohdkm` tbmsajm utdms uphk tbmj, navm tbmj tbm sajm prdvdcmnms, ak` as a themk

hi kmwcy agqudrm` lrhtbmr bhh`, acc hi tbmj `dkm` thnmtbmr. –PbmNuru—s vdmws hi `mjhgratdg mquacdty wmrm jugb jhrm a`vakgm` tbaktbm jmrm mquacdty ajhkn bds ihcchwmrs ghuc` satdsiy. Dk bds systmj,tbmrm was kh pcagm mvmk ihr tbm prdvdcmnms hi tbm gbdmi hr tbm cma`mr.Kh cma`mr, bm lmcdmvm`, ghuc` lm idt th cma` ukcmss bm was mcmgtm` hraggmptm` ly tbm ihcchwmrs. Bdsthry sbhws tbat dk`dvdùacs hr gcassmsmkohydkn a rmcdndhus hr sagmr`htac supmrdhrdty bavm lmmk hkcy



71<

thh chtb th ihrmnh mvmk a partdgcm hi tbmdr prdvdcmnms. Lut tbm Nuru,tbhunb rmnar`m` ly bds iadtbiuc ihcchwmrs as tbm nrmatmst hi prhpbmts,

was ja`m hi a `diimrmkt stuii, ak` ba` thh jugb phcdtdgac dksdnbt th

stak` hk ak mxgcusdvm mjdkmkgm apart irhj bds ihcchwmrs. Pbmrmihrm, wbmk bm ba` dkdtdatm` bds idrst idvm `dsgdpcms, bds Lmchvm` Idvm, bm wasdkdtdatm` ly tbmj dk turk, taedkn tbm sajm vhws as tbmy ba` `hkm, ak`gcadjdkn kh bdnbmr prdvdcmnms tbak tbhsm bm acchwm` tbmj. Whhk aitmrbm gaccm` a jmmtdkn hi acc bds ihcchwmrs ak` akkhukgm` bds kmw hgtrdkmth tbmj.‚ 1><

Pbm prmvacmkgm hi tbds spdrdt hi mquacdty, lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhk

ajhkn tbm Wdebs ds ghkidrjm` ly mvd`mkgm irhj khk-Wdeb shurgms.Nbucaj Jhbyy-u`-@dk, tbm autbhr hi Iatubat Kajab-d-Waja`d (1><<-<7), was a ghktmjphrary hi Lakà. Bm wrdtms tbat chw-gastm Bdkùs,tmrjm` ebas-h ebasbae-d-baku`-d-oabakjd waou` (d.m. tbm rmns hi tbmshgdmty hi tbm bmccdsb Bdkùs) swmccm` tbm rakes hi Lakà, ak` mvmryhkmdk bds arjy ‒whuc` a``rmss tbm htbmr as tbm a`hptm` shk hi tbmHpprmssm` Nuru (Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb) ak` whuc` pulcdgdsm tbmjsmcvms

wdtb tbm tdtcm hisabdlzaà(‒Taed ral tarndbl-d-`dnrak pdsar-d-ebakà-d-nuru-d-jaqbur nuita l caqul-d-sbabza`nd jasbur earàb—). 1>7 Aghktmjphrary bdsthrdak hi Auraknzml wrdtms, ‒Di a straknmr ekhges attbmdr `hhr (d.m. tbm `hhr hi Wdebs) at jd`kdnbt ak` uttmrs tbm kajm hi Kakae, tbhunb bm jay lm a tbdmi, rhllmr hr wrmtgb, bm ds ghksd`mrm` airdmk` ak` lrhtbmr, ak` ds prhpmrcy chhem` aitmr.—1>0 Pbm sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm spdrdt hi mquacdty, lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhk agbdmvm` ly tbm

Wdeb jhvmjmkt gak lm rmacdzm` hkcy di dt ds ghktrastm` wdtb tbm gastmlagenrhuk` dk wbdgb tbm gbaknm was lrhunbt alhut. Lhuncm hlsmrvms?‒Pbm spdrdt hi gastm ukdtms tbmsm tbrmm tmk`mkgdms, rmpucsdhk, bdmrargby ak` bmrm`dtary spmgdacdzatdhk. m say tbat a shgdmty ds gbaragtmrdzm` ly sugb a systmj di dt ds `dvd`m` dkth a carnm kujlmr hi jutuaccy hpphsm`nrhups wbdgb arm bmrm`dtary spmgdacdsm` ak` bdmrargbdgaccy arraknm`-di,hk prdkgdpcm, dt thcmratms kmdtbmr tbm parvmku, khr jds



717

gmnmkatdhk, khr a gbaknm hi prhimssdhk.1>= Irhj tbm shgdac ak` phcdtdgacphdkt hi vdmw, gastm ds `dvdsdhk, batrm`, omachusy ak` dstrust lmtwmmkkmdnblhur.—1>9 Kmsaidmc` acsh ghjms th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat tbm gastm

systmj cma`s th a mnrmm hi shgdac dsukdhk th wbdgb kh paraccmc gak lmihuk` dk bujak bdsthry. Acc autbhrdtdms hk gastm arm anrmm` tbat jutuacrmpucsdhk ak` `dsukdty, lmsd`ms dkmquacdty ak` bdmrargbdsj, arm tbm dk-ludct ghkstdtumkts hi tbm gastm systmj.(dd) Wgrdpturac Wakgtdhk Ly rmpu`datdkn tbm Lrabjakdgac sgrdpturms, Wdebdsj ak` tbm Wdeb Vaktbgut dtsmci away irhj tbds pmrmkkdac shurgm ak` sakgtdhk hi gastm

d`mhchny. –Pbm `ruj hi tbm Ymàs chu`cy rmshuk`mtb ihr jaky aiagtdhk. \mjmjlmr nh`, Kajm, Kakae5 tbmrm ds khkm lut Bdj.‚ 1>>

–Wdkgm D bavm mjlragm` Pby immt D bavm pad` rmnar` th khkm lmsd`ms. Pbm Vuraks hi \aj (tbm Nh` hi tbm Bdkùs) ak` Qurak hi \abdj(tbm Nh` hi tbm Jusacjaks) mxprmss vardhus hpdkdhks, lut D aggmptkhkm hi tbmj. Pbm Wjrdtds, tbm Wbastras, ak` tbm Ymàs acc mxphuk`jaky `diimrmkt `hgtrdkms, lut D aggmpt khkm hi tbmj.‚1>2

Wdkgm Nuru Aroak mstalcdsbm`Nuru Nraktbas tbm Wdeb sgrdpturm, tbmWdebs bavm kmvmr, kht mvmk ùrdkn àremst bhur, hwkm` aky htbmr.

(ddd) Bdkù @barja Pbm ghkgmpt hi Bdkù @barja ghvmrm` a wd`m raknm. Hk tbm hkmbak` dt was cdkem` th Bdkù tbmhchny, rmcdndhus lmcdmis ak` usanms, ak`hk tbm htbmr bak`, th tbm gastm d`mhchny-tbm Yarka Asbraja @barja.

Dk iagt, dt lmgajm, dk pragtdgm, tbm gbdmi vmbdgcm ihr prhvd`dkn rmcdndhussakgtdhk th tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm systmj. Pbm Wdeb Nurusghk`mjkm`, as smmk, tbm gastm mk` hi tbds @barja. Pbmdr lrmae irhjtbm htbmr mk` hi Bdkù @barja, d.m. Bdkùdsj, ds mquaccy gcmar. Dt baskht lmmk phssdlcm th `midkm prmgdsmcy wbat Bdkùdsj ds. Grhhem sujsup tbus? –Bdkùdsj tbus



710

prhvd`ms a gbaragtmrdstdg mxajpcm hi tbm prdjdtdvm ukhrnakdsm`phcytbmdsj, ak mxajpcm prhlalcy ukdqum ajhkn tbm -ragms hi tbmjh`mj whrc`.

–Pbds ds um th tbm iagt tbat acc sugb agtdhk (attmjpt at hrnakdsatdhk) dsmssmktdaccy hpphsm` th dts spdrdt ak` tra`dtdhk.....–Pbm cdkes tbat ldk` thnmtbmr tbds gbahtdg jass hi rdtuacs ak` `hnjasarm, idrst, tbm nrmat aggmptakgm hi tbm Ymà, rmprmsmktdkn uk`mr tbdstmrj tbm akgdmkt wrdtdkns ak` tra`dtdhks hi tbm pmhpcm, as tbm idkac rucmhi lmcdmi ak` ghkùgt5 smghk`cy, tbm rmghnkdtdhk hi tbm sakgtdty hi tbmLrabjdk cmvdtm-gastm as tbm gusth`daks hi tbds ekhwcm`nm ak` tbm hkcy

ghjpmtmkt pmrihrjmrs hi sagrdidgm ak` htbmr rdtuac hlsmrvakgms, tbhunbtbm rmspmgt pad` th tbmj vardms dk diimrmkt parts hi tbm ghuktry5 tbdr`cy,tbm vmkmratdhk ihr sagrm` pcagms5 ihurtbcy, tbm a`hptdhk hi Wakserdt astbm hkm sagrm` caknuanm5 iditbcy nmkmrac vmkmratdhk ihr tbm ghw.1>4

Pbm Wdeb nurus rmpu`datm` tbm autbhrdty hi tbm hrtbh`hx sgrdpturmsak` tra`dtdhk, rd`dgucm` tbm sakgtdty hi tbm Lrabjdk Cmvdtm gcass,126

ghk`mjkm` tbm vmkmratdhk ihr sagrm` pcagms,121 ak` `mcdlmratmcy usm`

tbm vmrkagucar ihr tbm mxprmssdhk hi tbmdr d`mhchny. Actbhunb tbm Wdebshgdmty bas ghktdkum` th alstadk irhj matdkn lmmi, Wdebdsj bas khtsbarm` tbat rmcdndhus vmkmratdhk tbat Bdkùdsj bas ihr tbm ghw. Pbm

pakglanava(a jdxturm hi ghw—s mxgrmtdhks), ihr mxajpcm, ds suiidgdmktth hltadk tbm rmjdssdhk hi aky sdk wbatmvmr, mvmk wbmk tbm sdk baslmmk ghjjdttm` mcdlmratmcy.12< Lut, Nuru Kakae says, –Pbm ghw-ùkn

wdcc kht savm tbmm.‚127 bmk tbm bdcc \aoas hiimrm`, tbrhunb tbmdr purhldt

(Lrabjdk prdmst), th taem a vhw ly tbmdr sagrm` ghw as a themk hi tbmdrnuaraktmm ihr ald`dkn ly tbmdr uk`mrtaedkn, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb dsrmphrtm` th bavm rmpcdm`? –Cmavm asd`m tbds ghw, dt ds hkcy a ùjlakdjac.‚ 120 Anadk, wbmk tbm Wdebs uk`mr Lakà wmrm lmsmdnm` dk tbm

vdccanm hi Nuràs Kaknac, ak` wmrm rmùgm` th mxtrmjm ghk`dtdhks?–Pbm Wdebs wmrm kht strdgt hlsmrvmrs hi gastm, tbmy scaunbtmrm` hxmkak` akdjacs ak`, kht bavdkn aky idrmwhh`, atm icmsb raw.‚12= Pbmsm



71=

warrdhrs arm rmjmjlmrm` as bmrhms hi Wdeb Bdsthry, wbmrmas partaedkn hi lmmi, uk`mr wbatmvmr gdrgujstakgms, whuc` bavm rmùgm` a Bdkùpmrjakmktcy th tbm status hi ak ukthugbalcm.

Pbus, tbm Wdebs wdtbhut `hult gut hii acc tbhsm cdkes, wbdgb agghr`dkn th Grhhem, ldk` hkm th Bdkùdsj. Lmsd`ms tbds, tbm Wdeb Nurughjpcmtmcy rmomgtm` tbm smgtardak Bdkù nh`s ak` nh``mssms, Avtaras,rdtuacdsj ak` gmrmjhkdacdsj, d`hc ak` tmjpcm whrsbdp, pdcnrdjanms akìasts, Wakserdt sgbhcastdgdsj, mtg. Di acc tbmsm ghkgmpts ak` dkstdtutdhks

wmrm sulstragtm` irhj Bdkùdsj, kh mssmktdac rmsdùm ds cmit wbdgbBdkùdsj gak gacc acc dts hwk.

–Pbm jadk pcake hi Wdebdsj ds ukghjprhjdsdkn jhkhtbmdsj ak` tbmjmtbh`hchny hi Kajm as tbm shcm jmaks hi agbdmvdkn Bds Nragm ak`Nh` rmacdzatdhk. Mxgmptdkn tbmsm twh iukàjmktacs, Wdebdsj ds kht

wm``m` th aky partdgucar `hnja hr pbdchshpby. Acc htbmr lmcdmis ak`pragtdgms attrdlutalcm th Wdebdsj arm hkcy sulsd`dary hr ghktrdluthry.

Pbm lmcdmi dk hkm ukdvmrsac Nh` ds sbarm` ly tbm jystdgs tbm whrc`hvmr. Pbmrm ds khtbdkn pmgucdarcy smgtardak (d.m. Bdkù hr Juscdj) alhut

dt. Di akytbdkn, tbds ghkgmpt hi hkm ukdvmrsac Nh`, ak` tbm passdhkatm`mvhtdhk thwar`s Bdj as a jmaks hi jystdg rmacdzatdhk, gajm th lmmjpbasdzm` jugb marcdmr dk Gbrdstdakdty ak` Dscaj tbak dk Dk`da. Ak`tbm mjhtdhkac bmdnbts tbat bds `mvhtdhkac apprhagb rmagbm` ajhkn tbm Juscdj sadkts ds bar`cy th lm jatgbm` mcsmwbmrm. Pbmrmihrm,Wdebdsj, dk tbmsm rmspmgts atcmast, gak lm sad` th lm kmarmr Gbrdstdakdty ak` Dscaj tbak Bdkùdsj.

Pbm phdkt wm wakt th jaem gcmar ds tbat ly guttdkn dtsmci away irhjBdkùdsj, Wdebdsj mcdkem` dtsmci irhj tbat aspmgt hi Bdkù @barjaacsh wbdgb was, dk ày th ày agtdhk, tbm jadk vmbdgcm ihr prhvd`dkn rmcdndhus sakgtdhk th tbm Yarka Asbraja @barja. –Dk ghktrast th tbmhrtbh`hx smgts, tbm bmrmsy hi tbm tbmhpbratrdms ghksdsts dk tbm iagttbat tbmy tmar tbm dk`dvdùac away irhj bds rdtuacdstdg ùtdms, bmkgmirhj tbm ùtdms hi tbm gastm hi bds ldrtb, ak` tbus



719

dnkhrm hr `mstrhy bds @barja @barja, tbat ds rdtuacdstdg ùty, ds tbmgmktrac grdtmrdhk hi Bdkùdsj.‚129 \atbmr, tbm Wdeb Nurus dssum` tbmdrhwk kmw vmrsdhk hi @barja, wbdgb was, atcmast as iar as gastm was

ghkgmrkm`, tbm aktdtbmsds hi tbm Bdkù @barja. Nuru Kakae –ja`mtbm @barja pmrimgt ly lcmk`dkn tbm ihur gastms dkth hkm.‚(dv) Vhccutdhk

Pbm cast djphrtakt mcmjmkt hi gastm d`mhchny wm kmm` taem khtm hi ds.tbm tbmhry hi phccutdhk. Pbm khtdhks hi phccutdhk, hi wbdgb rmstrdgtdhkshk ghjjmksacdsj wmrm a part, wmrm tbm jhst wd`msprma` mxprmssdhkhi shgdac mxgcusdvmkmss dkbmrmkt dk tbm gastm systmj. Dt ds ak dk`dsputalcm

iagt tbat tbm talhh hk ihh` ak` `rdke was dts jhst wd`mcy pragtdsmìmaturm wbdgb dkvdtm` smvmrm pmkactdms. Hi tbm hiimkgms hi wbdgb agastm Vakgbayat thhe ghnkdzakgm, tbm ‒Hiimkgms anadkst tbm ghjjmksactalhhs, wbdgb prmvmkt jmjlmrs hi akhtbmr gastm, hr atcmast hi htbmr

gastms rmnar`m` ly tbm prhbdldtdkn gastm as chwmr dk shgdac status tbaktbmjsmcvms, arm uk`hultm`cy tbm jhst djphrtakt5 ihr tbm traksnrmssdhk

ly hkm jmjlmr hi tbm gastm di ukekhwk ak` ukpukdsbm` jay aiimgt

tbm wbhcm gastm wdtb phccutdhk tbrhunb bds ghjjmksacdty wdtb tbm rmst.‒12> Di tbm jmjlmr hi a chw gastm jmrmcy chhes at tbm jmac hi a Lrabjdk,

dt rdtuaccy `midcms tbm Lrabjdk,122 ak` ‒a straknmr—s sba`hw, hr mvmk tbm

ncakgm hi a jak hi chw gastm, iaccdkn hk tbm ghhedkn pht jay kmgmssdtatmtbrhwdkn away tbm ghktmkts.124 Pbmrm arm Dk`dak prhvmrls tbat ‒tbrmm

Eakauodas rmqudrm kh cmss tbak tbdrtmmk bmartbs146 ak` tbat a ‒Ldskhd

jhuktm` hk a gajmc ihcchwm` ly a sghrm jhrm wdcc djjm`datmcy tbrhwaway bds ihh` di a jak hi akhtbmr gastm bappmks th thugb tbm

cast akdjac.141 Pbmsm prhvmrls jay partcy lm mxannmratdhks, lut tbmsm

`h dccustratm tbm mxtmkt th wbdgb tbm talhhs hk ihh` ba` taemk bhc` hi tbm Dk`dak cdim.

Acc tbm traksnrmssdhks hi tbm talhhs hk ihh` ak` `rdke wmrm acways

pukdsbm`, lmgausm, as khtm` alhvm, kht th



71>

pukdsb tbmsm aiimgtm` tbm wbhcm gastm wdtb phccutdhk. Dk shjm gasmstbm ghksmqumkgms wmrm qudtm smrdhus ak` pmrjakmkt. ‒A smparatm chwmrgastm (tbm Eaccars) bas ardsmk dk Lmknac ajhkn pmhpcm wbh ba` dkiragtm`

tbm rdtuac ak` `dmtary caws ùrdkn tbm iajdkm hi 1299, ak` dkghksmqumkgm lmmk mxghjjukdgatm`.14<

]k`mrcydkn tbm talhhs hk ihh`s ak` `rdkes was tbm nmkmrac khtdhk hi phccutdhk wbdgb was vmry wd`m dk dts spbmrm hi appcdgatdhk. Lmgausm, dt

was supphsm` th lm dkgurrm` kht hkcy ly partaedkn hi ihh` ak` `rdkesuk`mr gmrtadk ghk`dtdhks, lut ly tbm jmrm lh`dcy ghktagt wdtb pmrshkshi ‒gmrtadk chw gastms, wbhsm tra`dtdhkac hggupatdhk, wbmtbmr agtuaccy

ihcchwm` hr kht, hr wbhsm jh`m hi cdim pcagms tbmj hutsd`m tbm pacmhi Bdkù shgdmty.—147 Wwmmpmr gastms (irhj wbdgb \aknrmtas gajm) wmrmhkm hi tbmsm. –Agghr`dkn th Larlhsa, a Kayar whjak thugbm` ly aVucayak ds hutgastm ihr cdim ak` tbdkes hkcy hi cmavdkn bmr bhjm ihrimar hi phccutdkn bmr iajdcy.‚140 Pbds ds, hi ghursm, ak mxtrmjm gasm.‒Gastms chwmr tbak a Lrabjdk arm nmkmraccy spmaedkn cmss masdcy midcm`,lut tbm prdkgdpcm ds tbm sajm, ak` ghktagt wdtb gastms hr hutgastms hi

tbds gatmnhry usm` th mktadc marcy stmps th rmjhvm tbm phccutdhk.—14=

Pbm Wdeb Nurus— stak` hk tbds dssum ds gcmar irhj tbmdr byjks ndvmklmchw?

–Di tbm d`mas hi djpurdty lm a`jdttm`, tbmrm ds djpurdty dk mvmrytbdkn.

Pbmrm arm whrjs dk ghw-ùkn ak` dk whh`5 Pbmrm ds kh nradk hi ghrk wdtbhut cdim.

Dk tbm idrst pcagm, tbmrm ds cdim dk watmr ly wbdgbmvmrytbdkn ds ja`m nrmmk.Bhw sbacc wm avhd` djpurdty8 Dt iaccmtb hk hur edtgbmks.Wadtb Kakae, djpurdty ds kht tbus wasbm` away5 dt ds

wasbm` away ly `dvdkm ekhwcm`nm..... Acc djpurdty ghksdstmtb dk supmrstdtdhk ak` attagbjmkt th whr`cy tbdkns. Pbm matdkn ak` `rdkedkn wbdgb nh` smkt us ihr sustmkakgm ds purm.‚149



712

–Pbmy mat bm-nhats edccm` wdtb ukspmaealcm whr`s, Ak` acchw kh hkm th mktmr tbmdr ghhedkn squarms. Bavdkn sjmarm` aspagm tbmy `raw cdkms arhuk` dt,

Ak` sdt wdtbdk, iacsm tbat tbmy arm,Waydkn, ‒Phugb kht! H thugb kht D.—‒Hr tbds ihh` hi hurs wdcc lm `midcm`.—Lut tbmdr lh`dms arm `midcm`5 wbat tbmy `h ds `midcm`5

Pbmdr bmarts arm iacsm wbdcm tbmy pmrihrj alcutdhks aitmr tbmdrjmacs.‚14>

Pbmrm was kh pcagm dk Nuru Akna`—s ghknrmnatdhk ihr akyhkm wbh hlsmrvm` gastm.142 Acc tbm gastms wmrm trmatm` as mquacs.144 Hkcy

tbhsm wbh wmrm kht airad` hi Ym`dg ak` gastm dkoukgtdhks gajm th bdsghknrmnatdhks5 htbmrs d` kht.<66 At tbm Caknar (irmm edtgbmk) acc atm attbm sajm pcatihrj ak` thhe tbm sajm ihh`. <61 Nuru Ajar @as wmkt astmp iurtbmr. Kh hkm wbh ba` kht partaemk ihh` at bds Caknar ghuc`smm bdj.<6< Dk bds Caknar tbmrm wmrm kh `dstdkgtdhks hi gastm. Cdkms hi khlcm Nurlbads(`dsgdpcms hi tbm sajm Nuru) parthhe ihh` sdttdkn thnmtbmr at tbm sajm pcagm.<67 Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci rake Ajrdt,

prmparm` at tbm laptdsj gmrmjhky ly tbm idvm Lmchvm` hkms, hi wbhjihur wmrm Wu`ras. Ehmr Wdknb, a kmar ghktmjphrary, hi tbm Nuru,rmghr`s tbat tbm Nuru ‒bas ja`m tbm ihur gastms dkth a sdkncm hkm, ak`ja`m tbm Wu`ra, Yadsb, Ebatrd ak` Lrabjdk taem jmacs at tbm sajmpcagm.—<60 Acc tbm jmjlmrs hi tbm Ebacsa @ac, wbh wmrm rawk irhj accgastms dkgcu`dkn tbm \aknrmttas `dkm` thnmtbmr.<6= Pwh Jubajjaàkbdsthrdaks (1>27) dk`mpmk`mktcy attmst th dt tbat tbm Wdebs, rawk irhj

acc gastms, atm thnmtbmr. –^bmk a pmrshk ds hkgm a`jdttm` th tbmdriratmrkdty, tbmy jaem kh sgrupcm hi asshgdatdkn wdtb bdj, hi wbatmvmrtrdlm, gcak hr ragm, bm jay bavm lmmk bdtbmrth5 khr `h tbmy lmtray aky hi tbhsm sgrupcms ak` prmou`dgms sh `mmpcy rhhtm` dk tbm Bdkù jdk`.–<69 Ghjjmktdkn hk tbm cast part hi tbm statmjmkt, tbm m`dthr (OhbkLrdnns) says, –Pbds accu`ms th tbm thugbdkn hr matdkn wdtb pmrshks hi djpurm gastms dk rmnar` th wbdgb Bdkùs arm sh takagdhus. –<6> Pbm

autbhr hi Baqdqatsdjdcarcy wrdtms?



714

–Pbm Wdebs wmrm thc`? ‒wbhmvmr jdnbt ohdk yhu irhj wbdgbmvmr trdlm,`hk—t bavm aky prmou`dgm anadkst bdj ak` wdtbhut aky supmrstdtdhk matthnmtbmr wdtb bdj.— Khw tbds ds tbmdr gusthj.‚ <62

<. L\ABJDKW Pbm smghk` nrmat pdccar hi tbm gastm systmj was tbm Lrabjdk gastm. Pbm phsdtdhk hi tbm Lrabjdks dk tbds systmj ds hkm hi tbm iukàjmktacdkstdtutdhks hi Bdkùdsj. Dt ds tbm Lrabjdks wbh wmrm tbm d`mhchnumshi tbm gastm systmj, ak` tbm @barja was tbm mxgcusdvm prhùgt hi tbmLrabjdks. ‒@barja, ‒tbat ds, rdtuacdstdg ùty, ds tbm gmktrac grdtmrdhk hi

Bdkùdsj, ‒<64 ak` tbm Lrabjdks wmrm tbm nrak`jastmrs hi tbmgmrmjhkdms. Mvmk htbmrwdsm, tbm Lrabjdks wmrm tbm edknpdk hi tbmgastm systmj. Pbm ‒wbhcm systmj turks hk tbm prmstdnm hi tbm Lrabjdk.<16

Pbm ‒gmktrac phsdtdhk hi tbm Lrabjdks dk Bdkùdsj rmsts prdjardcy uphktbm iagt tbat shgdac rake ds `mtmrjdkm` wdtb rmimrmkgm th Lrabjdks.<11

Pbm Lrabjdk rmgmptdhk hr rmomgtdhk hi watmr ak` ihh` ds tbm jmasurmhi tbm status hi aky ndvmk gastm dk a ndvmk pcagm.<1<

Dt bas lmmk khtm` tbat tbm Lrabjdks ak` Ebatrds, wbh d` kht wakt thihrmnh tbmdr prdvdcmnm` gastm status, rmjadkm` achhi wbmk tbm Ebacsa,

wdtb ghjpcmtm mquacdty hi gastms, was grmatm`. Dk tbm gmksus hi 1221,hi tbm thtac kujlmr hi Lrabjdks hkcy alhut >666 wmrm Wdebs. Pbm`mkdac hi supmrdhrdty gcadjm` ly tbm bdnbmr gastms, wbdgb dstdknudsbm`tbm tmagbdkn hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, was kht aggmptalcm th tbmLrabjdks. <17 Ihr tbds rmashk tbm kujlmr hi Wdeb Lrabjdks was vmry

chw, mvmk tbhunb tbm Lrabjdks wmrm tbm tbdr` jhst kujmrhus gastm dktbm Vukoal hutkujlmrdkn acc lut Oats ak` \aoputs.<10 Pbm prhphrtdhkhi Lrabjdks dk tbm phpucatdhk ‒stma`dcy gbaknms wdtb tbm prmvadcdkn rmcdndhk….dt nraùaccy `mgrmasms irhj mast th wmst, lmdkn jarem`cy sjaccmr dk tbm gmktrac ak` Wdeb `dstrdgts.<1= Pbmsm iagts arm vmry sdnkdidgakt. ‒Pbm Lrabjdks bavm kh tmrrdthrdac hrnakdsatdhk. Pbmy agghjpaky tbmdr gcdmkts dk tbmdr jdnratdhks.<19 Pbmrmihrm, tbm



7<6

dksdnkdidgakt kujlmr hi Lrabjdks dk tbm Wdeb phpucatdhk ghrrhlhratmstbm wmcc ekhwk iagt tbat tbm Wdebs bavm kh prdmstcy gcass, jugb cmss abmrm`dtary Cmvdtm gastm bavdkn vmstm` dktmrmsts dk jadktadkdkn a

bdmrargbdgac strugturm dk tbm Wdeb shgdmty.Ly mcdjdkatdkn tbm dkicumkgm hi Lrabjdks dk tbm Vaktb, tbm Wdeb shgdmty mcdjdkatm` tbm edknpdk hi tbm gastm systmj irhj wdtbdk dts rakes. Jax?

^mlmr bas ja`m a gcmar `dstdkgtdhk lmtwmmk Bdkù gastms ak` khk-Bdkù gastms. ‒Pbmrm arm acsh gastms ajhkn tbm Jhbajjmàks hi Dk`da,taemk hvmr irhj tbm Bdkùs. Ak` gastms arm acsh ihuk` ajhkn tbmLu``bdsts. Mvmk tbm Dk`dak Gbrdstdaks bavm kht qudtm lmmk alcm th

wdtbbhc` tbmjsmcvms irhj pragtdgac rmghnkdtdhk hi tbm gastms. Pbmsmkhk-Bdkù gastms bavm cagem` tbm trmjmk`hus mjpbasds tbat tbm Bdkù`hgtrdkm hi sacvatdhk pcagm` uphk tbm gastm, as wm sbacc smm catmr, ak`tbmy bavm cagem` a iurtbmr gbaragtmrdstdg, kajmcy, tbm `mtmrjdkatdhkhi tbm shgdac rake hi tbm gastm ly tbm shgdac dstakgm irhj htbmr Bdkùgastms, ak` tbmrmwdtb, uctdjatmcy, irhj tbm Lrabjdk. Pbds ds `mgdsdvmihr tbm ghkkmgtdhk lmtwmmk Bdkù gastms ak` tbm Lrabjdk5 bhwmvmr

dktmksmcy a Bdkù gastm jay rmomgt bdj as prdmst, as a `hgtrdkac ak`rdtuac autbhrdty, ak` dk mvmry htbmr rmspmgt, tbm hlomgtdvm sdtuatdhkrmjadks dkmsgapalcm5 dk tbm cast akacysds, a rake phsdtdhk ds mtmrjdkm`ly tbm katurm hi dts phsdtdvm hr kmnatdvm rmcatdhk th tbm Lrabjdk.<1>

Pbm mcdjdkatdhk hi tbm Lrabjdk Cmvdtm Gastm, hr ihr tbat jattmr hi aky htbmr bmrm`dtary Cmvdtm gcass, irhj tbm Wdeb rakes ja`m a jaohrghktrdlutdhk dk mrh`dkn tbm gastm systmj ajhkn tbmj.

7. WMVA\A1M WHGDMPT

Pbm d`mhchndgac lrmae irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` nmttdkn rd` hi tbmLrabjdk Cmvdtm, gastm wmrm kh `hult vdtac stmps ihrwar` ihruk`mrjdkdkn tbm gastm systmj. Lut tbmsm wmrm ly tbmjsmcvms khtmkhunb. Pbm nrmatmst bur`cm was tbm shgdac irajmwhre hi tbm gastmsystmj, d.m. tbm gastm shgdac



7<1

mxgcusdvmkmss, dkmquacdty ak` bdmrargbdsj wmrm dk-ludct dk dts vmry ghkstdtutdhk ak` jmgbakdsj. Pbm aktd-gastm jhvmjmkts ghuc` survdvmhkcy di tbmsm `dvhrgm` tbmjsmcvms irhj tbm gastm shgdmty. Lu``bdsj

hrnakdzm` a jhkastdg shgdmty hutsd`m tbm gastm rakes, lut dt cmit dtscadty th rmjadk dk tbm gastm ihc`. Pbm rmsuct was tbat, wbmk Lrabjakdsjrmassmrtm` dtsmci, tbm cay ihcchwmrs hi Lu``bdsj djpmrgmptdlcy jhvm`dkth tbmdr gastm jhhrdkns, cmavdkn tbm hr`mr hi jhkes, bdnb ak` ry, dkdts dshcatdhk. Ealdr was iar jhrm vhgac tbak Lasawa, lut tbm Cdknayatsmstalcdsbm` a iar jhrm smparatm d`mktdty tbak tbm Ealdr-paktbdms5lmgausm tbmdr `mvdatdhk (m.n. wd`hw-rmjarrdanm, lurydkn tbm `ma` ak`

a`jdssdhk hi acc gastms) irhj tbm gastm usanms wmrm vmry ra`dgac. Catmr,tbm Cdknayats trdm` th thkm `hwk tbmdr ra`dgacdsj. Lut, dkspdtm hi tbds,tbmy arm, pmrbaps, jhrm ak appmkànm hi tbm hrtbh`hx shgdmty tbak dtsdktmnrac part5 lmgausm mvmk tbm thkm` `hwk Cdknayatdsj ds kht wbhccy aòustalcm dk tbm gastm hr`mr.<12 Gbadtakaya, wbh was jhrm ra`dgac wdtbrmnar` th gastm rmstrdgtdhks tbak tbm Jabarasbtra Lbaeatas, ba` lhtbchw gastm Bdkùs ak` Jusacjaks as bds `dsgdpcms. Dk tbm Eartalba

smgt, wbdgb lrakgbm` hut hi tbm Gbadtakya Wgbhhc, tbmrm ds kh`dstdkgtdhk lmtwmmk Bdkùs, Jusacjaks ak` Gbrdstdaks. A Jusacjakbas jhrm tbak hkgm rdsmk th tbm rake hi a tmagbmr. Pbm jmjlmrs hi tbmsmgt mat thnmtbmr hkgm hr twdgm dk a ymar.<14 Lut, –Pbm nhac hi Gbadtakya

was chst wbmk bds gburgb passm` uk`mr tbm ghktrhc hi LrabjdkNhswajds. – <<6 Pbm jadk lh`y hi tbm ihcchwmrs hi Gbadtakyas rmvmrtm`th tbm gastm systmj5 ak` mvmk dts, Eartalbad smgtdhk, cdem tbm Cdknayats,

`hms kht assmrt a dstdkgt mktdty apart irhj tbm gastm shgdmty. Pbm grmm`‒hi Ealdr attadkm` tbm stanm hi hkcy a Jata (rmcdndhus patb), actbhunbhi acc tbm mkhukgmrs hi gastm dkoukgtdhks bm was tbm jhst ukmqudvhgacak` vhgac. Pbm Ealdr-paktb rmjadkm` a chhsm ghjldkatdhk hi tbhsm

wbh wmrm attragtm` ly Ealdr—s rmcdndhus appmac, hr wmrm attragtm` ly shjm htbmr ghksd`mratdhks (m.n. Oucabas (wmavmrs), wbh ghkstdtutm` ajaohrdty hi tbm Ealdr paktbdms, wmrm attragtm` th Ealdr lmgausm bm

was a Oucaba).<<1



7<<

Pbmsm dkstakgms cmavm kh hult tbat aktd-gastm jhvmjmkts, cdem tbhsmhi Ealdr ak` htbmr Lbaetas, wbhsm `mparturm irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny ba` lmmk ghkidkm` hkcy th tbm d`mhchndgac pcakm, rmjadkm` stdcc-lhrk dk

tbm idmc` hi shgdac agbdmvmjmkt. Ak`, tbhsm cdem tbm Cdknayats ak` tbmihcchwmrs hi Gbadtakya, wbh, uk`mr tbm dkicumkgm hi a tmagbmr, `dà`hpt gmrtadk aktd gastm usanms, lut mdtbmr tbmy `d` kht wakt th lrmae away ghjpcmtmcy irhj tbm gastm shgdmty hr `d` kht pursum tbmdr adjghksdstmktcy mkhunb, rmjadkm` tannm` th tbm gastm-hr`mr dk hkm ihrjhr tbm htbmr. Pbm Lu``bdst jhkes achkm ghuc` msgapm lmdkn swacchwm`ly tbm gastm shgdmty, lmgausm tbmy ba` ja`m a ghjpcmtm lrmae wdtb tbm

gastm hr`mr lhtb d`mhchndgaccy ak` hrnakdzatdhkaccy.Jax ^mlmr wrdtms, –Hkgm mstalcdsbm`, tbm assdjdcatdvm phwmr hi Bdkùdsj ds sh nrmat tbat dt tmk`s mvmk th dktmnratm shgdac ihrjsghksd`mrm` lmyhk` dts rmcdndhus lhr`mrs. Pbm rmcdndhus jhvmjmkts hi mxprmsscy aktd-Lrabjakdgac ak` aktd- gastm gbaragtmr, tbat ds ghktrary th hkm hi tbm iukàjmktacs hi Bdkùdsj, bavm lmmk dk acc mssmktdacsrmturkm` th tbm gastm hr`mr.

Pbm prhgmss ds kht bar` th mxpcadk. ^bmk a prdkgdpcm` aktd-gastm smgtrmgrudts ihrjmr jmjlmrs hi vardhus Bdkù gastms ak` tmars tbmj irhjtbm ghktmxt hi tbmdr ihrjmr rdtuacdstdg ùtdms, tbm gastm rmsphk`s ly mxghjjukdgatdkn acc tbm smgt—s prhsmcytms. ]kcmss tbm smgt ds alcm thalhcdsb tbm gastm systmj acthnmtbmr, dkstma` hi sdjpcy tmardkn away Whjm hi dts jmjlmrs, dt lmghjms, irhj tbm stak`phdkt hi tbm gastmsystmj, a quasd-numst ihce, a edk` hi ghkimssdhkac numst ghjjukdty dk

ak ajldnuhus phsdtdhk dk tbm prmvadcdkn Bdkù Hr`mr.<<<

As phdktm` hut ly Jax mlmr, tbmrm wmrm hkcy twh actmrkatdvms lmihrmtbm aktd-gastm jhvmjmkts? mdtbmr th alhcdsb tbm gastm systmj hr th lmmknucim` ly dt. As tbm alhcdtdhk hi tbm gastm systmj at hkm strhem ghuc`bappmk hkcy tbrhunb a jdragcm, tbm hkcy pragtdgac way was th ihrj ashgdmty hutsd`m tbm gastm systmj ak` ndvm dt a lattcm irhj hutsd`m. Pbdscmsshk hi Dk`dak bdsthry ds vmry djphrtakt. Pbm



7<7

ghktajdkatdvm phwmr hi tbm gastm systmj was sh nrmat tbat dt `d` khtsparm Dk`dak Juscdjs ak` Gbrdstdaks,<<7 wbhj tbm gastm shgdmty whuc`kht rm-a`jdt mvmk di tbmy wdsbm` dt. Pbmk, bhw ghuc` tbhsm aktd-gastm

mcmjmkts hr jhvmjmkts msgapm, wbhj tbm gastm shgdmty was prmparm`th assdjdcatm ak` wbh `d` kht rmsdst assdjdcatdhk8 Pbm Cdknayats ak`tbm Gbatakaydtms, wdtb acc tbmdr ra`dgac aktd-gastm dkkhvatdhks, rmjadkmàs jmrm smgts hi Bdkùdsj ak` as jmrm appmkànms hi tbm gastm shgdmty.Hi acc tbm aktd-gastm jhvmjmkts hi Dk`dak hrdndk, hkcy tbm Lu``bdstsak` tbm Wdebs suggmm`m` dk mstalcdsbdkn a smparatm d`mktdty irhj tbmgastm shgdmty, ak` lhtb `d` dt ly ihuk`dkn a smparatm gburgb ak` a

smparatm shgdac hrnakdzatdhk. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbm gbakgms hi suggmsshi aky aktd-gastm jhvmjmkt wmrm dk `drmgt prhphrtdhk th tbm smparatmd`mktdty dt mstalcdsbm` hutsd`m tbm gastm shgdmty, kht hkcy at tbmd`mhchndgac cmvmc lut acsh at tbm hrnakdzatdhkac cmvmc. Ak` tbm ihrmjhstprmrmqudsdtm ihr tbds purphsm was a gcmar pmrgmptdhk hi tbds adj, a`mtmrjdkm` wdcc ak` a ghksdstmkt miihrt th pursum dt.

Pbm prhgmss hi ihuk`dkn a smparatm shgdmty (tbm Wdeb paktb)

startm` wdtb Nuru Kakae bdjsmci. Bm lmnak bds garmmr as a tmagbmr hi jmk wdtb tbm sdnkdidgakt uttmrakgm. –Pbmrm ds kh Bdkù, kh Jusacjak.‚Bm was asem`? –Pbmrm ds hkm patb hi tbm Bdkùs, ak` tbm htbmr tbat hi Jusacjaks, wbdgb patb `h yhu ihcchw8‚ Bm rmpcdm`, –D ihcchw Nh`—spatb. Nh` ds kmdtbmr Bdkù khr Jusacjak.‚ <<0 Nuru Kakae—s rmpcy gcmarcy dk`dgatms bds ghjpcmtm lrmae wdtb bds Bdkù past. Iurtbmr, NuruKakae thhe gcmar hrnakdzatdhkac stmps dk sbapdkn a Wdeb shgdmty hk

smparatm d`mhchndgac cdkms. Bm mstalcdsbm` @barajsacas dk iar-icukn pcagms dksd`m tbm ghuktry ak` hutsd`m dt.<<= Pbmsm @barjsacas lmgajmtbm gmktrms wbmrm bds ihcchwmrs ghuc` jmmt thnmtbmr, pragtdsm tbm@baraj hi bds ghkgmpt, ak` sprma` bds jmssanm th htbmrs. Dk a` dtdhk, bmapphdktm` smcmgt pmrshks (Jakods) ihr tbm purphsm hi iurtbmrdkn bds jdssdhk.<<9

Dk bds cdimtdjm, bds ihcchwmrs gajm th lm ekhwk as Kakae-paktbdms, ak` tbmy ba` tbmdr hwk smparatm way hi sacutdkn magb htbmr (Wat



7<0

Eartar). <<> Pbm nrmatmst sdkncm hrnakdzatdhkac stmp tbat Nuru Kakae thhe was th smcmgt, ly a systmj hi tmsts, a whrtby suggmsshr wbhj bmdkstrugtm` th cma` ak` ghktdkum bds jdssdhk.

Nuru Kakae—s suggmsshrs ghksdstmktcy whrem` th mstalcdsb tbm smparatmd`mktdty hi tbm Wdeb Gburgb ak` tbm Wdeb Vaktb. Pbmy ghkshcdàtmàk` mxtmk`m` tbm dkstdtutdhks hi @barajsaca (rmcdndhus gmktrms), Waknat(ghknrmnatdhk hi Wdebs), Caknar (ghjjhk edtgbmk) ak` Jakods (smatshi prmagbdkn), acc startm` ly Nuru Kakae. Dk a``dtdhk, Nuru Akna`dkvmktm` tbm Nurjuebd sgrdpt ak` Nuru Aroak ghjpdcm` tbm Wdebsgrdpturm. ^dtb a `dstdkgt hrnakdzatdhk, smparatm rmcdndhus gmktrms, a

smparatm sgrdpt ak` a sgrdpturm hi tbmdr hwk, tbm Wdebs lmgajm ak mktdrmcy smparatm gburgb ak` a kmw shgdmty-tbm Wdeb Vaktb. Pbm jadk tbmjm hi tbm Yars hi Lbad Nuràs, a ghktmjphrary hi Nuru Aroak ak` NuruBarnhldk`, mjpbasdzms tbm `dstdkgt gbaragtmr hi Wdeb rmcdndhk, gucturmak` shgdmty as ghktrastm` th htbmr rmcdndhks ak` smgts. Bm cdkes, asacrma`y smmk, tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Vaktb wdtb tbm alhcdtdhk hi gastmsak` smgts. Jhbsdk Iakd, akhtbmr ghktmjphrary hi Nuru Barnhldk`,

acsh tmstdidms tbat tbm –Wdebs `h kht rma` tbm Jaktras (d.m. Ym`dg hrhtbmr sgrdpturac byjks) hi tbm Bdkù, tbmy h kht vmkmratm tbmdr tmjpcmshr d`hcs, khr `h tbmy mstmmj tbmdr Avtars. Pbmy bavm kh rmnar` ihr tbmWakserdt caknuanm wbdgb, agghr`dkn th tbm Bdkùs, ds tbm spmmgb hi tbm aknmcs. ‒<<2

Pbmrm wmrm Juscdj ghkvmrts th tbm Wdeb iadtb lut tbmdr kujlmr was vmry cdjdtm`. Di khtbdkn mcsm, tbm imar hi `matb pmkacty ihr aphstasy

prmsgrdlm` ly tbm Wbardat, ak` wbdgb tbm Juscdj rucmrs hi tbm cak` wmrm mvmr rma`y th djphsm, was achkm mkhunb th prmvmkt tbmdr carnmsgacm ghkvmrsdhks. Pbm Wdeb Vaktb ba`, tbmrmihrm, th `raw dtsrmgrudtjmkt acjhst mktdrmcy irhj tbm Bdkù shgdmty. Pbds was acsh khtak masy tase, as wm bavm smmk bhw `diidguct dt was th wmak away pmhpcmirhj tbmdr gastm jhhrdkns ak` cma` tbmj th ak mnacdtardak patb. Dt ba`th lm a schw ak` nraùac prhgmss, lut tbm suggmssdvm Nurus stuge th dt

wdtbhut `mvdatdhk uktdc



7<=

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb `mgd`m` tbat tbm jhvmjmkt ba` rmagbm` a stanm wbmk dt was kmgmssary th grmatm tbm Ebacsa. Pbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa was tbm agjm hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. Pbm

Wdebs wmrm jdcdtardzm` kht hkcy th idnbt rmcdndhus ak` phcdtdgachpprmssdhks, lut acsh th gapturm phcdtdgac phwmr ihr ak mnacdtardak gausm.Dk iagt, tbm gapturm hi phcdtdgac phwmr lmgajm, as wdcc lm smmk, tbmgbdmi dkstrujmkt ihr `mjhcdsbdkn tbm bhc` hi tbm gastm systmj ajhkn tbm Wdebs. Bhwmvmr, wbat ds djjm`datmcy rmcmvakt th hur sulomgt ds tbmiagt tbat tbm Ebacsa ja`m a gcmak lrmae wdtb tbm gastm shgdmty. Hi tbmidvm Lmchvm` hkms, wbh lmgajm tbm kugcmus hi tbm Ebacsa, tbmrm wmrm

tbrmm Wu`ras ak` hkm Oat - at tbat tdjm hk tbm lhr`mrcdkm hi Yadsyasak` Wu`ras. Ihr ohdkdkn tbm Ebacsa rakes, laptdsj (Ajrdt) gmrmjhky

was ja`m hlcdnathry (Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci uk`mrnhdkn tbat),ak` wbmk laptdsm` hkm ba` th taem idvm vhws.<<4 Pbmsm wmrm? (d)@barj

Kasb, d.m. th smvmr ghkkmgtdhk wdtb acc prmvdhus rmcdndhks, @barja,gusthjs, mtg.5 (dd)Earaj Kasb, d.m. th ghksd`mr hkmsmci alshcvm` hi accpast jds`mm`s, wbdgb gut at tbm rhhts hi tbm Lrabjakdgac Earja

tbmhry5 (ddd)Euc Kasb, d.m. smvmrakgm hi acc tdms wdtb cdkmanm, wbdgb`mstrhym` tbm iukàjmktac lasds hi gastm, d.m. hlcdtmratdhk hi stdnjasattagbm` th hggupatdhk, wbdgb mstrhym` tbm iukgtdhkac lasds hi gastm5(v) Lbarj Kasb, d.m. `dsgar`dkn rdtuacdsj, talhhs ak` khtdhks hi phccutdhk, mtg. wbdgb gut agrhss larrdmrs radsm` lmtwmmk gastms ly tbmsmiagthrs ak` wbdgb wmrm sh mssmktdac imaturms hi tbm gastm systmj.

At tbm tdjm hi laptdsj (Ajrdt) gmrmjhky, tbm Nuru mkohdkm` hk acc

wbh ba` ohdkm` tbm Ebacsa tbat tbmy sbhuc` ghksd`mr tbmdr prmvdhusgastms mrasm` ak` `mmj tbmjsmcvms acc lrhtbmrs Cm. hi hkm iajdcy.—<76

Pbm kmwswrdtmr hi tbm pmrdh` smkt tbm Mjpmrhr a ghpy hi tbm Nuru—sa``rmss th bds Wdebs hk tbat hggasdhk. Dt ds àtm` tbm idrst hi Ladsaeb1>=9 (A.@. 1944), ak` ruks as ihcchws? ‒Cmt acc mjlragm hkm grmm` ak`hlcdtmratm `diimrmkgms hi rmcdndhk. Cmt tbm ihur Bdkù gastms wbh bavm`diimrmkt rucms ihr tbmdr nudàkgm



7<9

alak`hk tbmj acc, a`hpt tbm hkm ihrj hi a`hratdhk ak` lmghjmlrhtbmrs. Cmt kh hkm mmj bdjsmci supmrdhr th htbmrs ……Cmt jmk hi tbm ihur gastms rmgmdvm jy laptdsj, mat hut hi hkm `dsb, ak` immc kh

`dsnust hr ghktmjpt ihr hkm akhtbmr. –<71 Pbmsm jayhr jay kht lm tbmmxagt whr`s hi tbm Nuru—s a``rmss, lut tbmdr sulstakgm ds ghrrhlhratm`ly tbm kmar-ghktmjphrary Ehmr Wdknb (1>=1). Bm rmghr`s tbat tbm Nurusad`? ‒Jaky a Yadsb (Yadsbya), Wuàr (Wbu`ra) ak` Oat bavm Ddkghrphratm` dk tbm Vaktb<7< ak` tbat tbm Nuru ‒bas ja`m tbm ihurgastms dkth a sdkncm hkm, ak` ja`m tbm Wu`ra, Yadsb, Ebatrd ak` Lrabjdktaem jmacs at tbm sajm pcagm.<77 Agghr`dkn th tbm sajm autbhrdty, dt

was a gurrmkt thpdg ajhkn tbm pmhpcm tbat tbm Nuru ba` ‒lcmk`m` tbmihur gastms dkth— hkm‚, ba` rmomgtm` lhtb tbm Bdkù ak` Juscdj rmcdndhksak` grmatm` a kmw khlcm Ebacsa, wbmrmdk Wu`ra, Yadsbya, Ebatrd ak`Lrabjdk mat thnmtbmr.<70 Anadk, tbm bdcc raoas ghjpcadkm` th Auraknzml?–Bm bas ihuk`m` bds hwk paktb5 (bas) rmomgtm` tbm Bdkù ak` Juscdjiadtbs ak` htbmr gusthjs hi tbm cak`5 tbm ihur gastms arm ja`m dkthhkm ak` arm ekhwk ly tbm hkm kajm hi Ebacsa.‚<7= ^bat dt mvmk jhrm

sdnkdidgakt ds tbat tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa was asshgdatm` wdtb tbmtmardkn ak` tbrhwdkn away hi oakmh,tbm sagrm` dksdnkda hi tbm twdgm-lhrk Bdkùs. <79 Pbm ghktmjphrary autbhr hi Nur Whlbads nmkmraccy

vmry lrdmi dk bds ghjjmkts alhut bdsthrdgac mvmkts, lut bm, thh, rmghr`stbat Lrabjdks ak` Ebatrdms rmjadkm` achhi at tbm tdjm hi tbm grmatdhkhi tbm Ebacsa lmgausm dt dkvhcvm` `dsgar`dkn tbmdr akgmstrac rdtuacs.<7>

Pbm catmr Wdeb cdtmraturm hi tbm 12tb gmktury, wrdttmk ly `diimrmkt bak`s

ak` at `diimrmkt tdjms, tbhunb `diimrdkn hk phdkts hi `mtadc, ds anrmm`hk tbm jadk dssum tbat tbm Ebacsa lrhem away irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty.\abmtkajas ghktadk jhstcy prmgmpts, lut tbmsm`h rmghr` tbm Wdeb tra`dtdhk dk`dgatdkn Wdeb gucturm ak` tbm Wdeb way hi cdim. –D wdcc wmc` tbm ihur Yarkas (gastms) dkth hkm.‚<72 –Pbhsm wbhagekhwcm`nm Lrabjdks, tbmdr hii sprdkns nh th bmcc.‚<74 –Pbm Wdeb, wbh

wmars Oakmh, nhms th bmcc.‚<06 –Bm



7<>

wbh sbhws rmnar` th htbmr rmcdndhks (paktbak), ds a bmrmtdg ak` kht aWdeb hi tbm Nuru.‚<01 –Bm wbh ald`ms ly tbm sdx@arsbkas,bm `ransachkn wdtb bdj bds wbhcm iajdcy dkth bmcc.‚<0< –Cmt yhur wbhcm ghkgmrk

lm wdtb tbm Ebacsa, htbmr nh`s(@mvs)arm iacsm.‚<07 –Di aky laptdzm`Wdeb puts hk Oakmh, bm wdcc lm gast dkth bmcc.‚<00 –(A Wdeb) sbhuc` smvmrghkkmgtdhk wdtb Jusacjaks ak` Bdkùs (Jusacjak Bdkù ed akk jmtm).‚ <0= –(A Wdeb) sbhuc` kht agekhwcm`nm(eak ka earm),Lrabja ak`Jubajja`, bm sbhuc` hlmy tbm whr`s hi bds hwk. Nuru. <09 GbaupaWdknb, a ghktmjphrary, spmgdidgaccy jmktdhks at tbrmm pcagms tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb dkdtdatm` tbm pabuc(laptdsj) gmrmjhky dk hr`mr th grmatm

a smparatm Vaktb.<0> –Ebacsa ds hkm wbh `hms kht agekhwcm`nmJusacjak (Pure) ak` Bdkù.‚ <02 Emsar Wdknb Gbdllmr (1>94) wrdtmstbat tbm Nuru grmatm` a kmw Pbdr` paktb (Ebacsa paktb) ly lrmaedkn

wdtb lhtb Bdkùs ak` Jusacjaks.‚ <04 Wueba Wdknb (1>4>) statms tbmsajm iagt jhrm mxpcdgdtcy? –Wu`ra, Yadsb, Ebatrd ak` Lrabjdk acc atmthnmtbmr. Pbm rmcdndhk hi Ymàs was rmomgtm` Acc tbm rmcdndhks hi Bdkùsak` Bdkùs, wmrm dsgar`m` ak` hkm purm ‒Ebacsa— was mstalcdsbm`.—<=6

Hkm Nuràs Wdknb wrhtm alhut tbm sajm tdjm? –Ym`, Vurak, sdx sbastrasak` Eurak wmrm mcdjdkatm`— tbm lhtb smgts (Bdkùs ak` Juscdjs) wmrmmknrhssm` dk supmrstdtdhk5 tbm tbdr` rmcdndhk hi Ebacsa lmgajmsuprmjm.‚<=1

^m bhpm hur rmimrmkgm anadk th shjm khk-Wdeb shurgms wdcc lmarrmpmtdtdhk as tbmsm sulstaktdatm tbm tmstdjhky ndvmk alhvm irhj Wdebshurgms. Jdr Nbucaj Bussadk Ebak (1>27) wrdtms tbus alhut tbm

Ebacsa-Vaktb ? –Pbmy ihrj a partdgucar shgdmty, wbdgb `dstdknudsbmsdtsmci ly wmardkn lcum narjmkts, ak` nhdkn arjm` at acc tdjms. ^bmk apmrshk ds hkgm a`jdttm` dkth tbat iratmrkdty, tbmy jaem kh sgrupcms hi asshgdatdkn wdtb bdj, hi wbatmvmr trdlm, gcak, hr ragm bm jay bavmlmmk bdtbmrth, khr h tbmy lmtray aky hi tbhsm sgrupcms ak` prmou`dgmssh `mmpcy rhhtm` dk tbm Bdkù jdk`.<=< Pbm autbhr hi Baqdqat (1>27)acsh wrdtms alhut tbm sajm tdjm tbat tbm Wdebs wmrm thc`? –^bhmvmr

jdnbt ohdk yhu irhj



7<2

wbdgbmvmr trdlm, `hk—t bavm aky prmou`dgm anadkst bdj ak` wdtbhutaky supmrstdtdhk mat thnmtbmr wdtb bdj. Khw tbds ds tbmdr gusthj.‚ <=7 Drvdkmrmcdms hk ghktmjphrary Jhbajjmàk bdsthrdaks th statm tbat, –Dk tbm

parnakas hggupdm` ly tbm Wdebs, tbm rmvmrsac hi prmvdhus gusthj wasstrdedkn ak` ghjpcmtm. A chw sgavmknmr—hr cmatbmr-`rmssmr, tbm chwmsthi tbm chw dk Dk`dak mstdjatdhk, ba` hkcy th cmavm bhjm ak` ohdk tbmNuru (Lakà), wbmrm dk a sbhrt spagm hi tdjm bm whuc` rmturk th bdsldrtb pcagm as dts rucmr, wdtb bds hr`mr hi apphdktjmkt dk bds bak`.‚<=0

Pbds was kh sjacc agbdmvmjmkt, as dt wdcc lm smmk wbat djphrtakt rhcmtbm gapturdkn hi phcdtdgac phwmr ly jmk rawk irhj chwmr gastms pcaym`

dk tbrhwdkn hii tbmdr sbagecms hi tbm gastm shgdmty. Ebaid Ebak wrdtms,–Pbmsm dkid`mcs (tbm Ebacsa) ba` smt up a kmw rucm, ak` ba` ihrld``mktbm sbavdkn hi tbm badr hi tbm bma` ak` lmar`. Jaky hi tbm dcc-`dsphsm`chw gastm Bdkùs ohdkm` tbmjsmcvms th tbmj, ak` pcagdkn tbmdr cdvmsat tbm `dsphsac hi tbmsm mvdc-jdk`m` pmhpcm, tbmy ihuk` tbmdr hwka`vaktanm dk prhimssdkn lmcdmi ak` hlm`dmkgm, ak` tbmy wmrm vmry agtdvmdk pmrsmgutdkn ak` edccdkn htbmr gastms hi Bdkùs.‚<== Dk htbmr whr`s,

tbmsm jmk `rawk irhj chw gastms, hk ohdkdkn tbm Ebacsa, kht hkcy smparatm` tbmjsmcvms irhj tbm gastm shgdmty, lut wmrm agtdvm dkpmrsmgutdkn tbmdr ihrjmr hpprmsshrs, d.m. Bdkùs hi bdnbmr gastms.

Pbm mvd`mkgm ndvmk alhvm irhj Wdeb ak` khk-Wdeb shurgms`mjhkstratms tbat tbm smparatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa irhj tbm gastm shgdmty

was kht ak aggd`mkt, ak mxpm`dmkgy, hr a tmjphrary lradk-wavm hi acma`mr. Dt was a rmnucar jhvmjmkt wbdgb ghktdkum` dk iucc vdnuhr, at

cmast urdkn dts rmvhcutdhkary pbasm. Pbm smparatm d`mktdty hi tbm Ebacsaghktdkum` th lm mjpbasdzm` mvmk dk tbm pmrdh` hi d`mhchndgac `mgcdkm.Lbaknu (1201) wrdtms? –Acc atm thnmtbmr irhj hkm vmssmc? kh`dsgrdjdkatdhk was cmit rmnar`dkn tbm ihurvarkasak` tbm ihur asbrajs5

Oakmhak` tdeea (Bdkù dksdnkdas) wmrm ndvmk ]p.‚<=9 –Pbmy (tbm Ebacsa)`h kht nh kmar Nakna ak` Oajuka5 latbm dk tbmdr hwk take (d.m. at

Ajrdtsar)5 gacc Oanakkatbtukà (hkm wdtb a jutdcatm` cdjl)5



7<4

`h kht whrsbdp \aj hr Erdsbak).‚ <=> Hkm hi tbm rmashks wby tbm OatEbacsa mpartm` irhj Lakà was tbat bm attmjptm` th dktrhùgm Bdkùusanms dk tbm Ebacsa.<=2 Acc tbds lmcdms tbm prhphsdtdhk tbat tbm smparatm

d`mktdty hi tbm Ebacsa was a grmatdhk hi tbm Wdknb Walba jhvmjmktuk`mr Lrdtdsb dkicumkgm dk tbm catm 14tb ak` marcy <6tb gmkturdms.

0. A KM^ WHGDH-VHCDPGAC H\@M\ Pbm Ebacsa kht hkcy lrhem away irhj. tbm gastm shgdmty, lut acshsuggmm`m` th a rmjarealcm mnrmm dk ndvdkn ak mnacdtardak shgdh-phcdtdgachrdmktatdhk hi dts hwk. Pbds was, dk iagt, ak agd` tmst ak` a prhhi hi dts

smparatm d`mktdty irhj tbm gastm shgdmty as wmcc as dtsradshk `— mtrm.(d) Vcmldak Lasm

Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ba` kht hkcy ak mnacdtardak phcdtdgac jdssdhk lutdt ba` acsh a pcmldak lasm. Dt was kmgmssary tbat tbm hwktrh``mk gastmsak` gcassms sbhuc` lm lhtb tbm argbdtmgts ak` jastmrs hi tbmdr hwk`mstdky. ^bmk Nuru Barnhldk` `mgcarm` bds dktmktdhk hi arjdkn tbmVaktb, ihur buk`rm` jmk vhcuktmmrm` tbmdr smrvdgms. ‒Gacdgh-prdktmrs,

watmr-garrdmrs, ak` garpmktmrs5 larlmrs, acc gajm th (bds) pcagm.‚<=4

^bmk asem` ly tbm \aoa wbat edk` hi arjy Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ba`,Lbdebak Ebak rmpcdm`? –Wulomgt pmhpcm bavm ghjm thnmtbmr, rustdg

Oats, hdc-prmssmrs, larlmrs, Lbatd, Culaka, Cmatbmr-`rmssmrs.‚<96 Lbaknubas rmimrrm` th tbm pcmldak ghjphsdtdhk hi tbm Ebacsa at smvmracpcagms.<91 bmk tbm Paraka @ac wdkn hi tbm Ebacsa @ac was rmhrnakdzm`dkth idvm `dvdsdhks, hkm hi tbm `dvdsdhks was uk`mr tbm ghjjak` hi

Ldr Wdknb \aknrmtta.<9<

Pbds `dvdsdhk ghktdkum` th partdgdpatm dk tbmgajpadnks hi tbm Ebacsa rdnbt up th tbm tdjm hi tbm ghkqumst hi Jacmrehtca.<97 Dk tbm nrmat lattcm wdtb Alaàcd, gaccm` aà Nbacu Nbaralmgausm tbm carnmst kujlmr hi Wdebs dk a sdkncm lattcm wmrm edccm` bmrm,dt ds spmgdaccy jmktdhkm` tbat \ajàsdas (ghllcmrs) ak` \aknrmttas



776

thhe a prhjdkmkt part. <90

Pbm pcmldak ghjphsdtdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ds ghrrhlhratm` acsh ly mvd`mkgmirhj khk-Wdeb shurgms. Lakà—s ihrgms wmrm rmgrudtm` gbdmicy irhj tbm

chwmr gastm Bdkùs, ak` sgavmknmrs, cmatbmr-`rmssmrs ak` sugb cdempmrshks wmrm vmry kujmrhus ajhkn tbmj.<9= Pbm chw-gastm pmhpcm

wbh swmccm` Lakà—s rakes arm tmrjm` ly a ghktmjphrary Juscdjbdsthrdak, as acrma`y quhtm`, as tbm `rmns hi tbm shgdmty hi tbm bmccdsbBdkùs. <99 Akhtbmr ghktmjphrary Juscdj wrdtmr says tbat Lakàlrhunbt dkth tbm ihrmirhkt ukmjpchym` whrtbcmss pmhpcm wbh ba`bdtbmrth lmmk bd``mk ly tbm gurtadk hi dksdnkdidgakgm.‚<9> Ebaid Ebak

says tbat, –Jaky hi tbm dcc-`dsphsm` chw-gastm Bdkùs ohdkm` tbmjsmcvmsth tbmj (Ebacsa)‚ <92 Pbm autbhr hi Baqdqat gcmarcy statms tbat Ebatrdms,

Oats, garpmktmrs, lcagesjdtbs ak` nradk nrhgmrs acc ohdkm` tbm Ebacsa.<94

(dd) Pbm spdrdt hi mquacdty, lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhk

Jhrm tbak tbm ihrj hr dts ghjphsdtdhk, dt ds tbm spdrdt wbdgb prmvadcs

wdtbdk a jhvmjmkt wbdgb rmicmgts dts rmac gbaragtmr. Pbm d`ma hi mquacdty was dkbmrmkt dk tbm systmj hi tbm Nurus ak` tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt shchkn dt rmtadkm` dts prdstdkm purdty. Aitmr bm ba` akhdktm` Akna` as bdssuggmsshr, Nuru Kakae lhwm` at bds immt dk sacutatdhk. Pbm sajmgusthj was ihcchwm` ly tbm catmr Nurus.<>6 Pbm Wdebs, wbh ba` djldlm`tbm spdrdt hi tbm Nurus, wmrm rmnar`m` as mquacs hi tbm Nuru. Pbmghccmgtdvm wds`hj hi tbm ghknrmnatdhk hi Wdebs was hi bdnbmr vacum

tbak tbat hi tbm Nuru achkm (Nuru wmmb vdsvm, saknat ded vdsvm). LbadNuràs rmpmatm`cy jaems dt gcmar tbat tbmrm was kh status nap lmtwmmktbm Nuru ak` a Wdeb (Nur gbmca, gbmca Nuru).<>1 Nuru Akna` sad`?‒\mnar` tbm Nuru—s Wdeb as jysmci5 bavm kh hult alhut tbds. ‒<>< NuruBarnhldk`, hut hi rmvmrmkgm ihr Lbad Lu``ba, a mvhut Wdeb, thugbm`bds immt.<>7 Bm thc` Lbad Ld`bdgbak` tbat tbmrm was kh diimrmkgm lmtwmmkbdj



771

ak` tbm Nuru.<>0 Pbm Wdebs a``rmssm` magb htbmr as ‒lrhtbmr— (Lbad),tbus sbhwdkn a pmrimgt cmvmc hi mquacdty ajhkn tbmj. Dk acc tbm avadcalcmcmttmrs wrdttmk ly tbm Nurus th tbm Wdebs, tbmy bavm lmmk a``rmssm` as

lrhtbmrs (Lbad).<>= Dt was dk ghktdkuatdhk hi tbds tra`dtdhk tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb rmqumstm` wdtb gcaspm` bak`s tbm Lmchvm` Hkms thlaptdzm bdj.‚<>9 Pbds sbhws tbat bm rmnar`m` tbmj kht hkcy as bds mquaclut ja`m tbmj as bds Nuru. Pbds was tbm utjhst cdjdt th wbdgb armcdndhus bma` ghuc` ghkgmdvm hi hr pragtdsm bujak mquacdty.

Pbm spdrdt hi lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhk ds mvmk jhrm `diidguct thdkgucgatm tbak tbm spdrdt hi mquacdty. Pbds kmw spdrdt was a katurac

smqumkgm hi tbm Wdeb `hgtrdkms ak` apprhagb. ^bat ds djphrtakt dstbm mjpbasds cad` hk tbds spdrdt hi lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhk dktbm Wdeb cdtmraturm, ak` jhrm partdgucarcy tbm mxtmkt th wbdgb tbds spdrdt

was pragtdsm` dk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. As tbmrm was kh diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm Nuru ak` tbm Wdeb tbm mvhtdhkth tbm Nuru was masdcy gbakkmcdzm` dkth tbm smrvdgm hi tbm Wdebs. ‒Nh`-hrdmktatm` smrvdgm ds tbm smrvdgm hi tbm Nuru—s Wdebs, wbh sbhuc` lm

rmnar`m` as hkm—s `marmst edtb ak` edk.—<>> ‒Pbm Nuru—s Wdebs sbhuc`smrvm tbm htbmr Wdebs.—<>2 Hkm hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s hwk byjks ds?

–Ph smrvm tbmj (Pbm Ebacsa) pcmasmtb jy bmart5 kh htbmrsmrvdgm ds `mar th jy shuc.

Acc tbm wmactb hi jy bhusm wdtb jy shuc ak` lh`y ds ihr tbmj.‚<>4

Pbm gh`ms hi Wdeb ghk`ugt(\mbatkajas) ghktdkum th rmghr` tbdstra`dtdhk. ‒Bm wbh sbdres a phhr jak ds ak alshcutm miauctmr.—<26 ‒Wmrvm

a Wdeb ak` a paupmr—.<21

‒Di shjm ajhkn. a nrhup hi Wdebs scmmp hk ghtsak` tbm phhr Wdebs scmmp hk tbm ichhr ak` arm kht sbhwk `um ghurtmsy,tbm ihrjmr Wdebs arm at iauct.—<2< Pbm mssmkgm hi Wdebdsj ds smrvdgm,chvm ak` `mvhtdhk… (Pbm Wdeb) sbhuc` lm rmnar`m` as tbm djanm hi tbm Nuru ak` smrvm` as sugb.<27

Lbacca rmghr`s tbat tbmsm prmgmpts wmrm agtuaccy ihcchwm`



77<

dk tbm Wdeb Vaktb. ‒Pbm Wdebs smrvm` magb htbmr, rmnar`dkn mvmry Wdebas tbm Nuru—s djanm.<20 Lbaknu wrdtms? ‒Kh lh`y lhrm jacdgm th akyhkm5tbm Wdknbs (Wdebs wbh ba` lmmk laptdzm`) vdm` wdtb magb htbmr dk

rmk`mrdkn smrvdgm th htbmrs.—<2= Di aky Wdeb nht hr lrhunbt aky matalcm,dt was kmvmr usm` achkm, dt was partaemk ly acc tbm Wdebs. Khtbdkn wasbd``mk irhj tbm htbmr Wdebs. Acc matalcms wmrm sbarm` ly acc jmjlmrshi tbm Ebacsa5 di tbmrm was khtbdkn th mat, tbmy whuc` say? ‒Pbm Caknards dk trakgm (Jasat)—. ‒Hkm whuc` hiimr ihh` th htbmrs idrst ak` tbmkmat hkmsmci. Wdknbs whuc` lm a``rmssm` wdtb nrmat chvm.—<29 Nuru—s Wdeb

was tbm lrhtbmr hi magb Wdeb.—<2> @urdkn tbm `ays hi strunncm wdtb tbm

Junbacs, hkm Kdrakoakda rmphrtm` th tbm Junbac nhvmrkhr anadkst tbmWdebs? ‒Pbmy (khk-ghjlatakts) whuc` tbmjsmcvms nh buknry ak` kaem`,lut whuc` kht lmar tbm jdsmry hi tbm Wdknbs5 tbmy tbmjsmcvms whuc`

war` hii ghc` ly sdttdkn kmar idrm, lut whuc` smk` gchtbms th tbm Wdknbs5tbmy whuc` nrdk` ghrk wdtb tbmdr hwk bak`s ak` smk` dt th tbm Wdknbs5tbmy whuc` twdst rhpms ak` smk` dts prhgmm`s th tbm Wdknbs. Pbmy, wbhihr tbmdr cdvdkn whuc` nh th iar hii pcagms, smk` tbmdr markdkns th tbm

Wdknbs.<22 –Acc jmjlmrs hi tbm Ebacsa @ac ‒wmrm dssum` gchtbms irhj aghjjhk sthrm.— dtbhut ghkgmacdkn akytbdkn, tbmy whuc` phhc acc tbmdrmarkdkns at hkm pcagm. Di akyhkm ihuk` hr lrhunbt aky vacualcms, tbmsm

wmrm `mphsdtm` dk tbm trmasury as ghjjhk prhpmrty.‚<24

Pbm prmvacmkgm hi tbds spdrdt hi mquacdty, lrhtbmrbhh` ak` iratmrkdzatdhkajhkn tbm Wdebs, as acrma`y khtm`, ds ghkidrjm` ly Nbucaj Jhbyy-u`-Hdk, tbm autbhr hi Iatubat Kajab-d-Waja`d (1><<-<7) ak` Wdyaj

\ad Lbak`ard a bdsthrdak ghktmjphrary hi Auraknzml.(dddO Cma`mrsbdp

Pbm cma`mrsbdp hi a jhvmjmkt bas acways ak djphrtakt lmardkn dk`mtmrjdkdkn tbm `drmgtdhk hi tbm jhvmjmkt. Pbm way tbm qumstdhk hi tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Ebacsa was tagecm` ds a mjhkstratdhk tbat NuruNhldk` Wdknb waktm` th



777

prmsmrvm tbm mnacdtardak gbaragtmr hi tbm jhvmjmkt. ^m bavm acrma`y rmimrrm` th tbm sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm dkdtdatdhk (laptdsj)gmrmjhky hi tbm Nuru at tbm bak`s hi tbm Ebacsa as phdktm` hut ly

Nheac Gbak` Karakn. Pbm Nuru smt tbds mxajpcm lmgausm bm waktm`th mksurm tbat tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm jhvmjmkt rmjadkm` dk tbm bak`shi tbm— Ebacsa wbh ba` ak mnacdtardak jdssdhk. Pbm Lmchvm` idvm (hi

wbhj ihur wmrm Wu`ras) wmrm ja`m tbm kugcmus hi tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Ebacsa, ak` tbds was `hkm wbmk tbm Nuru—s shks wmrm acdvm.

Pbm iagt tbat tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm jhvmjmkt `mvhcvm` hk tbm EbacsaVaktb as a wbhcm lmgajm ak artdgcm hi cdvdkn iadtb wdtb tbm Wdebs. Dk

tbds ghkkmgtdhk, tbm mpdsh`m hi Lakà—s khjdkatdhk as cma`mr ak` bdssulsmqumkt partdkn hi ghjpaky wdtb tbm Ebacsa ds vmry dccustratdvm.

Pbm Ebacsa anrmm` th ihcchw Lakà hkcy hk tbm ghk`dtdhk tbat bm whuc` kht aspdrm th shvmrmdnkty.<46 Pbm Nuru dkstrugtm` Lakà th ald`mly tbm Ebacsa ak` apphdktm` smcmgt Wdebs as bds a`vdsmrs.<41 Aitmr bdsjdcdtary suggmssms, Lakà aspdrm` th lmghjm Nuru ak` a shvmrmdnk.

Pbm Pat Ebacsa (tbm nmkudkm Ebacsa) partm` ghjpaky wdtb bdj ak`

bds ihcchwmrs, lmgausm tbm Nuru ba` ndvmk Lakà ?‒Wmrvdgm ak` kht shvmrmdnkty5

Pbm shvmrmdnkty ba` lmmk ndvmk th tbm Vaktb ly tbmNuru (Wagba Va`sbab) bdjsmci.—<4<

Aitmr Lakà, Eapur Wdknb was mcmgtm` as tbm cma`mr hi tbm Ebacsa, wbh, hk lmghjdkn tbm cma`mr, `d` khtbdkn wdtbhut ghksuctdkn tbmEbacsa.<47

^dtb tbm mk` hi Eapur Wdknb—s mra, tbm rmvhcutdhkary spdrdt startm` wakdkn. Bds suggmsshr was Oassa Wdknb ‒Eacac— wbh was aggmptm` cma`mrly tbm Ebacsa hk tbm a`vdgm hi Eapur Wdknb. Oassa Wdknb struge ghdkdk bds hwk kajm wbmk tbm Ebacsa ghkqumrm` Cabhrm ihr tbm idrst tdjm.

Pbds was sh jugb anadkst tbm spdrdt hi ghccmgtdvm cma`mrsbdp hi tbmEbacsa, tbat a spmgdac ghkvmktdhk was bmc`, wbmrm dt was `mgd`m` thrmgacc tbat ghdk irhj gdrgucatdhk.<40 Dk dts pcagm, akhtbmr ghdk struge dk

tbm kajm hi tbm Nuru was sulstdtutm`. Vhcdmr



770

(1>26) hlsmrvm`, ‒As ihr tbm Nhvmrkjmkt hi tbm Wdqums, dt ds prhpmrcy ak ardsthgragy, dk wbdgb kh prm-mjdkmkgm ds acchwm` mxgmpt tbat wbdgbphwmr ak` ihrgm katuraccy ndvms5 htbmrwdsm acc tbm gbdmis, nrmat ak`

sjacc, ak` mvmk tbm phhrmst ak` jhst alomgt Wdqums, chhe hk tbmjsmcvmsas pmrimgtcy mquac dk acc tbm pulcdg ghkgmrks ak` dk tbm nrmatmst Ghukgdchr Nhhrjatta hi tbm katdhk, bmc` akkuaccy mdtbmr at Ajlarsar, Cabhrmhr shjm htbmr pcagm. Mvmrytbdkn ds `mgd`m` ly tbm pcuracdty hi vhtmstaemk dk`diimrmktcy irhj acc wbh gbhhsm th lm prmsmkt at dt.—<4= Ihrstmracsh ndvms a sdjdcar agghukt. ‒Ak mquacdty hi rake ds jadktadkm` dk tbmdrgdvdc shgdmty, wbdgb kh gcass hi jmk, bhwmvmr wmactby hr phwmriuc, ds

suiimrm` th lrmae `hwk. At tbm pmrdh`s wbmk nmkmrac ghukgdc hi tbmkatdhk wmrm ghkvmkm`, wbdgb ghksdstm` hi tbm arjy at carnm, mvmry jmjlmr ba` tbm prdvdcmnm hi `mcdvmrdkn bds hpdkdhk, ak` tbm jaohrdty,dt ds sad`, `mgd`m` hk tbm sulomgt dk `mlatm.<49 Pbds sbhws bhw strhkn tbm hrdndkac spdrdt hi mquacdty ak` iratmrkdzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkjust bavm lmmk sh tbat dt ghuc` rmvmac dts ncdjpsms mvmk dk tbm phst-Ebacsa pmrdh`.

(dv) Alhcdtdhk hi Gastm Vrdhrdtdms ak` prmou`dgms Pbm Gbubras arm tbm ‒hut-gastm, par-mxgmccmkgm hi tbm Vukoal, wbhsmkajm ds phpucarcy supphsm` th lm ghrruptdhk hi Wu`ra.—<4> As sugb,tbmy wmrm alhut tbm jhst `mspdsm` gastm dk tbm Vukoal5 jmrm lh`dcy ghktagt wdtb wbhj `midcm` a pmrshk hi a bdnbmr gastm. Hk ghkvmrsdhkth Wdebdsj, pmrshks irhj tbds gastm wmrm ndvmk tbm bhkhrdidg tdtcm hi \aknrmtta dk hr`mr th radsm tbmj dk pulcdg mstdjatdhk, jugb dk tbm

sajm way as mprmssm` gcassms arm khw-a-`ays gaccm` Bardoaks. A rbyjm,‒\aknrmtta, Nuru Ea Lmta—, jmakdkn ‒\aknrmtta ds tbm shk hi tbm nuru—,gurrmkt dk tbm Vukoal<42 ds ak dk`dgatdhk hi tbm status th wbdgb tbm Wdebjhvmjmkt shunbt th radsm tbmj. m bavm smmk bhw \aknrmttas (wbhsmthugb, ba` tbmy rmjadkm` dk tbm gastm shgdmty, `midcm` kht hkcy tbmpmrshk lut acsh tbm ihh` bm garrdm`) wmrm ghmquac jmjlmrs hi tbmEbacsa @ac, wbmrm tbmy `dkm` ak`



77=

iratmrkdzm`, wdtbhut `dsgrdjdkatdhk, wdtb htbmr @ac jmjlmrs `rawkirhj Lrabjdks, Ebatrds, Oats ak` htbmrs. ^bmk tbm Paruka @ac (tbm

Thutb wdkn hi tbm Ebacsa @ac) was rmhrnakdzm` dkth idvm `dvdsdhks,

hkm hi tbmsm was uk`mr tbm cma`mrsbdp hi Ldr Wdknb \aknrmtta. Dt waslmsthwm` a stakàr` ican Obakà) irhj tbm Aeac Paebt dk tbm sajmjakkmr as was `hkm dk tbm gasm hi tbm htbmr ihur `dvdsdhks.<44 Dt wastbus ndvmk ak mquac status wdtb tbmj. ^bmk Aca Wdknb `mimatm` tbmarjy hi Jacmrehtca wdtb tbm b`p hi tbm Ebacsa @ac ak` hiimrm` bhrsmsth bhkhur tbm @ac, tbm idrst th rmgmdvm tbm bhkhur, as smcmgtm` ly tbm@ac, was Ldr Wdknb \aknrmtta.766

^m bavm taemk tbm gasm hi \aknrmttas lmgausm dt ds vmry jugbdccustratdvm, tbmy lmdkn tbm chwmst gastm irhj wbdgb Wdebs wmrm rmgrudtm`.Lut, dt ds tbm Oats, wbh ihrj tbm jaohrdty dk tbm prmsmkt ày Vaktb ak`

wbh bavm lmkm idttm` jhst dk tbm mcmvatdhk hi tbmdr shgdac status ly ohdkdkn tbm Wdeb rakes. Dt ds jadkcy lmgausm tbmy wmrm alcm th rmtadk,ukcdem tbm \aknrmttas, tbm nadks tbat aggrum` th tbmj. Pbm prmsmkt ay shgdac status hi tbm Wdeb Oats ds taemk sh jugb ihr nraktm` tbat dt ds

smc`hj tbat tbmdr past, prdhr th tbmdr ohdkdkn tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, dsrmgaccm`. ‒Dk A.@. 279, ak Aral nhvmrkhr sujjhkm` tbmj th appmarak` pay oazdya, magb th lm agghjpakdm` ly a hn, a jare hi bujdcdatdhkprmsgrdlm` acsh uk`mr tbm prmvdhus Lrabjdk rmndjm.761 ‒Aclarukd (G.1676), wbhsm `drmgt mxpmrdmkgm hi Dk`da was ghkidkm` th tbm Cabhrmarma, thhe tbm Oats th lm ‒Gattcm hwkmrs, chw Wbu`ra pmhpcm.—76< Pbmautbhr hi tbm @aldstak d-Jazabdl (Ga. 19==) dk bds agghukt hi Wdebdsj

`msgrdlms tbm Oats as ‒tbm chwmst gastm hi tbm Yadsbyas.767

Dk ghktrast thtbds phsdtdhk, ‒uk`mr tbm Wdebs tbm \aoput was hvmr-sba`hwm` ly tbm

Oat, wbh rmsmktm` bds assujptdhk hi supmrdhrdty ak` bds rmiusac th ohdkbdj hk mquac tmrjs dk tbm rakes hi tbm Ebacsa, mcdlmratmcy pmrsmgutm`bdj wbmrmvmr ak` wbmkmvmr bm ba` tbm phwmr, ak` prmimrrm` bds tdtcmhi Oat Wdeb th tbat hi tbm prhu`mst \aoput.—760 Pbat tbds was acc ùm thtbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt lmghjms gcmar di tbm status hi Wdeb Oats hi tbm



779

Wdeb tragt ds ghjparm` wdtb tbat hi htbmr Oats whh arm bds djjm`datmkmdnblhurs. Alhut tbm khk-Wdeb Oats dk tbm mastmrk suljhktakm tragt,Dllmtshk wrdtms dk bds gmksus rmphrt (1221)? ‒Dk gbaragtmr ak` phsdtdhk

tbmrm ds khtbdkn th `dstdknudsb tbm trdlms D aj alhut th khtdgm, savmtbat tbmy bavm kmvmr mkohym` tbm phcdtdgac djphrtakgm wbdgb`dstdknudsbm` tbm Wdeb Oats uk`mr tbm Ebacsa Dk tbm Wdeb tragt, tbmphcdtdgac phsdtdhk hi tbm Oat was sh bdnb tbat bm ba` kh wdsb th lmgaccm` \aoput5 uk`mr tbm bdccs tbm status hi tbm \aoput ds sh supmrdhrtbat tbm Oat bas kh bhpm hi lmdkn gaccm` \aoput.76= Wdjdcarcy, actbhunbtbm Oats hi tbm shutb mastmrk `dstrdgts hi tbm Vukoal `diimr ‒dk cdttcm

savm rmcdndhk irhj tbm nrmat Wdeb Oat trdlms hi tbm Jacwa—,769 tbmy rmjadkm` sulsmrvdmkt th tbm \aoputs upth a rmgmkt pmrdh` hi tbm Lrdtdsb\ao. Pbmrm, ‒Dk tbm hc` àys hi \aoput asgmk`mkgy, tbm \aoputs whuc`kht acchw Oats th ghvmr tbmdr bma`s wdtb a turlak—, ak` ‒mvmk th tbds ay \aoputs wdcc kht acchw dkimrdhr gastms th wmar rm` gchtbms hr ajpcm chdkgchtbms dk tbmdr vdccanm.—76> Dk tbm prm`hjdkaktcy Jubajjmàk mstmrkVukoal, tbm Oat ds ‒katuraccy chhem` uphk as hi dkimrdhr ragm, ak` tbm

phsdtdhk bm hggupdms ds vmry `diimrmkt irhj tbat wbdgb bm bhc`s dk tbmgmktrm ak` mast hi tbm Vukoal.762

^m arm kht ndvdkn tbmsm quhtatdhks dk hr`mr th apprhvm hi adr hi supmrdhrdty assujm` ly tbm Wdeb Oats5 lmgausm tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt adjmàt cmvmccdkn up shgdac status hi acc edk`s ak` kht at sulstdtutdkn tbmstatus-supmrdhrdty hi hkm gastm hr gcass ihr tbat hi akhtbmr. Bhwmvmr,tbmsm dkstakgms h sbhw bhw iar tbm jhvmjmkt suggmm`m` dk lrmaedkn

tbm hr`mr hi shgdac prmgm`mkgm mstalcdsbm` ly tbm gastm shgdmty ak` dkpmrjakmktcy radsdkn tbm shgdac status hi a shgdac nrhup wbdgb khw ihrjs tbm jaohrdty dk tbm Wdeb Vaktb.

(v) Vhcdtdgac Vhwmr ^m bavm smmk bhw sgavmknmrs ak` cmatbmr-`rmssmrs wmrm apphdktm`chgac cma`mrs ly Lakà. –Acc phwmr was khw usurpm` ly tbm Wdebs, ak`

hkm Ldr Wdknb, a jak hi phhr hrdndk, was apphd ktm` Wulmàr hrnhvmrkhr hi Wdrbdk`.‚764



77>

Dk tbm Jdssac pmrdh`, hr`dkary pmasakts, sbmpbmr`s (Para Wdknb Nbmla)716

vdccanm jmkdacs Hassa Wdknb \ajnarbda) ak` `dstdccmrs, Hassa WdknbEaca!), wbhj tbm gastm shgdmty `mspdsm`, lmgajm tbm cma`mrs. Pbmrm

was kht hkm mcsm irhj gastms bdnbmr tbak tbmsm. Pbm ghjjhk pmasaktry hi tbm cak` su``mkcy attadkm` phcdtdgac phwmr.711 –...tbm wbhcm ghuktry hi tbm Vukoal ds dk tbm phssmssdhk hi tbds ghjjukdty (tbm Ebacsa)ak` jhst hi tbmdr mxactm` cma`mrs arm hi chw hrdndk, sugb as garpmktmrs,akdjac sedk-trmatmrs ak` Oats.‚71< ârds Wbab, tbm autbhr hi ‒Bdr &\akoba—, `msgrdlms tbm statm hi aiiadrs dk tbm Vukoal hi tbds pmrdh`.–Jmk hi jmkdac ldrtb ichurdsb ak` tbm pmasakts arm dk nrmat prhspmrdty.

Pbm Oats bavm lmghjm jastmrs hi hur ghuktry. Mvmrywbmrm tbmrm ds akmw Nhvmrkjmkt.‚717

Acc tbm jmjlmrs hi tbm Ebacsa, drrmspmgtdvm hi tbmdr gastm hr gcass,gajm th lm gaccm`, as tbmy arm mvmk khw. Waràrs (hvmr-chr`s). Pbds dskht th apprhvm hi tbds `mvmchpjmkt hr tbm imuàc katurm hi tbm Jdssacphcdtdgac systmj, lmgausm tbmsm wmrm `mparturms irhj tbm Wdeb d`mac hi bujak mquacdty. Pbm phdkt th lm khtm` bmrm ds bhw tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhk

radsm` tbm shgdac ak` phcdtdgac status, kht hi dk`dvdùacs, lut hi a carnmsmgtdhk hi tbm ghjjhkmrs mk lchg.

Pbds gapturm hi phcdtdgac status ly tbm ghjjhkmrs ba` a nrmat djpagt, wdtbdk tbm Wdeb Vaktb, dk rmjhvdkn shjm Whgdac larrdmrs radsm` ly tbmgastm shgdmty. Dt was tbm tastm hi phcdtdgac phwmr wbdgb ja`m tbm Wdeb

Oat immc prhu`mr tbak tbm \aoput ak` tbm \aknrmttas as mquacs th tbmWdeb Oats. Pbm \aknrmttas ba` acc achkn lmmk mquac jmjlmrs hi tbm

Ebacsa @ac dk mvmry rmspmgt, lut at tbm tdjm hi Jdssac ihrjatdhk tbmy ohdkm` tbm Jdssac hi Kdsbakdas,710 wbdgb Jdssac `d` kht garvm hut atmrrdthrdac rucm hi dts hwk. Ba` tbm \aknrmttas acsh hptm` ihr phcdtdgacphwmr hk tbmdr hwk, dt ds qudtm hk tbm gar`s tbat tbmdr shgdac status

wdtbdk tbm Wdeb Vaktb jdnbt bavm lmmk `diimrmkt irhj wbat dt ds. Dkhtbmr whr`s, tbm \aknrmttas wmrm kht pusbm` hut hi tbm Ebacsalrhtbmrbhh`5 hkcy tbmy `d` kht avadc hi tbm hpphrtukdty th gapturm

phcdtdgac phwmr



772

ihr tbmjsmcvms, wbdgb was kmgmssary th jadktadk tbmdr kmwcy agqudrm`shgdac prmstdnm ak` phsdtdhk dk tbm phst-rmvhcutdhkary pmrdh`. At aky ratm, dt lmghjms qudtm gcmar tbat phcdtdgac phwmr was a ldn iagthr ihr

cmvmccdkn gastm larrdmrs. Pbmrmihrm, tbm jdssdhk hi gapturdkn phcdtdgacphwmr ly tbm Ebacsa(\ao earmna Elacsa) was as jugb ak mnacdtardakshgdac jdssdhk as dt was a phcdtdgac hkm. Dt was kht ihr khtbdkn tbat tbmgastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty ba` lmmk at nrmat padks th mxgcu`mtbm ghjjhkmrs irhj phcdtdgac phwmr. Pbm mnacdtardak phcdtdgac ak`jdcdtary hrdmktatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa sbhuc` lm vdmwm` dk tbds pmrspmgtdvm.

Pbhsm wbh `dsapprhvm tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt hk

rmcdndhus nrhuk`s jdss tbds phdkt. Pbm shgdac status hi tbm chwmr gastmsghuc` kht lm gbaknm` wdtbhut tbmdr attadkdkn phcdtdgac phwmr, ak` tbatrmcdndhk was kht whrtb dts kajm wbdgb `d` kht strdvm th gbaknm tbmgastm systmj.

^m prmsmktm` mvd`mkgm th sbhw tbat tbm Ebacsa gut dtsmci irhj tbmgastm systmj ly smvmrdkn ghkkmgtdhks wdtb tbm gastm d`mhchny, Lrabjdksak` tbm gastm shgdmty. Pbds ghkgcusdhk ds iurtbmr sulstaktdatm` ly tbm

phsdtdvm mvd`mkgm ndvmk dk tbm prmsmkt smgtdhk rmnar`dkn tbm shgdh-phcdtdgac mnacdtardak gbaragtmr hi tbm Ebacsa phcdty. Khkm hi dts sacdmktimaturms (d.m. dts Vcmldak ghjphsdtdhk5 dts spdrdt hi mquacdty, lrhtbmrbhh`ak` iratmrkdzatdhk5 dts `mjhgratdg ak` ghccmgtdvm cma`mrsbdp? alhcdtdhkhi gastm prdhrdtdms5 ak` gapturm hi phcdtdgac phwmr ly tbm ghjjhkmrs)ghuc` mvmk lm ghkgmdvm`, jugb cmss rmacdzm`, wbdcm rmjadkdkn wdtbdktbm gastm systmj hr tbm gastm shgdmty.

WMGPDHK DY PBM GAWPM WTWPMJ AK@

PBM WDEBW DK PBM CAPM\ VM\DH@ ^m bavm smmk dk tbm D Wmgtdhk tbat tbm dkstdtutdhk hi gastm dk Dk`da`mrdvm` dts strmkntb kht hkcy irhj a carnm kujlmr hi dts ghkstdtutdvmmcmjmkts, lut dts acjhst djprmnkalcm rdnd`dty ichwm` irhj tbm

ghhr`dkatdhk ak` dktmnratdhk hi



706

systmj, tbmrm ds kh Lrabjdk hr aky htbmr sagmr`htac gastm ajhkn tbmWdebs, ak` tbm Wdeb Vaktb bas rmjadkm` a smparatm mktdty irhj tbmBdkù shgdmty. Hur stu`y dk tbds smgtdhk rmvmacs tbat wbatmvmr khtdhks

ak` pragtdgms rmnar`dkn ghkkulduj ak` ghjjmksacdsj, ak` tbm vdccanmbdmrargby, tbat bavm rmjadkm` wdtb tbm Wdebs dk tbm Jdssac ak` phst-

Jdssac pmrdh`s as a bmrdtanm irhj tbmdr prmvdhus ghkkmgtdhk wdtb tbmgastm shgdmty, bavm kh phdkt hi rmimrmkgm wdtb aky hi tbm tbrmm iagmtshi gastm systmj, kajmcy, tbm gastm d`mhchny, tbm Lrabjdks ak` tbmgastm shgdmty. ^bat rmjadks th lm ghksd`mrm` ds, th wbat mxtmkt shjmhi tbm prmou`dgms ak` pragtdgms dkbmrdtm` irhj tbm gastm shgdmty ly tbm

Wdebs bavm lmmk sbm` hii hr jh`didm` at vardhus cmvmcs hi tbm Wdebshgdmty .

1. AP VAKPBDG CMYMC Cmt us idrst ghksd`mr tbm carnm sgacm ghkvmrsdhks irhj Bdkù rakes thtbm Wdeb shgdmty tbat thhe pcagm ùrdkn tbm Jdssac ak` phst-Jdssacpmrdh`s. Vhcdmr (1>26) wrhtm? –tbm Wdqums tbmk lmnak th dkgrmasm nrmatcy

dk kujlmr dk acc tbat gajm, tbhunb irhj tbm chwmst ak` jhst alomgtgastms, wmrm rmgmdvm` ghktrary th Bdkù gusthjs wbdgb a`jdt khgbaknm hi gastm, ak` mvmk Jusacjaks wmrm dk tbm kujlmr hi ghkvmrts.–71= Nrdiitb tmccs us tbat –Pbm Wdebs rmgmdvm prhsmcytms hi acjhst mvmry gastm, a phdkt dk wbdgb tbmy `diimr jhst jatmrdaccy irhj tbm Bdk`hhs.–719 Pbm Nmrjak Bunmc `msgrdlms tbm Wdebs hi bds tdjm as –tbm`msgmkàkts irhj acc tbm chwmst gastms hi Bdkùs irhj wbdgb tbmy

bavm lmmk prhsmcytm`. –71>

Pbmsm Murhpmak agghukts `mac wdtb tbmtdjms hi tbm Jdssacs ak` \akodt Wdknb. bat ds mvmk jhrm sdnkdidgakt dstbat tbds trmk` ghktdkum` dk tbm Lrdtdsb pmrdh`. –Irhj 1221, wbmktbmrm ba` lmmk 1>,69,12= Wdebs th 14<1, wbmk tbmrm wmrm 71,16,696Wdebs, tbmrm ba` lmmk a trmjmk`hus upsurnm dk ghkvmrsdhk. –712 Ak`tbmsm ghkvmrts gajm irhj tbm bdnbmr as wmcc as tbm chwmr gastms hi Bdkùs. Lmtwmmk 1221 ak` 1241, –Wdebdsj was attragtdkn ghkvmrts irhj

Bdkùs hi tbm Ebatrd, Arhra, Calaka, Wukar, Parebak, Gbubra ak`Jadbtaj gastms‚, 714 ak` –tbm jhst rmjarealcm dkgrmasm ly ghkvmrsdhk



701

ba` lmmk ajhkn tbm Gbubra Wdebs.‚7<6 –Lmtwmmk 1461 ak` 1411 tbmrm wmrm carnm-sgacm ghkvmrsdhks th Wdebdsj ajhkn tbm Gbubras ak`Gbajars. Bdkùdsj chst shjm 1,=2,269 Gbubras ak` 1,94,167 Gbajars

dk tbds pmrdh`.‚7<1

Pbds ghksdstmkt jhvmjmkt hi ghkvmrsdhks th Wdebdsj irhj–tbm chwmst ak` tbm jhst alomgt gastms‚ hi tbm Bdkùs was, as acshkhtm` ly Vhcdmr ak` Nrdiitbs, a ra`dgac mparturm irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny

wbdgb a`jdts –kh gbaknm hi gastm‚. Vrhsmcytms irhj Jusacjaks wmrmmquaccy ukaggmptalcm th tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty attbds tdjm. Pbm vmry iagt tbat ghkvmrts th Wdebdsj wmrm ghjdkn dk carnm

kujlmrs irhj Bdkù rakes ds mkhunb th sbhw tbat tbds prhsmcytdzatdhk`mspdtm shjm hi tbm gastm tradts ak` gusthjs rmtadkm` ly tbm prhsmcytms,

was a jhvmjmkt, dk dts hvmracc miimgt, cma`dkn away irhj tbm gastmshgdmty, ak` gmrtadkcy kht thwar`s dt. m jmktdhkm` tbrmm jadk imaturmshi tbm gastm systmj-tbm gastm d`mhchny, tbm Lrabjdks ak` tbm gastmshgdmty. Pbm Lrabjdks arm kh wbmrm dk tbm pdgturm. Dk jadktadkdkn dts

vdtac `dstakgm irhj tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty, tbm Wdeb

Vaktb, ghktdkum` th iukgtdhk, hk tbm wbhcm, hutsd`m tbm hrldt hi tbmgastm systmj.

Pbm dkstdtutdhk hiCaknar(ghjjukdty edtgbmk) was akhtbmriagthr tbat empt acdvm, at tbmVaktbdg cmvmc,tbm aktd- gastm bmrdtanm hi tbmmarcdmr pmrdh`. Ph wbat mxtmkt, dk wbdgb smgtdhks, ak` at wbat cmvmcs hi tbm Wdeb phpucatdhk, tbm ghjjmksac rmstrdgtdhks hi tbm gastm shgdmty

wmrm rmtadkm` ds kht qudtm gcmar. Ihrstmr (1>12) ak` Jacghbj (121<)

bavm hlsmrvm` tbat tbm Wdebs rmtadkm` shjm Bdkù ghjjmksacprmou`dgms. As anadkst dt, wm bavm tbm mxpcdgdt statmjmkts hi NbucajBussadk Ebak ak` tbm autbhr hi Baqdqat (lhtb dk 1>27), acrma`y rmimrrm` th, tbat tbm Wdebs `h kht –lmtray aky hi tbhsm sgrupcms ak`prmou`dgms sh `mmpcy rhhtm` dk tbm Bdkù jdk`‚,7<< ak` tbat tbmy matthnmtbmr wdtb prhsmcytms irhj wbatmvmr gastm bm jdnbt ghjm, ak` –Khw tbds ds tbmdr gusthj. –7<7 Pbmrm ds kh hult tbat tbm dkstdtutdhk hi Caknar,

wbmrm pmhpcm irhj acc gastms `dkm thnmtbmr wdtbhut `dsgrdjdkatdhk, was startm` ly Nuru Kakae bdjsmci ak` bas



70<

sdkgm tbmk mvmr ghktdkum` wdtbhut aky gbaknm dk dts ghkstdtutdhk.Jacghbj tmstdidms th dt dk`drmgtcy wbmk bm wrdtms tbat uphk partdgucarhggasdhks, sugb as Nuru-jat, tbm Wdebs –wmrm hlcdnm` ly tbmdr tmkmts

ak` dkstdtutdhks th mat prhjdsghuscy.‚7<0 Jhrmvmr, tbds phsdtdhk gak lmmasdcy vmrdidm`, as buk`rm`s hi pmhpcm partaem ihh` `adcy, wdtbhut aky `dsgrdjdkatdhk wbatshmvmr, dk tbmCaknarsattagbm` th tbm prdkgdpacNur`waras ak` tbhusak`s hi tbmj `h sh wbmk tbmrm arm carnm Wdebnatbmrdkns gaccm` Ohrjmccas hr @mwaks. Dk iagt, tbm dkstdtutdhk hi Caknar

was grmatm` ihr cmvmccdkn acc edk`s hi `dstdkgtdhks. Ph tbm prmsmkt `ay,tbm whjmk ak` gbdc`rmk mat idrst ak` arm smrvm` ly tbm jmk as a syjlhc

hi bujdcdty.‚7<=

Pbm sdnkdidgakgm hi partaedkn ihh`, mvmk tbhunb hggasdhkaccy,dk tbmCaknar, dk wbdgb pmhpcm `rawk irhj acc gastms, dkgcu`dkn tbmhutgastms, ohdk, gak hkcy lm nraspm` di dt ds vdmwm` anadkst tbmlagenrhuk` hi tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` tbm usanms hi tbm gastm shgdmty.Dk Butthk—s hpdkdhk, talhh hk ihh` –ds prhlalcy tbm emysthkm hi tbm

wbhcm systmj.‚7<9 –Wtraknmr—s sba`hw, hr mvmk tbm ncakgm hi a jak hi

chw gastm, iaccdkn hk tbm ghhedkn pht jay kmgmssdtatm tbrhwdkn away tbm ghktmkts.‚7<> Ihh` bas th lm ghhem` –wdtb tbm prmgautdhks hi jandg gmrmjhky‚, 7<2 ihr –tbm matdkn hi nradk, ghhem` wdtb watmr, ds hi tbm katurm hi a sagrajmkt.‚7<4 –Di tbm jmjlmr hi a chw gastm jmrmcy chhes at tbm jmac hi a Lrabjdk, dt rdtuaccy `midcms bdj. –776 Dt –ds hkm hi tbm ghkstdtutdvm prdkgdpcms hi tbm gastms tbat tbmrm sbhuc` lm atcmastrdtuaccy dkvdhcalcm larrdmrs anadkst ghjpcmtm ghjjmksacdsj ajhkn

`diimrmkt gastms. –771

Hi tbm hiimkgms hi wbdgb a gastm Vakgbayat thhe ghnkdzakgm, tbm –hiimkgms anadkst tbm ghjjmksac talhhs, wbdgbprmvmkt jmjlmrs hi tbm gastm irhj matdkn, `rdkedkn hr sjhedkn wdtbjmjlmrs hi akhtbmr gastm, hr atcmast hi htbmr gastms rmnar`m` ly tbmprhbdldtdkn gastm as chwmr dk shgdac status tbak tbmjsmcvms, armuk`hultm`cy tbm jhst djphrtakt5 ihr tbm traksnrmssdhk ly hkm jmjlmrhi tbm gastm di ukekhwk ak` ukpukdsbm` jay aiimgt tbm wbhcm gastm

wdtb phccutdhk tbrhunb bds



707

ghjjmksacdty wdtb tbm rmst.‚77< Pbm Waktbacs, a vmry chw gastm dk Lmknac,bavm lmmk ekhwk th `dm hi buknmr dk tdjms hi iajdkm ratbmr tbakthugb ihh` prmparm` mvmk ly Lrabjdks.777 –A smparatm chwmr gastm (tbm

Eaccars) bas ardsmk dk Lmknac ajhkn pmhpcm wbh ba` dkiragtm` tbmrdtuac ak` `dmtary caws ùrdkn tbm iajdkm hi 1299, ak` dk ghksmqumkgmlmmk mxghjjukdgatm`. –770 –At tbm tdjm hi tbm iajdkm, tbm strdgt gastms

wmrm kht satdsidm` wdtb tbm phssdldcdty hi gcmaksdkn jandgac `midcmjmktly rdtuac pmkakgm. Tmt uk`mr tbrmat hi mxghjjukdgatdkn tbmpartdgdpakts,………tbmy ja`m gmrtadk tbat hitmk a shrt hi syjlhcdggbajlrm smparmm was grmatm` ihr magb gastm ly jmaks hi gbace cdkms

`rawk arhuk` tbm talcms ak` sdjdcar `mvdgms.‚77=

Kmm`cmss th say tbat, dk tbm Caknar, pmhpcm irhj acc gastms, dkgcu`dkn tbm Jazbald Wdebs, gak, ak` `h, taem part dk prmpardkn tbm ihh`, ak`khlh`y lhtbmrs as th bhw tbm ihh` ds ghhem` ak` wbh smrvms dt. Khr dstbmrm tbm cmast khtdhk hi lmdkn `midcm` ly matdkn dk a rhw wdtb htbmrs.

Pbm qumstdhk hi sugb `midcmjmkt lmdkn garrdm` th htbmrs, hr gcmaksdkn dt ly rdtuac pmkakgm, tbmrmihrm, `hms kht ardsm.

Dk tbm phcdtdgac idmc`, wbmk tbm Wdebs rmnadkm` tbmdr katdhkacghksgdhuskmss, W. Ebarae Wdknb (irhj ak Abcuwacda iajdcy) was gaccm`tbm ‒ukgrhwkm` edkn—(lmta) la`sbab)hi tbm Wdebs ùrdkn tbm Aeacdjhvmjmkt5 ak` ‒jastmr— Para Wdknb (irhj a Ebatrd iajdcy) rmjadkm`tbm cma`mr hi tbm Aeacd party tdcc bds matb. Pbmsm iagts, achkn wdtb tbmcarnm sgacm ghkvmrsdhks th Wdeb rakes irhj tbm chwmr gastms ak` tbmghktdkum` iukgtdhkdkn hi tbm dkstdtutdhk hiNuru Ea Caknar,sbhw tbat

tbm accmndakgm ak` a`bmrmkgm th tbm Wdeb d`macs at tbm Vaktbdg cmvmc was kht qumstdhkm` mdtbmr dk tbmhry hr dk pragtdgm.

<. OAP WDEBW YDW-A- YDWEBAP\D WDEBW, A\H\A WDEBW AK@ \AJNA\BDA WDEBW

Pbm kujlmr hi Ebacsa numrdccas was at hkm stanm rmùgm` th alhut<,666 pmrshks,779 ak` Ebusbwaqt \ad (1211) mstdjatm` tbm kujlmr hi

tbm Ebacsa th lm alhut <,66,666.77>



700

Dk tbm 1221 gmksus tbmrm wmrm 11,<9,291 Oat Wdebs, <,97,0>4 ParebakWdebs, 7>,41> Arhra Wdebs, ak` 7=,=<1 Ebatrd Wdebs.772 Catmr, tbm\ajnarbda Wdebs wmrm `mjargatm` irhj tbm Parebak Wdebs ly tbm

gmksus autbhrdtdms, ak` dk 14<1 tbmrm wmrm 92,666 \ajnarbda Wdebs asanadkst 1,06,666 Parebak Wdebs.774 Dk tbm sajm gmksus, tbm kujlmr hi

Arhra Wdebs rhsm th 1,12,666 ak` tbat hi tbm Ebatrd Wdebs th 97,666.706

Lmtwmmk 1221 ak` 1471, tbm thtac kujlmr hi Wdebs dkgrmasm` ihrj12,=7,0<9 th 07,7=,>>1.701

Pbmsm idnurms sbhw tbat a nrmat aggmssdhk hi kujmrdgac strmkntbth tbm Wdeb rakes thhe pcagm ùrdkn tbm pmrdh`s hi tbm Jdssacs, \akodt

Wdknb ak` tbm Lrdtdsb rucm. Dt ds kht surprdsdkn, tbmrmihrm, rakes d` khtsbm` hii acc hi tbm prmou`dgms ak` prhgcdvdtdms dkbmrdtm` irhj tbm gastmd`mhchny ak` tbm gastm shgdmty. Jhrmvmr, tbmrm was a tmk`mkgy hk tbmpart hi shjm sul-gastms ak` trdlms wdtbdk gmrtadk armas, th gbaknmrmcdndhkmk lchg.Dt bappmkm` acsh dk tbm gasm hi ghkvmrsdhks th Dscaj.

Pbds prhgmss bmcpm` th rmtadk, th ak mxtmkt, tbm. shgdac `dstdkgtdvmkmssak` shjm hc` pattmrks hi shgdac lmbavdhur hi sugb nrhups wdtbdk tbm

kmwcy a`hptm` rmcdndhus shgdmtdms. ^bat wm idk`, bhwmvmr, ds tbat tbm Oat Wdebs, Ebatrd Wdebs, Arhra Wdebs ak` \ajnarbda Wdebs `mspdtm tbm-alhvm jmktdhkm` cdjdtatdhks, d` kht ghkstdtutm, dk tbmdr rmcatdhks wdtbhkm akhtbmr, mdtbmr a Lrabjakdgac gastm hr a bdmrargby, jugb cmss agastm bdmrargby. Dt bas th lm ja`m gcmar tbat wm `h kht mky tbat tbhsmmcmjmkts, wbh ohdkm` tbm Wdeb shgdmty irhj tbm Bdkù rakes dk carnmkujlmrs ùrdkn tbm phst-Ebacsa pmrdh`, `d` rmtadk dk varydkn `mnrmms

tbmdr bmrdtanm hi gastm smktdjmkts, prmou`dgms ak` gusthjs. ^bat wmarm adjdkn at ds th lrdkn hut tbat hkm hi tbm castdkn agbdmvmjmkts hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was tbat dt gut hii tbm Wdeb Vaktb irhj tbm gastmsystmj ak` dts shgdmty, ak` tbm prhsmcytms, `mspdtm tbmdr bmrdtanm, `d`kht rmvmrt th tbat systmj hr shgdmty. Ihr jaedkn tbds `dstdkgtdhk gcmar,dt ds kmgmssary th emmp dk vdmw tbm `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm jmakdkn hi tbm tmrj gastm dk tbm hr`dkary smksm (wbmk appcdm` dk`dsgrdjdkatmcy

wbmrm tbmrm arm larrdmrs hk



70=

dktmrjarrdanms lmtwmmk jutuaccy mxgcusdvm nrhups, wbdgb ardsm irhj a vardmty hi prmou`dgms mvmk dk shgdmtdms wbdgb arm irmm irhj tbm Dk`daktypm hi gastm) ak` tbm tmrj jmakdkn gastm dk tbm Lrabjakdgac smksm.70<

^m bavm smmk tbat tbm Wdeb Oats, wbhsm lrmtbrmk dk tbm Bdk`u shgdmty wmrm assdnkm` a shgdac phsdtdhk hk tbm lhr`mrcdkm hi Yadsyas ak` Wu`ras,lmgajm, as a ghksmqumkgm hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, tbm rucmrs hi tbmcak` ak` rmnar`m` tbmjsmcvms as supmrdhr th tbm \aoputs, Mtbdkm E.Jarmkgh, wbh dk bmr lhhe—Pbm Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdeb Whgdmty—bas ndvmka wmactb hi shgdhchndgac ata alhut tbm Wdeb shgdmty dk tbm 14tb gmktury ak` tbm <6tb gmktury upth 140>, nhms sh iar th say tbat tbmrm was

rmsbuiicdkn hi tbm gastm bdmrargby ajhkn tbm Wdebs, wbmrm tbm Oat Wdebsgajm at tbm thp ak` lmgajm tbm phdkt hi rmimrmkgm ihr htbmr Wdebgastms.707 Pbds dkimrmkgm ds kmdtbmr agguratm, khr ds dt appcdgalcm th tbmWdeb shgdmty as a wbhcm.

^m rmimrrm` th Jax ^mlmr—s hpdkdhk tbat –dt ds hkm hi tbm ghkstdtutdvmprdkgdpcms hi tbm gastms tbat tbmrm sbhuc` lm atcmast rdtuaccy dkvdhcalcmlarrdmrs anadkst ghjpcmtm ghjjmksacdsj ajhkn `diimrmkt gastms‚,700

ak` th Butthk—s vdmw tbat –Gastm mk`hnajy ds jhrm hr cmss dkgd`mktacth tbm talhh hk taedkn ihh` ak` tbds talhh ds prhlalcy tbm emysthkm hi tbm wbhcm systmj.‚70=

^m bavm smmk CV. Wdknb—s idk`dkns tbat –acc Wdeb Oatds mxgmptdkn tbmJazbalds, dktmr`dkm‚, ak` Jhrmkgh—s hwk appradsac `hms kht `diimrjatmrdaccy irhj tbat hi Wdknb—s. Atcmast, agghr`dkn th bmr, ghjjmksaclarrdmrs ajhkn Wdebs, mxgmptdkn tbm Jazbalds, arm kht as dkvdhcalcm as

tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj whuc` dksdst tbmj th lm. Dk vdmw hi tbds, tbm Oat Wdebs, Ebatrd Wdebs, Arhra Wdebs, \ajnarbda Wdebs, dk iagt acc Wdebs wbh dktmr`dkm, gakkht lm rmnar`m` as gastms dk tbm Lrabjakdgac smksm. Pbm prhlcmj hi dktmr-jarrdanm lmtwmmk Oat Wdebs, Ebatrd Wdebs, ArhraWdebs ak` \ajnarbda Wdebs, ds lasdgaccy kht diimrmkt. Dk tbm idrst pcagm,tbmrm arm kh –statdstdgs ihr dktmr gastm jarrdanms hi tbm Wdebs ihr diimrmktpmrdh`s.‚709 Jarmkgh



709

bas acsh ndvmk twh dkstakgms, hi ]àsds ak` Emsb @bard Wdebs. –Dkjaky gasms tbm Oat Wdebs dktmkkarrdm` wdtb ]àsds… Pbm cast phdkt dshi partdgucar dktmrmst. Wdkgm tbm ]àsds dkgcu`m` Ebatrds hi tbm Lm`d

smgtdhk, as wmcc as jmjlmrs hi htbmr gastms, tbds jmaks tbat tbm OatWdebs wmrm jarrydkn hutsd`m tbm Oat Wdeb gastm dk 1461. Palhhs anadkstjarrdanm wdtb htbmr gastms wmrm nmkmraccy wmaemr ajhkn tbm Oat Wdebstbak ajhkn tbm Bdkùs.‚ 70> Anadk, –Dt wdcc lm rmjmjlmrm` tbat tbmrm

was a bypmrnhjhus rmcatdhk lmtwmmk Emsb @bard Wdebs, nmkmraccy ghkvmrts irhj tbm Oat hr chwmr Bdkù ak` Juscdj gastms, ak` tbm Wabao@bard Wdebs, nmkmraccy Ebatrd ak` Arhra Wdebs. Pbm hrtbh`hx Emsb

@bard Wdebs thhe wdvms irhj tbm Wabao @bard Wdebs, lut whuc` khtndvm tbmj tbmdr àunbtmrs… A Oat Wdeb, smmedkn a buslak` ihr bdsàunbtmr, chhem` ihr a jmjlmr hi a Emsb @bard nrhup, as a shk-dk-caw.

Pbat shk-dk-caw jdnbt lm hi tbm Oat Wdeb gastm hr kht, sdkgm tbm OatWdebs wmrm ekhwk th jarry hutsd`m tbmdr gastm jhrm rma`dcy tbak OatBdkùs.‚ 702

Wmghk`cy, actbhunb dt ds djphrtakt th khtm tbm kujlmr hi dktmrjarrdanms

tbat taem pcagm ajhkn tbmsm nrhups, wbat ds mvmk jhrm sdnkdidgakt ds wbmtbmr tbmrm arm aky Lrabjakdgac talhhs dk tbds rmspmgt ajhkn tbmj.–Ajhkn gcassms wbh jarry tbmjsmcvms, jarrdanm hutsd`m tbm gcass dsprmvmktm` ly smktdjmkt ak` kht ly bar` ak` iast rucms. Jarrdanm hutsd`mtbm gcass dk Murhpm jdnbt lm rarm ak` dkvacd`, lut dk Dk`da, di dt dsghktragtm` hutsd`m tbm gastm, dt ds a sagrdcmnm.‚704 Kht hkcy dt was asagrdcmnm, dt was vdsdtm` ly smvmrm pmkactdms. A carnm kujlmr hi chwmr

gastms wmrm ihrjm` hk agghukt hi pmrshks hi bdnbmr gastms jarrydkn dkth chwmr gastms. Lmihrm calmccdkn, hk ghkkuldac nrhuk`s, Oat Wdebs,Ebatrd Wdebs, Arhra Wdebs ak` \ajnarbda Wdebs as Lrabjakdgac gastms,dt ds kmgmssary th mstalcdsb tbat, dktmkkarrdanms lmtwmmk tbmj armdkbdldtm` kht jmrmcy ly ak hc` lut ydkn prmou`dgm tbat tbmy garry achkn

wdtb tbmj irhj tbmdr gastm bmrdtanm, lut ly tbm bar` ak` iast rucms hi tbm gastm shgdmty, agghr`dkn th wbdgb –jmjlmrs hi `diimrmkt gastms

just jarry hkcy wdtbdk tbmdr gastms. Dk tbm gastm



70>

shgdmty, tbm dkirdknmjmkt hi ghkkuldac rucms dkvhcvms smvmrm sakgtdhk. Pbm qumstdhk hi sugb ghccmgtdvm pukdsbjmkt ly tbm Wdebs `hms khtardsm as dt ds anadkst tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk.

Bhw tbm Oat Wdebs, ,Ebatrd Wdebs, ak` Arhra Wdebs ghkstdtutm abdmrargby/ds kht uk`mrsthh` ly us, lmgausm a bdmrargby prm-supphsms`mjargatdhk hi bdnbmr ak` chwmr nra`ms, ak` acsh shjm `mnrmm hi iDxatdhk hi tbmdr rmcatdvm phsdtdhks mdtbmr ly tbmdr hwk vhcuktary aggmptakgm hr ùm th hutsd`m prmssurm. As a ghksmqumkgm hi tbm Wdebrmvhcutdhk, tbm Oat Wdebs `h kht rmghnkdzm shgdaccy akylh`y as tbmdrsupmrdhrs57=6 ak` –tbm Ebatrd Wdebs `d` kht bavm tbm mcmvatm` status hi

tbm Oat Wdebs dk tbm Wdeb gastm bdmrargby.‚7=1 Hk tbm htbmr bak`, –EbatrdWdebs prhlalcy ghksd`mrm` tbmjsmcvms alhvm tbm Oat Wdebs dk status‚,7=<

ak` –Hkm gakkht dnkhrm, hi ghursm, tbm immcdkn hi supmrdhrdty tbat tbmEbatrd Wdebs imct thwar`s tbm Oat Wdebs –7=7 Pbmrm ds apparmktghktra`dgtdhk dk tbmsm statmjmkts. Pbds para`hx ds rmshcvm` di hkm iagmstbm rmacdty tbat khkm hi tbm twh nrhups rmnar`m` dtsmci as dkimrdhr thtbm htbmr-tbm Oat Wdeb lmgausm hi bds kmw phsdtdhk ak` tbm Ebatrd Wdeb

lmgausm hi bds wmactb, mùgatdhk ak` tbm ghksgdhuskmss tbat tbm Oatba` hkgm lmmk bds dkimrdhr dk tbm Dk`dak gastm bdmrargby. ^m lragemttbm Wdeb Arhras wdtb Wdeb Ebatrds dk tbds rmspmgt, as tbmy gcadj Ebatrdhrdndk ak` arm jhrm hr cmss sdjdcarcy pcagm`. Pbmrm was kh hutsd`mprmssurm mdtbmr th idx tbm Ebatrd ak` Arhra Wdebs dkth a chwmr phsdtdhk.

^dtb tbm `mvmchpjmkt hi jh`mj mghkhjy, dt ds tbm ghjjmrgdac akàrtdsak gastms wbdgb jhvm` th tbm thwks ak` gdtdms dk carnm kujlmrs.7=0

Pbm pmasaktry, ly ak` carnm, ghktdkum` th stdge th tbmdr cak`. Pbm rmsuct was tbat Oat Wdebs wmrm sparsmcy `dspmrsm` dk tbm urlak armas, wbmrmtbm Ebatrd ak` Arhra Wdebs wmrm carnmcy chgatm`, ak` tbm Wdeb Oats

wmrm kht kujmrdgaccy dk a phsdtdhk th prmssurdzm tbm Ebatrd hr ArhraWdebs. Acsh, dk a jhkmy mghkhjy, dt ds wmactb wbdgb jattmrs ak` tbds

was, as ghjparm` th tbm Oat Wdebs, jhrm dk tbm bak`s hi Ebatrd ak` Arhra Wdebs.7== Pbmrm arm, tbmrmihrm, kh nrhuk`s ihr dkimrrdkn tbat tbm

Oat Wdebs, Ebatrd Wdebs ak` Arhra Wdebs ghkstdtutm`



7=6

sbhws tbat tbmrm was a gcmar a`vaktanm dk `hdkn sh. Gbdjla Wdebs, Obdkwar Wdebs ak` Calaka Wdebs (acc irhj mxtmrdhr gastms) ba`bypmrnajhus rmcatdhks wdtb tbmdr Bdkù ghuktmrparts.791 Butthk phdkts

th tbm chw phsdtdhk hi tbm @bhlds ak` Gbdjlas wbh wasbm` gchtbms.79<

Pbm iagt tbat a wasbmrjak—s pursudt lrdkns bdj dkth ghktagt wdtbjmkstruaccy phccutm` gchtbms, ds mkhunb th jaem bdj ak hutgastm khcmss tbak tbm sgavmknmr wbh rmjhvms kdnbt shdc hr `ma` lh`dms.797 PbmWdeb Gbdjlas arm kht at acc trmatm` as hutgastms. Dk akhtbmr djphrtaktidmc`, tbm Wdebs irhj artdsak gastms bavm gcmarcy djprhvm` tbmdr shgdacphsdtdhk dk tbm vdccanms, lmgausm acc tbm Wdeb Oatds dk tbm vdccanm, mxgmp

tbm Jazbalds, dktmr`dkm.790 Wmghk`cy, tbm Wdeb Oats bavm bypmrnajhusrmcatdhks wdtb tbm chwmr gastms hi tbm vdccanms.79= Pbmsm arm twh lasdg`mparturms irhj tbm twh ‒Ghkstdtutdvm prdkgdpcms— hi tbm Dk`dak gastmsystmj. Acsh, tbmsm Wdebs sbarm alshcutm rmcdndhus mquacdty wdtb tbm OatWdebs, wbmtbmr dk tbm vdccanm hr hutsd`m dt. Pbmsm iagts arm mkhunb thsbhw tbat tbm Wdebs irhj artdsak ak` jmkdac gastms bavm kht tbat mnrmmhi shgdac stdnja attagbm` th tbmj as tbmdr ghuktmrparts bavm dk tbm

gastm shgdmty. Bhwmvmr, tbm iagt rmjadks tbat tbm Wdebs, irhj artdsakak` jmkdac gastms, sh chkn tbmy rmjadk dk tbm vdccanm, `h bavm shjmshgdac dkimrdhrdty cmit as a baknhvmr irhj tbmdr bmrdtanm hi tbm gastmshgdmty. Lut, tbmrm ds kh `hult tbat tbm Wdebs irhj artdsak ak` jmkdacgastms bavm travmccm` a chkn `dstakgm away irhj tbm ghrrmsphk`dkn shgdac phsdtdhk hi tbmdr ghuktmrparts dk tbm Dk`dak Gastm bdmrargby,

wbmrm tbmy arm rmnar`m` ak` trmatm` as Wu`ras wdtb acc tbm wmcc-ekhwk

rmcdndhus ak` shgdac attmkàkt bujdcdatdhks, `dsgrdjdkatdhks ak``dsaldcdtdms.

Pbm rmac thunb prhlcmj, lhtb dk dts `djmksdhks ak` quacdty, ds tbat hi Gbajar Wdebs ak` Jazbald Wdebs. Pbm Gbajar Wdebs ak` JazbaldWdebs ghkstdtutm qudtm a ldn smnjmkt hi tbm phpucatdhk dk tbm Wdeb

vdccanms ak` dk tbm vdccanm nraàtdhk tbmy arm at tbm chwmst cmvmc. Lut,tbmrm ds tbm stdnja hi phccutdhk dk tbm Lrabjakdgac smksm anadkst tbmj.

^m wdcc `dsguss jadkcy tbm gasm hi Jazbald Wdebs as



7=1

dt ghvmrs tbat hi Gbajar Wdebs acsh, wbh arm, dk iagt, a stmp bdnbmrtbak Jazbald Wdebs agghr`dkn th tbm Larbjakdgac Gastm bdmrargby.

^m anadk rmimr th D.V. Wdknb (14=4,91). Agghr`dkn th bdj, tbhunb

Jazbalds (Wdeb ghkvmrts irhj Gbubras wbh arm tbm hut-gastms parmxgmccmkgm hi tbm Vukoal) cdvm dk a smparatm bajcmt ak` bavm a smparatm

wmcc, ‒ymt kh jdasja hi thugb phccutdhk ds attrdlutm` th tbmj.— Pbmy sdtajhkn htbmrs dk tbm tmjpcm. AccWdeboatds,mxgmptdkn tbm Jazbalds,dktmr`dkm. Hkm hi tbm nraktbds, tbm rmcdndhus iukgtdhkardms, hi tbm vdccanm@acmea ds a Jazbald ak` ds ndvmk tbm sajm rmspmgtm` phsdtdhk as dsndvmk th htbmr nraktbds dk tbm vdccanm. Pbhunb jarrdanm ds nmkmraccy

wdtbdk tbm Oatd, whjmk jay lm lrhunbt dk irhj chwmr oatds. Pbmy iagmcdttcm `dsa`vaktanm hk tbat agghukt ak` tbmdr gbdc`rmk suiimr khkm.Ghjpcmtm alhcdtdhk hi oatd dvdsdhk ajhkn Wdebs ds stdcc urnm` ly dtdkmraktprmagbmrs. Hk hkm sugb hggasdhk, a Jazbald rhsm th ase wbmtbmrakyhkm dk tbm au`dmkgm whuc` rmgmdvm bds `aunbtmrs dkth tbmdr iajdcdmsdk jarrdanm. –Vragtdgaccy mvmrylh`y dk tbm au`dmkgm, ghksdstdkn hi accgastms, radsm` bds bak`‚. Lut wbmk bm asem` wbh whuc` ndvm ndrcs dk

jarrdanm th bds shks, kh hkm vhcuktmmrm`.‚799

Cmt us smm tbm phdkts, hkm ly hkm, dk tbm hr`mr radsm` ly D.V. Wdknb. PbmJazbald Wdebs –cdvm dk a smparatm bajcmt ak` bavm a smparatm wmcc.‚

Pbds vdccanm ghkidnuratdhk ds dkbmrdtm` irhj tbm rmjhtm past ak` ghuc`kht ak` gakkht lm gbaknm` wdtbhut a jaohr rmsmttcmjmkt hi prhpmrty mvmk di tbm Jazbald Wdebs `h bavm mquac shgdac status dk tbm vdccanmghjjukdty.

–Kh jdasja hi thugb phccutdhk ds attrdlutm` th tbmj (JazbaldWdebs).‚79> Pbds ds a jaohr a`vakgm irhj tbm phsdtdhk hi tbmdrghuktmrparts dk tbm gastm shgdmty, wbmrm –purdidgatdhk ds strdgtcy spmaedkn kmgmssary as a rmsuct hi ghktagt wdtb gmrtadk chw gastms wbhsmtra`dtdhkac hggupatdhk, wbmtbmr agtuaccy ihcchwm` hr kht, hr wbhsmjh`m hi cdim pcagms tbmj hutsd`m tbm pacm hi Bdk`u shgdmty. Wugbgastms arm tbhsm ghjjhkcy sphemk hi as hutgastms hr

ukthugbalcms.‚792

Ajhkn tbmsm hutgastms, Butthk ghukts Gbajar,@bhlds, @hhjs ak` swmmpmr gastms. –Whjm gastms tbat arm tbmjsmcvms



7=<

chw, arm mspmgdaccy strdgt dk emmpdkn ukthugbalcms at a `dstakgm….Mcmvmk wdcc kht thugb a Lbaknd (swmmpmr), smvmktmmk wdcc kht thugb aGbajar…. sdxtmmk wdcc kht thugb a @bhld…‚794

–Pbmy (Jazbald Wdebs) sdt ajhkn htbmrs dk tbm tmjpcm—, wbdgb jmakstbmy arm agghr`m` rmcdndhus mquacdty. Pbds ds gmrtadkcy tbm gasm at tbmVaktbdg cmvmc, wbmrm shjm hi tbmj lmghjm rmcdndhus iukgtdhkardms dktbm bdsthrdg sbrdkms ghktrhccm` ly tbm Vaktb tbrhunb tbm W.N.V.G. Pbmphsdtdhk hi Jazbald Wdebs at tbm rmcdndhus ak` paktbdg cmvmcs dk tbdsjattmr ds thtaccy `diimrmkt irhj tbm hutgastms hltadkdkn dk tbm Bdkùshgdmty. Pbm Aeacd jhvmjmkt startm` wbmk tbm Wdebs ihrgm` tbm puoards

at tbm nhc`mk tmjpcm, Ajrdtsar, th aggmpt tbm prasa` (tbm sagrm` ihh`)hiimrm` ly tbm Jazbald Wdebs. Pbm wbhcm Vaktb lagem` tbds jhvmjmkt,ak` kh lh`y àrm gbaccmknm tbm rmcdndhus mquacdty agghr`m` th tbmJazbald Wdebs dk tbm nur`waras mvmr sdkgm tbmdr ghktrhc was taemkaway irhj dk`dvdùac Jabakts. Dk tbm gastm shgdmty, hk tbm htbmr bak`,tbm bhc` hi tbm gastm hrtbh`hxy ds jhst mktrmkgbm` at tbm bdnbmstrmcdndhus cmvmc. Butthk bas ndvmk a kujlmr hi dkstakgms hi wbdgb wm

ndvm hkm. Dk tmjpcms tbmrm arm (hr bavm lmmk) rmnucar sgacms hi dstakgmlmyhk` wbdgb gmrtadk gastms just rmjadk Kh Dravak hr Pdyak(hutgastms) just ghjm wdtbdk <<= it. hi tbm gurtadk wacc hi tbm tmjpcmhi Nurukayar dk Jacalar.‚ 7>6 Jabatja Nak`bd, wdtb acc bds prmstdnm,

was ukalcm th garry tbm Bdkù shgdmty wdtb bdj, ak` ba` th lm ghktmkt wdtb a`vdsdkn tbm mxtmrdhr gastms kht th attmjpt th nadk mktry th Bdkùtmjpcms as Nh` rmsd`m` dk tbmdr lrmasts.‚7>1 Wugb attmjpts th hltadk

mktry ly mxtmrdhr gastms agtuaccy cm` th ghjjukac vdhcmkgm lmtwmmktbm gastm Bdkùs ak` tbm hutgastms at smvmrac pcagms.7><

–Acc Wdeb Oatds, mxgmptdkn tbm Jazbalds, dktmr`dkm‚. Pbm jadkLrabjakdgac d`mhchndgac ghksd`mratdhk uk`mrcydkn alshcutm ghjjmksactalhhs anadkst tbm hutgastms ds tbm d`ma hi djpurdty supphsm` th lmdkbmrmkt dk tbmj, ak` tbm way



7=7

tbds supphsm` djpurdty ds djpartm` th htbmrs tbrhunb jmrm ghktagt wdtb tbmj hr tbrhunb partaedkn ihh` ak` `rdkes at tbmdr bak`s hr dktbmdr ghjpaky. Kht hkcy ds tbm d`ma hi phccutdhk ly thugb alsmkt, tbm

Wdeb Oats as anadkst Jazbald Wdebs, lut at tbm Caknars tbm Oats agtuaccy taem ihh` prmparm` ak` smrvm` ly Jazbalds5 ak` tbm qumstdhk hi aky stdnja hr pmkacty hk tbat agghukt `hms kht ardsm at acc lmgausm tbmWdeb sgrdpturms ak` Ebacsa tra`dtdhk irhwk uphk dt.D.V. Wdknb wrdtms tbat ajhkn Wdeb Oats tbmrm ds rma`dkmss th aggmptJazbald lrd`ms. 7>7 Pbds authjatdgaccy jmaks prmparm`kmss th lrmae lrd`m larrdmrs. Mvd`mktcy, tbm phsdtdhk hi Jazbald Wdebs ds `mgd`m`cy

lmttmr tbak tbat hi tbmdr ghuktmrparts dk tbm gastm shgdmty, wbmrm tbm‒hutgastms arm hutsd`m tbm pacm hi Bdkùdsj ak` arm kht a`jdttm` thtbm Bdkù shgdmty. –Pbds shgdac lar tmk`s th ihstmr ghkvmrsdhk th tbmWdeb iadtb, th Dscaj, hr th Gbrdstdakdty, tbhunb mvmk aitmr ghkvmrsdhktbm shgdac stdnja hms kht vakdsb at hkgm.‚7>0 –Lut dt ds kht ukghjjhkcy tbm gasm tbat tbm hpmk a`hptdhk hi a `midkdtm iadtb, tbm sulstdtutdhk hi Dscaj hr Wdebdsj ihr tbat baci-Bdkù baci-alhrdndkac rmcdndhk wbdgb

`dstdknudsbms jhst hi tbmsm hutgast gcassms, ds tbm idrst stmp ja`m dktbmdr upwar` strunncm.‚7>= Pbm \ajàsdas hr tbm Wdeb Gbajars –hggupy a jugb bdnbmr phsdtdhk tbak tbm Bdkù Gbajars.‚7>9 Dk tbm Earkac`dstrdgt tbm jmrm thugb hi a cmatbmr-jaemr, wasbmrjak, larlmr, `ymr,swmmpmr, `midcms ihh`.7>> Ihr tbm ]V. pmasakt, –Khtbdkn ds whrsm tbakth chsm yhur gastm, th mat wdtb a swmmpmr hr th thugb ak djpurmpmrshk.‚7>2 Pbm whremrs dk cmatbmr –arm chhem` uphk dk `mtmstatdhk ly

hrtbh`hx Bdkùs ak` tbm swmmpmrs arm –rmnar`m` as tbm vmry `rmns hi djpurdty.‚ 7>4 Jarmkgh phdkts hut tbat tbm Gbajar ak` Gbubra Wdebsba` jhrm cdtmratms tbak tbm Gbajar hr Gbubra Bdkùs,726 ak` ajhkn –Gbubras hi tbm tbrmm jaohr rmcdndhks, tbm Gbubra Wdebs wmrm jhrmirmqumkt dk `rhppdkn tbmdr tra`dtdhkac hggupatdhk tbak tbm GbubraJuscdjs hr tbm Gbubra Bdkùs. Pbm Gbubra Wdebs acsh ba` carnmrkujlmrs hi pmhpcm turkdkn th anrdgucturm.‚721 Wbm asgrdlms tbds mcmvatdhk

hi tbm shgdac status hi tbm Jazbald Wdebs partcy th



7=0

Lrdtdsb patrhkanm dk mkcdstdkn tbmj dk tbm arjy. ^bat sbm `hms khttaem khtm hi ds tbat tbm Lrdtdsb ihcchwm` tbm prmgm`mkt smt ly \akodtWdknb, ihr wbhj tbm `hhr ihr rmgrudtdkn Jazbald Wdebs dk bds arjy

was hpmkm` ly tbm tra`dtdhk hi tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkary strunncm dk wbdgbtbm \aknrmttas ba` taemk part as ghjra`ms dk arjs wdtb tbmdr htbmrWdeb lrmtbrmk. Wmghk`cy, tbm kujlmr hi Gbajar Wdebs, wbh ohdkm` tbmWdeb shgdmty dk carnmr kujlmrs tbak Jazbald Wdebs,72< ak` wbhsm shgdacstatus was acsh radsm` hk lmghjdkn Wdebs, dk tbm djpmrdac Arjy (1141)

was hkcy twmkty ihur.

0. V\HN\MWW JMAW]\M@ DK \MCAPDYM PM\JW Bujak prhnrmss ds acways schw ak` kmvmr cdkmar. Dt gakkht, tbmrmihrm,lm jmasurm` ly alshcutm stakàr`s, ak` sbhuc` lm assmssm` dkghjparatdvm tmrjs.

^m bar`cy kmm` th rmgacc bhw tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhk traksihrjm` tbmWu`ra Oat th a Wdeb Oat wbh rmnar`m` bds status as bdnbmr tbak tbat hi tbm \aoput. –Pbm phsdtdhk hi tbm Oats dk tbm Bdkù bdmrargby vardm`

irhj tbmdr phsdtdhk dk tbm Wdeb bdmrargby*. ^dtbdk tbm irajmwhre hi tbm Bdkù gastm bdmrargby, tbm Oat Wdebs whuc` lm ghksd`mrm` achkn

wdtb Oat Bdkùs, as lmchkndkn th tbm tra`dtdhkac gcassdidgatdhk hi Wu`ra. ^dtbdk tbm Wdeb gastm bdmrargby, * tbm Oat Wdebs wmrm at tbm thp hi tbmca``mr.‚727

–Dktmrjarrdanm lmtwmmk nrhups hi Wdebs `mrdvm` irhj Bdkù gastms was ghksd`mrm` th lm jugb irmmr tbak dk tbm gasm hi Juscdj nrhups

ghkvmrtm` irhj Bdkù gastms, ak` hi ghursm, kmdtbmr nrhup iuccy hlsmrvmtbm Bdkù rucms rmnar`dkn dktmrgastm jarrdanm.720

Pbm Oat Wdebs wmrm ekhwk th jarry hutsd`m tbmdr gastm jhrm rma`dcy tbak Oat Bdkùs.72=

–Ajhkn tbm Oat Wdebs… tbmrm was kh lar th jarrdanm wdtb whjmk hi chwmr gastms, \hsm dkihrjs us, ak` tbm shks whuc` suggmm` mquaccy.729

As anadkst dt, tbm Bdkùs Oats hi tbm Jmmrut @dvdsdhk avhd`

bypmrnajhus rmcatdhks wdtb chwmr



7==

gastms. Di tbm gastm hi whjmk ds ekhwk th lm chw, tbds iagt ds emptsmgrmt. Dk tbm Lrabjakdgac systmj, bypmrnajy cma`s th a chwmrdkn hi tbm shgdac status hi tbm hii-sprdkn, ak` tbm shks hi Oats irhj ‒jhc-Daka

jarrdanms— dk tbm Jmmrut `dvdsdhk arm rmnar`m` chwmr tbak tbm shks hi rmnucar jarrdanms.72>

Pbm Oat Wdebs `h kht bavm a rdnd` systmj hi bypmrnajy dk rmnar` thtbmdr mxhnajhus nrhups, tbm Oat Bdkùs bavm.722

Ly a`hptdkn tbm hutwar` syjlhcs hi Nhldk` Wdknb, –tbm chwmr gastmghkvmrts attmjptm` th avhd` tbm dsaldcdtdms hi tbmdr hrdndkac gastm nrhupsak` th jhvm upwar`, tbrhunb ghrphratm gastm jhldcdty. 724

Pbm Parebak Wdebs jay lm sad` th bavm ja`m tbm nrmatmst strd`ms abmaàs ghjparm` th tbm Parebak Juscdjs hr Parebak Bdkùs, 746 ak` tbm

Parebak Wdebs ak` Eacac Wdebs, ghjparm` th Parebak ak` Eacac Bdkùsak` Juscdjs, wmrm nmkmraccy tbm jhst cdtmratm.741 Hk tbm htbmr bak`, dktbm gastm shgdmty, tbmrm was a tmk`mkgy th jhvm lagewar`s. –Pdcc qudtmcatmcy Oats ak` tbm cdem whuc` sjhem wdtb bdj (Parebak) tbhunb catmcy tbmy lmnak th `dsghktdkum tbm gusthj.74<

–Pbm Gbubra Bdkùs hggupdm` tbm chwmst pcagm dk tbm shgdac sgacm. Bm was avhd`m` ly acc ak` bds thugb was ghksd`mrm` as phccutdhk. ^bmkghkvmrtm` th Wdebdsj, bm was stdcc a vdccanm jmkdac, lut bm was khchknmr tbm rmjhvmr hi kdnbt shdc. Ly taedkn tbmVabuc, wmardkn bds badrchkn ak` alstadkdkn irhj talaggh, tbm Gbubra ghkvmrt jdnbt gbaknmbds stak`dkn dk tbm bdmrargby.‚747

–Ly gbakndkn tbmdr kajm th \ajàsdas, tbm Gbajar Wdebs ghuc` actmr

phsdtdhk dk tbm Wdeb gastm bdmrargby, lmghjdkn Wdebs ak` rmiusdkn thjarry hr dktmr`dkm wdtb Gbajar Bdkùs.740

–^bdcm tbm Wdebs wmrm lmghjdkn cdtmratm, tbmdr whjmk wmrm lmghjdkn partdgucarcy sh. Pbds was dk agghràkgm wdtb tbm nmkmraccy bdnbmr phsdtdhkhi Wdeb whjmk, ghjparm` th tbmdr phsdtdhk dk Bdkù hr Juscdjshgdmty.‚74=



7=9

WMGPDHK Y

GHKGC]WDHK

Pbm agbdmvmjmkts hi a jhvmjmkt arm kht iuccy apprmgdatmùkcmss tbm gdrgujstakgms ak` cdjdtatdhks uk`mr wbdgb dt whrem`, armtaemk dkth agghukt. Pbm prhnrmss agghjpcdsbm` ds nrmatmr di tbm napghvmrm` jhvms irhj a jdkus `mnrmm th >= `mnrmms, ratbmr tbat di dtjhvms irhj 96 `mnrmms th 26 `mnrmms. Pbm agbdmvmjmkts hi tbm Wdebjhvmjmkt sbhuc` lm ou`nm` dk tbm ghktmxt hi tbm Dk`dak Gastm systmjak` kht dk tbat hi tbm shgdmtdms irmm irhj tbat tadkt. Kh htbmr Dk`dak

jhvmjmkt mkalcm` tbm Wu`ra Oat th rmnar` bds status as bdnbmr tbaktbat hi tbm \aoput? radsm` Oats, garpmktmrs ak` Eacacs th lm tbm rucmrshi tbm cak`5 ak` ja`m tbm Ebatrda, Arhras, Oats, artdsaks, vdccanm jmkdacsak` hutgastms (swmmpmrs ak` Gbajars)‐tbm chwmst hi chw dk Dk`dakmstdjatdhk ihrnmt tbmdr gastm ldasms ak` jmrnm dkth a nmkudkmlrhtbmrbhh` hk mquac tmrjs.

Pbm nrmatmst shgdac agbdmvmjmkt hi tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhk ds tbat dt smvmrm`

ghkkmgtdhk hi tbm Wdeb Vaktb wdtb tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj. ^bat wmbavm attmjptm` th sbhw ds tbat tbmrm ds kh gastm bmdrargby mdtbmr at tbmVaktbdg cmvmc, hr lmtwmmk Oat Wdebs, Ebatrd Wdebs, Arhra Wdebs ak`\ajnarbda Wdebs. Pbm nraàtdhk dk tbm Wdeb vdccanms cages acc tbm jadktbrmm imaturms hi tbm Dk`dak gastm systmj. Dt ds kht nhvmrkm` ly tbmgastm d`mhchny. Mvmk dk tbm vdccanm, Wdebs `h ghkgm`m, tbhunbnru`ndkncy, tbat acc Wdebs arm lrhtbmrs,749 ak` agghr` a Jazbald Nraktbd

(rmcdndhus prmagbmr) as jugb rmspmgt as a Nraktbd irhj aky htbmr nrhup.74>

Wmghk`cy, tbmrm ds kh Lrabjdk gastm, wbdgb ds dk`dspmksalcm th tbmDk`dak gastm systmj, as dts iukgtdhkac ak` jakdpucatdvm iucgruj. Pbdr`cy,tbmrm arm kh Oat pakgbayats, as `dstdkgt irhj vdccanm Vakgbayats, dk tbmWdeb vdccanms th mkihrgm sakgtdhks anadkst tbm lrmagb hi gastm khrjsak` pragtdgms. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbm nraàtdhk dk tbm Wdeb vdccanm ds irmmirhj tbm rdtuac, d`mhchndgac ak` hpmratdvm ghjpucsdhks hi tbm Dk`dak

gastm systmj. Pbds agghukts, dk kh sjacc jmasurm, ihr tbm lmttmr



7=>

shgdac sdtuatdhk hi tbm artdsaks, jmkdacs ak` hutgastms dk tbm Wdeb vdccanmsas ghjparm` th tbmdr lrmtbrmk dk tbm Bdkù Oat vdccanms hi Baryakaak` Jmmrut @dvdsdhk, wbmrm tbm dkicumkgm hi tbm Wdebdsj bas kht lmmk

`drmgt. Pbm Oat bmnmjhky dk tbm Wdeb vdccanms rmcdms jadkcy hk tbmkujmrdgac strmkntb hi tbm Oats ak` tbmdr pdvhtac phsdtdhk dk tbm vdccanmmghkhjy as hwkmrs hi cak`. Pbmsm ak` sdjdcar iagthrs arm hpmratdvm

wdtb ghrrmsphk`dkn miimgts, jhrm hr cmss, dk gcass shgdmtdms as wmcc. Pbmqumstdhk, tbmrmihrm, wm rmpmat ds kht wbmtbmr tbmrm arm hr tbmrm arm khtgastm cdem prmou`dgms ak` pragtdgms dk tbm Wdeb vdccanms thày. Pbmsm

wmrm acrma`y tbmrm wbmk tbhsm vdccanms lmgajm Wdeb vdccanms. Pbm agd`

tmst ds bhw iar irmm`hj irhj tbm ghjpucsdhks hi tbm Dk`dak gastm systmjbmcpm` tbm Wdeb vdccanmrs ak` tbm Wdeb Whgdmty th sbm` hr chhsmk tbmdrgastm, lhk`s, prmou`dgms ak` pragtdgms as ghjparm` th tbm Bdkù Whgdmty.Wmmk dk tbds cdnbt tbm nadks arm sdnkdidgakt.Kht hkcy tbat, tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt whrem` dk tbm spdrdt ak` tbm cmvmchi dts mnacdtardak `mhchny ihr a pmrdh` hi <>= ymars (1029 th 1>94, d.m.irhj tbm tdjm hi tbm jdssdhkary thurs hi Nuru Kakae th tbm

mstalcdsbjmkt hi Jdssacs). Lut wbat ds mvmk jhrm ukdqum, tbm bdnbmsthi tbm sh-gaccm` bdnb gastms whrem` uk`mr tbm dstdknudsbm` cma`mrsbdphi tbm chwmst hi tbm chw, wbh wmrm irmm th rdsm th tbat phsdtdhk purmcy hk tbm lasds hi d`mhchndgac jmrdt ak` smrvdgm th tbm shgdmty.

\MIM\MKGMW

1 Butthk, O.B., Gastm dk Dk`da,pp. 177, 127, 122<. Dld`., Gbap. DR

7. Nburym, N.W.,Gastm& \agm dk Dk`da,Gbap. 90. Gdtm` ly Wyems, .B., O.\.A.W., Yhc. 9, Kh. RDD, p. 016=. \dscmy, gdtm` ly Butthk, pp. 17=-99. \dscmy, gdtm` ly Butthk, p. 179>. Butthk, p. 1792. Butthk, 1795 Nburym, p. 10<4. Butthk, pp. 106-116. Dld`., p. 10<11. Gdtm` ly Butthk, p. 1011<. Butthk, pp. 101-<



796

161. Butthk, p. 1<016<. Vbmar, D.A., Yh!. 0 (12>=), p. 1<>167. Wmkart, p. 4=160. Jax mlmr, p. 169

16=. Butthk, p. 114169. Dld`., p. 7=16> Dld`., p. 00162. Jaku, dd, <7164. Jax ^mlmr, p. <0116. Wmkart, p. 166111. Jax ^mlmr, p. >>11<. Ardak—s ck`dga,DA, Yh!. = (12>9), p. =1117. Jax ^mlmr, p. >>110. Wmkart, p. 9411=. Ehsajld, @.@., Lhjlay Lrakgb hi O.\.A.W., Yh!. <<, p. 72119. Jax mlmr, p. 16611>. Allm @hlhds, pp. 19, 9<, 97112. Butthk, p. 1<4114. Wmkart, p. 071<6. Jax mlmr, p. 1691<1. Wmkart, p. 721<<. Dld`., p. 741<7. Butthk, pp. >1, 1<=1<0. Dld`., p. 241<=. Wmkart, p. 1661<9. Lbartdya, dd, p. 0011<>. Jax mlmr, p. 1<11<2. Dld`1<4. Dld`.176. 1Dld ., p. 1<<171. Dld`17<. Dld`., p. 100177. Lbanava`ndta,RYDDD, 0>, 02

170. Ghrrem, M\M., Yhc. 9, p. 94917=. Jhkdmr, ^dDcdajs, O.\.A.W. (1299), p. 10=? Jaku, RDD, >1, ><179. Jax ^mlmr, p. 7=17>. Dld`., p. <=172. Jax ^mlmr, pp. <0-<=174. Dld`106. Lbak`arear, @.\., D.A., Yhc. 06 (1411), p. 7>101. Judr, O., O.\.A.W. (1299), pp. <26-1? Wmkart, pp. 167-0? Nburym, pp. 114

1<6, 1<0-1<=10<. Grhhem, ., M\.M., Yhc. 9, p. 94=

107. Lartb, DA., Yh!. <7, p. 796100. Aclrmgbt mlmr,cA., Yh!. 76, pp. <92-<>>



791

10=. @atta, L.K., Ohurkac hi Ldlar& Hrdssa \msmargl Whgdmty, Yhc. <>109. Yad`ya, GY., Pbm Jabalbarata, a Grdtdgdsj, p. >10>. Wyems, ^.B., O.\.A.W., Yhc. 9, p. 00=102. Jax ^mlmr, p. 765 Wmkart, pp. 12-14

104. Butthk, p. >11=6. Wmkart, p. 2=1=1. Dld`., p. 791=<. Nadt, MA, M\M, Yhc. 7, p. <791=7. Butthk, pp. 46-411=0. Nadt, M\M, Yh!. 7, p. <745 Butthk, p. 441==. Butthk, pp. 4=-491=9. Wmkart, p. >11=>. Butthk, pp. 124-1461=2. Nburym, pp. 0=, 091=4. Jax mlmr, p. 100196. Jax ^mlmr, p. 72191. Jagaucdiim, d, p. 7>419<. Nuru Nraktb,p. 1<075 traks. ly Nhpac Wdknb, Yhc. dv, p. 1122.197. Nuru Nraktb,p.1=190. Jax mlmr, p. 10019=. Dld`199. Jagaucdiim, d, p. <>019>. Nuru Nraktb,p. 727192. Nuru Nraktb,11<25 traks. ly Nhpac Wdknb5 Yh!. dv, p. 16>>.194. Lbad Nuràs, Yar Hkm, Vaurds, <7, <=5 Yar <7, Vaurd <61>6. Dld`., Yar <7, Vaurd 141>1. Dld`., 12, Vaurd 105 Yar <0, Vaurd 05 Yar <9, Vaurd 121><. Karakn, Nheac Gbak , Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdebdsj,p. 211>7. Gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb,Vukoal Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm(@mg. 1=-19, 14>7),

Vrhgmm`dkns, p. ==-91>0. Wuoak \ad Lbakàrd,Elucat-ut-Pwardel(traks. dk Vukoald ly \akodt Wdknb Ndcc), p. 211>=. GmDmstdk Lhundm, Mssays hk tlm Gastm Wystmj(traks. ly @.I. Vmaghge), p.41>9. Dld ., p. 16 (Gi. Wbmmrdkn,Bdkù Prdlms& Gastms,ddd, pp. <12, <7=).

1>>. Jagaucdiim, d, p. 7941>2. Dld`., Y, p. 7161>4. Grhhem, ., M.\.M., Yh!. 9, pp. >1<-7126. Nuru Nraktb,pp. <9=, 74>,>0>5 Jagaucdiim, d. pp. <7>, <06, 71>, 7<7, 772, 79<, 794121. Nuru Nraktb,pp. <7>, 72=, 271, 246, 469, 11=7, 119412<. Allm @ulhds, Bdkù Jakkmrs& Gusthjs, pp. 14=->127. Jagaucdiim, d, p. <74120. Jaldja pareasl, Yh!. <, pp. 2>=-912=. Ebaid Ebak, ddd, p. >975 Drvdkm, d, p. 71=



79<

129. Jax ^mlmr, p. <012>. Lbad Nur as, Yar Hkm, Vaurdms, <7, <=122. Jax ^mlmr, p. 79124. Butthk, p. ><

146. Nburym, p. >141. Wmkart, p. 0714<. Jax ^mlmr, p. 79147. Butthk, p. >2140. Dld`14=. Dld`149. Jagaucdiim, Yhc. 1, pp. <,?1<-0714>. Dld`., pp. <06-1142. Jabdja Vraeasb, B, p. 7>144. Dld`<66. Dld`., p. 1=<61. Dld`., p. 16<, \hsm, B.A., A Nchssary hi tbm Prdlms <6<. Dld ., p. 16< ak Gastms hi tbm Vukoal& K. ^ & V., d, p. 921<67. Dld`<60. Ehmr Wdknb,Nurldcas patsbabd @as,p. 179<6=. Lbaknu, \attak Wdknb,Vaktl pareasb,pp. <6<, <19, 079<69. Pbm Wdyar-uc-Jutaelmrdk,traks? ly Ohbk Lrdnns, p. >7<6>. Dld`., ihht-khtm<62. Baqdqat,D.B.Q., Jargb, 140<, Wup., p. =<64. Jax ^mlmr, pp. <0, <=<16. Butthk, p. 04<11. Jax ^mlmr, p. 76<1<. Butthk, p. 1<=<17. Dllmtshk, smg. =1<<10. Dld`<1=. Dld`<19. Dld`<1>. Jax ^mlmr, pp. <4-76<12. Para Gbak , pp. 119-1<6<14. Dld`., p. 11><<6. Warear, Oa`ukatb,Bdsthry hi Auraknzml, Yhc. 1DD, p. 76<<<1. \hsm, Yhc., Dc, p. 014<<<. Jax ^mlmr, pp. 12-14<<7. Nadt, MA, M.\.M., Yhc. 7, p. <745 Butthk, p. 1<1<<0. Oakajsaeld Jmbarlakwacd,pp. 16-1<<<=.Oakajsaeld Vrajpra, Aktea, pp. 1<0, 1<=, 1<>, 1>0<<9. Dld , pp. 00, 02, <=4, <92<<>. Dld`., pp. 169, 116, 1<1, 1<0, 1<>, 171, 17<, 177<<2.@aldstak,traks. ly Nak`a Wdknb,Pbm Vast ak` Vrmsmkt(1494), p. =1<<4. Bard \aj Nupta, Bdsthry hi tlm Wdeb Nurus,p. 1245 Karakn, p Jagaucdiim, v, p. 11



797

<76. Jagaucdiim, Yhc. Y, p. 4=<71. Dld`., pp. 47-40<7<. Ehmr Wdknb, p. 171<77. Dld`., p. 179

<70. Ehmr Wdknb, p. 179<7=. Dld`., p. 107<79. Dld`., p. 17<<7>.Nur Whlla,p. 77<72. Kak` Cac5\mlatkaja, m`dtm` ly Vdara Wdknb Vaàj, p. 0><74. Dld`., p. =6<06. Vrabca` Wdknb5 Dld`., p. =7<01. Dld`., p. ==<0<. Dld`., p. ==<07. Dld`<00. @aya Wdknb5 Dld`., p. 90<0=. Dld`., p. 90<09. Gbajpa Wdknb, Dld`., p. 92<0>. Gbajpa Wdknb,\mbatkaja, 1pp. 46, 4<, 116<02. Wabdl Wdknb, Dld`., p. 104<04. Vareb, Yhc. DD, 14>< (Vakoal ]kdvmrsdty, Gbak`dnarb)<=6. Wueba Wdknb,Nurldcas,p. 177<=1.Yarak Llad Nuràs, Yar 01<=<.Wdyar-uc-Jutaelmrdk,traks. ly Ohbk Lrdnns, p. >7<=7. D.B.H., Jargb 140<, sup., p. =<=0. Drvdkm, .,Catmr Junbacs,d, p. 42<==. Mccdht & @hwshk,Pbm Bdsthry hi Dk`da as Phc` ly dts hwk Bdsthrdaks, Yhc. vdd, pp.

014-0<6<=9. Lbaknu, p. 00<=>. Dld ., pp. <94-<>6<=2. Dld ., pp. 176-179<=4.Nurldcas Gllmvdk patslald,p. 107<96. Ehmr Wdknb, p. 46<91. Lbaknu, pp. =6, =2, 160, <79, <00, <9<, 792

<9<. 1Dld ., p. <19<97. Dld`., p. 094<90. Dld`., p. 792<9=. Drvdkm,Catmr Junlacs,pp. 40, 49, 42-44<99. Iatulat Kajml-d-Waja`ld, p. <2<9>. Asrar-d-Waja`d,traks. dk Vukoald, p. ><92. Mccdht & @hwshk, Yhc. vdd, pp. 014-0<6<94. D.B.Q.,Jargb 140<, sup., p. 9<>6.Nurldcas Gllmvdk Vatslald,p. 72<>1. Lbad Nuràs, Yar 7, Vaurd 115 Yar 4, Vaurd 25 195 Yar 17, Vaurd 15 Yar 1=, Vaurd 19

<><. Jabdja pareasb, B, p. 7=



790

1>7. Nurldcas Gbbmvdk Vatsbabd,pp. 176, 701, 704, 7=6<>0. Dld`., p. =6=5 Jagaucdiim, dv, p. <14<>=.Bueajkajas.<>9. Ehmr Wdknb, p. 171

<>>. Lbad Nuràs, Yar =, Vaurd <<>2. Dld`., Yar 10, Vaurd 1><>4. Jagaucdiim, Y, p. 99<26. \mbatkaja, m`dtm` ly Vdara Wdknb Vaàj, p. 00<21. Dld`., p. =<<2<. Dld`., p. 4><27. Vrmj Wujarn Nraktb,m`dtm` ly \ak`bdr Wdknb, pp. 1>-14<20. Jabdja Vareasb, B, p. 179<2=. Lbaknu, p. <1<<29. Dld ., pp. <91, 079<2>. Dld`., p. 29<22. Dld`., p. <94<24. Dld`., p. <1=<46. Lbaknu, p. 2<<41. Dld`., p. 21<4<. Dld`., p. 171<47. Dld`., p. <1=<40. Lu`b Wdknb Arhra, \dsaca-d-Kakae Wbab, gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb, Vukoal Bdsthry

Ghkimrmkgm (Khv. 14>9), Vrhgmm`dkns, p. >4<4=. Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi tbm Wdebs,p. 14>

<49. Ihrstmr, Yh!. d, p. 7<4<4>. \hsm, Yh!. B, p. 12<<42. Dllmtshk, Wmg. =42<44. Lbaknu, p. <19766. Dld`., p. 094761. Driak BaldloVukoal Vast 1& Vrmsmkt(14>9), p. 4=5 \hsm, B, p. 7=476<. Dld`767. Dld`., p. 4>760. Dllmtshk, smg. 0<<5 \hsm, d, p. 1<76=. Dld`., smg. 07>769. Dld`., smg. 00676>. Dld`., smg. 0<2762. Drvdkm, O.A.W.L. (Kmw Wmrdms), Yhc. 97 (1240), p. 1<0764. Vrdksmp Bmkry, P.,Hrdndk hi tbm Wdeb Vhwmr dk tbm Vukoal,p. <0716. Gukkdknbaj, [email protected] A Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs ,p. 1=4711. Wym` Nbucaj Acd Ebak,Djù` Waaàt,V. >171<. Gukkdknbaj, p. dx717. \hsm, B.A., A Nchssary hi tbm Prdlms& Gastms hi tbm Vukoal& K. ^.IV.,

Yhc. D, p. >69710. Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi tbm Wdebs ,m`dtm` ly Nakà Wdknb, p. 14<71=. Dld`., p. <<2



79=

719. Bunmc, Larhk Gbarcms,Pravmcs dk Easbjdr& Vukoal,p. <2171>. Jhrmkgh, p. 1=0 (Gmksus hi Dk`da \mphrt, 1241, Yh!. RDR, Vart d, pp. 49, 77=)712. Jhrmkgh, p. <=0714. Dld`., p. <=95Gmksus hi Dk`da,1411, Yh!. RDY, Vart D, \mphrt pp. 197, 706, 792

7<6. Baqdqat Dk`dak Bdsthrdgac Quartmrcy,Jargb 140<, sup., p. =.7<1. Jacghcj, pp. 1=4, 1965 gdtm` ly Jhrmkgh, p. 007<<. Jhrmkgh, p. <07<7. Butthk, p. >17<0.Dld`., p. ><7<=. Dld`., p. >77<9. Dld`., p. >07<>. Jax ^mlmr, p. 797<2. Dld`7<4. Butthk, p. 167776. Wmkart, p. 74771. Dld`., mlmr, p. 7977<. Dld`., p. 7>777. Baqdqat,D.B.H., Jargb 140<, Wup., p. 1>770. Pardebd-Vukoal Wdebak,pp. 97-9077=. Jarmkgh, p. 1>9779. Dld`., p. 19<77>. Dld`772. Jarmkgh, p. 106774. Jarmkgh, p. <706. Jax ^mlmr, p. 79701. Butthk, p. ><70<. Jarmkgh, pp. 112-14707. Jarmkgh, p. 1=>700. Dld ., pp. 19>-19270=. Emtear, W.Y.,Bdsthry hi Gastm dk Dk`da,p. 11><09. Jarmkgh, p. 1<170>. Dld`., p. 19>702. Dld`., p. .110

704. Dld`., p. 1017=6. Dld`., p. 247=1. Jarmkgh, pp. 1=2, 192, 1>67=<. Jarmkgh, p. 1><7=7. Dld`, pp. <6=-97=0. Jarmkgh, pp. 1>9-1>>7==. Dld ., pp. <66-<607=9. Dld`., p. 247=>. Dld ., pp. <16, <>77=2. Jarmkgh, p. <>7



799

7=4. Dld`., p. 1>2796. Butthk, p. 1<4791. D.V. Wdknb79<. \hsm, dd, p. 791

797. DV. Wdknb, gdtm` ly Jak`mlauj, @.N.,Whgdmty dk Dk`da,pp. =74-=07790. Dld`.79=. Butthk, p. >2799. Ldkncay, A.B., Bdsthry,Gastm ar` Gucturm hi Oats ak` Nuoars,p. 16<79>. Butthk, p. 2<792. Butthk, p. <6<794. Dld`., p. 7677>6. Wdknb, DV7>1. Butthk, p. <607><. Dllmtshk, p. <927>7.Dllmtshk, p. 766<>0. Nazmttmmr hi tbm Earkac Ldst., 1412, p. 24<>=. Lcukt, M.B.B.,Pbm Gastm Wystmj hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da, 1p. <00<>9. Grhhem, .,Pbm Khrtb-^mstmrk Vrhvdkgms hi Dk`da5 Pbmdr Bdsthry, Mtbkhchny ak`

`jdkdstratdhk,p. <697>>. Jarmkgh, p. <>47>2. Dld`., pp. <2=-97>4. Dld`., p. 1>9726. Dld`., p. <66721. Jarmkgh, p. 10172<. Butthk, O.B.,Gmksus hi Dk`da,1471, Yhc. D, Vart D, \mphrt, p. 0765 Jarmkgh, pp. 199-727. Jarmkgh, p. 192720. Dld`., p. 11272=. Vra`bak, J.G., Pbm Vhcdtdgac Wystmj hitbmOats hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da,pp. 20-2=729. Jarmkgh, p. 11>72>. Dld`., p. 1=7722. Jarmkgh, p. <6=724. Dld`., p. <<1746. Dllmtshk, smg. 9<>

741. Jarmkgh, p. 17674<. Dld`., p. 171

747. Dld`., p. 1>6

<40. Jarmkgh, p. 114

74=. D.V. Wdknb



79>

1<

DKPM\-GAWPM JA\\DANMW

OANODP WDKNB

Dt bas lmmk sad` tbat tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt `d` kht `h jugb thprhjhtm dktmr-gastm jarrdanms. Pbds assmrtdhk bas prhlalcy lmmk ja`mdk hr`mr th mtragt irhj tbm aktd-gastm agbdmvmjmkts hi tbm jhvmjmkt.Dt appmars tbat tbm rhcm hi mk`hnajy 1 dk tbm gastm ghjpcmx bas mdtbmrkht lmmk uk`mrsthh`, hr bas lmmk hvmr-mjpbasdzm`.

(d) Mk`hnajy ak` tbm gastm ghjpcmx Butthk wrdtms? ‒Dk`mm`, dt smmjs phssdlcm tbat gastm mk`hnajy

ds jhrm hr cmss dkgd`mktac th tbm talhh hk taedkn ihh` ghhem` ly apmrshk hi at aky ratm a chwmr, di kht hi aky htbmr gastm, ak` dk tbm

vdmw hi tbm wrdtmr tbds talhh ds prhlalcy tbm emysthkm hi tbm wbhcmsystmj. Dt ds kht ukghjjhk dk shjm parts hi Dk`da ihr a jak hi hkmgastm th emmp a ghkguldkm hi a chwmr gastm, hr mvmk a khk-Bdk`u, ak`bm ds kht hutgastm ly bds gastm imcchws hk tbat nrhuk`, tbhunb bm jay lm, ak` hitmk ds, hk tbm nrhuk` tbat bm bas matmk ihh` ghhem` hr smrvm`ly bmr hr taemk watmr irhj bmr bak`s. Pbds sunnmsts tbat tbm talhh hk

jarrdanm ds tbm kmgmssary ak` dkmvdtalcm hutghjm hi tbm talhh hk ihh`ak` `rdke, ratbmr tbak tbm gausm hi dt.< Butthk tbus uk`mr-sghrms tbmphdkt tbat tbm prhlcmj hi mk`hnajy ds hkcy a part hi

* Dk macdkn wdtb rmsrdgtdhks hk dktmr-gastm jarrdanms, wm mxgcu`mmxhnajy, lmgausm dt ds kht lhrk hut hi tbm ghksd`mratdhks hi shgdac`dsgrdjdkatdhk, ak` bypmrnajy, lmgausm tbm sdeb wbh ihrj tbm jaohrdty hi tbm Wdeb Oats, wbh ihrj tbm jaohrdtyk hi tbm Wdeb kphpucatdhk, armkht a`vmrsm th taedkn wdvms irhj tbm chwmr gastms.



792

tbm gastm ghjpcmx, ak` kht ak dk`mpmk`mkt hr a prmjdmr part at tbat. As sugb, dts rhcm sbhuc` lm vdmwm` dk tbds ghktmxt ak` dk tbm rdnbtpmrspmgtdvm. Pbm rmjhvac hi mk`hnajy ds kht dk`dspmksalcm ihr

lrmaedkn up tbm gastm strugturm. Ihr, tbm gastm bas lmmk chsdkn dts bhc`dk Dk`da sdkgm dt gajm dk ghktagt wdtb tbm ^mstmrk gucturm ak` tbmgapdtacdst mghkhjy. Lut, acc tbm sajm, kht jaky dktmr-gastm jarrdanmsbavm taemk pcagm sdkgm tbmk sh as th jaem aky apprmgdalcm ghktrdlutdhkth tbds `mvmchpjmkt.

^bat ds iukàjmktac th tbm gastm systmj ds tbm prmsmrvatdhk hi tbmgastm status, ak` tbm rdtuacdstdg ak` rmcdndhus sakgtdhk wbdgb bmcpm`

jadktadk tbat status. Pbm rmstrdgtdhks hk dktmr-gastm jarrdanms arm ja`mdkicmxdlcm ly tbm rmcdndhus ak` rdtuacdstdg rucms hi tbm gastm d`mhchny.‒Ajhkn gcassms wbh jarry ajhkn tbmjsmcvms, jarrdanm hutsd`m tbmgcass ds prmvmktm` ly smktdjmkt ak` kht ly bar` ak` iast rucms. Jarrdanmhutsd`m tbm gcass dk Murhpm jdnbt lm rarm ak` dkvacd`, lut dk Dk`da, di dtds ghktragtm` hutsd`m tbm gastm, dt ds a sagrdcmnm.—7

^bat jaems mk`hnajy ihrjdàlcm ak` hlkhxdhus dk tbm gastm shgdmty

ds tbat dktmr-gastm jarrdanms, as phdktm` hut ly Emtear, arm khtprmvmktm`, as dk gcass shgdmtdms, prdjardcy ly smktdjmkt, lut ly tbm‒bar` ak` iast— rucms hi tbm gastm d`mhchny. Pbmsm ‒bar` ak` iast— rucmsarm kht appcdgalcm mxgcusdvmcy th mk`hnajy. Jhst hi tbmsm rucms,mspmgdaccy tbm shgdac apprhagb uk`mrcydkn tbmj, ghvmr dk tbmdrrajdidgatdhks acjhst tbm mktdrm spmgtruj hi gastm jmgbakdsj. Ihr,mxajpcm, gastm mk`hnajy ds tbm prhùgt hi tbm khtdhk tbat Aryak lchh`

ds purm ak` tbm khk-Aryak djpurm, ak` tbat tbm a`jdxturm hi tbm twhsbhuc` lm avhd`m`. As tbm jdxturm hi tbm Aryak ak` khk-Aryak lchh`sba` acrma`y taemk pcagm hk a carnm sgacm, gastm mk`hnajy was mkihrgmàt a catmr stanm th ghjpartjmktacdzm tbds jdxturm sh as th prmvmkt iurtbmra`jdxturm. Mxagtcy, tbm sajm prdkgdpcm hr khtdhk alhut tbm purdty hi

Aryak lchh` ak` tbm djpurdty hi khk- Aryak lchh` uk`mrcdms tbmdkoukgtdhks anadkst dktmr-`dkdkn ajhkn gastms ak` phccutdhk ly ghktagt

hr sdnbt. ‒@mspdtm



794

tbmdr dk`dspmksaldcdty ihr a jdccmkkduj, tbm djpurm gastms bavm rmjadkmàlshcutmcy djpurm5 lmgausm hi tbm lchh` tbmy dkbmrdt wbdgb ghuc` khtlm aggmptm` as purm uk`mr aky gdrgujstakgms. Acc sugb pmhpcm arm

jandgaccy `midcm`.— ‒Pbmdr vmry prmsmkgm jay dkimgt tbm adr hi a rhhjak` sh `midcm ihh` dk dt tbat dt just lm tbrhwk away th prmvmkt mvdcmkgbaktjmkt.—0 Pbm d`ma tbat gmrtadk pmrsQks `midcm di tbmy sdt `hwkth a jmac dk hkm rhw ds prmsmkt dk tbm Wutras.= Wdjdcarcy, Nautrka upbhc`stbat ak djpurm pmrshk djparts phccutdhk ly bds thugb ak` mvmk ly bdskmar apprhagb.9 Dk tbm catmr pmrdh`s, tbmsm rucms wmrm iurtbmr mcalhratmàk` ja`m rdnd`. Dk tbm jm`dmvac Hggd`mkt, ‒tbmrm wmrm iagtuac larrdmrs

rmstrdgtdkn tbm ghkkulduj lmtwmmk `diimrmktcy mstmmjm` hggupatdhks,lut tbmsm wmrm kh rdtuac larrdmrs, sugb as arm alshcutmcy mssmktdac ihrgastm. dtbdk tbm gdrgcm hi tbm ‒bhkhuralcm— pmhpcm, rdtuac larrdmrs wmrmghjpcmtmcy alsmkt5 lut sugb larrdmrs lmchkn th tbm lasds hi gastm`diimrmkgms.> ‒Khwbmrm arm mk`hnajy ak` tbm mxgcusdhk hi ghjjmksacdsj jhrm rdnd`cy hlsmrvm` tbak ly tbm hggupatdhkac gastms,ak` tbds ds ly kh jmaks trum hkcy hi tbm dktmrrmcatdhk hi bdnb ak` chw

gastms. Djpurm gastms sbuk dkimgtdhus ghktagt wdtb khk-jmjlmrs asrdnd`cy as bdnb gastms. Pbds jay lm taemk as a ghkgcusdvm prhhi hi tbmiagt tbat jutuac mxgcusdvmkmss was prm`hjdkaktcy gausm`, kht ly shgdac,lut ly rdtuacdstdg iagthrs lasm` hk tbm quacdty hi jaky hi tbmsm gastmsas akgdmkt numst hr pardab pmhpcm.2

Acc tbm alhvm iagts mjpbasdzm tbat tbm ihukàtdhk hk wbdgb tbmsupmr-strugturm hi dkoukgtdhks anadkst dktmr-gastm jarrdanms, dktmr-

gastm ghjjmksacdsj dktmr-gastm ghktagtphccutdhk, mtg., rmstm`, was tbm sajm. \dtuac larrdmrs hr jandgac dstakgmlmtwmmk gastms dk tbmdr jutuac rmcatdhksbdps (wbmtbmr dt appcdms thdktmr-gastm jarrdanms, dktmr-gastm ghjjmksacdsj, vardhus khtdhks alhutphccutdhk hr th tbm stdnja attagbm` th gmrtadk hggupatdhks) ds aiukàjmktac lasds hi tbm gastm. ‒Pbm gastm hr`mr ds hrdmktatm` rmcdndhuscy ak` rdtuaccy th a `mnrmm kht mvmk partdaccy attadkm` mcsmwbmrm.—4

‒Ghjpcmtm iratmrkdzatdhk hi gastms bas lmmk ak`



7>6

ds djphssdlcm lmgausm dt ds hkm hi tbm ghkstdtutdvm prdkgdpcms hi tbmgastms tbat tbmrm sbhuc` lm atcmast rdtuaccy dkvdhcalcm larrdmrs anadkstghjpcmtm ghjjmksacdsj ajhkn `diimrmkt gastms.—16

(dd) \mstrdgtdhks dk htbmr shgdmtdms Akhtbmr djphrtakt phdkt th lm lhrkm dk jdk` ds tbat gastm rmstrdgtdhkshk jarrdanms arm kht tbm hkcy rmstrdgtdhks gurrmkt hk jarrdanms lmtwmmkmxgcusdvm nrhups. Dk`dvd`uac ak` nrhup prmou`dgms anadkst jarrdanms,lasm` hk ghksd`mratdhks hi vardhus edk`s (vdz., bmactb, lmauty, ghchur,ragm, gcass mtg.) mxdst dk shgdmtdms wbmrm tbmrm arm kh gastms. Dk htbmr

whr`s, gastm mk`hnajy ds supmrdjphsm` hk prmou`dgms alhut jarrdanmslmtwmmk jutuaccy mxgcusdvm nrhups ghjjhk th khk-gastm shgdmtdms as

wmcc. Pbds cma`s th twh ghrhccardms. Idrst, tbm prhlcmj hi rmstrdgtdhkshk jarrdanms lmtwmmk mxgcusdvm nrhups hr gcassms ds kht shcvm` ly tbmuk`hdkn hi tbm gastm mk`hnajy. Wmghk`cy, tbm prhlcmj hi rmjhvdkn prmou`dgms rmnar`dkn jarrdanms, as dt ds dk khk-gastm shgdmtdms, ds bar`mkhunb th shcvm. Lmgausm, dk vdmw hi tbm vmry pmrshkac katurm hi tbm

jarrdanm rmcatdhks ak` tbm bujak prmou`dgms dkvhcvm`, kh phsdtdvmrmnucatdhks gak lm prmsgrdlm` dk tbds idmc`. Mxgmpt ihr jarrdanmrmstrdgtdhks djphsm` ly tbm gastm systmj, imw shgdmtdms bavm tmk`m` thcay `hwk phsdtdvm caws nhvmrkdkn jarrdanms lmtwmmk `diimrmkt shgdacnrhups hr gcassms. Kh whk`mr tbat Vcath—s sunnmstdhks dk tbds rmnar`acways rmjadkm` as tbm h`` rajlcdkns hi a pbdchshpbmr—s jdk`5 ak`tbm attmjpt dk \hjm th rmnucatm jarrdanms tbrhunb tbm Pbmh`hsdak

Gh`m iadcm` jdsmralcy. Ihr tbm sajm rmashks, tbm ragdac prhlcmj lmtwmmktbm ^bdtms ak` tbm Kmnrhms dk tbm ].W.A., hr mcsmwbmrm, ghktdkums thlm dktragtalcm. Pbm supmr-djphsdtdhk hi gastm mk`hnajy hk tbm htbmrprmou`dgms rmnar`dkn jarrdanms ja`m tbm prhlcmj hulcy ghjpcdgatm`.



7>1

(ddd) Pbm Apprhagb hi tbm Wdeb Jhvmjmkt Nuru—s stak` hk tbm dssum ds vmry gcmar. ^bmk tbm Juetas (tbm

smcmgt lak` hi Wdebs dk tbm ghknrmnatdhk hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb at

Akak`pur wbh wmrm ndvmk tbds bhkhrdidg tdtcm ihr lmdkn ihrmjhst dkcdvdkn upth tbm d`macs hi Wdebdsj) a`vhgatm` dktmr-gastm jarrdanms, tbmhtbmr Wdebs hpmkcy mxprmssm` tbmdr dkaldcdty th ihcchw tbds cdkm. Pbmjattmr was rmprmsmktm` th tbm Nuru bdjsmci. Pbm Nuru dk`dgatm` tbattbm a`vdgm hi tbm Juetas sbhuc` lm ihcchwm`. Bm sad`, ‒Pbm ihur gastmsarm hkm lrhtbmrbhh`. Pbm Nuru—s rmcatdhksbdp th tbm ihur gastms dsghjjhk (Cm. mquac). Pbmrm ds kh hult alhut dt… Juetas arm jy hwk

cdim. ^bat tbmy `h ds aggmptalcm. ‒11

‒Gastm ds prhlalcy wbat Vrhimsshr Lartcmtt whuc` gacc hkm hi tbm ‒bar`phdkts— hi Bdkù gucturm, ak` aky attmjpt th jh`diy dt ly a `drmgtattage hk dt ds cdemcy th prhvhem rmsdstakgm ak` `dsghr`, ak` rmihrjmrs

wdcc kmm` th adj at shjm ‒shit phdkt—, shjm htbmr imaturm hi tbm gucturm,tbat ds, tbrhunb wbdgb tbm ‒bar` phdkt— gak uctdjatmcy lm gdrgujvmktmàk` dshcatm`.—1< Dt ds prhlalcy hk tbds agghukt tbat, ‒Dk rmnar` th tbm

jattmr hi tbm rdnbt th mktmr Bdkù tmjpcm, tbm mxtmrdhr gastms wmrma`vdsm` ly Jr. Nak`bd kht th attmjpt th nadk mktry, as Nh` rmsd`ms dktbmdr lrmasts.—17 Di tbds gautdhus apprhagb was kmgmssary dk tbm twmktdmtbgmktury, dt was jugb jhrm sh dk tbm tdjms hi tbm Wdeb Nurus. Pbmy ba` th avhd` taedkn stmps tbat jdnbt aiimgt a`vmrsmcy tbm vmry hlomgtdvmshi tbm jhvmjmkt. Pbmy wmrm kht d`cm `rmajmrs dktmrmstm` hkcy dk tbmphstucatdhk ak` `mgcaratdhk hi a uthpdak stak`. Pbmy ghuc` kht aiihr`

th sdt dk dshcatdhk tdm` th ak alstragt jaxdj. Pbmy wmrm tbm cma`mrs hi a jhvmjmkt. Actbhunb tbmy kmvmr swmrvm` ihr a jhjmkt irhj tbmdrhlomgtdvms, ak` mvmk pad` wdtb tbmdr cdvms ihr kht hdkn sh, tbmy ba` th

wmdnb lmihrmbak` tbm imasdldcdty hi magb ak` mvmry stmp tbmy thhe dktbm cdnbt hi dts cdemcy ghksmqumkgms hk tbm ghursm hi tbm jhvmjmkt asa wbhcm. As cma`mrs emmk th agbdmvm pragtdgac rmsucts, tbmy wmrm awarmhi tbm kmgmssdty



7><

kht hkcy hi garrydkn tbmdr ihcchwmrs wdtb tbmj, atcmast a jaohrdty hi tbmj, lut acsh hi mksurdkn tbmdr zmachus partdgdpatdhk. Mvd`mktcy, tbmy

whuc` kht cdem th taem sugb stmps as jdnbt sd`mtrage tbm jadk prhlcmjs.

Pbmrm wmrm hpmk rdits dk Wdeb rakes at `diimrmkt pcagms lmtwmmk tbhsm wbh waktm` th stdge th tbm hc` rdtm hi Lbaàk (guttdkn hii tbm badr hi tbm gbdc` at a gmrtadk stanm hi bds cdim) ak` tbhsm wbh waktm` th ndvm dtup ihcchwdkn tbm Nuru—s dkoukgtdhk kht th sbavm.10 ^bmrm `diimrmkgmsghuc` grhp up hk sugb a jdkhr dssum, tbm Nurus ghuc` kht rdse tbmiuturm hi tbm jhvmjmkt ly dksdstdkn hk dktmr-gastm jarrdanms.

Pbm alhcdtdhk hi tbm gastm was kht tbm hkcy nhac hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt.

Dt ba` acsh th idnbt tbm rmcdndhus ak` phcdtdgac hpprmssdhk hi tbm rucmrs.Dk iagt, tbm pursudt hi tbds hlomgtdvm lmgajm jhrm urnmkt mspmgdaccy

wbmk tbm Junbac rucmrs caukgbm` a irhktac attage th ghkvmrt tbm Bdkùsth Dscaj. Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt `mpmk`m` ihr acc dts rmgrudtjmkt th dtsrakes mktdrmcy hk mcmjmkts `rawk irhj tbm gastm shgdmty. Dt ghuc` khtaiihr` th gut dtsmci hii ghjpcmtmcy irhj tbm lasm hi dts rmgrudtjmkt. Ly `hdkn sh, khkm hi tbm tbrmm shgdac hlomgtdvms hi tbm jhvmjmkt whuc`

bavm lmmk iurtbmrm`. Kmdtbmr whuc` dt bavm suggmm`m` dk ludc`dkn ashgdmty hutsd`m tbm gastm hr`mr5 khr ghuc` dt bavm suggmssiuccy gbaccmknm` tbm rmcdndhus ak` phcdtdgac hjdkatdhk, hr gapturm` phcdtdgacphwmr ihr tbm jassms.Dt ds dk tbds ghktmxt tbat tbm aktd-gastm stakgm hi tbm Wdeb Nurus ak`tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt sbhuc` lm ou`nm`. Kh shgdacdst hr ghjjukdstjhvmjmkt bas mvmr garm` th a`hpt tbm dssum hi dktmr-gcass jarrdanms

as dts pcake. Pbmy ekhw tbat bujak prmou`dgms rmnar`dkn jarrdanms whuc` authjatdgaccy dsappmar wdtb tbm cmvmccdkn up hi gcass diimrmkgms.Wdjdcarcy, tbm Nurus attagem` tbm vmry iukàjmktacs hi tbm gastm, Cm.gastm status ghksgdhuskmss ak` tbm rdtuacdstdg larrdmrs lmtwmmk tbmgastms. Pbmy bhpm` tbat gastm mk`hnajy whuc` `dsappmar wdtb tbm`dsappmarakgm hi gastm-status ghksgdhuskmss ak` tbmsm rdtuacdstdglarrdmrs. Pbmy



7>7

`d` kht wakt th sd`m-trage tbm ghjparatdvmcy urnmkt prhlcmj hi gbaccmknm.

Wmghk`cy, as wm bavm sad`, tbm Nurus `d` kht wakt th gut hii,

as iar as phssdlcm, tbm jhvmjmkt irhj tbm lasm hi dts rmgrudtjmkt. Pwh dkstakgms whuc` ajpcdiy tbm phdkt wm wakt th strmss. Dt was NuruKakae wbh startm` tbm dkstdtutdhk hi Caknar wbmrm pmhpcm hi acc gastmsak` grmm`s dkm` thnmtbmr. Dt was a vmry ldn stmp thwar`s lrmaedkn tbmgastm rdtuacdstdg larrdmrs. Lut, dt was Nuru Ajar`as wbh ja`m dt a rucmtbat khlh`y ghuc` smm bdj ukcmss bm ba` dkm` at tbm Caknar. Vhssdlcy tbds ghuc` kht lm hkm acc at hkgm dk tbm lmndkkdkn, lmgausm dt rmqudrm`

tdjm th m`ugatm ak` dkicumkgm tbm pmhpcm dk hvmrghjdkn tbm rdtuac hrtalhh ly wbdgb hkm ghuc` kht mat ‒dk tbm sdnbt hi pmhpcm kht lmchkndkn th hkm—s gastm.— Dk tbm iajdkm hi 1299 dk Lmknac, wbmk pmhpcm wmrmihrgm` ly starvatdhk th mat dk tbm pulcdg shup edtgbmks hpmkm` ly tbmNhvmrkjmkt, ‒tbmy ja`m gmrtadk tbat hitmk a shrt hi syjlhcdg gbajlrmsmparmm was grmatm` ihr magb gastm ly jmaks hi gbace cdkms `rawkarhuk` tbm talcms ak` sdjdcar `mvdgms.—1=

Anadk, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb bdjsmci thhe away tbm Oakmh hi Acdj Wdknb wbmk bm imct dt kmgmssary th prmvmkt bdj irhj rmvmrtdkn thtbm gastm shgdmty.—19 Lut, tbm sajm Nuru a`vdsm` bds Wdeb kht th dksdsthk akylh`y wmardkn Oakmh,1> khr ghmrgm akyhkm th ihrnh dt. Pbm sajm

was tbm Nuru—s apprhagb rmnar`dkn dktmr-gastm jarrdanms. ^bdcm bmapprhvm` hi tbm prhphsac hi tbm Juetas, bm d` kht prmsgrdlm hr dksdsthk dktmr-gastm jarrdanms, cmavdkn dt th tbm Wdebs th ihcchw dt hk tbmdr

hwk. \MIM\MKGM

1. \hsm, 11, p. 791<. Butthk, p. >17. Emtear, p. 11>0. Jax mlmr, p. 17=. Nburym, p. >4

9. Dld`



7>0

>. Jax ^mlmr, pp. 70-7=2. Dld ., p. 1694. Dld ., p. 00

16. Dld`., p. 7911. \mbatkajm,pp. 92-94

1<. Butthk, p. 176

17. Dld`., p. <6<

10. WrdNuru Whlba

1=. Jax mlmr, p. 7>

19. Jagaucdiim, Y, p. 1=>

1>. Jabdja pareasb, dd , p. 271



7>=

VA\P YD

PBM JDCDPA\D_APDHK HI WDEB JHYMJMKP



7>9



17 PBM JDCDPA\D_APDHK HI

WDEB JHYMJMKP

OANODP WDKNB

Pbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, tbm grmatdhk hi tbmEbacsa, ak` dts prhchknm` strunncm ihr tbm hlomgtdvm hi gapturdkn phcdtdgac phwmr ly tbm `hwk trh``mk jassms, arm tbm bar` iagts hi Dk`dak bdsthry wbdgb gakkht lm dnkhrm`. Pbmsm wmrm kht ihrtudthus`mvmchpjmkts, hr wbat bavm hitmk lmmk gaccm` ‒tbm aggd`mkts hi bdsthry—.

Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was ak hrnakdg nrhwtb hi tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk hr tbmWdeb vdmw hi cdim. Pbm ihuk`dkn hi tbm Wdeb paktb hutsd`m tbm gastmshgdmty dk hr`mr th usm dt as tbm lasm ihr ghjlatdkn tbm bdmrargbdgac smt-

up hi tbm gastm hr`mr, ak` tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ihr gapturdkn tbmstatm dk tbm dktmrmsts hi tbm phhr ak` tbm supprmssm`, wmrm hkcy aprhomgtdhk, hk tbm jdcdtary ak` phcdtdgac pcakm, hi tbm mnacdtardakapprhagb hi tbm Wdeb rmcdndhus tbmsds. Lut, shjm wrdtmrs, bavdkn iadcm`th nrasp tbm shgdh-phcdtdgac sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk, bavm trdm`th gchu` tbm nmkmsds hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ly sunnmstdkn tbat tbmjdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm jhvmjmkt was dkdtdatm` ak` rmdkihrgm` ly tbm

dkicux dkth dt hi a carnm kujlmr Oats. Pbm rmiutatdhk hi tbds byphtbmsdsds djphrtakt, lmgausm dts mcdjdkatdhk whuc` cmavm kh pcausdlcmactmrkatdvm dk tbm idmc` th ghktmk` tbm tbmsds tbat tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was a chndgac `mvmchpjmkt hi tbm Wdeb vdmw hi rmcdndhk. Pbm sulomgt ds ghksd`mrm` dk twh smgtdhks. Pbm idrst macs wdtbshjm spmgdidg phdkts alhut tbm sulomgt radsm` ly @r. JgCmh`, ak` dktbm smghk` tbm prhlcmj ds mxajdkm` dk a wd`mr ghktmxt.



7>2

WMGPDHK D PBM OAPW AK@ WDEB JDCDPA\c_APDHK*

@r. JgCmh` bas statm` tbat ‒tbm arjdkn hi tbm Vaktb ghuc`kht bavm lmmk tbm rmsuct hi aky `mgdsdhk ly Nuj Barnhldk`—, ak`tbat, ‒tbm nrhwtb hi jdcdtakgy wdtbdk tbm paktb just lm tragm` prdjardcy th tbm djpagt hi Oat gucturac pattmrks ak` th mghkhjdg prhlcmjs wbdgbprhjptm` a jdcdtakt rmsphksm.—1 Pbds prhphsdtdhk radsm` tbrmm dssums-tbm qumstdhk hi cma`mrsbdp ak` dkdtdatdvm, tbm djpagt hi Oat gucturacpattmrks ak` mghkhjdg prhlcmjs.

1. PBM Q]MWPDHK HI CMA@M\WBDV Hk tbds dssum, dt bas th lm smmk wbmtbmr miimgtdvm cma`mrsbdp

ak` dkdtdatdvm cay wdtb tbm ihcchwmrs hi tbm Nujs hr tbm Nujstbmjsmcvms.

Pbmrm ds kht a sbrm` hi mvd`mkgm th sunnmst tbat aky hi tbmsuggmm`dkn Nujs was khjdkatm` dk ghksuctatdhk wdtb, hr at tbmsunnmstdhk hi, tbm Waknat (tbm Wdeb ihcchwmrs). Pbm gbhdgm hi tbmsuggmsshr was acways a pmrshkac `mgdsdhk hi tbm khjdkatdkn Nuj.

Pbm iadtbiuc wmrm mxpmgtm` th aggmpt tbm khjdkatdhk wdtbhut aky rmsmrvatdhk. Mvmk wbmk tbm khjdkatdhk hi tbm kdktb Nuj was vanumcy dk`dgatm` ly tbm whr` ‒Lala Laeacm—<, tbm `mvhut Wdebs `dvmrtm` acctbmdr attmktdhk th idk`dkn hut tbm dktmk`m` Lala at Laeaca. Dt was tbmihuk`mr Nuj, Nuj Kakae bdjsmci, wbh ba` arrdvm` at tbm `mgdsdhktbat, dk hr`mr th garry ihrwar` bds adjs ak` d`macs, bm just bavm a

suggmsshr. Mvd`mktcy, tbm gbhdgm hi tbm suggmsshr was tbm jhstdjphrtakt `mgdsdhk hi tbm Nujs, wbh, wbmkmvmr kmgmssary, appcdm`mxtrmjmcy rdnhrhus tmsts lmihrm jaedkn tbm idkac smcmgtdhk. Pbhsm wbh,ihr wbatmvmr rmashk, d` kht aggmpt tbm khjdkatdhk, ba` th hpt hut hi



7>4

tbm jadk gurrmkt hr wmrm `dsgar`m`, as dt bappmkm` dk tbm gasm hi tbmJdkas, tbm @bdrjacdas ak` tbm \ajrayyas. Kh `mvdatdhk irhj tbmavhwm` d`mhchny was mvmr thcmratm`. Lala Atac, a shk hi tbm sdxtb

Nuj, ds sad` th bavm sbhwk a jdragcm. Dt lmdkn anadkst tbm Wdeb d`mhchny,tbm Lala was ndvmk sugb a stmj rmprdjak` ly tbm Nuj ihr bds capsmtbat bm ba` th ndvm up bds jhrtac ghdc. \aj \ad, wbh jmrmcy jdsquhtm`tbm Nuj Nraktb dk hr`mr th pcmasm Mjpmrhr Auraknzml at @mcbd, wasghjpcmtmcy `dshwkm` ly bds iatbmr, tbm smvmktb Nuj. Dt whuc`,tbmrmihrm, lm thh sdjpcdstdg th sunnmst tbat tbm iditb Nuru, wbh cad``hwk bds cdim ihr tbm saem hi tbm iadtb ak` dts d`mhchny lut `d` kht

anrmm th gbaknm ak dhta hi tbm Wdeb sgrdpturms, whuc` gbhhsm a pmrshk wbh whuc` ihcchw ak d`mhchndgac cdkm `diimrmkt irhj bdj5 hr tbat tbmsdxtb Nuj, wbh ba` ja`m bds hwk shk chsm bds cdim ihr ak d`mhchndgacmrrhr, whuc` bdjsmci acchw aky `dsthrtdhk hi tbm d`mhchny sh as thagghjjh`atm bds Oat ihcchwmrs.

Pbm mktdrm Wdeb bdsthry ds a rmiutatdhk hi tbm assujptdhk tbattbm Nuru, mvmk tbhunb kht mcmgtm` hr smcmgtm` ly tbm Wdebs, wmrm jmrmidnurm-bma`s, ba` kh gcmar-gut hlomgtdvms ak` pcaks ihr tbm ghjjukdty hi wbdgb tbmy wmrm tbm aggrm`dtm` ak` ukgbaccmknm` cma`mrs, ak` wmrmstajpm`m` dkth ukautbhrdsm` agtdhk ly tbm wdcc, prm`dcmgtdhks hr tbmcmakdkns hi tbmdr ihcchwmrs. A ncakgm at tbm cak`jares hi tbm Wdebbdsthry wdcc iurtbmr gcardiy tbds phdkt.

Pbm turkdkn phdkts dk Wdeb bdsthry urdkn tbm Nuj pmrdh` wmrm?(d) tbm lrmae wdtb tbm Dk`dak asgmtdg tra`dtdhk, (dd) tbm ludc`dkn hi ashgdmty kht lasm` hk tbm gastm strugturm, ak` (ddd) tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi

tbm Vaktb. Acc tbmsm gbaknms wmrm sh ra`dgaccy hpphsm` th tbm Dk`dakrmcdndhus tra`dtdhk tbat dt whuc` lm d`cm th sunnmst tbat a jmrm gbakgmghjldkatdhk hi d`mhchndgaccy dk`diimrmkt mcmjmkts ak` gdrgujstakgmspcagm` dk ouxtaphsdtdhk ghuc` bavm agbdmvm` tbmj. Hkcy a purphsmiucak` `mtmrjdkm` cma`mrsbdp ghuc` bavm lrhunbt alhut tbm sad``mparturms.

Pbm `mgdsdhk th msgbmw asgmtdgdsj was Nuj Kakae—s

taemk at a tdjm wbmk tbmrm was pragtdgaccy kh hrnakdzm` Wdeb



726

saknat. Ealdr acsh prmagbm` anadkst asgmtdgdsj. by, tbmk wmrm tbmrmkh jarem` shgdac ak` phcdtdgac nrhwtbs ajhkn Ealdr-Vaktbdms sdjdcarth tbhsm hi tbm Wdeb8 Pbds `diimrmkgm cay dk tbm systmjatdg whre tbat

tbm Wdeb Nurus `d` ihr tbmdr d`macs, as ds dkstakgm` ly tbm tbdr` Nurubavdkn `mcdlmratmcy smparatm` tbm Wdebs irhj tbm passdvm rmgcusms.Wdjdcar ds tbm gasm rmnar`dkn tbm gastm systmj.

Ealdr was ukmqudvhgac anadkst tbm systmj hi gastms, lut tbmEaldr-paktb kmvmr `mvmchpm` dkth a shgdac mktdty `dstdkgt irhj tbmgastm-rd``mk Bdk`us5 lmgausm bm sbhwm` kh purphsdvm `rdvm hr tbm

wdcc th hrnakdzm a smparatm Vaktb hutsd`m tbm gastm shgdmty as Nuru

Kakae ak` bds suggmsshrs `d`. Pbm Ealdr-Vaktb `d` kht bavm thsurjhukt jhrm `diidguct gdrgujstakgms tbak tbm Wdebs dk hvmrghjdkn gastm prmou`dgms. Dt ds Nuru Kakae wbh startm` tbm dkstdtutdhk hi aghjjhk edtgbmk ihr acc. Lut, dt ds hkcy tbm tbdr` Nuru wbh ja`m dthlcdnathry ihr mvmryhkm th partaem ihh` irhj tbm Caknar. Pbds gacgucatm`apprhagb ds dk`dgatdvm hi tbm bmsdtatdhk hr hpphsdtdhk mxpmgtm` irhjtbmdr rake ak` idcm th tbm Nurus— kmw cdkm hi tbdkedkn. ^bmk tbm tmktbNuru, aitmr qudtm a chkn dktmrvac hi prmparatdhk ly tbm prmvdhus Nurus,`mgd`m` th lrmae away ghjpcmtmcy irhj tbm gastm shgdmty ak` grmatm`tbm Ebacsa, tbmrm wmrm dssmksdhks ak` dsputms ajhkn tbm Wdeb rakes.7

Lut, dt was mktdrmcy lmgausm hi tbm dkdtdatdvm, nud`dkn dkicumkgm ak``rdvm hi tbm Nurus tbat tbm jhvmjmkt, `mspdtm acc hpphsdtdhk, kmvmrswmrvm` irhj dts d`macs.

Pbm arjdkn hi tbm Wdeb ghjjukdty was tbm tbdr` turkdkn phdktdk tbm Wdeb bdsthry. Pbds was tbm kmgmssary smqumkgm hi Nuru Aroak—s

`mgdsdhk th ‒`mimk` bds iadtb ly tbm hpmk prhimssdhk tbmrmhi—, th radsmtbm dkstdtutdhk hi tbm ‒Prum Mjpmrhr—, ak` th bmcp tbm rmlmc Ebusrh.

Ak` ymt tbmrm ds ak ukwarraktm` ghkomgturm tbat wbat Oabakndr wasrmaccy ghkgmrkm` alhut was tbm nrhwdkn Oat ihcchwdkn hi tbm Nurus,ak` tbat tbm rmashks ndvmk ly Oabakndr bdjsmci dk bds authldhnrapby ihr bds hr`mrdkn mxmgutdhk hi tbm iditb Nuru sbhuc` lm `dsghuktm`.



721

<. PBM A\JDKN HI PBM VAKPB AK@ OAPW Dt ds ak aggmptm` iagt tbat tbmrm was a rdit dk tbm Wdeb rakes at

tbm tdjm hi Nuru Aroak—s suggmssdhk. Dt ds khwbmrm ekhwk, bhwmvmr,

tbat tbhsm wbh hptm` hut dk iavhur hi Vrdtbd Gbak` mxgcu`m` Oat Wdebs.Kht iar irhj Ajrdtsar, at Oak`daca, was tbm rmcdndhus bma`quartmr hi Bakàcdas, a sgbdsjatdg smgt hi Wdebs, wbh wmrm tbmjsmcvms Oats ak`ba` Oat ihcchwdkn.0 Lut, kmdtbmr Vrdtbd Gbak` khr Bakàcdas, lhtb hi

wbhj ba` smt up smparatm Nurusbdps dk hpphsdtdhk th tbm Wdebjhvmjmkt, mvmr gajm dkth ghkicdgt wdtb tbm a`jdkdstratdhk. Hk tbmhtbmr bak`, tbmy ghhpmratm` iuccy wdtb tbm autbhrdtdms. Vrdtbd Gbak`

was dkstrujmktac dk tbm pmrsmgutdhk hi Nuru Aroak, ak`, dk catmr bdsthry,tbm Bakàcdas lmgajm agtdvm anmkts hi tbm autbhrdtdms ihr tbmpmrsmgutdhk hi tbm Wdebs.= ‒Pbm nurus hi tbds smgt (Bakàcdas hi Oak`daca)thhe smrvdgm wdtb Aljm` Wbab ak` `rmw tmrrdlcm vmknmakgm hktbmjsmcvms irhj Gbarat Wdknb wbmk bm attagem` Oak`daca dk 1>9<.9 Di tbm jmrm dktrusdhk hi Oat mcmjmkts dkth tbm Wdeb rakes ghuc` arhusmtbm imars hi tbm autbhrdtdms, dt sbhuc` bavm `hkm sh dk tbm gasm hi Vrdtbd Gbak` ak` Bakàcdas thh5 lmgausm tbmrm ds kh mvd`mkgm th dk`dgatmtbat tbm Oat ihcchwmrs hi tbmsm twh smgts wmrm cmss arjm` tbak tbm Oatihcchwmrs hi tbm Nurus. Lut tbm rmac `diimrmkgm was tbat hkm party gbhsm tbm patb hi gbaccmkndkn tbm phcdtdgac autbhrdty hi tbm ay, wbdcmtbm htbmr was dktmrmstm` dk jmrm rdtuacdsj, wdtbhut tbm shgdh-phcdtdgacghkgmrks hi tbm Wdeb iadtb. Pbat Nuru Aroak ja`m bds jhjmkthusgbhdgm `mcdlmratmcy, ak` tbat dt was bds hwk, ds mstalcdsbm` ly tbm iagttbat bm thc` Oabakndr tbat bm was a whrsbdppmr hi tbm Djjhrtac Nh`

ak` rmghnkdzm` kh jhkargb savm Bdj. Pbm Wdebs hi Cabhrm waktm` thghjprhjdsm wdtb tbm autbhrdtdms ly paydkn tbm idkm hk bds lmbaci lutbm ihrla`m tbmj th `h sh. >

Di tbm arjdkn hi tbm Vaktb was at tbm d kstakgm hi tbm Oats, wby `d` Lbad Lu``ba, tbm jhst cma`dkn Oat, rmjhkstratm wdtb Nuru Barnhldk` wbmk bm ihuk` bdj dksdstdkn hk tbmjdcdtardza tdhk h i tbm Wdebs82 Agghr`dkn th JgCmh` tbm



72<

mkrhcjmkt hi Oats dk carnm kujlmrs th tbm Wdebs rakes ds supphsm`th bavm lmnuk dk tbm tdjm hi Nuru Aroak. Bm was Nuru ihr kmarcy twmkty idvm ymars. ^by tbds arjdkn hi tbm paktb, wbdgb JgCmh`

assujms just bavm prmgm`m` Nuru Barnhldk`—s `mgdsdhk, was taemkkhtdgm hi ly Oabakndr ak` bds sulhr`dkatms dk tbm cast kdkm jhktbs hi tbm Nuru—s cdim ak` kht marcdmr ly Aelar hr bds A`jdkdstratdhk8 Aelarthh ghuc` kht bavm lmmk cmss acdvm th aky phtmktdac tbrmat th bds phcdtdgacautbhrdty.

Khr ds tbmrm aky lasds ihr JgCmh`—s prmsujptdhk tbat tbm Oats wmrm arjm` lut tbm Ebatrds wmrm kht. Dllmtshk wrdtms? ‒Pbm Ebatrd

hggupdms a `diimrmkt phsdtdhk ajhkn tbm pmhpcm hi tbm Vukoal irhjtbat hi htbmr jmrgaktdcm gastms. Wupmrdhr th tbmj dk pbysdqum, dkjakcdkmss ak` dk mkmrny, bm ds kht, cdem tbmj, a jmrm sbhpemmpmr, luta `drmgt rmprmsmktatdvm hi tbm Esbatrdya hi Jaku.—4 Dt ds trum tbat tbmEbatrds hi tbm prmsmkt tdjms bavm taemk jhrm th tra`m. ‒Pbmy arm khtusuaccy jdcdtary dk tbmdr gbaragtmr, lut arm qudtm gapalcm hi usdkn tbmswhr`, wbmk kmgmssary.—16 Khtbdkn prmvmktm` tbm Ebatrds irhj lmardkn arjs dk tbm marcdmr trhulcm` tdjms wm arm macdkn wdtb. bmk tbm Paruka@ac lrakgb hi tbm Ebacsa @ac was rmhrnakdzm` dkth idvm dvdsdhks, twhhi tbmsm wmrm bma`m` ly Ebatrds ak` hkm ly a \aknbrmta.11

Khr was Nuru Barnhldk`—s `mgdsdhk th arj tbm Wdebs taemkgasuaccy hr aggd`mktcy. Dk tbm idrst pcagm, dt was hkm uk`mr tbm spmgdidgdkstrugtdhks hi Nuru Aroak.1< Wmghk`cy, at tbm vmry tdjm hi bdsdkstaccatdhk as Nuru, dt ds bm wbh `drmgtm` Lbad Lu``ba th ajmk` tbmgmrmjhky ihcchwm` hk sugb hggasdhks ak` a`hrk bdj wdtb twh swhr`s

hi Jmmrmm ak` Vmmrmm, sdnkdiydkn tbm lcmk`dkn hi rmcdndhus ak` tmjphracautbhrdty. Dt was kht gusthjary ihr tbm Waknat th sunnmst gbaknms hrdkkhvatm gmrmjhkdms, jugb cmss a ra`dgac `mparturm sugb as tbds hkm.Bm ihcchwm` tbds up ly ihuk`dkn tbm ‒Aeac Paebt—, a smat hi tmjphracautbhrdty as `dstdkgt irhj tbm pcagm hi whrsbdp achkm, ak` smt uptwh icans icuttmrdkn lmihrm dt, hkm `dstdkgtcy sdnkdiydkn rmcdndhus ak`tbm htbmr tmjphrac autbhrdty. Wugb stmps ajhuktm` th tbm mgcaratdhk



727

hi a paraccmc nhvmrkjmkt ak` jarem` ak hpmk gbaknm dk tbm mxtmrkacgbaragtmr hi tbm jhvmjmkt. Bmrm wm bavm tbm dk`dsputalcm autbhrdty hi Lbad Nuràs, tbm Nuru—s ghktmjphrary, tbat iar irhj pmrsua`dkn

tbm Nuru th taem tbmsm stmps, tbmrm wmrm nrujlcdkns ajhkn tbm Wdebsanadkst tbm cdkm taemk ly tbm Nuru.17 Mvmk Lbad Lu``ba, gbdmi ajhkn tbm Wdebs ak` tbm Oat, dkdtdaccy arnum` anadkst dt wdtb tbm Nuru. Pbmrm dskh jmktdhk, wbatshmvmr, tbat -tbm htbmr Oats ajhkn tbm Wdebs supphrtm`tbm Nuru hk tbds dssum, hr tbat Wdebs mvmr nrhupm` tbmjsmcvms hk gastmcdkms th `mcdlmratm hk aky sulomgt. Pbm Jasak`s, cma`mrs hi tbm chgacWaknats, apprhagbm` tbm Nuru—s jhtbmr dk ‒hr`mr tbat sbm sbhuc`

`dssua`m tbm Nuru irhj dkvdtdkn trhulcm irhj tbm rucmrs. Ly dkimrmkgm,ba` tbhsm ajhkn tbm Wdebs, wbh wmrm hpphsm` th Nuru Barnhldk`—sphcdgy hi jdcdtardzatdhk, lmmk ghksuctm`, tbmy whuc` kht bavm supphrtm`Nuru Aroak dk lmsthwdkn bds lcmssdkns hk Vrdkgm Ebusrh, as tbat whuc`bavm dkvdtm` tbm Djpmrdac wratb. As tbm dktmrvac lmtwmmk tbmsm mvmktsds kht chkn, dt ds rmashkalcm th supphsm tbat tbm ghjphsdtdhk hi tbmWaknat ghuc` kht bavm gbaknm` jatmrdaccy. Pbm dkgd`mkt hi tbm ‒bawe—acsh dk`dgatms tbat tbm dkdtdatdvm ihr gbaccmkndkn tbm phcdtdgac autbhrdty gajm irhj tbm Nuru. As th tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa, Wadkapat, aghktmjphrary, ak` Ehmr Wdknb, a kmar ghktmjphrary, mxprmsscy statmtbat tbm tmktb Nuru—s stmp was hpphsm` ly jaky jmjlmrs hi tbm bdnbmrgastms.10 Pbm rajatdg jakkmr dk wbdgb tbm kugcmus hi tbm Ebacsa, tbmidvm Lmchvm` Hkms, was gbhsmk,1= sbhws bhw Nuru Nhldk` Wdknbba` empt bds ghuksmc th bdjsmci. A surprdsm was sprukn hk tbmWaknat. Iar irhj dkicumkgdkn hr prmssurdzdkn tbm Nuru th ihuk`

tbm Ebacsa hkcy idvm ajhkn acc tbm Wdebs gajm ihrwar` th hiimrtbmdr cdvms, ak` tbm thtac kujlmr hi htbmrs wbh wmrm acshdkdtdatm` hk tbat ày was twmkty-idvm hkcy.19 Pbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa gausm` a smrdhus rdit ajhkn tbm Wdeb rakes, lut tbmNuru `d` kht `mvdatm irhj bds pcak. At Akak`pur, hk akhtbmrhggasdhk, bm acchwm` tbhsm wbh waktm` th `dsghktdkum tbmjdcdtary strunncm (Lmàvdcas) th `mpart lut stuge th bds pcak.



720

Aandk, at a tdjm wbmk bm ba` chst bds arjy ak` ba` kh vdsdlcmgbakgm hi suggmss cmit, ak` wbmk shjm Wdebs sunnmstm` th tbm Nuruat Juetsar th `dsghktdkum tbm strunncm anadkst tbm statm ak` hiimrm` th

lrdkn alhut ghkgdcdatdhk lmtwmmk bdj ak` Auraknzml, tbm Nuru gbd`m`tbmj ihr tbmdr prmsujptuhuskmss dk trydkn th a`vdsm tbm Nuru.1>

Pbmsm ncardkn iagts sbhuc` lm mkhunb th sbhw tbat tbm dkdtdatdvmak` `mtmrjdkatdhk ihr garrydkn hk tbm arjm` strunncm anadkst tbmmstalcdsbm` statm was dkvardalcy tbat hi tbm Nuru ak` kht tbat hi bdsihcchwmrs. Pbm whredkn hi a jhvmjmkt hr a systmj gakkht lm mvacuatm`jmrmcy ly taedkn dkth agghukt tbm hlomgtdvm hr mkvdrhkjmktac iagthrs.

Pbm Dk`daks iar hutkujlmrm` tbm Lrdtdsb dk tbm a`jdkdstratdvmjagbdkmry hi tbm Nhvmrkjmkt hi Dk`da5 ak` mvmk dk tbm arjy tbmratdh hi tbm Dk`dak shc`dmrs th tbm Lrdtdsb shc`dmrs was rhunbcy tbrmm thhkm. Lut hkm gakkht ghkgcu`m irhj tbds tbat tbm Dk`daks wmrm dk miimgtdvmghktrhc hi tbm Nhvmrkjmkt hi tbm ghuktry. Ihr tbm purphsm hi aky assmssjmkt, tbm `drmgtdvm purphsm ak` tbm cmvmrs hi phwmr bavm th lmghrrmcatm` wdtb tbm hlomgtdvm ghk`dtdhks.

7. PBM OAPW AK@ A\JW Dt ds JgCmh`—s assujptdhk tbat tbm Oats wbh usm` th ghjm th

Nuru Aroak th pay bhjanm just bavm ghjm arjm`. Dk tbm idrst pcagm,dt was kh Dk`dak rmcdndhus gusthj th nh arjm` th aky bhcy pmrshk.\atbmr, tbm nmkmrac pragtdgm was, as a jare hi rmspmgt, th dsarj hkmsmci lmihrmbak`. Dk iagt, Nbucaj Bussadk Ebak assmrts tbat upth tbm tdjmhi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb tbm Wdebs whrm hkcy rmcdndhus narl, wdtbhut

aky edk` hi arjs—12. Khr ds dt mstalcdsbm` tbat tbm lmardkn hi arjs was a Oat pmgucdardty. Di tbm Junbac phcdgy was th `dsar j tbmphpucatdhk, dt whuc` kht bavm cmit tbm Oats hut. Di kht, wby htbmrmcmjmkts hi tbm phpucatdhk, mspmgdaccy Ebatrds ak` tbhsm wbh catmrlmgajm Jazbald Wdebs, `d` kht acsh lmar arjs8 Dk acc prhlaldcdty,tbm mxpchdtm` gcass hi pmasakts wmrm, ly ak` carnm, ukarjm`. Arrdakkhtm` tbat buslak`jmk arm kht iurkdsbm` wdtb arjs, khr bavm aky



72=

jdcdtary ùtdms th pmrihrj.14 Pbm rmvmkum ak` htbmr `mjak`s hktbmj wmrm sh mxgmssdvm tbat tbmy wmrm ghjpmccm` th smcc tbmdr whjmk,gbdc`rmk ak` gattcm th jmmt tbmj. ‒Pbm pmasakts wmrm garrdm` hii,

attagbm` th bmavy drhk gbadks, th vardhus jaremts ak` iadrs, wdtb tbmdrphhr, ukbappy wdvms lmbdk` tbmj, garrydkn tbmdr sjacc gbdc`rmk dk tbmdrarjs, acc grydkn ak` cajmktdkn tbmdr mvdc pcdnbt.—<6 bmk tbmsm pmasaktsrmsdstm`, tbmdr uprdsdkns jdsidrm`, lmgausm ‒tbm purmcy pmasakt uprdsdkn hi a imw vdccanms whuc`, pmrbaps, bavm ghkstrdgtm` pdtdiuccy wdtb tbmjdcdtary miihrts hi mvmk tbm sjaccmr _ajdkàrs.—<1 Acc tbds phdkts th tbmprhlaldcdty tbat tbm ghjjhk pmasakts wmrm ukarjm`. Pbmrm ds,

tbmrmihrm, kh rmashk th lmcdmvm tbat tbm Oats wbh gajm th tbm Nuru wmrm `diimrmktcy pcagm`. ^bmk tbm Wdeb vdsdthrs th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknbghjpcadkm` tbat tbmy wmrm barassm` hk tbmdr way ly Jubajjaàks,tbm Nuru a`vdsm` tbmj th ghjm arjm`. Pbat ds, prhlalcy, acsh tbmrmashk wby Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb dk bds cmttmrs (Bueajkajas) caysspmgdac strmss tbat bds Wdebs sbhuc` ghjm arjm` th Akak`pur. Pbm‒\mbdtkajas— acsh dksdst tbat tbm Ebacsa sbhuc` rmjadk acwaysarjm`. <<

0. ADJW AK@ HLOMGPDYMW Pbmrm ds akhtbmr aspmgt wbdgb kmm`s mcugdàtdhk. ^bat was

tbm jhtdvm ihrgm, tbm urnm, wbdgb cm` th tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdebs8 Pbm Wdeb d`mhchny gcmarcy dkvhcvm` tbm idk`dkn hi shcutdhks ihr

tbm juctdiardhus shgdh-phcdtdgac prhlcmjs phsm` ly tbm tdjms. Dt ds,tbmrmihrm, djphrtakt th uk`mrstak` tbat dk tbm jattmr hi d`mktdiydkn

tbm jhtdvatdhk, tbm d`mhchny hi a jhvmjmkt whuc` khrjaccy iurkdsbtbm gchsmst gcum ihr dkvmstdnatdhk ak` vmrdidgatdhk. Dk aky gasm, tbmrm dskh nrhuk` ihr dnkhrdkn tbds apprhagb ak` dkstma` ihr puttdkn a prmjdujhk rak`hj spmgucatdhk. A nhh` mac hi jdsuk`mrstak`dkn alhut tbm Wdebbdsthry ghuc` lm avhd`m` di tbm prmou`dgm anadkst tbm rmcdndhus ùty hi idnbtdkn oust phcdtdgac lattcms ak` tbm usm hi ihrgm ihr a oust gausm arm sbm`.

Pbm Nurus `d` kht ‒àllcm dk phcdtdgs— gasuaccy hr aggd`mktaccy, as shjm



729

bdsthrdaks bavm put dt5 tbmy rmnar`m` dt as tbmdr ùty th idnbt kht hkcy shgdac dkoustdgm lut acsh phcdtdgac hpprmssdhk. Nuru Aroak ghuc` bavmgbhsmk th rmjadk dk`diimrmkt th phcdtdgac aiiadrs. Wdjdcarcy, Nuru

Barnhldk` ghuc` bavm avhd`m` tbm smttdkn up hi a paraccmc phcdtdgacautbhrdty. Iurtbmr, wby d` Nuru Bar \ad, di bm was kht whredkn ihr asmt hlomgtdvm, hiimr jdcdtary bmcp th @ara Wbdehb, ekhwdkn iucc wmcc tbmghksmqumkgms tbat ihcchwm` a sdjdcar stmp taemk ly Nuru Aroak8 Anadk,Nuru Pmnb Labaùr mcdlmratmcy d` kht ihcchw Auraknzml—s a`vdgm th`dsarj bds ihcchwmrs.<7 Dkstma`, bm mjlragm` jartyr`hj th savm tbmhpprmssm` Easbjdrd Vak`dts, lmgausm tbm rmshcvm th rmsdst rmcdndhus

pmrsmgutdhk ak` ghjlat phcdtdgac hpprmssdhk was a part hi tbm Nuru—sprhnrajjm. Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb cmavms kh hult alhut bds jdssdhk hi cdim? –D thhe ldrtb dk hr`mr th sprma` iadtb, savm tbm sadkts, ak` mxtdrpatmacc tyrakts.‚<0 Pbat bds Wdebs acsh uk`mrsthh` dt th lm sh, ds sbhwk ly tbm ghktmjphrary Wadkapat, wbh wrhtm tbat tbm purphsm hi grmatdkn tbm Ebacsa was ‒th `mstrhy tbm mvdc`hmr ak` mcdjdkatm suiimrdkn.—<= Pbmkmar-ghktmjphrary Ehmr Wdknb acsh rmghr`m` tbat tbm Nuru was lhrkth `mstrhy tbm Junbacs.<9 (d.m. tbm tyrakts hi tbm tdjms 8) Mvmk tbm catmrWdeb wrdtdkns ukakdjhuscy spmae hi tbds lmdkn ak hlomgtdvm hi tbmjdssdhk.<> Wadkapat twdgm jaems a vmry sdnkdidgakt rmjare tbat, wbdcmihuk`dkn tbm Ebacsa, tbm Nuru at cast rmvmacm` wbat ba` tdcc tbmk lmmkempt a smgrmt.<2 Pbds dk`dgatms tbat tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa was aprm-pcakkm` hlomgtdvm hi tbm jdssdhk. Acc tbmsm sdnkphsts tbat gbartmrtbm ghursm hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, mxtmk`dkn hvmr a chkn pmrdh`, `rdvmhkm th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat tbm Nurus wmrm whredkn wdtb tbm smt adj

hi ghjlatdkn shgdac ak` phcdtdgac dkoustdgm ak` hi rmjhuc`dkn tbm shgdacstrugturm.

=. PBM \HCM HI OAPW Lmihrm dsgussdkn tbm rhcm hi Oats, wm sbhuc` cdem th jaem

hkm phdkt gcmar. Cmavdkn asd`m dts dktmragtdhks wdtb tbm mxtmrkaciagthrs, tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt dk dts dktmrkac `mvmchpjmkt was

mssmktdaccy tbm prhùgt hi tbm Wdeb



72>

d`mhchny. Lut jass jhvmjmkts, mspmgdaccy tbhsm wbdgbsmt lmihrm tbmj tbm hlomgtdvm hi gapturdkn phcdtdgac phwmr, gakkhtaiihr` th a`jdt hkcy d`mhchndgaccy ghksgdhus jmjlmrs. Wugb pmrshks

arm acways dk a jdkhrdty. Wh chkn as tbm Nurus wmrm acdvm, tbmrm was khqumstdhk hi vdmws ak` dktmrmsts ghktrary th tbm Wdeb `hgtrdkm ghjdkn th tbm suriagm, lmgausm tbm whr` hi tbm Nuru was idkac. Aitmr tbmj,tbmrm was ak dktmrpcay hi agtdhk ak` rmagtdhk lmtwmmk tbm d`mhchndgaccy ghksgdhus ak` cmss ghksgdhus mcmjmkts, wdtbdk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt.Cdem acc sugb jhvmjmkts, tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt jay acsh lm rhunbcy `dvd`m` dkth twh pbasms, tbm pmrdh` hi d`mhchndgac asgmkàkgy ak`

tbat hi dts mgcdkm. Dk tbm idrst pbasm, tbm Ebacsa pmrdh`, Wdeb d`mhchny rmjadkm` suprmjm dk `mtmrjdkdkn tbm gbaragtmr ak` tbm `drmgtdhk hi tbm jhvmjmkt. Dk tbm smghk` pbasm, tbm pmrdh` hi Jdssacs ak` \akodtWdknb, tbm bhc` hi d`mhchny hk dk`dvdùacs ak` tbm jhvmjmkt, as dtacways bappmks, rmcaxm`. ^dtb tbm passanm hi tdjm, rmnrmssdhk dk tbmd`mhchndgac cmvmc ds kht pmgucdar th tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. \mvhcutdhksbavm acways lmmk bauktm` ly rmagtdhk. bat wm smme th mjpbasdzm dstbat dt whuc` lm wrhkn th ou`nm tbm bdsthry hi tbm Ebacsa pbasm hi tbmWdeb jhvmjmkt dk tbm cdnbt hi catmr `mvmchpjmkts. Pbat whuc` lmputtdkn tbm gart lmihrm tbm bhrsm. @urdkn tbm pmrdh` hi tbm Nurus, akìhr jhst part hi tbm mdnbtmmktb gmktury, dt was tbm Wdeb d`mhchny tbatdkicumkgm` tbm Oats ak` tbm htbmr mcmjmkts wbh ohdkm` tbm jhvmjmktak` kht tbm Oat gbaragtmr tbat jhuc`m` tbm jhvmjmkt ùrdkn dtsrmvhcutdhkary pbasm.

Dt bas lmmk assujm` tbat tbm Oats just bavm ohdkm` dk carnm

kujlmrs lmgausm Nuru Aroak mstalcdsbm` shjm rmcdndhus gmktrms dktbm rurac armas hi Jaoba. Lut, tbmrm ds kh àta th dkimr tbds hr tbattbm Oats wmrm tbm prhjdkmkt mcmjmkt ajhkn tbm Wdebs wbmk NuruBarnhldk` `mgd`m` th jdcdtardzm tbm jhvmjmkt, hr tbat tbm Oatsusm` th ghjm arjm` wbmk tbmy gajm th pay bhjanm th tbm Nurus.

Pbm Oats arm wmcc ekhwk ihr tbmdr dk`diimrmkgm thwar`s `mmprmcdndhus aiiadrs.<4 Pbm sbhrt dktmrvac hi tdjm lmtwmmk tbm



722

hpmkdkn hi tbmsm gmktrms ak` tbm tdjm wbmk tbm dkicux hi Oats dkthtbm Wdeb rakes ds supphsm` th bavm arhusm` Oabakndr—s jdsndvdkns dskht sugb as th iavhur tbm tbmhry hi carnm sgacm mkrhcjmkt hi tbm Oats dk

Wdebdsj. Lbad Nuràs bas ndvmk tbm kajms hi alhut <66 prhjdkmktWdebs hi Nuru Aroak. Hi tbmsm tmk wmrm Lrabjdks, mdnbt Oats (dkgcu`dkn twh wbhsm gastm ds ndvmk as Oatu, wbdgb ds a \aoput sul-gastm), tbrmmidsbmrjmk, tbrmm gacdgh-prdktmrs, twh gbakàcs, twh lrdge-caymrs, twhLbatts, hkm phttmr, hkm nhc`sjdtb ak` hkm Jubajjaàk. Pbm rmstmdtbmr lmchknm` th tbm Ebatrd ak` htbmr gastms ghkkmgtm` wdtbghjjmrgm, tra`ms, mtg., hr `d` kht bavm tbmdr gastms spmgdidm`.76

Pbm alhvm idnurms dk`dgatm gcmarcy tbm gastm-wdsm ghjphsdtdhkhi Nuru Aroak—s djphrtakt Wdebs. Pbm ghkstdtutdhk hi tbm nmkmracWaknat ds kht cdemcy th bavm lmmk jatmrdaccy `diimrmkt wbmk NuruBarnhldk` lmgajm tbm Nuru ak` startm` jdcdtardzatdhk. Pbm kujlmrhi Ebatrds ak` gastms ghkkmgtm` wdtb ghjjmrgm, prhimssdhk, mtg., dsjaky tdjms jhrm tbak tbm ghjldkm` kujlmr hi Oats ak` chwmr gastms.

Ajhkn tbm cattmr gatmnhry, tbm chw gastms hutkujlmr tbm Oats. Pbmghkomgturm alhut Oats bavdkn ohdkm` Nuru Aroak dk carnm kujlmrs dsghktra`dgtm` mvmk ly Jhbsdk Iakd, wbh says? –Whjm Wdebs hi tbm Nuru`h anrdgucturac whre ak` shjm tra`m, ak` a juctdtu`m taems up smrvdgm.—71

Pbmsm idnurms, tbus, ekhge hut tbm lhtthj hi tbm assujptdhk tbat tbmsmttdkn up hi rurac gmktrms dkgrmasm` tbm prhphrtdhk hi Oats ajhkn tbmNuru—s ihcchwmrs th sugb ak mxtmkt as th gausm apprmbmksdhks dk

Oabakndr—s jdk`. Lmsd`ms, as acrma`y statm`, dt whuc` lm nhdkn lmyhk`tbm cdjdts hi bdsthrdgac prhprdmty th rmomgt tbm authldhnrapbdgac tmstdjhky

hi Oabakndr alhut bds jhtdvms ihr hr`mrdkn Nuru Aroak—s mxmgutdhk ak`dkstma` th djputm a ghkomgturac jhtdvm th tbm mjpmrhr ihr bds agtdhk.

Lbad Nuràs—s tmstdjhky alhut tbm rmagtdhk hi tbm Wdebs anadksttbm Nuru—s stmps ihr jdcdtardzatdhk bas acrma`y lmmk dk`dgatm`. Bm hmskht jmktdhk jaky Oats dk bds mkujmratdhk hi djphrtakt Wdebs hi NuruBarnhldk`. Prum, Jhbsdk Iakd says tbat jaky Oats ohdkm` as tbm Nuru—s



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ihcchwmrs. Pbds autbhr was twmkty ymars yhuknmr tbak Nuru Barnhldk`, wbh was mcmvmk ymars hc` wbmk bm lmgajm tbm Nuru, thhe tbm `mgdsdhkth arj tbm Wdebs, ludct tbm Aeac Paebt ak` startm` tbm ghkstrugtdhk hi

Chbnarb ihrt. Dk vdmw hi bds marcdmr hlsmrvatdhk alhut tbm Oats lmdkn dka jdkhrdty dk tbm tdjm hi Nuru Aroak, Jhbsdk Iakd—s statmjmkt tbattbm Oats ohdkm` as tbm ihcchwmrs hi Nuru Barnhldk` rmimrs mvd`mktcy tha pmrdh` sulsmqumkt th tbm cattmr—s `mgdsdhk th jdcdtardzm tbm Wdebs.

Pbds whuc` ghrrmsphk` th tbm mvd`mkgm khtm` ly Jagaucdiim tbat, hkcmarkdkn hi tbm jdcdtary prmparatdhk dkdtdatm` ly Nuru Barnhldk`, idvmbuk`rm` warrdhrs irhj Jaoba, @hala ak` Jacwa rmndhks vhcuktmmrm`

tbmdr smrvdgms th tbm Nuru7<

Jhrmhvmr, Jhbsdk Iakd—s mvd`mkgm bas kh wmdnbt ghjparm` th tbm autbmktdg, rmcdalcm ak` ghktmjphrary mvd`mkgmhi Lbad Nuràs. Dk iagt,‚ tbm a`vmrsardms hi Nuru Barnhldk` mrdsdvmcy gaccm` bds ihrgms wmae lmgausm tbmy wmrm ghjphsm` hi larlmrs,

wasbmrjmk, ghllcmrs, ak` tbm cdem.77 Dk aky gasm, bhw ghuc` a jdkhrdty nrhup jaem dts djpagt imct th sugb ak mxtmkt as th gbaknm hvmrkdnbttbm vmry `drmgtdhk hi tbm jhvmjmkt8 Dt bas acrma`y lmmk ja`m gcmartbat tbm vdtac `mgdsdhks wmrm acways ja`m ly tbm Nurus tbmjsmcvms.

Pbm Waknat kmvmr ihrgm` tbm Nurus th agtdhk. Lut, supphsdkn, ihrarnujmkt—s saem, tbat Nuru Barnhldk` waktm` th taem dkth agghukttbm vdmws hi tbm Waknat dk jaedkn bds jhjmkthus `mgdsdhk, tbathpdkdhk ghuc` katuraccy bavm lmmk hi tbm cma`dkn Wdebs, hi wbhj Oats,agghr`dkn th Lbad Nuràs, ihrjm` a kmncdndlcm jdkhrdty. Ak` dt whuc`lm dcchndgac th sunnmst tbat tbmsm imw Oats, mvmk di tbmy ba` vdmws`diimrmkt irhj tbhsm hi htbmr khk-Oat Wdebs ak` tbm Nuru, ghuc` djphsm

tbmdr wdcc hk tbm rmst hk sugb a grugdac ak` d`mhchndgac dssum. Agtuaccy,tbm Nuru, agghr`dkn th Lbad Nuràs, stuge th bds mgdsdhk, mspdtm tbmhpphsdtdhk irhj Lala Lu``ba, tbm jhst rmvmrm` Wdeb, bds jhtbmr, tbmJasak`s, ak` shjm htbmrs.

Irhj tbm tdjm hi Nuru Bar \ad th tbat hi Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb, tbmrm was kh hvmrt jdcdtary agtdvdty mxgmpt tbat hi jadktadkdkn shjm arjm` jmk. Lmihrm ihuk`dkn tbm Ebacsa,



746

Lbdebak Ebak, ak hpphkmkt hi tbm tmktb Nuru, sphemghktmjptuhuscy hi bds ihrgms lmdkn ghjphsm` hi chw-gastm jmk.70

Acjhst acc tbm partdgdpakts wbhsm kajms arm rmghr`m` dk ghkkmgtdhk

wdtb tbm lattcm hi Lbaknakd (Cm. prm-Ebacsa pmrdh`) wmrm khk-Oats.7=

Pbm idrst tbrmm wmcc-ekhwk jartyrs irhj ajhknst tbm Wdebs, ùrdkn Nuru Pmnb Labaùr—s tdjm, wmrm Lbad Jatd @as, Lbad Watd @as ak`Lbad @yaca, acc khk Oats. Hut hi tbm idvm Lmchvm` Hkms (tbm IdvmVdaras), hkcy hkm was a Oat, ak` bm thh lmchknm` th Bastdkapur, hutsd`mtbm Vukoal. Agghr`dkn th Ehmr Wdknb, Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb sad` ?–Yadsayas, Wu`ras ak` Oats D bavm dkghrphratm` dk tbm Vaktb.‚79 Hi tbm

twmktyidvm Juetas jmktdhkm` ly Ehmr Wdknb, tbrmm was Lbatdas, idvmEbatrds, ihur Arhras, tbrmm Culakas ak` twh watmr-garrdmrs.7> Pbm gastmshi tbm rmst arm kht ndvmk. Pbm ihrty jmk at Gbajeaur dkgcu`m` idvmLbatdas, ihur Arhras, shjm Ebatrds ak` Eacacs (`dstdccmrs), twh\aknbrmtas (swmmpmr gastm), twh Lrabjdks, Waknat Wdknb hi tbm PraksDkùs armas, shks hi tbm Nuru ak` tbm Nuru Bdjsmci.72 Pbhsm wbhthhe part dk Lakà—s gajpadnk, at cmast dk dts dkdtdac stanm, wmrm rmgrudtm`gbdmicy irhj tbm chwmr gastm Bdkùs.74 Alhut Wdrbdk`—s ghkqumst ly Lakà, Drvdkm wrdtms, ‒Pbm sgavmknmrs ak` cmatbmr-`rmssmrs ak` sugbcdem pmrshks, wbh wmrm vmry kujmrhus ajhkn tbm Wdebs, ghjjdttm`mxgmssms hi mvmry `msgrdptdhk.06

Dk tbm iagm hi acc tbds, tbmrm ds kh lasds ihr sunnmstdkn, jugbcmss ihr assmrtdkn, tbat tbm nrhwtb hi jdcdtakgy wdtbdk tbm paktb ghuc`lm tbm rmsuct hi tbm djpagt hi tbm sh-gaccm` Oat gucturac pattmrks. Lmsd`ms,dt ds kht uk`mrsthh` bhw tbmsm sh-gaccm` Oat pattmrks ghuc` lm sh

phwmriuc as th suljmrnm mstalcdsbm` d`mhchndgac ghksd`mratdhks ak`tbm vdmws hi tbm carnm jaohrdty hi tbm dkicumktdac partdgdpakts dk tbmWaknat. bmtbmr hr kht tbm hrdndkac Oat pattmrks hi gucturm, hr Oat tradts,ghrrmsphk`m` th tbm gbaragtmrdstdg imaturms hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt,

wdcc lm smmk bmrmaitmr.

9. PBM IDYM E—W.

Akhtbmr byphtbmsds a`vakgm` ds tbat tbm Ebacsa aggmptm` tbm



741

idvm syjlhcs (tbm idvm E—s) uk`mr tbm dkicumkgm hi Oat gucturacpattmrks. ]kcmss tbm Oat gucturac pattmrks arm d`mktdidm` ak` ghrrmcatm`

wdtb tbm idvm E—s hr htbmr gbaragtmrdstdgs hi tbm jhvmjmkt, tbds vdmw

rmjadks ghkomgturac. Ihr, tbmrm ds kh mvd`mkgm th sunnmst tbat tbm idvmE—s wmrm `dstdkgt ak` gbaragtmrdstdg Oat imaturms. Jmnrmnhr wrdtms hi tbm pmhpcm hi tbm Vukoal wbh hpphsm` Acmxak`mr wbmk bm grhssm`tbm \avd ? –Whjm ba` àrts, htbmrs spmars ak` axms. Kh jmktdhk dsja`m hi lhws ak` arrhws, sh nmkmraccy mjpchym` ly tbm Wdebs hi tbmprmsmkt ày, as wmaphks hi war.01 Kh jmktdhk ds acsh ja`m hi tbm

wmaphks usm` ly tbm Oats dk tbmdr mkghuktmrs wdtb Jabjhh` Nbazkavd,

Pdjur ak` Lalar. Di tbm Edrpak (tbm swhr`) was mvmr usm` as a wmaphkly tbm Oats, Jaku ba` spmgdidm` dt as Esbatrdya—s wmaphk0< jugb marcdmr,ak` dts usm dk Dk`dak bdsthry was jhrm ghkspdguhuscy asshgdatm` wdtbtbm \aoputs. Dk iagt, aky nrhup rmshrtdkn th jdcdtakgy whuc` a`hpt tbm

wmaphks gurrmkt dk tbm tdjms. Pbmk wby tragm tbm a`hptdhk ly tbmEbacsa hi tbds ‒E— (Edrpak) th tbm Oats gucturac pattmrks8

Akhtbmr djphrtakt ‒E— ds tbm Emsbas (badr). Aclmrukd khtm`tbat hkm hi tbm straknm gusthjs tbat `diimrmktdatm` tbm Bdkùs irhjtbm pmhpcm hi bds hwk ghuktry was tbat tbm Bdkùs ‒`h kht gut aky hi tbm badr hi tbm lh`y.—07 ‒Ihrjmrcy tbm wbhcm phpucatdhk (hi @hnars), asds tbm gasm wdtb tbm phhr gcassms stdcc, whrm tbmdr chkn badr hvmr tbmdrsbhuc`mrs wdtbhut aky ghvmrdkn mdtbmr hi sbmmt hr turlak.00 Pbds sbhwstbat tbm emmpdkn hi badr was, di dt mvmr was, kht a Oat pmgucdardty. Akybhw,tbm phdkt ds kht alhut emmpdkn tbm badr as sugb, lut alhut tbm sakgtdty tbat gajm th lm attagbm` th tbmj5 sh tbat tbm Wdknbs whuc` ndvm up

tbmdr cdvms ratbmr tbak acchw tbmsm th lm rmjhvm`.\hsm wrdtms? ‒Pbm Oats hi tbm Vukoal gakkht lm sad` th bavm

aky `dstdkgtdvm trdlac gucts. ^bmk Jubajjaàks hr Wdebs tbmy ihcchw tbm tmagbdkns hi tbmdr grmm`s wdtb varydkn `mnrmms hi strdgtkmss. ^bmkBdkùs tbmy arm vmry hitmk Wuctakds hr ihcchwmrs hi tbm phpucar ak` wd`msprma`guct hi Waebd Warwar Wuctak…Pbm hkcy `dstdkgtdvm Oat gucts arm



74<

trdlac…Ajhkn tbm Bdk`u & Wdeb Oats, mspmgdaccy dk tbm khrtb-gmktracak` gmktrac @dstrdgts, a ihrj hi akgmsthr whrsbdp, gaccm` oatbmra,dsghjjhk. 0= Wdebdsj wbdgb traksgmk`s trdlac ghksgdhuskmss ak` gusthjs,

ds hpphsm` th acc ihrjs hi akgmsthr-whrsbdp, ak` tbm phsdtdhk hi tbmkhk -Oats was kht sh sulsmrvdmkt dk tbm Vaktb as th mkalcm tbm Oats thdjphsm tbmdr gucturac pattmrks, di aky, hk tbm Vaktb anadkst ekhwkWdeb tmkmts. Dk aky gasm, tbds Oatbmra-whrsbdp, hr aky htbmr sdjdcar trdlacguct, gak dk kh way lm cdkem` wdtb tbm sakgtdty attagbm` ly tbm Wdebs thaky hi tbm idvm ‒E—s. Alhut tbm Wuctakd guct, tbm @dstrdgt Nazmttmmr hi

Ajrdtsar (124<-47, p. =6) rmghr`s tbat? ‒Wdeb Oats irmmcy dktmrjarry

wdtb Wuctakd Oats, lut wdcc kht mat ghhem` ihh` irhj tbmdr bhusms, hrsbarm aky ihh` wdtb tbmj. Mvmk dk hkm iajdcy, a jmjlmr wbh baslmghjm a Wdeb wdcc mat smparatmcy irhj akhtbmr jmjlmr wbh cdasrmjadkm` a Wuctakd.09 Pbds iurtbmr dccustratms tbat Wdebdsj, iar irhjlhrrhwdkn Oat gucts, was a ihrgm wbdgb whrem` th `raw tbm Oat Wdebsaway irhj tbm gucts prmvacmkt ajhkn tbm Bdk`u Oats.

Ba` tbmrm lmmk aky sulstakgm dk Jgcmh`—s ghkomgturacbyphtbmsds, bhw whuc` hkm mxpcadk tbm thtac `dsappmarakgm hi tbmsmgucturac syjlhcs, supphsm` th bavm lmmk lhrrhwm` ly tbm Wdebs irhj

Oats, irhj ajhknst tbm khk-Wdeb Oats hi tbm Vukoal ak` tbm kmdnblhurdkn statms8 Bhw, urdkn tbm ays hi tbm nmkmrac pmrsmgutdhk hi tbm Wdknbs,hkcy tbm Ebacsa hi nmkudkm iadtb rmtadkm` tbmdr badr at tbm ghst hi tbmdrcdvms, wbdcm htbmr Oats, wbh ohdkm` tbmj ihr tmjphrary nadks, ba` khghjpukgtdhk th rmjhvm tbmsm dk hr`mr th savm tbmdr sedks8 Bhw, dk tbmjh`mrk tdjms, tbm Oats ajhkn tbm Wdebs, ghjparatdvmcy spmaedkn, bavm

lmghjm cax dk emmpdkn tbmdr badr ak` tbm khk-Oat Wdebs bavm nrhwkstrdgt0> dk tbmdr a`bmrmkgm th tbmsm syjlhcs8 Iurtbmr, wbmtbmr tbm idvm‒E—s wmrm lhrrhwm` ly tbm Vaktb irhj tbm Oats hr kht ds kht tbm rmcmvaktphdkt5 lmgausm syjlhcs ly tbmjsmcvms `h kht cma` th akytbdkn, jugbcmss th jdcdtakgy. \mvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkts arm kht ja`m ly tbmsyjlhcs5 dt ds sugb jhvmjmkts tbat ndvm jmakdkniuc sdnkdidgakgm thtbmj.



747

]kihrtukatmcy, tbm alhvm byphtbmsds ghjpcmtmcy jdssms tbmsdnkdidgakgm hi tbm prmsgrdptdhk hi tbm idvm ‒E—s. Pbm Nuru—s stmp wasgcmarcy adjm` kht hkcy at garvdkn hut a kmw ghjjukdty, `dstdkgt irhj

tbm htbmrs, wdtb dts hwk gucturac pattmrks, shgdh-rmcdndhus d`mhchny,ak` apprhagb th cdim, lut acsh at guttdkn away tbm jmjlmrs hi tbdsghjjukdty irhj tbmdr prmvdhus jhhrdkns ak` aiidkdtdms sh as th avhd`rmvmrsdhkary trmk`s. Pbat ds wby, at tbm tdjm hi tbm laptdsj gmrmjhky,hkm hi tbm dkoukgtdhks was tbat? ‒bmrmly arm `mstrhym` acc yhurghkkmgtdhks wdtb prmvdhus rmcdndhus systmjs, gusthjs, rdtuacs,hggupatdhkac stdnjas, mtg., mtg.02 Pbmrm ds a gcmar rmghr` hi tbm Nuru—s

`mtmrjdkatdhk th grmatm a kmw ak` `dstdknudsbalcm pmhpcm. Hk lmdkn thc` tbat imw Wdebs appmarm` th bavm sthh` ly Nuru Pmnb Labaùr attbm tdjm hi bds jartyr`hj lmgausm tbmrm was kh `dstdknudsbdkn jare hk a Wdeb, tbm Nuru ds rmphrtm` th bavm sad`? –D wdcc assdnk sugb`dstdknudsbdkn jares th tbm Wdebs tbat a Wdeb prmsmkt mvmk ajhkn tbhusak`s wdcc kht lm alcm th ghkgmac bdjsmci.‚04 Pbm Ebacsa wmrm,tbus, ndvmk a kmw ukdihrj wbdgb khwbmrm mxdstm` lmihrm.

]k`hultm`cy, tbm ghktrdlutdhk hi tbm Oats, wdtb tbmdr idnbtdkn quacdtdms, th tbm Wdeb strunncm ds vmry vacualcm, lut, tbm ghktrdlutdhkhi tbm gastms chwmr tbak tbm Oats bas acsh lmmk qudtm sdnkdidgakt ùrdkn tbm Ebacsa hr tbm rmvhcutdhkary pbasm hi tbm jhvmjmkt. Di tbmdkspdratdhk hi tbm Wdeb d`mhchny ghuc` turk tbmsm pmhpcm, wbh ba`lmmk rmk`mrm` spdkmcmss ly tbm gastm systmj ihr gmkturdms, dkth a idnbtdkn gcass, tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt kmm`m` kh nha`dkn irhj tbm Oats ihr dtsjdcdtardzatdhk. Acsh, di tbm lmardkn hi arjs ak` jartdac quacdtdms arm

tbm hkcy rmqudrmjmkts ihr sbapdkn a rmvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkt, wby ghuc`kht tbm Oats prhùgm hkm mcsmwbmrm8

>. \MWVHKWM PH MGHKHJDG V\HLCMJW Dt bas acsh lmmk sunnmstm` tbat tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm

Wdeb jhvmjmkt was tbm rmsuct hi tbm mghkhjdg prmssurm. Anrardak trhulcms wmrm kh `hult hkm hi tbm iagthrs ihr tbm

`hwkiacc hi tbm Junbac mjpdrm. \mcdndhus pmrsmgutdhk hi khk-



740

Juscdjs was akhtbmr rmashk. \attak Wdknb Lbaknu bas kht dnkhrm`tbm iagt tbat tbhsm wbh wmrm hpprmssm` ly tbm Wtatm hr tbm A`jdkdstratdhkohdkm` tbm Ebacsa.=6 Lut tbm qumstdhk ds, wby, dk tbm Vukoal, tbm Ebacsa

achkm lmgajm tbm gmktrm hi rmsdstakgm8 ^by `d` tbm Easbjdrd Vak`dtstravmc acc tbm way th Akak`pur8 ^by `d` tbm Oats hi Baryaka, wbh

wmrm dk kh way cmss hpprmssm`, ludc` kh rmsdstakgm hk tbmdr hwk8 Di mghkhjdg gausms hr rmcdndhus pmrsmgutdhk achkm, wdtbhut ak d`mhchny,ak hrdmktm` cma`mrsbdp ak` ak hrnakdzatdhk, ghuc` ndvm rdsm thjhvmjmkts, tbmk tbmrm sbhuc` bavm lmmk a nmkmrac rmvhct tbrhunbhuttbm cmkntb ak` lrma`tb hi tbm ghuktry. Lut khtbdkn hi tbm edk`

bappmkm`. Pbmrm wmrm, dk lrha`— tmrjs, ihur typms hi pmasakt upbmavacs.Idrstcy, tbmrm wmrm tbm uprdsdkns wbdgb tbm ghjjhk mxpchdtm` pmasaktsuk`mrthhe hk tbmdr hwk. Pbmsm wmrm sphra`dg ak` ukhrnakdsm`, ak`dkstma` hi lmardkn aky irudt dkvdtm` iurtbmr hpprmssdhk ak` jdsmry.Wmghk`cy, tbmrm wmrm pmasakt rmvhcts ludct arhuk` tbm cma`mrsbdp hi _ajdkàrs, as dstdknudsbm` irhj Oandràrs, wbdgb wmrm chgacdzm` aiiadrs.

Pbmsm, wbmk suggmssiuc, mdtbmr smrvm` tbm pmrshkac mk`s hi tbm chgac_ajdkàrs hr mk`m` jmrmcy dk pcuk`mrdkn. Di tbm _ajdkàrs ghucùkdtm ihr a ghjjhk purphsm, tbmy whuc` bavm lmghjm a ihrgm th rmgehk

wdtb, lmgausm tbm thtac kujlmr hi tbmdr arjm` rmtadkmrs, as mstdjatm`ly Aluc-Iazc, was 00 Caebs. Pbm tbdr` gatmnhry was tbm suggmssiucrmvhct hi Lbaratpur Oats. Dt ba` hkcy tbm cdjdtm` hlomgtdvm hi mstalcdsbdkn tbm rucm hi a Oat iajdcy. Pbm ihurtb gatmnhry ghjprdsm` tbm Watkajdrmvhct ak` tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, wbmrmdk, achkn wdtb tbm pmasakts, tbm

htbmr chwmr gastms acsh pcaym` a jaohr rhcm. Bmrm acsh, tbm Watkajdrmvhct was dk tbm katurm hi ak mpbmjmrac icarm-up.=1 Dt ghccapsm`su``mkcy ak` d` kht garry hk aky sustadkm` strunncm, lmgausm dt cagem`d`mhchny prmpcakkm` ak` hlomgtdvms ak` a `mtmrjdkm` cma`mrsbdp. Dt

was hkcy dk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt tbat wm idk` tbm ghjldkatdhk hi hlomgtdvm ghk`dtdhks wdtb a `dstdkgt d`mhchny, gcmar-gut rmvhcutdhkary



74=

adjs th lm agbdmvm`, ak` ak dkspdrm` ak` `mtmrjdkm` cma`mrsbdp. Pbdsds tbm rmashk wby dts ghursm ak` gbaragtmr wmrm `diimrmkt irhj tbhsmhi htbmrs ak` castm` ihr hvmr tbrmm nmkmratdhks mvmk aitmr tbm `mjdsm

hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb. (Pbm rmsphksms th mghkhjdg prhlcmjs wmrm,tbus, kht ukdihrj.) Dt ds, tbmrmihrm, d`cm th tragm tbm shurgm hi armvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkt, `dvhrgm` irhj dts d`mhchny ak` cma`mrsbdp,th sbmmr mghkhjdg gausms.

2. PBM @MYc G]CP, PBM OAPW AK@ PBM EBACWA Akhtbmr ghkomgturm ja`m ly @r. JgCmh` ds tbat tbm syktbmsds

hi tbm @mvd guct wdtb tbm Oat gucturm ba` jugb th h wdtb tbm mvhcutdhkhi jdcdtakgy dk tbm Vaktb, dk dkspdrdkn dt th `mm`s hi vachur, ak` dkpcaydkn a `mtmrjdkdkn rhcm dk dts bdsthry.=<

Pbds sunnmstdhk ds smci-ghktra`dgthry. Ihr, wbdcm, hk tbm hkmbak`, dt ghjpcmtmcy dnkhrms tbm lasdg rhcm pcaym` ly tbm Nurus— d`mhchny dk tbm `mvmchpjmkt hi jdcdtakgy dk tbm Vaktb ak` tbm grmatdhk hi tbmEbacsa, hk tbm htbmr bak`, dt lakes hk ak acdmk rmcdndhus dkspdratdhktbat nha`m` tbm Oats th jdcdtardzm tbm jhvmjmkt ak` th idnbt zmachuscy ihr shgdh-rmcdndhus gausms. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbm arnujmkt ghkgm`ms tbattbm Oat gucturm, cmit th dtsmci, was dkgapalcm hi nacvakdzdkn tbm Oats ihra purphsmiuc jdcdtary agtdhk. Pbm assujptdhk ds kht hkcy vmry ghkomgturac, lut jdssms acc tbm mstalcdsbm` iagts?

(d) Nuru Barnhldk` wmkt th Edratpur aitmr bavdkn idkdsbm` acc bds lattcms dk tbm pcadks. Wh tbm qumstdhk hi OatWdebs hr Nuru Barnhldk` nmttdkn dkspdratdhk irhj tbm @mvd

guct lmghjms ak akagbrhkdsj.(dd) bmk Nuru Barnhldk` was at Edratpur, hkm Wdeb

kajm` Labdrh gut hii tbm khsm hi tbm @mvd—s d`hc. ^bmk tbmbdcc \aoa ghjpcadkm` th tbm Nuru hi tbds, tbm Wdeb—s akswmr

was, bhw tbm @mvd, tbat ghuc` kht prhtmgt bmrsmci, ghuc` savmhtbmrs.=7 Pbds dk`dgatms wbat rmspmgt tbm Wdebs ba` ihr tbm@mvd.



749

(ddd) Pbm kmws-wrdtmr, wbh rmphrtm` th tbm mjpmrhr alhut tbm ihuk`dkn hi tbm Ebacsa, spmgdidgaccy jmktdhkm` @urna as hkm hi tbm`mdtdms wbdgb tbm Nuru ihrla`m tbm Wdebs irhj paydkn bhjanm

th. =0

(dv) Pbm vardhus ihrjs hi @mvd arm tbm ghkshrts hi Wdva5 bmkgm @mvd- whrsbdp gakkht lm a`vhgatm` ly hkm wbh `mgrdms Wdva whrsbdp. Pbmrm arm jaky vmrsms hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb thtbds miimgt.==

(v) Di tbm kujlmr hi djphrtakt tmjpcms ludct ak` iadrs bmc` dk bhkhurhi tbm vardhus ihrjs hi @mvd arm ak dk`dgatdhk hi tbm

prmvacmkgm hi tbm @mvd guct, dt sbhuc` lm tbm cmast ghjjhkajhkn tbm Oats hi tbm Wdeb rmndhk. Lmgausm sugb tmjpcms akìadrs arm tbm jhst ghjjhk dk tbm bdccy tragts hi tbm Bdjagbac.Kmxt ghjms Baryaka. Lut dk tbm Wdeb Oat tragt tbmrm arm hkcy twh sugb djphrtakt tmjpcms. Pbm vhtardms hi hkm hi tbmj atLataca arm ghkidkm` th a sul-gastm hi ebatrds,=9 wbdcm, tbmsmghk` hkm, tbm Lba`àr Eacd tmjpcm at Kdazlmn, ds alhut >jdcms irhj Cabhrm ak` bas hkcy a chgac rmputatdhk.=> Pbm iadr

wbdgb was bmc` tbmrm was attmk`m` ly pmhpcm wbh ghccmgtmìrhj Ajrdtsar ak` Cabhrm thwks ak` tbm kmdnblhurdkn

vdccanms.=2 As tbds part hi Cabhrm dstrdgt ds kht a Wdeb jaohrdty arma (ihr tbat rmashk dt ihrjs a part hi Vaedstak), dt ds khtukrmashkalcm th surjdsm tbat tbm kujlmr hi tbm Oat Wdebsattmk`dkn tbds iadr wmrm kmvmr sdnkdidgakt. As anadkst tbds, tbmrmarm jaky djphrtakt @mvd tmjpcms sgattmrm` acc hvmr tbm mastmrk

`dstrdgts (d.m. Baryaka).=4 \hsm, wbh bas kht hjdttm` th khtmmvmk pmtty gucturac pragtdgms cdem tbhsm hi tbm Wdeb watmr-garrdmrs whrsbdpdkn Lbadrh,96 jaems kh jmktdhk tbat Wdeb Oats

whrsbdp tbm @mvd.Di tbm guct hi @mvd ba` dkspdrm` tbm Oats wbh vdsdtm` Akak`pur, bhw dsdt tbat dt `dsappmarm` acthnmtbmr irhj ajhkn tbmj aitmrwar`s8 Di tbmWdeb watmr-garrdmrs, wbh ihrj a jdgrhsghpdg jdkhrdty ajhkn tbm Wdeb

phpucatdhk, ghuc` rmtadk Lbadrh whrsbdp, wby ghuc` kht tbm Oats rmtadk



74>

@mvd whrsbdp8 Acsh, di tbm \aoputs hi bdccy Vukoal, wbdgb ds tbm bhjmhi @mvd guct, ak` tbm Bdkù Oats hi Baryaka, wbmrm tbm @mvd guct ds

wd`msprma`, ghuc` kht lm dkspdrm` ly dt th taem up arjs ihr bdnbmr

rmcdndhus hr phcdtdgac mk`s, bhw ds dt tbat dt dkspdrm` hkcy tbm Wdeb Oats, wbhsm vdsdts th Edratpur hr Akak`pur th pay tbmdr rmspmgts th tbm Nuru wmrm vmry sbhrt ak` hggasdhkac8

WMGPDHK DD ^D@M\ GHKPMRP

Dt ds a khrjac prhgmùrm hi bdsthrdhnrapby th vdmw jhvmjmktsdk tbm lrha`mr bdsthrdgac ak` shgdac pmrspmgtdvm hi tbmdr tdjms. Ph ou`nmgmrtadk imaturms hi a jhvmjmkt dk dshcatdhk, ly kht ghhr`dkatdkn tbmj

wdtb tbm ghktmxt hi tbm jhvmjmkt as a wbhcm, hr ly `dvhrgdkn tbmjirhj tbmdr bdsthrdgac lagenrhuk`, ds lhuk` th cma` th a dsthrtm` djanm.

Pbm prhtanhkdsts hi tbm byphtbmsds tbat tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, dk dtsnmkmsds ak` mvmchpjmkt, was a prhùgt hi tbm Oat tradts, bavm sdnkaccy iadcm` th a`hpt tbm khrjac jmtbh`hchny aggmptm` ly bdsthrdaks. Dkiagt, tbmy bavm kht mvmk attmjptm` th ghrrmcatm tbm Oat gbaragtmrdstdgs,

wbdgb arm supphsm` th bavm pcaym` sugb a `mtmrjdkatdvm rhcm, wdtbtbm dkdtdatdhk ak` tbm nrhwtb hi Wdeb jdcdtakgy. Pbm rhcm hi Oatgbaragtmrdstdgs dk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt assujms ak apprhprdatmpmrspmgtdvm hkcy di dt ds vdmwm` dk tbm cdnbt hi tbm tradts ak` phcdtdgacagtdvdtdms hi tbm pmasaktry dk nmkmrac, ak` hi tbm Oats hi rmndhks htbmrtbak tbat hi tbm Wdeb tragt dk partdgucar. Acsh, tbm phsdtdvm hr kmnatdvm

rmcatdhksbdp hi Oat gbaragtmrdstdgs, di aky, wdtb tbm jadk imaturms hi tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk bas th lm prhvm` hr dsprhvm`. Dk tbds smgtdhk, wmprhphsm th h tbds uk`mr tbm ihcchwdkn bma`s? 1. Hrn5jdzatdhk5 <. Cage hi Whcdàrdty5 7. Mnacdtardakdsj5 0. Pbm Wdeb Mnacdtardak \mvhcutdhk5=. Cage hi phcdtdgac dkdtdatdvm ak` aspdratdhks ajhkn pmasakts ak` Oats59. D`mhchny5 >. Ghkgcusdhk.

Lut, lmihrm wm `h ghjm th tbat, wm sbhuc` lm alshcutmcy gcmar

hk hkcy phdkt. ^m arm ghkgmrkm` hkcy wdtb tbm rmvhcutdhkary Wdeb



742

jhvmjmkt. Pbm iaccagy hi tbhsm, wbh arnum tbat tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was dkdtdatm` ak` rmdkihrgm` ly tbm dkicux dkth hi a carnm kujlmr hi Oats, ardsms dk kh sjacc jmasurm irhj tbmdr chndg

wbdgb iadcs th `dstdknudsb lmtwmmk tbm rmvhcutdhkary ak`phst trmvhcutdhkary pbasms hi tbm jhvmjmkt. Pbmy try th ou`nm tbmihrjmr dk tbm cdnbt hi tbm cattmr. Ly ihcchwdkn a sdjdcar cdkm hi tbdkedkn,hkm gak as wmcc kht `mjargatm lmtwmmk tbm rmjarealcy mnacdtardak mrahi Vrhpbmt Jubajja` ak` bds djjm`datm `mputdms hk tbm hkm bak`,ak`, hk tbm htbmr, tbat hi tbm Juscdj phcdty wbmk dt `mnmkmratm` dktha iucc icm`nm` authgragy5 hr lmtwmmk tbm stdrrdkn mvmkts hi tbm Irmkgb

\mvhcutdhk prhpmr,- ak` dts smqumc-tbm Lhkapartm rmndjm5 hr, ihr tbatjattmr, lmtwmmk tbm rmvhcutdhkary ak` phst-rmvhcutdhkary pbasms hi aky rmvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkt. ]ps ak` `hwks arm ghjjhk th accd`mhchndgaccy dkspdrm` upsurnms, lmgausm hi tbm dkbmrmkt bujakcdjdtatdhks ak` mkvdrhkjmktac bur`cms. Vrhnrmss thwar`s d`macdstdgbujak nhacs bas kmvmr lmmk cdkmar5 ghuktmr-rmvhcutdhk bas ihcchwm`rmvhcutdhk as dts hwk sba`hw. Pbmrm ds a jarem` lmbavdhurac ghktrast

wbmk ak dk`dvdùac, hr a nrhup, hr a jhvmjmkt, ds dkspdrm` ly ldhchndgacpursudts, ak` wbmk dt ds nhvmrkm` ly jukàkm ghksd`mratdhks. Pbmstu`y tbat ds prmsmktm` bmrmaitmr lmars tbds hut. Pbmrm ds a whrc` hi `diimrmkgm lmtwmmk tbm Oats wbh ohdkm` tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhk uk`mr tbmdkspdratdhk hi tbm Wdeb d`mhchny ak` tbhsm wbh `d` kht5 hr, wdtbdk tbmsajm jhvmjmkt, lmtwmmk tbhsm wbh wmrm d`mhchndgaccy jhtdvatmàk` htbmrs wbh wmrm kht5 hr lmtwmmk tbm sajm dk`dvdùac hr a nrhup,at `diimrmkt pmrdh`s, wbmk dt ba` tbm d`mhchndgac dkspdratdhk ak` wbmk

dt chst dt. Htbmrwdsm, tbmrm ds kht jugb hi a lasdg `diimrmkgm lmtwmmktbm gbaragtmr hi hkm Oat ak` akhtbmr, hr, ihr tbat jattmr lmtwmmk tbathi bujak lmdkns tbm whrc` hvmr. Pbmrmihrm, dt whuc` lm as dcchndgac thdktmrprmt tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk dk tmrjs hi dts pmrdh` hi `mgcdkm as dt

whuc` lm th asgrdlm tbm rdsm hi wavms dk ak hgmak th tbm vmry nravdtatdhkac ihrgms tbat lrdkn tbmj `hwk th tbmdr hrdndkac cmvmc.



744

1. H\NAKD_APDHK Hrnakdzatdhks arm tbm gbakkmcs tbrhunb wbdgb tbm d`mhchndms hi jhvmjmkts ichw, ak` tbmsm acsh bmcp th ndvm tbm jhvmjmkts tbmdr

sbapm ak` `drmgtdhk. Pbm strugturac irajmwhre hi a jhvmjmkt gak,tbmrmihrm, lm a qudtm usmiuc gcum dk rmicmgtdkn dts ghktmkt. Cmt us ghjparmtbm Oat typdgac hrnakdzatdhk wdtb tbat hi tbm Ebacsa ak`smmdk wbat

way dt supphrts hur ghkgcusdhks.

(aO Oat hrnakdzatdhk ‒Pbm Oats arm a trdlm sh wd`m sprma` ak` sh kujmrhus as th lm acjhst a

katdhk, ghuktdkn >6,29,166 shucs, bavdkn ghjjukdty hi lchh`,ghjjukdty hi caknuanm, ghjjhk tra`dtdhk ak` acsh a ghjjhk rmcdndhkihr kht cmss tbak 1,=66 ymars.—91 Mtbkdg aiidkdty ak` ghjjukdty hi caknuanm, tra`dtdhk ak` rmcdndhk arm nrmat phtmkt iagthrs dk grmatdkn ak`strmkntbmkdkn shgdac ghbmsdvmkmss. Lut, dk tbm gasm hi Oats, tbm tmrj‒Oat— rmprmsmktm` jhrm a ghjjhk mkhjdkatdhk ratbmr tbak a ghjjhkcy sbarm` shgdac hr phcdtdgac shcd`ardty. Pbmy kmvmr apprhagbm` mvmk tbat`mnrmm hi ajhrpbhus awarmkmss hi ghjjhk katdhkacdty wbdgb tbmJaratbas ba` acc achkn lmihrm Wbdvaod navm dt a midkdtm sbapm. \mghr`m`bdsthry upth tbm tdjm hi Nheaca, \aoa \aj ak` Gburajak `hms khtdk`dgatm aky ohdkt phcdtdgac vmkturm hk tbm part hi tbm Oats lmyhk` tbmtrdlac hr gcakkdsb cmvmc. Dk iagt, tbm trdlac tdms ba` chhsmkm` chkn anh.

^bat d` ldk` thnmtbmr tbm Oat nrhups mjhtdhkaccy, shgdaccy hr phcdtdgaccy, wbmrm ak` wbmk dt `d`, wmrm tbm tdms hi tbm gcak, tbm smgt hr tbm nhtra ajhkn tbmj.

Pbm jhst prhjdkmkt ak` miimgtdvm ukdt hi shgdac hrnakdzatdhk ajhkn tbm Oats tbat ds rmghr`m` ds tbmebap*dk tbm Jmmrut `dvdsdhk wbmrm tbmgcakkdsb immcdkn ajhkn Oats ds ghksd`mralcy strhkn.9< Bmrm jhst hi tbm Oatgcaks bavm tbmdr hwkebap97 , wbdgb bavm tbmdr hwk ebap ghukgdcs. Pbmsm

* Ebapjay lm apprhxdjatmcy midkm` as a nrhup hi vdccanm hggupdm`

ly a sdkncm Oat gcak wdtbdk a ghktdnuhus arma



066

ghukgdcs bavm hkcy aòu`dgatdvm autbhrdty ak` jmmt wbmk gaccm` uphkth mcdlmratm hr mgd`m uphk spmgdidg dssums. Pbm ou`nms hk tbmsm ghukgdcsarm mcmgtm` ihr a partdgucar jmmtdkn ak` purphsm, ak` h kht bhc` hiidgm

hk a pmrjakmkt lasdshr ihr a prmsgrdlm` tmrj.90 Kh sdkncm pmrshk hr lh`y hi pmrshks ds

vmstm` wdtb mxmgutdvm hr a`jdkdstratdvm autbhrdty hvmr tbm wbhcm gcak.9=

Dt `hms kht lmchkn th dk`dvdùac cma`mrs mdtbmr, ak` usurpm` autbhrdty ds pragtdgaccy khk mxdstmkt.99 @urdkn tbm tdjm hi Juscdj rmcdndhuspmrsmgutdhk, tbmsmebaps lmgajm gbajpdhks ihr prhtmgtdkn rmcdndhusiadtb59> ak` radsm` carnm stak`dkn arjdms ihr tbat purphsm92 ak` ihr

prhtmgtdkn tbm arma irhj hutsd`m dkvadshk.94

Actbhunb tbmsmebapghukgdcs kmvmr suggmm`m` ghjpcmtmcy dk mimk`dkn tbm phcdtdgac irmm`hjhi tbmebapshi tbm Jmmrut @dvdsdhk, tbmy `d` suggmm` dk nmttdkn shjmedk` hi phcdtdgac rmghnkdtdhk irhj tbm @mcbd Ghurt, smvmrac ghkgmssdhksdk tbm idmc` hi dktmrkac authkhjy, rmcdndhus irmm`hj ak` rmcdmi irhj

vardhus edk`s hi taxms.>6 Lut, wbat ds hi djphrtakgm ihr hurghksd`mratdhk ds tbat tbmsmebap ghukgdcs rmjadkm` alshrlm` wdtb tbmdrchgac prhlcmjs ak` kmvmr vmkturm` dkth tbm idmc` hi mstalcdsbdkn aphcdtdgac hjadk hi tbmdr hwk, mvmk at a tdjm wbmk tbm Junbac Mjpdrm

was thttmrdkn ak` wbmk mvmk Murhpmak a`vmkturmrs wmrm garvdkn hut,sdkncm-bak`m`, tbmdr prdkgdpacdtdms dk tbm kmarly rmndhk.

Hutsd`m tbm Jmmrut dvdsdhk, dk tbm aòhdkdkn arma hk tbm htbmrsd`m hi tbm Oajuka, a prdjary sul`dvdsdhk hi trdlms dk tbm Earkac dstrdgtds dkthtbapashr tbajlas. >1 Dk tbm \hbtae `dstrdgt, wdtbdk tbm parnkas

wmrm tbmtappas,tbm lhukàrdms hi shjm hi wbdgb ihcchwm` gchsmcy tbm

`dstrdlutdhk hi trdlms.>< Bhwmvmr, dk tbm Earkac ak` \hbtae `dstrdgts,tbmrm ds kh rmghr` hi tbmsmtbapas, tbajlas hr tappas,hr hi aky htbmrghjjhk ghukgdcs lmyhk` tbm vdccanm cmvmc, bavdkn mvmk aòu`dgathry iukgtdhks ghrrmsphk`dkn th tbhsm hi tbmebap ghukgdcs. Pbm pmhpcmlmchkndkn th tbmsmtbapashr tappasjmt hkcy ihr gmrmjhkdac purphsms.Lmyhk` tbat thwar`s tbm ^mst, tbapas, tbajlas hr tappas,hr shjm sugbgcakkdsb assmjlcdms, htbmr tbak tbm vdccanm pakgbayats,



061

arm kht jmktdhkm` at acc. Carnm tragts hi ghuktry, magb hggupdm` ly vdccanms hi hkm Nht, arm kht ihrjm` bmrm (Ouccukùr `dstrdgt) as tbmy arm dk htbmr parts hi tbm ghuktry.>7 Ph tbm mast hi tbm dstrdgt (Cu`bdaka)

ak` mspmgdaccy dk tbm Wajraca tmbsdc, tbm juctdtu`m hi –Nhts‚ ajhknsttbm Bdkù Oat ds a vmry rmjarealcm imaturm. Kht hkcy h aòhdkdkn vdccanmslmchkn th `diimrmkt –Nhts‚, lut dksd`m magb vdccanm wdcc nmkmraccy lmihuk` twh hr tbrmm Vattds hi dstdkgt hrdndk. Ph tbm shutb ak` wmst, hktbm htbmr bak`, wm `h idk` tbat tbm Oats dk shjm dkstakgms gajm dklh`dms5 ak` vdccanms lmchkndkn th tbm sajm –Nht‚ cdm dk nrhups hr wdtbdksbhrt dstakgms irhj magb htbmr Lut tbm rucm tbrhunbhut tbm dstrdgt ds

tbm vardmty hi –Nhts‚, ak` tbm imw nrhtdps hi vdccanms tbat tbmrm arm,lmchkndkn th hkm –Nht‚, arm tbm mxgmptdhk.‚>0 Dt ds hkcy dk tbm Imrhzmpur`dstrdgt tbat tbm Oats hi Wd`bu ak` Lrar nhtshggupy carnm ghktdkuhusarmas5 lut bmrm tbm Oat gcaks wmrm dk a statm hi ghktdkuhus icux, mknanm`dk hustdkn hkm akhtbmr ak` cmavdkn cdttcm tdjm ihr aky shgdac hrnakdzatdhkth strdem rhht,; dk tbm shdc. Hkm. lrakgb hi tbm Wd`bu Lrars rapd`cy nadkm` a ihhtdkn dk tbm shutb hi Ndcc ghuktry, ak` `rhvm tbm ihrjmrdkbaldtakts khrtbwar`s, taedkn phssmssdhk hi tbmdr prdkgdpac pcagms.>=

Pbmrm was a chkn strunncm ihr phssmssdhk hi tbm ghuktry lmtwmmk tbmLrars ak` tbm Lbattds. ‒Pbm Jak Lbuccars nrmatcy hpprmssm` tbm Lrarsdk tbmtappa. * @ukd Gbak` appmacm` th Nuru Bar \ad wbh cdvm` atNurusar. Pbm Nuru a`vdsm` tbm Lbuccars th jaem pmagm. Pbm`msgmkàkts hi Jhbak, `mspdtm ghktdkum` strunncm wdtb tbm IardèhtLrars, rmtadkm` phssmssdhk hi tbm Lanba tmrrdthry.—>9 ‒Pbm Jhbakldlrakgb hi tbm gcak (Lrars) arm sad` th bavm i4uk`m` Jabrao alhut tbm

ymar 19=6 aitmr strunncm wdtb tbm Jaks ak` Lbuccars, wbh tbmk bmc`tbat tragt. Pbm smghk` dkicux smmjs th bavm taemk pcagm shjm idity ymars catmr wbmk tbm Ndccs wmrm `rdvmk hut hi tbm Lanba Vurakadcaea ak` tbmdr gdty hi @akà Jakà was `mstrhym`.—>> Ph tbm phsdtdhk hi tbm nhtshi Oats dk tbm Ajrdtsar `dstrdgt, wm sbacc bavm hggasdhk th rmimrcatmr.

* Kajm ndvmk th a trage hi tbm `dstrdgt



06<

Pwh djphrtakt phdkts mjmrnm irhj tbm iagts statm` alhvm. Pbmjhst bdnbcy mvhcvm` typdgac Oat hrnakdzatdhkac shgdac ukdt, tbmebap,ba` kh phcdtdgac ajldtdhks. At tbm jhst, dt was ghkgmrkm` wdtb tbm

prmsmrvatdhk hi dktmrkac barjhky ak` tbm rdnbts hi dts jmjlmrs, hr`mimkgm irhj hutsd`m annrmssdhk. Wmghk`cy, as hkm prhgmm`s th tbmVukoal prhpmr, mvmk tbdsebap, tbajla hr tappa typm hi shgdachrnakdzatdhk ds alsmkt. Pbm Oats hi Earkac arm khthrdhus ihr tbmdrdk`mpmk`mkgm, agekhwcm`ndkn th a cmss `mnrmm tbak aky htbmr gastmtbm autbhrdty hi tbm trdlac bma`jak.>2 @msgrdldkn tbm Oat hi tbm Wdebtragt dk tbm Vukoal, Dllmtshk wrdtms? ‒Pbm Oat ds hi acc tbm Vukoal ragms

tbm jhst djpatdmkt hi trdlac hr ghjjukac ghktrhc, ak` tbm hkm wbdgbassmrts tbm irmm`hj hi tbm dk`dvd`uac jhst strhkncy.>4 Dk htbmr whr`s,tbmrm arm kh sdnks hi aky sbarm` jhtdvatdhk wbdgb ghuc` urnm tbm Oatsihr sustadkm` ohdkt agtdhk, jugb cmss ihr phcdtdgac a`vmkturm. Ak` tbm

Oats hi tbm Wdeb tragt cagem` mvmk tbm nhtrashcd`ardty lmyhk` tbm vdccanmcmvmc.

(l) Wdeb Hrnakdzatdhk Nuru Kakae spmkt jhst hi bds tdjm dk jdssdhkary thurs th iar icukn pcagms wdtbdk tbm ghuktry ak` hutsd`m dt. Bm ghuc` kht bavm ghjpcmtm`bds mxtmksdvm dtdkmrary ba` bm rmjadkm` ihr chkn at hkm pcagm. Dk htbmr

whr`s, bm ghuc` kht bavm ghjm dk chkn ghktagt wdtb jaky pmhpcm ,dkhkm cdjdtm` rmndhk. Dt ds hkcy thwar`s tbm ian mk` hi bds cdim tbat bmsmttcm` at Eartarpur, wbdgb lmgajm tbm idrst pmrjakmkt gmktrm th wbdgbtbm `dsgdpcms hi tbm Nuru wmrm `rawk. Pbm cattmr Nurus mstalcdsbm`

sdjdcar pmrjakmkt gmktrms, lut tbm jadk hrnakdzatdhkac pattmrk hi tbmWdeb Vaktb tbrhunbhut tbm Nuru pmrdh` appmars th bavm rmjadkm`jugb tbm sajm. Pbm Wdebs wmrm sgattmrm` bmrm ak` tbmrm cdem tdky `htsdk tbm vast jass hi khk-Wdeb phpucatdhk. Pbmy ba` tbmdr chgac gmktrmsgaccm` @barajsacas, catmr gaccm` Nur`waras, wbmrm tbmy whuc` jmmtihr rmcdndhus iukgtdhks. Pbmy wmkt hkcy hggasdhkaccy th pay tbmdr bhjanmth tbm Nurus at aky hi tbmdr pmrjakmkt gmktrms hr wbmrmvmr tbm Nurus

bappmkm` th lm.



067

Pbm Wdeb ghknrmnatdhk wbdgb jmt at a @barajsaca was gaccm` aWaknat,ak` tbds Waknat was tbm ldnnmst chgac ukdt hi tbm Wdeb hrnakdzatdhk.

Pbmsm Waknats wmrm ghkkmgtm` wdtb hkm akhtbmr jhrm tbrhunb tbm

Nurus hr tbmdr `mputdms dk tbmdccaqa,tbm Jasak`s, tbak tbhunb drmgtghktagt wdtb hkm akhtbmr.

Pbmrm wmrm kh jass ghkvmrsdhks th Wdebdsj hi mktdrm gcaks, hrhi tbm phpucatdhk hi ghktdnuhus armas, as dt bappmkm` dk tbm gasm hi Dscaj dk Wdk`b, Vaedstakd Vukoal ak` Laknca @msb. Pbds ds gcmar irhjtbm iagt tbat, lmihrm tbm carnm sgacm jdnratdhk hi pmhpcm hk tbm grmatdhkhi Vaedstak `dsturlm` tbm prmvdhus mqudcdlrduj hi phpucatdhk dk tbm

Vukoal, tbm Wdebs wmrm dk alshcutm jaohrdty hkcy dk tbm Jhna tmbsdc hi tbm Imrhzmpur `dstrdgt. Pbm rmashk ds hlvdhus. Jass ghkvmrsdhks thDscaj thhe pcagm mdtbmr uk`mr prmssurm hi tbm Juscdj a`jdkdstratdhk,hr ùm th tbm accurmjmkt hi lmghjdkn tbm ghrrmcdndhkdsts hi tbm rucmrs.Wdebdsj. at tbat tdjm bmc` hut kh sugb prhspmgts. Dt was a rmlmc rmcdndhk.

Ph lmghjm a Wdeb was th dkvdtm bhstdcdty lhtb hi tbm gastm shgdmty ak`hi tbm mstalcdsbm` phcdtdgac hr`mr. Pbmrmihrm, ly ak` carnm hkcy tbhsmpmhpcm ohdkm` tbm Wdeb rakes ihr wbhj tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk ak` dts d`mhchny ba` a spmgdac appmac.

Lbad Nuràs bas ndvmk tbm kajms hi alhut <66 prhjdkmktWdebs upth tbm tdjm hi tbm Wdxtb Nuru dk bdsYar Mcmvmk. Dk a kujlmrhi gasms bm bas ndvmk tbmdr pcagms hi rmsd`mkgm as wmcc. Bm jmktdhkshkcy twh rmndhks, Easbjdr ak` Vukoal, kht a part hr a ghktdnuhus armahi tbm cattmr, cdem Jaoba hr Jacwa, lut tbm Vukoal as a wbhcm. Lmsd`mstbmsm rmndhks, bm kajms <9 pcagms (jhstcy thwks) th wbdgb tbhsm

Wdebs lmchknm`, dkgcu`dkn sugb iar icukn pcagms as Ealuc, Cabhrm,Vattd, Wdrbdk`, Pbakmsar, @mcbd, Anra, Nwacdhr, ]ooadk, Lubrakpur,Nuorat, Cugekhw, Varyan, Oaukpur, Vatka ak` @bagga (@agga dkMast Lmknac). Akhtbmr sdnkdidgakt imaturm hi tbm lrmaeup hi LbadNuràs—s idnurms ds tbat tbm nrhup hi Wdebs jmktdhkm` as lmchkndkn th a partdgucar pcagm arm kht sbhwk as `mrdvm` irhj hkm gastm hrgcak. Di bds paurds(stakzas) arm taemk as smparatm ukdts, mdtbmr tbm gcaks



060

hr gastms arm kht jmktdhkm` at acc, hr tbm Wdebs jmktdhkm` dk hkm stakza(paurd) arm dk ghjphsdtm nrhups `mrdvm` irhj `diimrmkt gastms. LbadNuràs—s idnurms kh `hult rmcatm hkcy th prhjdkmkt Wdebs ak` tbmsm

jay acsh lm apprhxdjatm. Lut, tbmsm `h supphrt tbm vdmw tbat pmhpcmohdkm` tbm Wdeb rakes jhrm as dk`dvdùacs ratbmr tbak as gcustmrs hi gastms hr gcaks5 ak` tbat tbm Wdebs, wbh wmrm kht vmry kujmrhus, wmrmsprma` hvmr a carnm part kht hkcy hi tbm Vukoal lut hi Dk`da. Dk htbmr

whr`s, wbat lhuk` tbm Wdebs thnmtbmr dk tbm Wdeb Vaktb was tbm prdjagy hi tbm Wdeb d`macs ratbmr tbak aky gastm, gcak hr rmndhkac dktmrmsts ak`smktdjmkts.

Pbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdebs ly Nuru Barnhldk` ds akdjphrtakt cak`jare dk tbm bdsthry hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, lut tbm Nuru—slattcms wmrm jhrm dk tbm katurm hi a rmbmarsac ihr tbm mvmkts th ghjm.

Pbm rmac hrnakdzatdhkac lasm hi tbm rmvhcutdhkary strunncm was cad``hwk ly tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa, rmgrudtjmkt th wbdgb was strdgtcy hk ak dk`dvdùac ak` vhcuktary lasds, ak` cdjdtm` th dk`dvdùacs wbhswhrm ly tbm Ebacsa d`macs. Kh gastm hr gcak chyactdms wmrm dkvhcvm`5lmgausm kh hkm ghuc` lmghjm a jmjlmr hi tbm Ebacsa lrhtbmrbhh`

wdtbhut lmdkn laptdzm`, ak` kh hkm ghuc` lm laptdzm` wdtbhut taedkn tbm idvm vhws wbdgb rmqudrm` tbm rmomgtdhk hi prmvdhus iadtbs (@barj-kas) as wmcc as gastm ak` gcak aiidcdatdhks ak` pragtdgms (Euc-kas akÈarj-kas). ‒Euc-kas— jmakt tbm hlcdtmratdhk hi acc prmvdhus cdkmanmaiidcdatdhks lasm` hk iajdcy hr gcak5 ak` ‒Earj-kas— jmakt hlcdtmratdhkhi `dstdkgtdhks lasm` hk hggupatdhk. ‒Earaj-kas— thnmtbmr wdtb ‒Euc-kas— `dsavhwm` acc gastm `dstdkgtdhks lasm` hk hggupatdhk ak` bmrm`dty.

Dk agtuac whredkn acsh, as wm sbacc smm, tbm Ebacsa was ghkstdtutm` hi pmhpcm `rawk irhj acc gastms, gcaks ak` rmndhks, dkgcu`dkn –tbm chwmsthi chw dk Dk`dak mstdjatdhk.‚

Pbm tbdr` jaohr stanm dk tbm nrhwtb hi tbm Wdeb hrnakdzatdhk dstbm ihrjatdhk hi Jdsacs. Pbm Jdsac pmrdh` ghdkgd`ms wdtb tbm wmaemkdkn hi tbm bhc` hi tbm Wdeb d`mhchny wdtbdk tbm Vaktb. Lut, mvmk tbmk tbmJdsacs wmrm kht ihrjm` hk tbm lasds hi gastm hr gcak aiidcdatdhks. Pbmrm



06=

ds kht hkm Jdsac wbdgb ds kajm` aitmr tbm kajm hi a gastm hr a gcak,ak` jmjlmrs hi acc Jdsacs wmrm irmm at acc tdjms th cmavm hkm Jdsacak` ohdk akhtbmr at tbmdr hwk swmmt wdcc. Jaoba (tbat part hi tbm prmsmkt

Ajrdtsar dstrdgt cydkn shutb hi tbm hc` Junbac N.P. \ha` wbdgb passm`tbrhunb Nhvdk`wac, Park Parak ak` Warad Ajakat Ebak th ohdk Cabhrm)

was tbm bmart hi tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk. Pbm Wak`bu Oats arm tbm strhknmstnht dk tbm dstrdgt ak` justmr mspmgdaccy strhkn dk tbm shutbwmst ghrkmrhi tbm Park Parak parnaka.26 Lut, tbds ds tbm part hi tbm Jaoba wbdgb

was dk tbm ghktrhc hi tbm Lbaknd Jdsac, wbhsm cma`mrs lmchknm` th@bdcchk nht,21 a nht wbdgb ds cmss kujmrhus. dk tbm `dstrdgt tbak tbm

Wak`bus.2<

Pbm Abcuwacdas hrdndkaccy lmchknm` th tbm `mspdsm` Wu`ragastm hiEacacs,hr `dstdccmrs hi spdrdt, ak` tbmy wmrm dk jdgrhsghpdgkujlmrs (hkcy <1<1) dk tbm Ajrdtsar dstrdgt.27 Tmt, tbmdr Jdsac hggupdm`a part hi Jaoba. 20 Wdjdcarcy, \ajnarbdas (sh gaccm` lmgausm cma`mrslmchknm` th vdccanm \ajnarb), lmchkndkn hrdndkaccy th tbm garpmktmrgastm, bmc` ak djphrtakt part hi tbm Ajrdtsar `dstrdgt,2= actbhunb tbmy ihrjm` a jdkhrdty ajhkn tbm Wdebs, ak` wmrm tbdkcy sprma` as vdccanmjmkdacs hvmr tbm wbhcm rurac Wdeb tragt wdtb a imw iajdcdms lmdkn chgatm`dk acjhst mvmry vdccanm. Acc tbmsm `mvmchpjmkts ghuc` kht bavm taemkpcagm ba` gcakkdsb hr gastm smktdjmkt lmmk tbm lasds hi Jdsachrnakdzatdhk. Pbds acsh ghdkgd`ms wdtb tbm phsdtdhk, wbdgb bas lmmkkhtm`, tbat tbmrm wmrm kh gcak hrnakdzatdhk lmyhk` tbm vdccanmVakgbayataajhkn tbm Oats, wbmtbmr Wdeb hr khk-Wdeb, dk tbm Wdeb tragt,ghrrmsphk`dkn th tbmelaps, tbajlas, hr tappasdk tbm Jmmrut @dvdsdhkak` tbm Baryaka rmndhk.

(m) Ghjjmkts ^dtb tbm chhsmkdkn hi trdlac tdms, wbdgb bappmkm` chkn anh, tbm bdnbmstihrj hi miimgtdvm hrnakdzatdhk mvhcvm` ly tbm purmcy Oat ghksgdhuskmss

was at tbm nhtracmvmc. Pbm bdsthry hi tbm Oats `hms kht rmvmac aky htbmrihrj hi hrnakdzatdhk. ^bmrm ak` wbmk tbm nhtraaiidcdatdhk wmaemkm`,as dt bappmkm` dk tbm Wdeb tragt, tbds `mvmchpjmkt iurtbmr



069

bmcpm` tbm prhgmss hi rmk`mrdkn tbm Oats a shgdaccy ak` phcdtdgaccy dkghbmrmkt jass. Pbm Oat, as a Oat, ekhws kh htbmr lhk` th artdgucatmbds Oat ghksgdhuskmss. Pbmrm ds kht hkm dkstakgm tbrhunbhut tbm Wdeb

jhvmjmkt, dkgcu`dkn dts phst -rmvhcutdhkary pbasm, wbmk tbm Oats wdtbdkdt ohdkm` bak`s thnmtbmr hk nhtrahr Oat cdkms. Iurtbmr, wm bavm smmktbat pmhpcm, wbmtbmr Oat hr khk-oat, wmrm `rawk th tbm jhvmjmkt ly dts d`mhchny as dk`dvd`uacs ratbmr tbak as gcustmrs hi gastms hr gcaks.

Pbmy ba` th taem tbm vhws hiEuc-kas.ak` Earj kas wbmk tbmy wmrmlaptdzm` dkth tbm Ebacsa lrhtbmrbhh`. Dk tbm iagm hi acc tbds, dt lmghjms`diidguct th ghjprmbmk` bhw tbm jmrm prmsmkgm dk tbm jhvmjmkt hi

Oats dk carnm kujlmrs (assujdkn tbds th lm sh ihr tbm saem hi arnujmkt)mkalcm` tbmj th mvmchp a ghjprmbmksdvmsupra-nhtra Oat ghksgdhuskmss, wbdgb whuc` bavm lmmk dk`dspmksalcm ihr ndvdkn tbm jhvmjmkt, asaccmnm`, a `midkdtm turk, ak` tbmk jadktadkdkn tbat `drmgtdhk `mspdtmsmvmrac ups ak` `hwks. Wugb a pbmkhjmkhk, di dt `d` bappmk, bas thlm mcdkmatm` ak` kht oust assujm`, mspmgdaccy lmgausm dt ds dkghknruhus

wdtb tbm bdsthry hi tbm Oats mcsmwbmrm. Pbmrm ds khtbdkn ghjjhk lmtwmmktbm Oat ukdts hi hrnakdzatdhk, lasm` hk nhtraak` rmndhkac ghktdnudty,ak` tbm Wdeb Waknats, ghjprdsdkn jmjlmrs `rawk irhj acc gastms ak`

wd`mcy `dspmrsm` dk khtbmrk Dk`da. Wdjdcarcy, tbmrm ds kh hrnakdzatdhkacghrrmsphk`mkgm lmtwmmk tbm Oat nhtrahrnakdzatdhk— ak` tbm Ebacsa,

wbhsm `hhrs wmrm acways hpmk th acc, drrmspmgtdvm hi tbm ghksd`mratdhkshi gastm hr gcak. At tbm tdjm hi tbm grmatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa, tbmrm washkcy hkm Oat ajhkn tbm idvm Lmchvm` Hkms5 ak`, at tbm tdjm hi tbmrmhrnakdzatdhk hi tbm Paruka Ebacsa @ac, hkcy twh hi tbm idvm dvdsdhks

wmrm bma`m` ly cma`mrs `rawk irhj tbm Oat sthge. At hkm tdjm, tbmcma`mr hi tbm mktdrm Ebacsa lh`y was Lak`a, ak`, at akhtbmr tdjm,

Oassa Wdknb Eacac, lhtb khk-Oats. ^m bavm khtm` tbat tbmrm wmrm kh nhtrahrnakdsatdhks ajhkn tbm Oats hi tbm Wdeb tragt ak` tbat tbm ebacsaba` kh hrnakdsatdhkac rhhts dk tbm Oat nhtraaiidcdatdhks. Pbmrmihrm, tbmrmds kh lasds th assujm tbat Oat ghksgdhuskmss jakanm` th turk Wdeb



062

mvmry vdccanm was at `ma`cy mkjdty wdtb dts kmdnblhurs5 ak` tbmrm armsmvmrac dkstakgms wbmrm twh ghktdnuhus vdccanms dk jmjhry hi a lchhìmu` atdkn irhj tbm Jaratba tdjms, rmiusm th rdke magb htbmr—s watmr,

tbhunb htbmrwdsm hk irdmk`cy tmrjs.—46 Pbds ds alhut tbm rmndhk wbmrmtbm vdccanm ghjjukdtdms wmrm pmrimgt ak` gcakkdsb tdms strhkn 41 ak`

wbmrm tbmrm mxdstm` shjm shrt hi gmrmjhkdac tdms lmtwmmk jmjlmrs hi tbm sajm tbapa hr tappa. \mnar`dkn tbm spdrdt hi iagtdhkacdsj ajhkn tbm Oats dk tbm Wdeb tragt, tbm autbhr hi‒\hllmr Khlcmjmk—bas ludctrhuk` dt a wbhcm tbmsds ihr bmr lhhe5 ak` wm bavm acrma`y rmimrrm` th aghktdkuhus strunncm lmtwmmk Oat gcaks dk tbm Imrhzmpur dstrdgt ihr tbm

phssmssdhk hi cak` tbmrm. As anadkst dt, tbmrm ds kht a sdkncm dkstakgm jmktdhkm` ùrdkn tbm chkn rmvhcutdhkary pbasm hi tbm jhvmjmkt (a pmrdh` hi alhut <>=ymars, startdkn irhj tbm jdssdhkary thurs hi Nuru Kakae upth tbmmstalcdsbjmkt hi tbm Jdsacs), wbmrm tbmrm was aky nrhupdkn hi Wdebsachkn gastm hr gcak cdkms, hr hi iagtdhkacdsj ajhkn tbmj hk gastm hrgcak lasds. Hk tbm ghktrary, tbmrm was mxmjpcary iratmrkdzatdhk ajhkn Wdebs `rawk irhj acc gastms ak` gcaks. Dk iagt, tbm Ebacsa ghuc` khtbavm agbdmvm` tbm jdcdtary ak` phcdtdgac suggmss dt `d` wdtbhut aghjjhkcy sbarm` smktdjmkt hi shcdàrdty ajhkn dts jmjlmrs, lmgausmtbds shcdàrdty was mvmk jhrm kmgmssary tbak tbm hrnakdzatdhkac smt upihr tbm suggmss hi dts jdssdhk. Pbds iratmrkac shcdàrdty wdtbdk tbm WdebVaktb hr tbm Ebacsa, attmstm` th ly jaky khk-Wdeb autbhrdtdms, ghuc`ly kh strmtgb hi djandkatdhk lm rmghkgdcm` wdtb hkm hi tbm jhstprhjdkmkt tradts hi tbm Oats-tbmdr tra`dtdhkac iagtdhkacdsj.

7. MNACDPA\DAKDWJ Lmsd`ms tbmdr jartdac quacdtdms, dt ds tbm mnacdtardak spdrdt ajhkn tbm Oats

wbdgb bas jdscm` bdsthrdaks th gbaragtmrdzm tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt dk tmrjshi Oat tradts. Pbmy bavm iadcm` th nrasp tbat tbmrm ds a quacdtatdvm`diimrmkgm lmtwmmk Oat ak` Ebacsa mnacdtardakdsjs.



064

(a) Oat Mnacdtardakdsj Pbm mnacdtardak spdrdt hi tbm Oats ds uk`hultm`. Dt ds rmghnkdzm` irhjtbm tdjm hi tbm marcdmst bdsthrdak, wbh thhe khtdgm hi tbmj, th tbm

tdjm hi tbm Lrdtdsb a`jdkdstrathrs wbh arm ukakdjhus dk tbmdr hpdkdhkhk tbds phdkt. Pbds spdrdt hi mquacdty ajhkn Oats was rmdkihrgm` ly tbmlbadgbarasystmj hi cak` tmkurm. Dk tbds systmj ‒cak` was mquaccy dvd`m`ajhkn tbm cdkmanms hi ihuk`dkn akgmsthrs hr hrdndkac ghkqumrmrs. Pbdssystmj hi cak` tmkurm was a Oat d`ma, lmgausm Oats d` kht agekhwcm`nmtbm rdnbt hi tbmdr gbdmis th tbm shcm prhprdmthrsbdp hi tbm cak` ghkqumrm`ak` ghchkdzm` ly tbmj. 4< ‒Kht hkcy `hms tbm lbadgbara cak` tmkurm

systmj jadktadk tbm mnacdtardak strugturm hi Oat shgdmty dk tbm mghkhjdgidmc`, lut tbm ghkgmpt hilbadgbarads mxtmk`m` th tbm edksbdp, shgdacak` phcdtdgac.47 Bhwmvmr, tbds mnacdtardakdsj hi tbm Oats was ghkidkm`hkcy th tbmdr hwk rakes. Htbmrwdsm dt ba` djphrtakt quacdidgatdhks.

(d) Attdtu`m thwar`s bdnbmr gastms Pbm Oats, ak` tbm Dk`dak pmasaktry dk nmkmrac, suljdttm` th tbmLrabjakdgac gastm bmnmjhky ak` khk-Oat rucm wdtbhut mvmr qumstdhkdkn dts vacd`dty. Pbmdr vmry prhimssdhk, tdccdkn tbm cak`, was bmc` as mnra`dkn.‒Gbagb, tbm Lrabjak usurpmr hi sdk`, bujdcdatm` tbm Oats ak` Chlakas.Bm ghjpmccm` tbmj th anrmm th garry hkcy sbaj swhr`s5 th wmar khuk`mrnarjmkts hr sbawc, vmcvmt hr sdce…… th put kh sa``cms hktbmdr bhrsms5 th emmp tbmdr bma`s ak` immt ukghvmrm`5 th taem tbmdr hns

wdtb tbmj wbmk tbmy wmkt hut……—40 Jubajja` ldk Qasdjjadktadkm` tbmsm rmnucatdhks.4= Ajrak, tbm Larjmgd`m nhvmrkhr hi tbm

Dk`dak irhktdmr, sujjhkm` tbm Oats th Acrur, wbmrm bm smacm` tbmdrbak`s, thhe irhj tbmj tbm oazya hr phcc-tax ak` hr`mrm` tbat mvmry jak 49 hi tbmj sbhuc` lrdkn wdtb bdj a `hn wbmk bm wadtm` hk bdj.‒Pbm Oats wmrm ghktmkt th guctdvatm tbmdr idmc`s ak` a`jdttm` tbmardsthgratdg \aoputs th lm tbmdr shgdac supmrdhrs.4> \hbtae `dstrdgt dsrmnar`m` as tbm Oat rmndhk par-mxgmccmkgm.



016

Bmrm, –Dk tbm hc` `ays hi \aoput asgmk`akgy, tbm \aoputs whuc` khtacchw tbm Oats th ghvmr tbmdr bma`s wdtb turlak, khr th wmar aky rm`gchtbs, khr th put a grhwk (jhr) hk tbm bma` hi tbmdr lrd`mnrhhj, hr a

omwmc(kat) dk tbmdr whjmk—s khsms. Pbmy acsh usm` th cmvy smdnkdhracrdnbts irhj vdrndk lrd`ms.42

(dd) Phwar`s chwmr gastms Pbm attdtu`m hi tbm Oats thwar`s gastms chwmr tbak tbmj ds mquaccy rmvmacdkn. Dk tbm Oat arma hi Jmmrut @dvdsdhk, tbm Gbajars armtbm jhst kujmrhus gastm nrhup. ‒Pbm attdtu`m hi tbm Oats ds

uklmk`dkn, ak` tbmy try th bujdcdatm ak` mxpchdt tbm Gbajars ly whr` ak` `mm` wbmkmvmr tbmy idk` ak hpphrtukdty.—44 Dk ].V.,prmvdhus th tbm Lrdtdsb rucm, ‒tbm vdccanm jmkdacs wmrm cdttcm lmttmrtbak smris,asgrdptd ncmlam,at tbm jmrgy hi tbm cma`mr hi tbm vdccanm lh`y.166

Pbm swmmpmrs ‒arm rmnar`m` as tbm vmry `rmns hi djpurdty,161 ak` ihr apmasakt ‒khtbdkn ds whrsm tbak th chsm yhur gastm, th mat wdtb aswmmpmr hr th thugb ak djpurm pmrshk.16< Dk Nurnahk `dstrdgt, tbmchwmst hi jmkdac trdlms cdvm hutsd`m tbm vdccanm.167 Dk tbm `dstrdgt hi Earkac, Oat, Nuoar hr \hr `h kht, as a rucm, mat hr `rdke wdtb aky hi tbm jmkdac gastms5 ak` cmatbmr jaemr, wasbmr jak, larlmr, `ymrak` swmmpmr arm rmnar`m` as alshcutmcy djpurm.160 Pbm phsdtdhk ‒hi gbajars dk Cu`bdaka `dstrdgt vmry kmarcy apprhagbms tbat hi smrvdtu`m,16= ak` tbm Jazbalds arm empt at a `dstakgm ly jhst Wdebshi htbmr gastms.169

Pbus, tbm Oats jadktadkm` tbmdr spdrdt hi mquacdty hkcy wdtbdk

tbmdr hwk rakes. Lut, dk tbmdr attdtu`m thwar`s gastms bdnbmr ak` chwmrtbak tbmdrs, tbmy ghkihrjm` th tbm bdmrargbdgac pattmrk hi tbm gastmsystmj. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbmy ba` kh quacjs dk suljdttdkn th tbm bdnbmrgastms ak` dk `hjdkatdkn tbm chwmr hkms.(l) Wdeb mnacdtardakdsj

Pbm spdrdt hi mquacdty, iratmrkdzatdhk ak` lrhtbmrbhh`



01<

yhu irhj wbdgbmvmr trdlm, `hk—t bavm aky prmou`dgm anadkst bdj ak` wdtbhut aky supmrstdtdhk mat thnmtbmr wdtb bdj.‚–Khw tbds ds tbmdr gusthj.‚ 117 Bmrm wm bavm vmry nhh` dk`mpmk`mkt tmstdjhky irhj twh

shurgms tbat upth 1>27, at cmast, tbm Wdebs rawk irhj acc gastms dkmìrmmcy wdtb magb htbmr. PbmBaqdqatgcmarcy statms tbat Ebatrds, Oats,garpmktmrs, lcagesjdtbs ak` nradk nrhgmrs acc ohdkm` tbm Ebacsa,110 ak`‒khw tbds ds tbmdr gusthj.—

Pbds mnacdtardakdsj hi tbm Wdebs was kht lhrk mdtbmr hi tbm Oatgcakkdsb smktdjmkt hr hi tbm Oatlbadgbarashgdac ak` mghkhjdg strugturm.Dk tbm pmrdh` hi Wdeb bdsthry wm arm `macdkn wdtb, tbm Wdebs, as acrma`y

khtm`, wmrm mdtbmr vmry sparsmcy ak` wd`mcy chgatm` dk tbm nmkmrac khk-Wdeb phpucatdhk, hr tbmy gajm thnmtbmr dk rhvdkn jdcdtda lak`s. Dk htbmr whr`s, tbm lbadgbarasystmj hi tbm Oat typm ghuc` kmvmr lm vdsuacdzmàjhkn tbmj. Pbmrmihrm, tbm Ebacsa mnacdtardakdsj was kht at acc rmcatm`th tbm Oat phcdty dk aky way. Dt was tbm prhùgt hi tbm Wdeb mnacdtardakd`mhchny wbdgb mjlragm` acc pmrshks wdtbhut aky dstdkgtdhks hi gastmhr gcaks. ]kcdem tbm Oat mnacdtardak, tbmrm was kh dgbhthjy dk tbm Wdebmnacdtardak apprhagb thwar`s tbm bdnbmr hr tbm chwmr gastms.Ghksmqumktcy, tbmrm ds kh nrhuk` mdtbmr ihr ghkiusdkn Wdeb mnacdtardakdsj

wdtb Oat mnacdtardakdsj, hr ihr tragdkn tbm shurgm hi tbm ihrjmr th tbmcattmr.

0. PBM WDEB MNACDPA\DAK \MYHC]PDHK Pbmrm ds kh `hult tbat Oats arm a jartdac ragm. Vrhlalcy, tbds ds akhtbmrjaohr rmashk wbdgb bas jdscm` shjm bdsthrdaks th dkimr tbat tbm

jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt, dts `mvmchpjmkt ak` `drmgtdhk,just lm ùm th tbm Oats ohdkdkn dt dk carnm kujlmrs. ^bat tbmy bavmdnkhrm` ds tbat dt ds prdjardcy tbm nhacs a jhvmjmkt pursums wbdgb`mtmrjdkm dts ghktmkt ak` gbaragtmr. Di jdcdtakgy achkm ds th lm tbmgrdtmrdhk ihr ou`ndkn jhvmjmkt, hkm whuc` lm cm` th smm kh diimrmkgmdk tbm bdsthrdgac sdnkdidgakgm hi tbm Vdkàrd mxgursdhks, tbmmstalcdsbjmkt hi tbm Lbaratpurraoak` tbm Jaratba katdhkac mxpaksdhk.

Pbm Vdkàrds lmgajm



017

a ldnnmr jdcdtary ihrgm, ak` hvmrrak a jugb carnmr arma, tbak tbmLbaratpur Oats mvmr `d`. Pbm ghktmjphrary Lrdtdsb hiidgdacs, Jacghcjak` Wtmwart, wmrm ajazm` at tbm vardm` jdcdtary quacdtdms hi tbm Vdkàrd

cma`mrs.11= Chr` Caem was mvmk prmparm` th mcmvatm Ajdr Ebak th tbmphsdtdhk hi a rucmr hi a statm prhvd`m` bm aggmptm` Lrdtdsb prhtmgtdhk.119

Jmtgacim mxprmssm` ghkgmrk th Chr` Jdkth rmnar`dkn Ajdr Ebakmstalcdsbdkn bds sway hvmr ]àdpur ak` Dk`hrm.11> Lut tbmsm Vdkàrdms,

wbh ba` jhrm jmk at arjs tbak tbm Lbaratpur Oats ak` sbhwm` jhrmsedciuc jdcdtary cma`mrsbdp ak` tagtdgs, d` kht mstalcdsb aky dk`mpmk`mktstatm hi tbmdr hwk, cdem tbm Lbaratpur Wtatm, wbdgb tbmy ghuc` vmry

wmcc bavm `hkm. Dt was sdjpcy lmgausm tbmdr jadk hlomgtdvm washrnakdzm` lak`dtary ak` smksuhus pcmasurm ak` kht phcdtdgac phwmr.Wdjdcarcy, a Lrdtdsb Nhvmrkhr Nmkmrac—s jdkutm gcmarcy lrdkns hut tbmghktrast lmtwmmk a pmhpcm dkspdrm` ly ak d`mhchny ak` a jdcdtda bmc`thnmtbmr ly smci-dktmrmst achkm. Pbm Jaratbas, dt says, ‒wmrm a katdhkidnbtdkn anadkst hpprmssdhk ak` rmcdndhus pmrsmgutdhk, bmkgm lhuk` ly tbm strhknmst rmgdprhgdty hi immcdkn th magb htbmr5 tbm Vdkàrdms arm akassmjlcanm hi acc trdlms ak` rmcdndhks, wbh ukdtm lmgausm dt sudtm`tbmdr ghkvmkdmkgm ak` wdcc smparatm wbmk dt gmasms th `h Wh.—112 PbmJaratbas wmrm, dk a``dtdhk, swaym` ly a ghjjhkcy sbarm` smktdjmkthi Jaratba katdhkacdty, ak` tbmdr phcdtdgac ak` jdcdtary mxpaksdhkassujm` tbm ldnnmst `djmksdhk dk tbat pmrdh` hi Dk`dak bdsthry. Lut,tbm Jaratbas ak` tbm Lbaratpur Oat jhvmjmkts gakkht lm ghjparm`th tbm Wdeb mnacdtardak jhvmjmkt, as tbm ihrjmr twh wmrm lhuk` hwkth tbm gastm d`mhchny ak` gdrgujsgrdlm` ly tbm imuàc hrldt. Pbmsm

mxajpcms jaem dt gcmar tbat dt ds bdnbcy jdscma`dkn th tragm tbm nmkmsdsak` nrhwtb hi jhvmjmkts wdtbhut ghrrmcatdkn tbmj th tbmdr shgdacak` phcdtdgac hlomgtdvms ak` nhacs. Khwbmrm mcsm `h wm idk`, ajhkn tbm pmasakt rmvhcts hr rmvhcutdhks wdtbdk Dk`da hr hutsd`m dt, a paraccmc`mvmchpjmkt, at pmasakt dkdtdatdvm, ghjparalcm th tbm Wdeb mnacdtardakshgdac ak` phcdtdgac rmvhcutdhk.



010

(a) Ak Mnacdtardak \mvhcutdhk Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was ak mnacdtardak rmvhcutdhk, shgdac as

wmcc as phcdtdgac5 lut dt ds dts phcdtdgac aspmgt wbdgb bas a `drmgt lmardkn

hk hur sulomgt. Dt ds trum tbat tbm mnacdtardak phcdtdgs adjs hi tbm Wdebrmvhcutdhk wmrm kht iuccy rmacdzm`, as dt bas bappmkm` dk tbm gasm hi shjaky htbmr rmvhcutdhks, lut wbat dt `d` agtuacdzm iar mxgmm`s tbmuctdjatm agbdmvmjmkts hi tbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk. Dts agbdmvmjmkts thdk`dgatm, atcmast, tbm mnacdtardak gbaragtmr ak` `drmgtdhk hi tbmjhvmjmkt. Drvdkm wbh lasms bds agghukt hk tbat hi ghktmjphrary Jhbajjmàk bdsthrdak, wrdtms? ‒Dk acc tbm parnakas hggupdm` ly tbm

Wdebs, tbm rmvmrsac hi prmvdhus gusthjs was strdedkn ak` ghjpcmtm. Achw sgavmknmr hr cmatbmr rmssmr, tbm chwmst hi chw dk Dk`dak mstdjatdhk,ba` hkcy th cmavm bhjm ak` ohdk tbm Nuru (Lakà), wbmk dk a sbhrtspagm hi tdjm bm whuc` rmturk th bds ldrtbpcagm as dts rucmr, wdtb bdshr`mr hi apphdktjmkt dk bds bak`. As shhk as bm smt ihht wdtbdk tbmlhukàrdms, tbm wmcc-lhrk ak` wmactby wmkt hut th nrmmt bdj ak` msghrtbdj bhjm. Arrdvm` tbmrm, tbmy sthh` lmihrm bdj wdtb ohdkm` pacjs,awadtdkn bds hr`mrs……114 ‒Acc phwmr was khw usurpm` ly tbm Wdebs,ak` hkm Ldr Wdknb, a jak hi phhr hrdndk, lmchkndkn th parnaka BadlmtpurVattd dk tbm Larrd @hal, was apphdktm` Wulmàr hr nhvmrkhr hi Wdrbdk`.1<6

Pbds bappmkm` wdtbdk mdnbtmmk jhktbs hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb—s matb,d.m. vmry gchsm th tbm Nuru pmrdh` wbmk tbm Ebacsa ihr tbm idrst tdjmagbdmvm` phcdtdgac phwmr tmjphrardcy. Pbm kmxt sdxty ymars hr sh wmrmspmkt dk tbm rmvhcutdhkary strunncm anadkst tbm Junbacs.

Dk tbm Jdsac pmrdh`, d.m. wbmk phcdtdgac rmagtdhk ba` hvmrtaemk

tbm jhvmjmkt, hr`dkary pmasakts, sbmpbmr`s (Para Wdknb Nadla), vdccanmjmkdacs (garpmktmrs) ak` dstdccmrs (a mspdsm` gastm) lmgajm tbm cma`mrshi Jdsacs. Pbmrm was kht hkm irhj gastm bdnbmr tbak tbmsm. Pbm ghjjhkpmasaktry hi tbm cak` su``mkcy attadkm` phcdtdgac phwmr.1<1 Ebusbwaqt\ad bas wrdttmk dk bds bdsthry—Pardebd-d-Wdebak—



01=

(1211) ? –…..jmk `dsappmarm` ak` Nh`—s hwk ghuktry was gapturm`ly ak ass5 tbm smgt hi Wdknbs thhe phssmssdhk hi tbm ghuktry hi tbmVukoal. Wdkgm tbmk upth tbds tdjm, tbm wbhcm a`jdkdstratdvm jagbdkmry

hi tbm ghuktry ds dk `dsarray, ak` tbm khrjac systmj hi nhvmrkakgm,hiidgdac gh`ms, tbm smt up hi cmvdms ak` awar`s…….ak` tbm acchwakgmshggurrdkn irhj mstatms lmsthwm` ly Edkns ak` khlcms, wmrm alhcdsbmìhr tbm pmhpcm. Pbm chwmst hi tbm chw-lrm` ak` tbm jmakmst hi tbmjmak pmhpcm nht mcmvatm` th bdnb nhvmrkjmkt phsdtdhks. Pbm khldcdty ak` nrak`mms rmtdrm` th smgcu`m` pcagms hk agghukt hi tbm mcdjdkatdhkhi tbmdr trdlm.‚1<< Bmrm ds a trakscatdhk hi hkm mxtragt taemk irhj‒Djaù`-

Waaài wrdttmk ly Wym` Nbucaj Acd Ebak? ‒Ph gut tbm jattmr sbhrt, atprmsmkt, tbm wbhcm ghuktry hi tbm Vukoal ds dk tbm phssmssdhk hi tbdsghjjukdty ak` jhst hi tbmdr mxactm` cma`mrs arm hi chw hrdndk, sugbas garpmktmrs, akdjac sedk trmatmrs ak` Oats.‚1<7 Pbm autbhr hi Baqdqat

wrdtms (1>20-2=) ?‒Wdebak l dstdecac-d-tajaj juce-ra ala` ebaràk` w idrqa d-sdpabd w asbrai baja ra wdrmk saebtak` w tayyat w abc d-bdria ra razd earàk`.—‒Hk attadkdkn phwmr tbm Wdebs rmphpucatm` tbm wbhcm ghuktry.

Pbmy `dspmrsm` tbm asbrai (tbm prdvdcmnm` imuàc gcassms), ak` tbm idrqa-d-sdpabd (tbm shc`dmr gcass rmprmsmktm` ly Jaksalàrs ak` iauoàrs)ak` ghkgdcdatm` tbm rayyat (tbm tdccmrs hi tbm shdc) ak` tbm abc d-bdria(tbm artdsaks ak` tbm graitsjmk, d.m. tbm whredkn gcassms).—1<0 Agghr`dkn th tbm sajm autbhr, tbm Nuru ‒shunbt th upcdit tbm qauj-d-arazdcd.m. tbm`hwktrh``mk. Bm was emmk hk dkicdgtdknebdit(bujdcdatdhk) hk tbmjarùj-d avvak(tbm prdvdcmnm` gcassms).—1<= Pbm autbhr hi Asrard Waj`d statms, tbhunb dk a bypmrlhcdg stycm, tbat tbmrm was kht a sdkncm ajdr

(rdgb jak hr khlcm) dk Bdkùstak wbhj Lakà sparm`. 1<9 Pbdsstatmjmkt taccdms wdtb tbat hi Lbad Nuràs, tbm smghk`, tbat tbm Ebacsasgattmrm` th tbm wdk`s tbm _ajdkàrs ak` tbmajdrs,1<> Juscdj sadktLuccm Wbab?

Pbm Junbacs `rake tbm gup hi phdshk, Pbm gharsm-lcakemt-wmarmrs wmrm radsm` th lm raoas(rucmrs).



019

Pbm Junbac khlcms arm acc wak`mrdkn alhut dk sdcmkgm, ^mcc bavmtbmy lmmk swmpt hii.1<2

Mvmk wbmk imuàcdstdg tmk`mkgdms ba` startm` smttdkn dk tbm Jdsac

systmj, tbmrm wmrm ‒at kh stanm hi Wdeb imuàc bdsthry, a baunbty khlcmssm, as dk \aoputaka hr jm`dmvac Murhpm... Pbm Vukoal systmj

was kht imuàc dk tbm Murhpmak smksm. Pbm acc-pmrva`dkn smksm hi lrhtbmrbhh` ak` a supmr-a``m` tbmhgratdg hu`hhe whuc` kht, a`mastdk tbmhry, acchw `dstdkgtdhks hi rake.‚1<4 Pbm cma`mrs hi tbm Jdsacs

wmrm jhrm`m ourmtbak `m iagthgbdmis, lmgausm tbmdr ihcchwmrs wmrmjhstcy irdmk`s ak` vhcuktmmrs wbh rmnar`m` tbmjsmcvms as tbmdr

ghjpakdhks ak` partkmrs.176

Ihrmstmr hlsmrvm` tbat ak hr`dkary jmjlmrhi tbm Ebacsa `d` kht rmnar` bdjsmci as akylh`y—s smrvakt mxgmpt bdsNuru—s.171 Pbm Wdeb shgdmty was vmry jugb gdrgujspmgt dk saimnuar`dkn dts dktmrkac mquacdty.17< Pbds was tbm rmashk wby \akodt Wdknb ba` thgajhuicanm bds jhkargby. Bm ekmw tbat bm jmrmcy `drmgtm` dkth apartdgucar gbakkmc a phwmr wbdgb bm ghuc` kmdtbmr mstrhy khr ghktrhc.177 ‒Irmm ihcchwmrs hi Nhldk` ghuc` kht lm hlsmrvakt scavms hi akmquac jmjlmr hi tbm Ebacsa. \akodt Wdknb ghkgmacm` bds jhtdvms ak`‒mvmrytbdkn was `hkm ihr tbm saem hi tbm Nuru, ihr tbm a`vaktanm hi tbm Ebacsa ak` dk tbm kajm hi tbm Chr`. ‒170 Bm kmvmr dkstaccm` bdjsmci hk tbm tbrhkm as a edkn.17= Dk tbm vmry idrst pulcdg @arlar bm `mgcarm`tbat bds nhvmrkjmkt whuc` lm stycm` as tbm Warear-d-Ebacsa.179 Aitmr\akodt Wdknb, miimgtdvm phcdtdgac phwmr `d` kht rmjadk dk tbm bak`s hi bds `msgmkàkts hr gbdmis. Pbm mcmgtm` arjy pakgbayats usurpm`mxmgutdvm autbhrdty uk`mr tbm `msdnkatdhk hi‒Vaktb Ebacsa omh—.17>

As anadkst dt, wbat tbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk agbdmvm` was tbmmstalcdsbjmkt hi a lhurnmhds \mpulcdg. At kh stanm, ghjjhk pmasaktsak` tbm saks-guchttms,jugb cmss shgdac strata chwmr tbak tbmsm, gajmkmar th wdmc`dkn phcdtdgac phwmr, `drmgtcy hr dk`drmgtcy. Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb ‒hpmkm`, at hkgm th jmk hi tbm chwmst trdlms, tbm prhspmgt hi martbcy nchry.—172 ‒Nrhgmrs, garpmktmrs, hdcjmk…..raccdm` dkth lak`s……sh

wmcc Nhldk` ajacnajatm` `dsghràkt mcmjmkts ihr a tdjm.‒174



01>

Dk tbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk, mvmk tbmsaks-guchttms, wbh wmrm dk tbm vakhi rmvhcutdhkary dksurrmgtdhk, whuc` kht ohdk, hk mquac tmrjs, tbm wanm-markmrs, tbm bhjmcmss ak` tbm cdem.

(l) Vcmldak Lasm Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ba` kht hkcy ak mnacdtardak phcdtdgac jdssdhk lutdt ba` acsh a pcmldak hrnakdzatdhkac lasm. Dt was kmgmssary tbat tbm`hwktrh``mk gastms ak` gcassms sbhuc` lm lhtb tbm argbdtmgts ak`jastmrs hi tbmdr hwk mstdky. Pbm Wdebs ak` tbmdr arjdms wmrm, kmdtbmrghkstdtutm` hi, khr `hjdkatm` ly hkm gastm. Pbmrm wmrm `rawk irhj

d`mhchndgaccy dkspdrm` pmrshks hi acc gastms, jhstcy irhj tbm`hwktrh``mk hkms. ^bmk Nuru Barnhldk` `mgcarm` bds dktmktdhk hi arjdkn tbm Vaktb, ‒Gacdgh-prdktmrs, watmr garrdmrs, ak` garpmktmrsoLarlmrs, acc gajm th (bds) pcagm.106

Lbdebak Ebak ba` a vmry phhr hpdkdhk alhut Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb—s arjy.

‒Wulomgt pmhpcm bavm ghjm thnmtbmr, rustdg Oats,Hdc prmssmrs, larlmrs, Lbatd, Culaka, Cmatbmr-`rmssmrs. Jaky Lakdas, Arhras, Lbatsd Wu`ras, Gacdgh-prdktmrs, Oats,garpmktmrs, twmcvm gastms ak` Wakat (chw gastm) arm ohdkm`tbmsm arm tradkm` dk tbm usm hi arrhws. Pbmy dkgcu`m Eacacsak` nhc`sjdtbs, wbh `h kht ekhw bhw th wdmc` a spmar.—101

Lbaknu bas rmimrrm` th tbm pcmldak ghjphsdtdhk hi tbm Ebacsaat smvmrac pcagms.10< ^bmk tbm Paruka @ac wdkn hi tbm Ebacsa @ac wasrmhrnakdzm` dkth idvm `dvdsdhks, hkm hi tbm `dvdsdhks was uk`mr tbm

ghjjak` hi Ldr Wdknb \aknrmta. 107 Pbds `dvdsdhk ghktdkum` thpartdgdpatm dk tbm gajpadnks hi tbm Ebacsa rdnbt up th tbm tdjm hi tbmghkqumst hi Jacmrehà.100 \mnar`dkn tbm nrmat lat`m wdtb Alàcd,gaccm` âà Nbacu Nbara lmgausm tbm carnmst kujlmr hi Wdebs dk asdkncm lat`m wmrm edccm` bmrm, dt ds mspmgdaccy jmktdhkm` tbat \ajàsdas(ghllcmrs) ak` \aknrmtas thhe a prhjdkmkt part dk dt.10=

Pbm pcmldak ghjphsdtdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ds ghrrhlhratm`



012

ly mvd`mkgm irhj khk-Wdeb shurgms. Lakà—s ihrgms wmrm rmgrudtm`gbdmicy irhj tbm chwmr gastm Bdkùs. Wgavmknmrs, cmatbmr-`rmssmrs ak`sugb cdem pmrshks wmrm vmry kujmrhus ajhkn tbmj.109 Pbm chw-gastm

pmhpcm wbh swmccm` Lakà—s rakes arm tmrjm` ly a ghktmjphrary Juscdj bdsthrdak as tbm `rmns hi tbm shgdmty hi tbm bmccdsb Bdkùs.10>

Akhtbmr ghktmjphrary Juscdj wrdtmr says tbat Lakà lrhunbt dkthtbm ihrmirhkt tbm ukmjpchym` ak` whrtbcmss pmhpcm wbh ba` bdtbmrthlmmk bd``mk ly tbm gurtadk hi dksdnkdidgakgm.102 Ebaid Ebak says tbat‒tbmsm dkid`mcs (Wdebs) ba` smt up a kmw rucm, ak` ba` ihrld``mk tbmsbavdkn hi tbm badr hi tbm bma` ak` lmar`. Jaky hi tbm dcc-`dsphsm`

chw-gastm Bdkùs ohdkm` tbmjsmcvms th tbmj, ak` pcagdkn tbmdr cdvms attbm `dsphsac hi tbmsm mvdc-jdk`m` pmhpcm, tbmy ihuk` tbmdr hwka`vaktanm dk prhimssdkn lmcdmi ak` hlm`dmkgm, ak` tbmy wmrm agtdvm dkpmrsmgutdkn ak` edccdkn htbmr gastms hi Bdkùs.104

Drvdkm wrdtms? ‒Aitmr tbm Ebatrd ak` tbm Oat pmasakts, tbm jhstkhtdgmalcm ghjphkmkts hi tbm Wdeb lh`y arm tbm chwmr gastm artdsaksak` jmk hi tbm hutgastm hr jmkdac trdlms. Pbds iagt attragtm` tbm khtdgmhi tbm Jubajjaàk wrdtmrs, as wm smm dk hur agghukt, taemk irhjtbmj, hi tbm `dsturlakgms ihcchwdkn hk tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk`Wdknb.—1=6

Vhcdmr wrhtm (1>26 A.@.) tbat ‒tbm Wdqums tbmk lmnak th dkgrmasmnrmatcy dk kujlmr… acc tbat gajm, tbhunb irhj tbm chwmst ak` jhstalomgt gastms, wmrm rmgmdvm`, ghktrary th tbm Bdkù gusthjs wbdgba`jdt hi kh gbaknm hi gastm, ak` mvmk Jussacjaks wmrm dk tbm kujlmrhi ghkvmrts.—1=1 Nrdiitbs (1>40) tmccs us tbat tbm Wmdes rmgmdvm Vrhsmcytms

hi acjhst mvmry Gastm a phdkt dk wbdgb tbmy `diimr jhst jatmrdaccy irhj tbm Bdk`hhs.—1=< Pbm Nmrjak Bunmc `msgrdlms tbm Wdebs hi tbmtdjms as ‒tbm `msgmkàkts irhj acc tbm chwmst gastms hi Bdkùs, irhj

wbdgb tbmy bavm lmmk prhsmcytm`.1=7 Pbmsm marcy agghukts hi tbmMurhpmaks arm acc tbm jhrm vacualcm, lmgausm, as acrma`y phdktm` hut,tbmsm `mac wdtb tbm tdjms hi tbm Jdsacs ak` \akodt Wdknb, wbmk tbmWdeb rmvhcutdhk ba` rmgm`m`.



0<6

dkdtdatm` ly tbmj dk turk, taedkn tbm sajm vhws as tbmy ba` `hkm, ak`gcadjdkn kh bdnbmr prdvdcmnms tbak tbhsm bm acchwm` tbmj. Whhk aitmrbm gaccm` a jmmtdkn hi acc bds ihcchwmrs ak` akkhukgm` bds kmw hgtrdkm

th tbmj. ‒1=0 Hkm ày lmihrm tbm `matb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, tbmWdebs asem` bdj as th wbhj tbmy wmrm th ihcchw aitmr bdj. Pbm Nururmpcdm` tbat bm was pmrshkdidm` dk tbm Ebacsa ak` tbat bm ba` ghkimrrm`tbm cma`mrsbdp hk tbm Ebacsa lh`y dtsmci.1==

Pbm iagt tbat tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm jhvmjmkt `mvhcvm` hktbm Ebacsa Vaktb as a wbhcm, lmgajm ak artdgcm hi cdvdkn iadtb wdtbtbm Wdebs. Dk tbds ghkkmgtdhk, tbm mpdsh`m hi Lakà—s khjdkatdhk as

cma`mr ak` bds sulsmqumkt partdkn hi ghjpaky wdtb tbm Ebacsa ds vmry dccustratdvm. Pbm Ebacsa anrmm` th ihcchw Lakà hkcy hk tbm ghk`dtdhktbat bm whuc` kht aspdrm th shvmrmdnkty. Pbm Nuru dkstrugtm` Lakàth ald`m ly tbm Ebacsa ak` apphdktm` smcmgt Wdebs as bds a`vdsmrs.

Aitmr bds jdcdtary suggmss, Lakà aspdrm` th lmghjm Nuru ak` ashvmrmdnk. Hk tbds Pat Ebacsa (tbm nmkudkm Ebacsa) partm` ghjpaky

wdtb bdj lmgausm tbm Nuru ba` ndvmk?‒Lakà smrvdgm ak` kht shvmrmdnkty5 Pbm shvmrmdnkty ba` lmmk

ndvmk th tbm Vaktb ly tbm Nuru (Wagba pa`sbab) bdjsmci.—1=9

Aitmr Lakà, Eapur Wdknb was mcmgtm` as tbm cma`mr hi tbmEbacsa. Bm was mcmgtm` lmgausm bm was, dk tbhsm àys, mknanm` dk`hdkn a bujlcm smrvdgm. Eapur Wdknb ‒@d` khtbdkn wdtbhut taedkn tbmVaktb dkth ghkid`mkgm.—1=> ^dtb tbm mk` hi Eapur Wdknb—s mra, tbmrmvhcutdhkary spdrdt startm` wakdkn. Bds suggmsshr was Oassa Wdknb‒EacaD—. Oassa Wdknb struge ghdk dk bds hwk kajm wbmk tbm Ebacsa

ghkqumrm` Cabhrm ihr tbm idrst tdjm. Pbds was sh jugb anadkst tbmspdrdt hi ghccmgtdvm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Ebacsa, tbat a spmgdac ghkvmktdhk

was bmc`, wbmrm dt was `mgd`m` th rmgacc tbat ghdk irhj gdrgucatdhk.1=2

Dk dts pcagm, akhtbmr ghdk struge dk tbm kajm hi tbm Nuru wassulstdtutm`. Vhcdmr (1>26) hlsmrvm`, ‒As ihr tbm Nhvmrkjmkt hi tbmWdqums, dt ds prhpmrcy ak ardsthgragy, dk wbdgb kh prm-mjdkmkgm ds acchwm`



0<1

mxgmpt tbat wbdgb phwmr ak` ihrgm katuraccy ndvms5 htbmrwdsm acc tbmgbdmis, nrmat ak` sjacc, ak` mvmk tbm phhrmst ak` jhst alomgt Wdqums,chhe hk tbmjsmcvms as pmrimgtcy mquac dk acc tbm pulcdg ghkgmrks ak` dk

tbm nrmatmst Ghukgdc hr Nhhrjatta hi tbm katdhk, bmc` akkuaccy mdtbmrat Ajlarsar, Cabhrm hrshjm htbmr pcagm. Mvmrytbdkn ds mgd`m` ly tbmpcuracdty hi vhtms taemk dk`diimrmktcy irhj acc wbh gbhhsm th lm prmsmktat dt.1=4 Ihrstmr acsh ndvms a sdjdcar agghukt. ‒Ak mquacdtyhi rake dsjadktadkm` dk tbmdr gdvdc shgdmty, wbdgb kh gcasshi jmk, bhwmvmr,

wmactbyhr phwmriuc, ds suiimrm` th lrmae `hwk. At tbm pmrdh`s wbmknmkmrac ghukgdchi tbm katdhk wmrm ghkvmkm`, wbdgb ghksdstm`hi tbm

arjy at carnm, mvmry jmjlmr ba` tbm prdvdcmnmhi `mcdvmrdkn bds hpdkdhk,ak` tbm jaohrdty, dt ds sad`, `mgd`m` hk tbm sulomgt dk `mlatm.—196

–Acc Wdebs wmrm tbmhrmtdgaccy mquac5 tbmdr rmcdndhk dk dts idrstyhutb was thh purm a tbmhgragy th acchw `dstdkgtdhkshi rake ajhkn dtsa`bmrmkts.‚191 Dt lmgajm ak artdgcmhi iadtb wdtb tbm Ebacsa tbat

wbmrmvmr idvmhi tbm Ebacsa, ghjjdttm` th Wdeb d`macs, jmt th taem a`mgdsdhk, tbm Nuru was prmsmkt tbmrm dk spdrdt th nud`m tbmj. Dt was thtbds cmvmc tbat tbm cma`mrsbdp was sprma`. Dt was tbds spdrdt ak` iadtb

wbdgb sustadkm` tbm jhvmjmkt wbmk tbm Ebacsa numrrdccas wmrm spcdtup ak` sgattmrm` dkth sjacc nrhups wdtbhut a gmktrachr ghjjhkcma`mrsbdp. ^rdtdkn hk tbm mcmgtdhkhi Eapur Wdknb as a cma`mr, Aroak@as Jacde ghjjmkts? ‒Dt ds a para`hxhi Wdeb bdsthry tbat a jak wbh

was mcmgtm` dk tbds gavacdmr iasbdhk catmr prhvm` th lm tbm jhstghjpmtmkt cma`mr tbat tbm Wdebs ghuc` mvmr ba`. Pbds gak lm mxpcadkm`hkcy dk hkm way. Wugb was tbm ukdihrj bdnb stak`arhi jhtdvatdhk

ak` tradkdkn tbat magb hkmhi tbm Ebacsa was as nhh` a ghjjak`mr asbm was a shc`dmr.—19< Pbus, dt was tbm wd`m ghksgdhuskmsshi tbmmnacdtardak dssums at staem ak` tbm mxtmksdhkhi tbm smksmhi rmsphksdldcdty ak` cma`mrsbdp th a lrha` lasm tbat navm ghksdstmkt`drmgtdhk ak` tmkagdtyhipurphsm th tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk. Pbm Junbacautbhrdtdms ba` ghjm th lmcdmvm jhrm tbak hkgm tbat tbmy ba` mxtmrjdkatm`



0<<

tbm Ebacsa th tbm cast jak5 lut tbm Ebacsa ‒acways appmarm`, cdem asupprmssm` icajm, th rdsm dkth bdnbmr spcmk`hur irhj mvmry attmjpt thgrusb tbmj—.197

^m bavm purphsmcy `mact at shjm cmkntb wdtb tbm sulomgt hi tbm phcdtdgac nhacs hi tbm Ebacsa, dts mnacdtardak lasm ak` tbm katurm hi dts cma`mrsbdp, as tbmsm qumstdhks arm vdtac ihr uk`mrstak`dkn tbm gbaragtmrhi tbm Wdeb jdcdtakgy. Pbm dssum, wbmtbmr hr kht tbm Oat tradts ak`gucturm `mtmrjdkm` tbm `drmgtdhk ak` `mvmchpjmkt hi tbm Wdebjdcdtardzatdhk, gakkht lm prhpmrcy assmssm` ly `dvhrgdkn dt irhj tbmphcdtdgac ghchur ak` ghktmkt hi tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt. Pbm bdsthry hi tbm

pmasakts dk nmkmrac, ak` tbat hi tbm Oats dk partdgucar, `hms kht iavhurtbm byphtbmsds prhphuk`m` ly @r. JgCmh` ak` htbmrs. Cmt achkm tbm Oats, khwbmrm mcsm h wm idk` ajhkn tbm pmasakt, rmvhcts hr rmvhcutdhks, wdtbdk Dk`da hr hutsd`m dt, a paraccmc `mvmchpjmkt, at pmasakt dkdtdatdvm,ghjparalcm th tbm Wdeb mnacdtardak shgdac ak` phcdtdgac rmvhcutdhk.

=. CAGE HI VHCDPDGAC DKDPDAPDYM AK@ AWVD\APDHKW AJHKN VMAWAKPW

(a) Hutsd`m Dk`da Mknmcs jmktdhks twh jadk gausms ihr tbm iadcurm hi tbm Nmrjak

Vmasakt wars, pmrbaps tbm nrmatmst pmasakt upbmavac dk bdsthry. Pbmpmasakt jassms kmvmr hvmrstmppm` tbm karrhw rmcatdhks ak` tbmrmsuctdkn karrhw hutchhe.190 Ghksmqumktcy, tbm pmasakts hi mvmry prhvdkgm agtm` hkcy ihr tbmjsmcvms, ak` wmrm akkdbdcatm` dk smparatmlattcms hkm aitmr akhtbmr ly arjdms wbdgb dk jhst gasms wmrm bar`cy

hkm-tmktb hi tbm thtac kujlmr hi tbm dksurnmkt jassms.19= Wmghk`cy,tbmy wmrm kht dk`hgtrdkatm` mkhunb, wdtb tbm rmsuct tbat tbm luce hi tbm pmasakts wmrm acways rma`y th ghjm th tmrjs wdtb tbm chr`s wbhmxpchdtm` tbds wmaekmss hi tbmdrs,199 ak` wmrm acsh rma`dcy mjhracdzm`

wbmk tbmy jmt a strhkn rmsdstakgm hr a rmvmrsm.19>

Mrdg \. hci, wbh dk bds lhhe ‒Vmasakt ars hi tbm PwmktdmtbGmktury— ghvmrs a gasm stu`y hi sdx ghuktrdms, `hms

kht prmsmkt a `diimrmkt pdgturm.



0<7

Pbm dksurrmgtdhk dk Jaxdgh was –ak anrardak rmvhct dknmstatdhk‚.192 Hkm hi tbm prhjdkmkt imaturms hi tbm _apatdstarmvhcutdhk was ‒tbm partdgdpatdhk irhj tbm idrst hi `dsaiimgtm`

dktmccmgtuacs wdtb urlak tdms.—194 Alhut tbm \ussdak \mvhcutdhk, wm kmm`quhtm hkcy Cmkdk. ‒^bdcm whremrs cmit th tbmdr hwk `mvdgms ghuc` hkcy `mvmchp tra`m-ukdhk ghksgdhuskmss ak` pmasakts hkcy pmtty-lhurnmhds`mjak`s ihr cak`, dt whuc` lm tbm nud`dkn dktmccmgtuacs wbh whuc`cma` tbm rmvhcutdhk hk lmbaci hi tbm whremrs ak` tbm pmasakts.—1>6 Pbm

vmry lasds hi tbm ghkgmpt hi tbm ‒@dgtathrsbdp hi tbm Vrhcmtardatm— dstbat tbm pmasaktry ds, suspmgt dk tbm rhcm hi a rmvhcutdhkary vaknuar`.

Dk Gbdka, ‒Vmasakt jhldcdzatdhk tbus prhvm` djphssdlcm wdtbhutphcdtdgac ak` jdcdtary cmvmranm.—1>1 Dt was tbm Ghjjukdst Varty tbatprhvd`m` dt. Ak` tbm cma`mrs hi tbm Gbdkmsm Ghjjukdst Varty wmrm`rawk jhst irmqumktcy irhj a rmcatdvmcy tbdk uppmr caymr hi tbm Gbdkmsmphpucatdhk-tbm shks hi cak`chr`s, jmrgbakts, sgbhcars hr hiidgdacs. Acchi tbmj ba` bdnbmr m`ugatdhk, ak` jhst hi tbmj ba` stu`dm` alrha`.— 1><

Dk Ydmtkaj, thh, dt was anadk tbm Ghjjukdst party wbdgb rhusm` ak`hrnakdzm` tbm pmasakts. Pruhkn Gbdkb phdktm` hut dk 149= tbat, ‒hurparty was lhrk dk ak anrardak ghuktry wbmrm tbm whredkn gcass waskujmrdgaccy wmae. Dk tbm nrmat jaohrdty, hur ga`rms ak` hur jdcdtaktshrdndkatm` dk tbm pmtty lhurnmhdsdm.—1>7 Pbm Gulak rmvhcutdhk was anrmat najlcm ly a nrhup hi `mtmrjdkm` m`ugatm` rmvhcutdhkardms wbdgbpad` hii. –Khkm hi us‚, wrdtms Numvara, ‒khkm hi tbm idrst nrhup wbhgajm dk tbm –Nrakja‚ (tbm cak`dkn lhat), wbh mstalcdsbm` dk tbm WdmrraJamstra ak` cmarkm` th rmspmgt tbm pmasakt ak` whremr wbdcm cdvdkn

wdtb tbmj, ba` whremr—s hr pmasakt—s –lagenrhuk`s.—1>0

^hci ghjms th tbm wmdnbty ghkgcusdhk tbat, dk acc tbm sdx gasmshi pmasakt wars bm stu`dm`, tbmrm was a iusdhk lmtwmmk tbm acdmkatm`dktmccmgtuacs, wbat bm gaccs –rhhtcmss‚ dktmccmgtuacs, ak` tbmdr ruracsupphrtmrs. –Tmt tbds iusdhk ds kht aiimgtm` masdcy…Pbm pmasakt dsmspmgdaccy bak`dgappm` dk passdkn irhj passdvm rmghnkdtdhk hi wrhknsth phcdtdgac



0<0

partdgdpatdhk as a jmaks hi smttdkn tbmj rdnbt. Idrst, a pmasakt—s whre ds jhst hitmk hkm achkm, hk bds hwk cak`, tbak dk ghkougtdhk wdtb bdsimcchws… Wmghk`, tbm tyrakky hi whre wmdnbs bmavdcy uphk a pmasakt5

bds cdim ds nmarm` th ak akkuac rhutdkm ak` th pcakkdkn ihr tbm ymar thghjm. Jhjmktary actmratdhks hi rhutdkm tbrmatmk bds aldcdty th taem uptbm rhutdkm catmr. Pbdr`, ghktrhc hi cak` mkalcms bdj, jhrm hitmk tbakkht, th rmtrmat dkth sulsdstmkgm prh`ugtdhk sbhuc` a`vmrsm ghk`dtdhksaiimgt bds jaremt grhp. Ihurtb, tdms hi mxtmk`m` edksbdp ak` jutuacad` wdtbdk tbm ghjjukdty jay gusbdhk tbm sbhges hi dschgatdhk. Iditb,pmasakt dktmrmsts‐mspmgdaccy ajhkn phhr pmasakts‐hitmk grhss-gut

gcass acdnkjmkt. Idkaccy, past mxgcusdhk hi tbm pmasakt irhjpartdgdpatdhk dk `mgdsdhk-jaedkn lmyhk` tbm lajlhh kmm`m` thartdgucatm bds dktmrmsts wdtb apprhprdatm agtdhk. Bmkgm, pmasakts armhitmk jmrmcy passdvm spmgtathrs hi phcdtdgac strunncms…1>=

Ph quhtm hci anadk? ‒Lut wbat hi tbm traksdtdhk irhj pmasaktrmlmccdhk th rmvhcutdhk, irhj a jhvmjmkt adjm` at tbm rm`rmss hi

wrhkns, th tbm attmjptm` hvmrtbrhw hi shgdmty dtsmci8 Jarxdsts bavmchkn arnum` tbat pmasakts wdtbhut hutsd`m cma`mrsbdp gakkht jaem armvhcutdhk5 ak` hur gasm jatmrdac whuc` lmar tbmj hut. ^bmk tbmpmasaktry bas suggmssiuccy rmlmccm` anadkst tbm mstalcdsbm` hr`mr - uk`mrdts hwk lakkmr ak` wdtb dts hwk cma`mrs - dt was shjmtdjms alcm thrmsbapm tbm shgdac strugturm hi tbm ghuktry sd`m gchsmr th dts bmart—s`msdrms5 lut dt `d` kht cay bhc` hi tbm statm ‒

1>9

Dk tbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk, thh, tbm pmasaktry hi Irakgm pcaym`hkcy a smghk`ary rhcm, wbdgb was cdjdtm` th chgacdzm` agtdhk anadkst

cak`chr`s. Hi tbm \mvhcutdhk—s rmvmrlmratdhks hutsd`m Irakgm dk Murhpm,\hlmrts wrdtms? ‒Pbm tbdr` wd`msprma` rmsphksm was tbat hi tbm ruracphpucatdhk hi acjhst mvmry ghuktry5 wbatmvmr tbm tbmhrmtdgac lmkmidtstbmy jdnbt mrdvm irhj tbm djpcmjmktatdhk hi Irmkgb cmndscatdhk, tbmy kmarcy acways turkm` at shjm phdkt th hpmk rmsdstakgm, sphra`dg tbhunbdt jdnbt lm. Mxgmpt dk khrtbmrk Nmrjaky, tbm pmasaktry wmrmmvmrywbmrm dk Murhpm tbm jhst



0<=

pmrsdstmktcy acdmkatm` hi tbm \mvhcutdhks— phtmktdac supphrtmrs, wbatmvmr tbm lmkmidts tbm kmw hr`mr jdnbt appmar th lrdkn tbmj atidrst sdnbt…Dt was ajhkn tbm lmttmr-hii ak` tbm urlakdzm` tbat tbm

supphrtmrs hi tbm Irmkgb wmrm th lm ihuk`, kht dk tbm ghuktrysd`m wbdgb tbmy ihrjaccy cdlmratm` irhj ‒imu`acdsj.—1>>

^m arm kht hut th mstalcdsb a tbmhrmtdgac tbmhrmj, bavdkn ukdvmrsac vacd`dty. Lut, tbmrm arm gmrtadk ukdihrj cmsshks tbat ichw hutirhj tbm pragtdgac mxpmrdmkgm hi sh jaky rmvhcts hr rmvhcutdhks gdtm`alhvm dk wbdgb tbm pmasakts partdgdpatm`. Cmit th tbmjsmcvms, tbmpmasakts arm ghkgmrkm` jhrm wdtb tbmdr karrhw dktmrmsts ak` prhlcmjs

ratbmr tbak wdtb lrha`mr phcdtdgac dssums. Khwbmrm `d` tbmy dkdtdatm aphcdtdgac rmvhcutdhk. Dk iagt, dt was mxtrmjmcy `diidguct th rhusm tbmjihr phcdtdgac agtdhk. ^bmk ak` wbmrmvmr tbmy partdgdpatm` dk phcdtdgacrmvhcts hr rmvhcutdhks, hk tbmdr hwk, tbmy `d` sh prdjardcy ihr tbmdrhwk parhgbdac mk`s. Wmghk`cy, mvmrywbmrm tbm pmasakts kmm`m`suiidgdmkt d`mhchndgac dk`hgtrdkatdhk5 ak` tbm dkdtdatdvm ihr sugb akdk`hgtrdkatdhk dk acc tbmsm gasms gajm irhj hutsd`m tbm pmasakts hwkrakes, usuaccy irhj tbm dktmccdnmktsda. Pbmsm cmsshks arm qudtm djphrtaktihr mvacuatdkn tbm rhcm hi Zats dk tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt.

(b) Ajhkn Oats Pbm pmasakts dk Dk`da wmrm, dk a``dtdhk, thj asuk`mr ly

prmou`dgms ak` dkbdldtdhks hi tbm gastm systmj. Lmgausm hi tbm ghjpcmtmnrdp hi tbm gastm d`mhchny, dt was lmyhk` tbm spbmrm hi tbm pmasakt,tbm Yadsya, mdtbmr th `h idnbtdkn Hr aspdrm ihr phcdtdgac cma`mrsbdp hr

rucm. Pbds spbmrm was tbm jhkhphcy hr prdvdcmnm hi tbm Easbatrya hkcy,agghr`dkncy, bhw tbmy, ly ak` carnm, jmmecy suljdttm` th tbm hpprmssdhkak` bujdcdatdhk dkicdgtm` ly tbm rucmrs, wm kmm` kht nh dkth. Cmt usghjm `drmgtcy th tbm Oats, a jdcdtakt smgtdhk hi tbm Dk`dak pmasakts.

Pbm Oats irhj tbm jaohrdty dk Wdk`b5 tbmy arm tbrmm tdjms jhrmtbak tbm \aoputs dk tbm Vukoal, ak` arm apprhxdjatmcy mquac th tbmkujlmr hi \aoputs dk Ldeakmr, Oadsacjmr ak`



0<9

Jarwar. Tmt, –iranjmktary khtdgms hi tbm Oats hggur dk tbmJubajja`ak bdsthrdaks hi Dk`da.‚ 1>2 Dt was sh lmgausm tbmy wmrmphcdtdgaccy dkghksmqumktdac. As anadkst tbmj, tbm panms hi Dk`dak bdsthry

arm iucc hi \aoput mxpchdts. A `mputatdhk hi Oats ak` Jm`s, wadtm` uphk Edkn @aousbak

ak` lmnnm` bdj th khjdkatm a edkn, wbhj lhtb trdlms whuc` hlmy. Agghr`dkncy, @aousbak apphdktm` bds sdstmr th rucm hvmr tbmj ak` tbmy vhcuktardcy suljdttm` th bmr.1>4 Ldeakmr shurgms tmcc us tbat, ‒Dkrmghnkdtdhk hi tbm iagt tbat tbm Oats ba` lmmk hrdndkac jastmrs hi tbmghuktry ak` dk jmjhry hi tbmdr vhcuktary suljdssdhk th \aoput rucm,

tbm Ldeakmr rucmrs dkstdtutm` a gmrmjhky dk wbdgb magb kmw rucmr hi tbm \aoput ykasty ba` a spmgdac syjlhc put hk bds ihrmbma` ly hkm hi tbm Oat Gbdmis wbh tbus dkvmstm` tbm kmw rucmr wdtb tbm rdnbts hi ashvmrmdnk.126 Wdjdcarcy, tbm Jdkas vhcuktardcy aggmptm` tbm Eaggbmwasas tbmdr rucmrs.121 Pbm Jdkas arm kht Oats, lut tbds mxajpcm acsh smrvmsth sbhw bhw pmhpcm at tbm trdlac cmvmc, wdtbhut phcdtdgac adjs, wmrm akmasy prmy th phcdtdgaccy ajldtdhus jdkhrdtdms. Pbmebaps dk tbm Jmmrut@dvdsdhk, as wm bavm smmk, ba` qudtm sdzmalcm prdvatm arjdms, lut tbmdrrhcm was purmcy `mimksdvm. Pbm \hbtae `dstrdgt was sdtuatm`, at hkmtdjm, hk tbm lhr`mr hi tbm Jaratba ak` tbm Wdeb spbmrms hi phcdtdgacghktrhc, ak` was hvmrruk ly hkm party hr tbm htbmr. Pbm strhkn Oat

vdccanms hi \hbtae `dstrdgt pmrpmtuaccy `midm` lhtb tbm Jaratbas ak`tbm Wdebs, ak` Nmhrnm Pbhjas ghuc` ghccmgt bds rmvmkum hkcy ly jmakshi a jhvmalcm ghcujk ghkstaktcy jargbdkn alhut tbm ghuktry. 12< Luttbds Oat `midakgm kmvmr natbmrm` jhjmktuj lmyhk` tbm vdccanm cmvmc

dk hr`mr th assmrt tbm phcdtdgac dk`mpmk`mkgm hi tbmdr rmndhk.–Irhj tbm marcdmst tdjms, tbm Oats bavm lmmk rmjarealcm ihr

tbmdr rmomgtdhk hi tbm jhkargbdgac prdkgdpcm ak` tbmdr strhkn partdacdty ihr smci-nhvmrkdkn ghjjhkwmactbs. Hkm hi tbm kajms ly wbdgb tbmy

wmrm ekhwk th tbm akgdmkts was ‒Arasbtra hr edkncmss—.‚127 Pbmdr gbdmis wmrm trdlac gbdmis ratbmr tbak rucmrs. Pbm hkm tdjm mxgmptdhk hi Oatjhkargbdgac prdkgdpacdty hi aky ghksmqumkgm tbat wm ghjm agrhss dk



0<>

rmghr`m` bdsthry ds tbat hi Lbaratpur, di, hi ghursm, wm dnkhrm tbm sjaccukdt hi @bhcpur. Dts ihuk`mr was Gburajak. Bm was kht dkspdrm` ly aky chity d`macs, khr was aky hi bds suggmsshrs, wbh ghkshcdàtm` tbm

Lbaratpur Wtatm. Gburajak bmcpm` Mjpmrhr Labaùr Wbab dk bdsgajpadnk anadkst tbm Wdebs at Wa`baura ak` Chbranb5120 ak` idkaccy suljdttm` th Mjpmrhr Iarrueb-sdyar, anrmmdkn th pay a pmkacty hi idity caebs hi rupmms.12= Wdjdcarcy Wurao Jac was a purm hpphrtukdst. Bmturkm`, ihr pmrshkac rmashks, anadkst tbm Wym` lrhtbmrs, th wbhj bmhwm` sh jugb ihr bds rdsm th phwmr. bmk tbm jankdidgmkt arjy uk`mrWaàsbdv \ah wmkt th jmmt Abjm` Wbab at Vakdpat, –tbm graity Wurao

Jac, prhimssdkn th lm `dsnustm` wdtb tbm arrhnakgm hi bds accdms, wdtb`rmw bds ihrgms irhj Waàsbdv—s gajp.129 ‒Jaohr Pbhrk says tbatWurao Jac rmgmdvm` Anra irhj Abja` Wbab as tbm rmwar` hi bdskmutracdty ùrdkn tbm strunncm at Vakdpat.—12> At aky ratm, dt ds a iagt tbatWurao Jac `dsphssmssm` tbm Jaratba nhvmrkhr hi @mcbd hi bds trmasurm

wbmk bm was icmmdkn tbrhunb tbm Oat tmrrdthry.‚122

Dt ds hkcy dk tbm Oat uprdsdkns uk`mr Nheaca ak` \aoa \aj tbat wm idk` tbm Oats jhtdvatm` ly ghksd`mratdhk htbmr tbak tbhsm hi pcuk`mrhr pmrshkac nadk. Pbmsm wmrm bhwmvmr, sbhrt-cdvm` rmcdndhus hutlurstsanadkst lcatakt hutranm hi chgac Bdkù smktdjmkt ly Juscdj rucmrs,

wbdgb lmnak ak` mk`m` wdtb tbm pmrshks hi Nheaca ak` \aoa \aj. Ly kh jmaks wmrm tbmsm sustadkm` jhvmjmkts, jugb cmss rmvhcutdhkary hkms. Jhvmjmkts arm ludct arhuk` idxm` chkn-raknm hlomgtdvms ak` kmm`hrnakdsatdhk, `mtmrjdkm` cma`mrsbdp ak` tmkagdty hi purphsm th agbdmvmtbhsm hlomgtdvms. Pbm Oats cagem` acc tbmsm. Dt was ihr tbds rmashk tbat,

actbhunb tbm Oats arhuk` Jatbura ak` Anra rmjadkm` a ghkstakt tbhrkdk tbm lh`y hi tbm Junbacs ak` smvmrac mxpm`dtdhks wmrm smkt th gurltbmdr jarau`dkn prhpmksdty, tbmdr rmstcmss spdrdt kmvmr assujm` tbm`djmksdhks hi a purphsmiuc aktd-Junbac hr aktd Juscdj jhvmjmkt.

Pbm sajm iatm hvmrthhe, ak` ihr sdjdcar rmashks, tbm Watkajd rmvhct. Actbhunb tbmrm was a ghktdkudty dk tbm rmstdvm spdrdt hi tbm Oats, tbmrm was kh d`mhchndgac



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ghktdkudty lmtwmmk tbm Oats rmvhcts uk`mr Nheaca ak` \aoa \aj hktbm hkm bak` ak` tbm phcdtdgac a`vmkturms hi Gburajak ak` Wurao Jachk tbm htbmr. Pbm hvmrrd`dkn jhtdvatdhk hi Gburajak ak` Wurao Jac,

as ds sbhwk ly tbmdr hpphrtukdstdg ghjprhjdsms wdtb tbm Junbac rucmrs, was th garvm hut a `ykastdg prdkgdpacdty. Pbmy stmppm` dk th idcc tbm vagguj grmatm` ly tbm `matb hi \aoa \aj, kht th ghktdkum bds aktd-Juscdj rmvhct lut th mxpchdt Oat rmstdvmkmss ihr tbmdr hwk pmrshkacajldtdhks. Qudtm dk tukm wdtb tbm pmasakt tradt tbm whrc` hvmr, ak` dka``dtdhk bavdkn lmmk lradkwasbm` ly tbm gastm d`mhchny, tbm Oats, as alh`y, ghuc` kht, dk aky hi tbm gasms gdtm` alhvm, mvhcvm mkùrdkn

phcdtdgac nhacs. hi tbmdr hwk. Pbmdr jartdac quacdtdms wmrm, tbmrmihrm, attbm dsphsac hi akyhkm wbh was sedciuc mkhunb th jakdpucatm tbmj. Dtghuc` lm tbm Gburajak nrhup, ihr wbhj tbm wmaemkdkn hi tbm Junbacautbhrdty ak` tbm `dsappmarakgm hi phcdtdgac sakgtdhk lmbdk` tbm gastmsystmj ba` hpmkm` tbm way ihr aspdrdkn th phcdtdgac phwmr. Dt ghuc` lmtbm Lrdtdsb, wbh usm` tbm 9tb Oat Cdnbt Dkiaktry, rmgrudtm` irhj Baryaka,th grusb tbmdr hwk edtb ak` edk wbmk tbm Oats hi tbat rmndhk rhsmanadkst tbm Lrdtdsb dk 1264.124

(g) iats ak` tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk Pbmrm ds, dk iagt, kh ghjjhk nrhuk` ihr ghjpardkn tbm Wdeb

jhvmjmkt wdtb aky htbmr phcdtdgac a`vmkturm hr rmvhct dk wbdgb tbm Oats partdgdpatm`. Dt was kht a imuàc vmkturm cdem tbat hi Gburajakak` bds suggmsshrs. Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb was kht dktmrmstm` dk phcdtdgacphwmr ihr bdjsmci,146 ak` bm mvhcvm` tbm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm jhvmjmkt

hk tbm Ebacsa wbmk bds hwk shks wmrm stdcc acdvm. ]kcdem tbm Oats hi tbm Lbaratpur rmndhk, tbm Ebacsa `d` kht lcdk`cy ihcchw a cma`mr cdemGburajak hr Wurao Jac, th bmcp bdj mstalcdsb a `ykastdg rucm hr thsbarm dk bds pcuk`mr. Pbm Ebacsa partm` ghjpaky wdtb Lakà wbmk bmaspdrm` ihr shvmrmdnkty, ak` ja`m Oassa Wdknb Abcuwacda wdtb`raw tbmghdk tbat bm struge dk bds kajm. Mvmk uk`mr tbm Jdsacs, tbm Wdeb phcdty ba` jhrm gbaragtmrdstdgs hi a ghjjhkwmactb tbak tbhsm hi pmrshkac



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rucm. Dt was acsh quacdtatdvmcy diimrmkt irhj tbm mpbmjmrac Oat rmcdndhusuprdsdkns uk`mr Nheaca ak` \aoa \aj. Dt was a rmvhcutdhk, ak` akmnacdtardak rmvhcutdhk at tbat. Pbmrm ds a iukàjmktac `diimrmkgm

lmtwmmk hr`dkary rmvhcts hr rmlmccdhks, wbdgb `h kht gbaccmknm tbmshgdac hr phcdtdgac systmj dtsmci, lut hkcy smme gbaknms hr aòustjmkts

wdtbdk dts irajmwhre. Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt was ak mnacdtardak shgdacak` phcdtdgac rmvhcutdhk, wbdgb adjm` at tbm mstalcdsbjmkt hi akmnacdtardak shgdmty dk tbm pcagm hi tbm gastm hr`mr ak` at tbm gapturm hi phcdtdgac phwmr ly tbm pmhpcm tbmjsmcvms. Wugb rmvhcutdhkary adjs

wmrm kht hwkm`, at tbat pmrdh`, ly tbm pmasaktry hi aky ghuktry hutsd`m

Dk`da, jugb cmss ghuc` tbmsm lm mvmk ghkgmdvm` bmrm dk a shgdmty rd``mkly gastm ak` phcdtdgaccy hjdkatm` ly ihrmdnk imuàcs. Dt ds tbm nhac, tbmd`mhchndgac dkspdratdhk, hi a jhvmjmkt wbdgb `mtmrjdkms dts quacdty ak` dts `drmgtdhk, ak` dts ds tbm hrnakdsatdhkac lasm hi tbat d`mhchny ak` tbm tmkagdty hi purphsm asshgdatm` wdtb dt tbat dk a nrmat jmasurmghkstdtutm dts djmrkac strmkntb. Ihr tbm cage hi d`mhchndgac nhacs, tbm

Oats rmjadkm` mdtbmr ak dkmrt phcdtdgac jass, hr tbmdr rmcdndhus imrvhurjdsidrm`, hr tbmdr vachur lmgajm a bak`-jad` hi imuàc dktmrmst. Dt dstbm Wdeb d`mhchny wbdgb wmc`m` tbm Oats hr khk-Oats wbh ohdkm` dt,dkth a phcdtdgac ihrgm tbat uprhhtm` tbm Junbac `hjdkatdhk ak` ja`mtbm tdccmrs hi tbm shdc ak` tbm bmwmrs hi whh`, tbm phcdtdgac jastmrs hi tbm Vukoal.

Dt was smmk dk tbm idrst smgtdhk tbat tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbmjhvmjmkt was dkdtdatm` ly tbm Nurus tbmjsmcvms dk pursuakgm hi tbmWdeb jdssdhk, ak` dt was kht `hkm uk`mr tbm dkicumkgm hr prmssurm hi

tbm Oats wbh ohdkm` dt. Pbm dsgussdhk wm bavm garrdm` hk alhvm ajpcy `mjhstratms tbat tbm phcdtdgac ak` jdcdtakt `mvmchpjmkt hi tbmjhvmjmkt was `drmgtm` ly dts mnacdtardak nhacs, wbdgb wmrm acsh idxm`ly tbm Nurus. Iar irhj taedkn a bak` dk sbapdkn tbm phcdtdgac nhacs hi tbm Ebacsa, tbm Wdebs, wbmtbmr hi Oat hr khk-Oat hrdndk, imct, dk tbm lmndkkdkn,tbat tbmy wmrm ukmquac th tbm tase hi wrmstdkn shvmrmdnkty irhj tbmJunbacs. 141 Pbm pcmlmdak ghjphsdtdhk hi tbm Ebacsa ak` dts ghccmgtdvm



076

cma`mrsbdp wmrm dktdjatmcy cdkem` th dts mnacdtardak nhacs. dtbhut tbmsm,dt ds qudtm prhlalcm tbat, dk tbm alsmkgm hi tbm Nurus th stmmr tbmghursm hi tbm jhvmjmkt, dt jdnbt kht bavm djpcmjmktm` dts mnacdtardak

prhnrajjm th tbm mxtmkt dt `d`. Ak`, tbm Ebacsa agqudrm` a `hjdkaktpcmlmdak lasm lmgausm dt was Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb wbh gaccm` uphk tbm‒sparrhws— th edcc tbm ‒bawes—, Cm. gaccm` uphk tbm `hwktrh``mk thgarvm hut tbmdr hwk phcdtdgac `mstdky. Pbm pcak ihr mvhcvdkn tbmghccmgtdvm cma`mrsbdp hi tbm Ebacsa was acsh dkdtdatm` ly tbm Nuru.

Pbm Wdeb ghsjhphcdtak mnacdtardakdsj (wbhsm hhrs, as wm bavm khtm`, wmrm hpmk dk tbmhry ak` dk agtuac pragtdgm th tbm chwmst hi tbm chw,

ak` wbmrm akyhkm wbh gbhsm th lm prmsmkt dk tbm Ebacsa Nmkmrac Assmjlcdms, tbm Warlat Ebacsa, ghuc` bavm bds say ak` mxmrgdsm bdsrdnbt dk tbm jaedkn hi `mgdsdhks)14< was quacdtatdvmcy `diimrmkt irhjtbm Oat parhgbdac mnacdtardakdsj. Pbm Oat phcdtdgac ghksgdhuskmss, uk`mrtbm spmcc hi gastm d`mhchny, ghuc` kht bavm mvmk ghkgmdvm` hi mvhcvdkn mnacdtardak phcdtdgac nhacs hi tbm typm dk wbdgb tbmy ba` th sbarm phwmr

wdtb tbm artdsaks (garpmktmrs) ak` Eacacs, jugb cmss whre uk`mr tbmdrcma`mrsbdp. Khr ghuc` Oat parhgbdac mnacdtardakdsj bavm a`oustm` dtsmci th a ghsjhphcdtak mnacdtardak hrnakdsatdhk dk wbdgb tbm hutgastms (tbm\aknrmttas) wmrm mquac ak` bhkhuralcm jmjlmrs. Pbmrm ds, tbmrmihrm,kh lasds ihr assujdkn tbat, wdtbhut bavdkn a bak` dk `mtmrjdkdkn tbmEbacsa phcdtdgac nhacs, ak` wdtbhut mxmrgdsdkn ghktrhc hvmr dtshrnakdsatdhk ak` cma`mrsbdp, tbm Oats, as sugb, ghuc` sbapm tbm nrhwtbak` tbm `mvmchpjmkt hi tbm jhvmjmkt, `urdkn tbm chkn pmrdh` hi dtsrmvhcutdhkary pbasm agghr`dkn th tbmdr hwk tradts ak` prhgcdvdtdms.

9. D@MHCHNT Cmimlurm bas ndvmk mxprmssdhk th a vmry djphrtakt phcdtdgac axdhj.

–Ihr tbm cast baci gmktury, stu`mkts bavm appcdm`, tbmjsmcvms ak` rdnbtcy sh , th tbm tase hi sbhwdkn bhw tbm rmvhcutdhkary spdrdt hrdndkatm` dk ashgdac ak` mghkhjdg mkvdhrkjmkt. Lut wm sbhuc` ghjjdt kh cmss ak



071

mrrhr dk ihrnmttdkn tbat tbmrm ds kh trum rmvhcutdhkary spdrdt wdtbhut tbmd`macdsj wbdgb achkm dkspdrms sagrdidgm.‚147 Alhut tbm Irmkgb\mvhcutdhk, \u`m wrdtms? –…….dt kmm`m` jhrm tbak mghkhjdg bar`sbdp,

shgdac dsghktmkt, ak` tbm irustratdhk hi phcdtdgac ak` shgdac ajldtdhksth jaem a rmvhcutdhk. Ph ndvm ghbmsdhk th tbm `dsghktmkts akàspdratdhks hi wd`mcy varydkn shgdac gcassms, tbmrm ba` th lm shjmukdiydkn lh`y hi d`mas, ghjjhk vhgalucary hi bhpm ak` prhtmst,shjmtbdkn dk sbhrt, cdem a ghjjhk ‒rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny—.‚140

Di a ghjjhk ‒rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny— was kmm`m` th ndvmghbmsdhk th tbm varydkn gcassms dk tbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk, a ‒ukdiydkn

lh`y hi d`mas— was jugb jhrm dk`dspmksalcm ihr wmc`dkn tbm jutuaccy aktanhkdstdg gastms wbdgb ohdkm` tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk. Jhrmhvmr, tbmWdeb rmvhcutdhkary strunncm passm` tbrhunb a prhchknm` pmrdh` hi numrrdcca wariarm tbm cdem hi wbdgb imw htbmr jhvmjmkts bavmmxpmrdmkgm`. A nmkmrac jassagrm hi tbm Wdebs was caukgbm` a kujlmrhi tdjms ak` tbm Junbac autbhrdtdms gajm th lmcdmvm tbat tbmy baàkkdbdcatm` tbm Wdebs acjhst th tbm cast jak. Ihrstmr wrdtms? –Wugb

was tbm emmk spdrdt tbat akdjatm` tbm pmrsmgutdhk, sugb was tbm suggmsshi tbm mxmrtdhks, tbat tbm kajm hi a Wdqum kh chknmr mxdstm` dk tbmJunbac `hjdkdhk.‚ 14= Tmt, at mvmry attmjpt th grusb tbm jhvmjmkt, dtarhsm, Vbhmkdx cdem, irhj dts asbms tdcc dt uprhhtm` tbm Junbac rucmirhj tbm rmndhk ak` mstalcdsbm` dts hwk.

Aroak @as Jacde bas quhtm` autbhrdtdms ak` ndvmk dccustratdhksth sbhw tbat sustadkm` numrrdcca wariarm ds kht phssdlcm wdtbhut akd`mhchndgac dkspdratdhk.‚….a numrrdcca ds…… ak dktmsmcy jhtdvatm` ak`

bdnbcy `m`dgatm` shc`dmr, wbh bas a emmk smksm hi dssums at staem akùk`mrstak`s tbm katurm hi war bm ds idnbtdkn. Bds strmkntb cdms dksd`m,dk tbm jhrac ghksd`mratdhks wbdgb ‒jaem tbrmm-ihurtbs hi bdj.‚149

^bat was tbm d`mhchndgac dkspdratdhk tbat dkspdrm` tbm Wdebrmvhcutdhkardms8 Cmt bdsthry spmae ihr dtsmci. dccdaj Drvdkm wrdtms alhutLakà ak` tbm lak` hi bds ihcchwmrs wbmk lrhunbt as prdshkmrs th@mcbd? –Acc hlsmrvmrs, Dk`dak ak` Murhpmak, ukdtm dk rmjaredkn hk tbm



07<

whk`mriuc patdmkgm ak` rmshcutdhk wdtb wbdgb tbmsm jmk uk`mrwmkttbmdr iatm. Pbmdr attagbjmkt ak` `mvhtdhk th tbmdr cma`mr wmrm

whk`mriuc th lmbhc`. Pbmy ba` kh imar hi `matb, tbmy gaccm` tbm

mxmgutdhkmr Juet, hr tbm @mcdvmrmr. Pbmy grdm` hut th bdj ohyiuccy –HJuet! edcc jm idrst.‚14>

Pbm Mkncdsb ajlassa`hrs dk @mcbd at tbat tdrpm rmphrtm` thtbmdr bma` tbat alhut >26 prdshkmrs ba` lmmk lrhunbt th tbm pcagmachkn wdtb Lakà ak` tbat hkm buk`rm` hi tbmj wmrm lmbma`m` magbày. ‒Dt ds kht a cdttcm rmjarealcm wdtb wbat patdmkgm tbmy uk`mr-nhtbmdr iatm, ak` th tbm cast dt bas kht lmmk ihuk` tbat hkm aphstatdzm`

irhj bds kmw ihrjm` rmcdndhk.142

Ebaid Ebak wrdtms, jaky sthrdms arm thc` alhut tbm wrmtgbm``hns hi tbds smgt, wbdgb tbm uk`mrstak`dkn rmomgts5 lut tbm autbhr wdccrmcatm wbat bm saw wdtb bds hwk myms. bmk tbm mxmgutdhks wmrm nhdkn hk, tbm jhtbmr hi hkm hi tbm prdshkmrs, a yhukn jak oust arrdvm` atjakbhh`, pcma`m` tbm gausm hi bmr shk wdtb nrmat immcdkn ak`markmstkmss lmihrm tbm mjpmrhr ak` Wadya` Alùaccab Ebak….…Iarrueb Wdyar ghjjdsmratm` tbds artiuc whjak, ak` jmrgdiuccy smktak hiidgmr wdtb hr`mrs th rmcmasm tbm yhutb. Pbat gukkdkn whjak arrdvm`

wdtb tbm hr`mr hi rmcmasm oust as tbm mxmgutdhkmr was stak`dkn wdtb bdslchh`y swhr` upbmc` hvmr tbm yhukn jak—s bma`. Wbm sbhwm` tbm hr`mr

ihr bds rmcmasm. Pbm yhutb tbmk lrhem hut dkth ghjpcadkts, saydkn? –Jy jhtbmr tmccs a iacsmbhh`5 D wdtb bmart ak` shuc ohdk jy imcchw-lmcdmvmrsdk `mvhtdhk th tbm Nuru5 smk` jm qudgecy aitmr jy ghjpakdhks.‚144

Jubajjm` Catdi ghjms th tbm ghkgcusdhks? –Pbm panms hi

bdsthry sbdkm wdtb tbm bmrhdg mm`s hi tbds jartdac ragm, ak` tbm mxajpcmshi smci-`mvhtdhk, partrdhtdsj ak` ihrlmarakgm uk`mr tbm smvmrmst trdacs,`dspcaym` ly tbm cma`mrs hi tbmdr ghjjukdty, arm mxgmccm` ly khkm dktbm akkacs hi tbm katdhks.‚<66

–Agghr`dkn th a ghktmjphrary Jhbajjmàk autbhr, tbmWdeb bhrsmjmk wmrm smmk rd`dkn, at iucc nacchps, thwar`s tbmdr sagrmìavhurdtm sbrdkm hi `mvhtdhk. Pbmy wmrm hitmk



077

scadk dk jaedkn tbds attmjpt, ak` shjmtdjms taemk prdshkmrs5 luttbmy usm`, hk sugb hggasdhks th smme, dkstma` hi avhd`dkn, tbm grhwkhi jartyr`hj.‚5 ak` tbm sajm autbhrdty statms, –tbat ak dkstakgm was

kmvmr ekhwk hi a Wdeb, taemk dk bds way th Ajrdtsar, ghksmktdkn thalourm bds iadtb‚.<61

Abjm` Wbab Alàcd, tbm vdgthr hi Vakdpat, rmghnkdzm` tbatihr tbm ghjpcmtm rmùgtdhk hi tbm Wdeb phwmr dt whuc` lm kmgmssary th

wadt uktdc tbmdr rmcdndhus imrvhurba` mvaphratm`.<6< Mvmk ùrdkn tbmiagtdhk-rd``mk pmrdh` hi tbm Jdsacs, tbm Wdeb gbdmis ghuc` idk` a ghjjhkjmmtdkn nrhuk` at tbm sakgtdidm` Ajrdtsar Nhc`mk Pmjpcm, ak` tbm

hkcy ghjjmktdkn ihrgmcmit lmtwmmk tbmj wmrm tbm Aeacds, tbmghksgdmkgm emmpmrs hi tbm Wdeb iadtb. Pbmrm ds a spare dk bujak katurm wbdgb ymarks mtmrkaccy ihr

irmm`hjak` mquacdty? Pbm Nurus dnkdtm` tbds spare. Dk Gukkdknbaj—s whr`s? ‒Pbm cast aphstcm hi tbm Wdebs `d` kht cdvm th smm bds hwk mk`sagghjpcdsbm`, lut bm miimgtuaccyrhusm tbm `hrjakt mkmrndms hi a

vakqudsbm` pmhpcm ak` idccm` tbmj wdtb a chity, actbhunb idtiuc, chkndkn ihr shgdac irmm`hjak` katdhkac asgmk`mkgy, tbm prhpmr aòukgts hi tbatpurdty hi whrsbdp wbdgb ba` lmmk prmagbm` ly Kakae. Nhldk` saw

wbat was ymt vdtac, ak` rmcujm` dt wdtb a Vrhjmtbmak idrm.‚<67 PbmWdeb jhvmjmkt `mrdvm` dts strmkntb acsh lmgausm Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb‒hpmkm`, at hkgm, th jmk hi tbm chwmst trdlm, tbm prhspmgt hi martbcy nchry.‚ Pbm hlomgtdvm hi gapturdkn phcdtdgac phwmr ihr mnacdtardak mk`sidrm` tbm djandkatdhk hi tbm jassms, ak` ihr tbds rmashk jhrm ak` jhrmhi tbm hwk-trh``mk pmhpcm wmrm rawk th tbm Ebacsa rakes as tbm strunncm

prhnrmssm . Dt was lmgausm hi dts `mmp ghjjdtjmkt th tbm mnacdtardakgausm tbat tbm jhvmjmkt pursum` tbm arjm` strunncm th dts ldttmr mkùktdc dts adjs wmrm agbdmvm`. Pbds was wby tbm jhvmjmkt, tbhunb bar`prmssm`, rmomgtm` a kujlmr hi hiimrs hi a ghjprhjdsm` pmagm ly Alàcd5

wbh ghuc` kht ghjprmbmk` tbat dk tbds gasm bm was kht pdttm` anadkstimuàc chr`s wbhsm dktmrmsts ghuc` lm aòustm` wdtbdk bds hwk ajldtdhks.Bmrm bm was iagm th iagm wdtb ak d`mhchndgaccy surgbarnm` pmhpcm—s



070

jhvmjmkt ghjjdttm` th agbdmvm dts hwk mnacdtardak phcdtdgac adjs5 dk wbdgb tbmrm was kh rhhj ihr ghjprhjdsm wdtb imu`acdsj hr ardsthgragy.Bhwmvmr, wbat ds jhrm nmrjakm th hur thpdg ds tbm iagt tbat tbm nmkmsds

hi tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkary spdrdt cdms dk tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk ak` tbm rmcdndhusiadtb hi tbm Wdebs dk tbm Nurus. Dt ds tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk wbdgb stak`s ihrshgdac ak` phcdtdgac mquacdty. Dt ds tbm Nurus wbh whrem` calhrdhuscy hvmr a chkn pmrdh` th dkstdtutdhkacdzm tbm mnacdtardak vacums dk tbm ihrjhi tbm Wdeb Vaktb. Ak` dt ds tbrhunb tbmdr rmcdndhus iadtb dk tbm Nurustbat tbm Wdebs gajm th mksbrdkm tbm vacums hi bujak irmm`hj ak`mquacdty dk tbmdr bmarts. Anadk, dt ds um th tbm mmp ghjjdtjmkt hi tbm

Nurus th tbm rmvhcutdhkary gausm tbat tbmy gbakkmcdzm` tbm rmcdndhusiadtb rmphsm` dk tbmj ly tbmdr ihcchwmrs dkth a ghursm wbdgb adjm` atagbdmvdkn phcdtdgac irmm`hj wm``m` th mnacdtardak hlomgtdvms.

Pbm Wdeb d`mhchny kht hkcy dkspdrm` tbm jhvmjmkt, lut dt wastbm jadkstay hi dts rmvhcutdhkary pbasm. Pbm Wdeb numrrdcca ba` khmartbcy bhpm hi suggmss. Mvmk tbm Junbac Nhvmrkhr was ajazm`, wbmkbm mxgcadjm` –H Nh` ! th mat nrass ak` th gcadj edknsbdp‚ <60 Pbmy

wmrm sustadkm` hkcy ly tbmdr iadtb dk tbm Nuru—s whr`. As Lbaknu putdt?

–Pbm Wdknbs ba` kh rmshurgms5 wmrm wdtbhut arjs ak` gchtbms. ^mrm kaem`, buknry ak` tbdrsty. Ba` kh ajjukdtdhk wdtbtbmj. Ba` kh aggmss th sbhps hr jaremts5 Pbhsm wbh imccsdge `dm` ihr cage hi jm`dgdkm. Pbmy wmrm sustadkm` ly tbmbhpm hi Nuru—s lmkm`dgtdhk5 tbds was tbm hkcy trmasurm tbmy ba`.‚ <6=

Dt nhms wdtbhut saydkn tbat tbm Wdebs rmcdndhus iadtb was tbm grmatdhkhi tbm Wdeb Nurus ak` kht tbat hi tbm Oats, wbh arm wmcc-ekhwk ihrtbmdr dk`diimrmkgm thwar`s traksgmk`mktac rmcdndhk.<69 Htbmrwdsm, dt dsup th tbm sgbhcars, wbh tragm tbm nmkmsds hi tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk hi Oattradts, th mxpcadk bhw tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny mvhcvm` irhjtbm purmcy Oat lmcdmis ak` tradts. Pbmrm ds kh bdsthrdgac rmghr` hi tbm

Oats hi tbm Wdeb tragt bavdkn mvmr sbhwk, lmihrm tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt,



07=

mvmk tbat turlucmkt spdrdt ak` rmsdstakgm wbdgb tbm Oats arhuk` Anra,Jatbura ak` Lbaratpur sbhwm`, ak` anadkst wbhj smvmrac Junbacmxpm`dtdhks wmrm smkt th gurl tbmdr turlucmkgm. Di tbm Oats arhuk` Anra,

Jatbura ak` Lbaratpur rmjadkm` tdm` `hwk, at acc tdjms, th tbm gastmak` imu`ac strdkns, bhw `d` tbm Oats hi tbm Wdeb tragt achkm mvhcvm, hktbmdr hwk, a rmjarealcm ‒rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny— ak` zmac, ak` a`mmp ghjjdtjmkt th ak acc mjlragdkn mnacdtardak gausm8

Dk iagt, dt ds tbm Wdeb d`mhchny wbdgb traksihrjm` tbhsm, wbhpartdgdpatm` dk tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkary strunncm, ak` dt ds kht tbm Oattradts wbdgb `mtmrjdkm` dts d`mhchny ghktmkt. As tbmdr ds jarem`

`diimrmkgm dk tbm gbmjdgac lmbavdhur hi ukdhkdzm` ak` dhkdzm` athjshi tbm sajm mcmjmkt, sh `h wm idk` a jarem` lmbavdhurac ghktrastlmtwmmk tbhsm hi tbm sajm sthge, wbmtbmr Oat hr khk-Oat, wbh, wbmkak` wbmrm, wmrm gbarnm` ly tbm Wdeb d`mhchny ak` tbhsm wbh wmrmkht.

Pwh prhjdkmkt imaturms hi tbm gbaragtmr hi tbm Oats hi acc tbmrmndhks, tbmdr caxdty dk `hjmstdg jhracdty ak` tbmdr prhpmksdty ihrstmacdkn, arm jmktdhkm` irhj tbmdr vmry marcy bdsthry. As anadkst dt,Qazd Kur Jubajjm` pays tbm Ebacsa a rdgb trdlutm ihr rmspmgtdkn tbmbhkhur hi whjmk ak` ihr kht lmirdmk`dkn tbdmvms<6> ak` tbds tmstdjhky hi bds ds supphrtm` ly htbmrs.<62 Dt ds hk tbmsm vmry twh ghukts tbat tbmghjjmkts hi ghjpmtmkt hlsmrvmrs dk tbm phst-Ebacsa pmrdh` anadklmghjm ukiavhuralcm th tbm Oats hi tbm Wdeb tragt.<64

Acc tbm jmjlmrs hi tbm Ebacsa @ac, dkgcu`dkn \aknrmttasa``rmssm` hkm akhtbmr as Lbad (lrhtbmr).<16 Pbmrm was ghjpcmtm mquacdty

ak` iratmrkdzatdhk wdtbdk dts rakes. Hkm hi tbm idvm `dvdsdhks hi tbm Paruka @ac was ghjjak`m` ly \aknrmtta Ldr Wdknb <11 ak` bm wasgbhsmk th lm tbm idrst th rmgmdvm bhkhur aitmr tbm lattcm hi Jacmrehtca.<1<

Pbmrm ds kh jmktdhk hi aky iagtdhks wdtbdk tbm Ebacsa @ac hk tbmlasds hi gastm hr gcak. Lut, dk tbm phst-rmvhcutdhkary pmrdh`, iagtdhkacstrdim lmgajm a prhjdkmkt imaturm hi tbm Jdsacs ak` Oat Wdebs dk \akodtWdknb—s arjy rmiusm` th asshgdatm hk mquac tmrjs wdtb \aknrmttas dk

tbm rmndjmkts. Acc tbhsm wbh ohdkm` tbm Ebacsa wmrm vhcuktmmrs ak` wmrm kht



079

jmrgmkardms. ^batmvmr tbmy lrhunbt irhj tbmdr bhjms, hr wbatmvmrgajm th tbmdr bak`s, was mphsdtm` dk tbm ghjjhk sthrm.<17 Pbm Ebacsad`mac was th `m`dgatm hkm—s shuc ak` lh`y (Pak, Jak, @bak) th tbm

rmvhcutdhkary gausm.<10 A carnm kujlmr hi Wdknbs, mspmgdaccy tbmWbabmm`s hr Aeacds, cdvm` up th tbat d`mac. Lut, tbm ihcchwmrs hi @aca,tbm Lrar Oats, ba` kh bmsdtatdhk dk `mjak`dkn pay ihr tbmdr smrvdgmsirhj Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb. <1=

Pbm dksdnkda hi sh-gaccm` Kawald was kht aggmptalcm th akyhkmhi tbm Ebacsa ak` ba` th lm tbrust hk rmcugtakt Eapur Wdknb.<19 bata ghktrast lmtwmmk tbds spurkdkn hi phwmr ak` tbm cust ihr phwmr tbat

smdzm` tbm Jdsac Gbdmis !Mvmk tbm iagtdhk-rd``mk Jdsacs whuc` ukdtm th iagm tbm ghjjhkàknmr phsm` ly Alàcd, lut tbm ukdvmrsaccy lmcdmvm`, rujhurs hi akdjpmk`dkn dkvasdhk ly tbm Lrdtdsb iadcm` th ukdtm tbm partdms hi tbmWdeb \ao.<1> Alàcd gajm th tbm ghkgcusdhk tbat tbm ghkqumst hi tbmEbacsa sbacc bavm th wadt tdcc tbmdr rmcdndhus imrvhur sulsd`m`. Lut Chr`Bar`dknm ghuc` ihrmsmm tbat tbm Wdeb shc`dmrs hi tbm Wdeb \ao ‒wdccrmcapsm dkth tbm ru`m statm hi tbmdr nrakìatbmrs, irhj wbdgb tbmy hkcy mjmrnm` idity ymars anh, ak`, th wbdgb tbmy wdcc bavm kh hlomgtdhk thrmturk—.<12

Di dt ds kht tbm Ebacsa d`mhchny, th wbat mcsm ds tbm ncardkn ghktrast dk tbm lmbavdhur pattmrks hi tbm pmhpcm hi tbm sajm sthge,khtm` alhvm, ùm th8 Ihrstmr khtm` tbat, uk`mr rmcmktcmss pmrsmgutdhkcaukgbm` ly tbm Junbacs, –Pbhsm wbh stdcc a`bmrm` th tbm tragts hi Kakhge, mdtbmr icm` dkth tbm jhuktadks at tbm bma` hi tbm Vukoal, hr

gut hii tbmdr badr, ak` mxtmrdhrdcy rmkhukgm` tbm prhimssdhk hi tbmdrrmcdndhk.<14 Dk htbmr whr`s, acc tbat was kmm`m` th savm hkm—s cdim was thgut hii hkm—s badr ak` jmct dkth tbm juctdtu`m. ^bh wmrm tbm stmmc-irajm hi tbm jhvmjmkt8 Pbhsm wbh rmkhukgm` tbmdr iadtb, hr tbhsmd`mchndgaccy surgbarnm` Ebacsa numrrdccas wbh thhe th tbm jhuktadks8

>. GHKGC]WDHK

@r. JgCmh`—s byphtbmsds rmnar`dkn tbm jdcdtardzatdhk hi tbm



07>

Wdeb jhvmjmkt ds uktmkalcm hk jhrm tbak hkm ghukt. Pbm vmry lasdgassujptdhks hk wbdgb bds tbmsds rmsts arm lmcdm` ly iagts. Pbmrm ds kh

`ata th dkimr tbat Oats wmrm tbm prm`hjdkakt mcmjmkt ajhkn tbm Wdeb wbmk Nuru Barnhldk` `mgd`m` th jdcdtardzm tbm jhvmjmkt, hr dk tbmlattcms hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ak` tbhsm hi Lak`a. \atbmr, acc tbmavadcalcm bdsthrdgac mvd`mkgm phdkts tbm htbmr way. Wdjdcarcy, tbmrkhtbdkn th sunnmst tbat tbm Oats usm` th ghjm arjm` wbmk tbmy gajmth pay bhjanm th tbm Nurus. Mvmk tbds ds a prmsujptdhk tbat tbm Oats

wmrm tbm hkcy pmhpcm wbh lhrm arjs, di tbm phpucatdhk was kht`dsarjm`.

@r. JgCmh`—s htbmr twh lasdg assujptdhks arm mquaccy lasmcmss. Pbm emmpdkn hi swhr` (edrpak) ak` badr was kht a spmgdacdty hi Oatgucturm, wbdgb tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt ds supphsm` th bavm lhrrhwm` irhjdt. Khr `d` tbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt kmm` tbm dkspdratdhk hi tbm @mvd guct

ihr dts jdcdtakgy. Nuru Barnhldk` wmkt th tbm bdccs aitmr idkdsbdkn accbds lattcms dk tbm pcadks, ak` kh @mvd guct survdvms ajhkn tbm Wdeb Oats. Lmsd`ms, dt rmjadks a jystmry, bhw tbm Oats, wdtbhut ghktrhc hi tbm cma`mrsbdp ak` tbm hrnakdzatdhk hi tbm Ebacsa dk tbmdr hwk bak`s,ghuc` phssdlcy jakhmuvrm dt agghr`dkn th tbmdr hwk prm`dcmgtdhks.

Pbm jhst djphrtakt ghksd`mratdhk, bhwmvmr, ds tbat tbm WdebDccdcdtakgy bas th lm vdmwm`, kht dk dshcathk, lut dk dts rmcatdhk th tbWdeb mnacdtardak rmvhcutdhk. Pbm Wdeb jhvmjmkt adjm` at gapturdkn phcdtdgac phwmr ly tbm Ebacsa ak` tbm Wdeb jdcdtakgy was nmarm` thagbdmvm tbds purphsm. Pbm twh sbhuc` kht lm dvhrgm` irhj magb htbmrarldtrardcy. As wm bavm smmk, tbm pmasaktry bavm cagem` phcdtdgac dkdtdatbrhunbhut tbm whrc`, ak` pmasakts dk Dk`da, dkgcu`dkn tbm Oats, wmrma``dtdhkaccy dkbdldtm` ly tbm gastm d`mhchny. Acsh, tbm Oat pattmrkhi mnacdtardakdsj, wbdgb was cdjdtm` th tbm OatLbadgbara,gakkhtlm mquatm` hr ghkiusm` wdtb tbm mnacdtardak gbaragtmr hi Ebacsalrhtbmrbhh` dk wbdgb ‒chwmst wmrm mquac th tbm bdnbmst.—<<6

Pbmrmihrm dt lmghjms purm spmgucatdhk th assujm tbat tbm Ebacsa



072

ihr agbdmvdkn tbat hlomgtdvm, mvhcvm` hut hi tbm dktmragtdhk hi Oatgucturac tradts wdtb tbm mkvdrhkjmktac iagthrs. Jhrmhvmr kmdtbmr tbm

Oat pattmrk hi shgdac hrnakdzatdhk, khr tbmdr iagtdhkac spdrdt, idt dk wdtb

tbm hrnakdzatdhkac smt-up hi tbm Ebacsa ak` tbm spdrdt hi iratmrkdzatdhktbat prmvadcm` dk tbm Ebacsa rakes.

Dt ds surprdsdkn tbat @r. JgCmh` ak` htbmr sgbhcars hi bds way hi tbdkedkn, bavm ghjpcmtmcy dnkhrm` tbm lasdg dssums khtm` alhvm.Vhssdlcy, tbmy bavm iaccmk dkth tbm mrrhr wbdgb Cmimlurm gautdhkm`bdsthrdaks th avhd`. Pbmrm gak lm kh rmvhcutdhk, jugb cmss ak mnacdtardakhkm cdem tbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk, wdtbhut a –rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny‚.

Ak` –tbmrm ds kh trum rmvhcutdhkary spdrdt wdtbhut tbm d`macdsj wbdgbachkm dkspdrms sagrdidgm.‚ Pbm Oats, dk ghjjhk wdtb tbm pmasaktry dknmkmrac, cage phcdtdgac dkdtdatdvm5 tbmy arm nhvmrkm` ly gastmghksd`mratdhks dk tbmdr `macdkns wdtb tbm Wu`ras ak` tbmy arm nmkmraccy dk`diimrmkt thwar`s d`macdsj hr bdnbmr rmcdndhus aspdratdhks. Pbmrmihrm,dt ds thh jugb ‒th surjdsm tbat tbm rmvhcutdhkary psygbhchny hi tbmWdeb \mvhcutdhk was a grmatdhk hi tbm Oats. Dt ds tbm Wdeb d`mhchny

wbdgb dkspdrm` ak` sustadkm` tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhk. Dt ds tbm bhc` hi tbdsd`mhchny wbdgb was tbm `hjdkakt imaturm hi tbm rmvhcutdhkary pbasmhi tbm jhvmjmkt, ak` dt was tbm mxtmkt th wbdgb tbds bhc` chhsmkm`

wbdgb jarrm` dts phst rmvhcutdhkary pbasm. Akhtbmr phssdlcm rmashk wbdgb jdscma`s sugb sgbhcars ds tbat

tbmy mdtbmr dnkhrm tbm rmvhcutdhkary pbasm acthnmtbmr, hr tbmy cujpdt thnmtbmr wdtb tbm phst-rmvhcutdhkary pbasm dk a jakkmr sh as thuk`mrjdkm dts `dstdkgtdvmkmss, hr tbmy dktmrprmt dt dk tbm cdnbt hi

tbm cattmr. Dt ds trum tbat rmvhcutdhkary upsurnms `h kht cast chkn lmgausm hi tbm dkbmrmkt cdjdtatdhks hi bujak katurm ak` hi tbmmkvdrhkjmktac iagthrs. Lut, lmsd`ms dkgbdkn bujakdty ihrwar`thwar`s d ts uc td ja tm nhac h i i rmm`hj ak` mquacdty, tbmrmvhcutdhkary jhvmjmkts prhvd`m a pmrpmtuac shurgm hi dkspdratdhkihr iuturm miihr ts . Khr arm tbm rmvhcutdhkary upsurnmsdkghksmqumktdac dk tmrjs hi takndlcm agbdmvmjmkts. Pbmy arm



074

ak dktmnrac part hi tbm ‒bdsthrdgac prhgmss—. dtbhut tbm djpucsm suppcdm`ly Dscaj, tbm Lm`hudks jdnbt bavm lmmk ghktmkt dk pcugedkn `atms dktbm Araldak `msmrt ak` kht aspdrm` th vast mjpdrms. Wdjdcarcy, tbmrm

whuc` prhlalcy bavm lmmk kh Jdsacs hr \akodt Wdknb wdtbhut tbmnumrrdcca wariarm wanm` ly tbm Wdeb rmvhcutdhkardms. Ak` tbds prhchknm`rmvhcutdhkary numrrdcca strunncm ds dkghkgmdvalcm di wm taem away tbmd`mhchndgac cma` ak` dkspdratdhks ndvmk ly tbm Nurus ak` tbm `mmpghjjdtjmkt th tbm rmvhcutdhkary gausm prhvd`m` ly tbm Wdeb d`mhchny.

Pbds ds acsh trum tbat sugb pmrdh`s, wbmk d`mhchndms sway tbmjdk`s hi vast jassms, arm rarm dk bdsthry. Lut, tbmy arm th lm vacum` hk

tbat vmry agghukt. Lmgausm, tbmy arm mxagtcy tbm hggasdhks wbmkbujakdty, hr a smgtdhk hi dt, ds ‒hk tbm jhvm— thwar`s dts prhnrmssdvmnhacs. Pbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk was sugb a hkm.

\MIM\MKGMW* Dt ds anadkst tbm Wdeb rmcdndhk th `diimrmktdatm Wdebs dk tmrjs hi gastms, lut wm arm

ghkstradkm` th h sh dk hr`mr th jmmt @r. JgCmh`—s arnujmkts. Pbmrmihrm, wbmrmvmr wm dk`dgatm tbm gastm hi a Wdeb, dt sbhuc` lm taemk th jmak tbm hrdndkac sthge irhj wbdgb bm was `mrdvm`.

1 Jgcmh`, .B., Pbm Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,pp. 1<, 17< Jagaucdiim,Pbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,dv, p. 7<47 Wrd Nur Whlba,pp. <2, 77, 07-090 Vukoal @dstrdgt Nazmttmmr, Ajrdtsar @dstrdgt, 1410, 147<= Dld`., Lbaknu, p. <945 \hsm, d, p. >6<9 Gmksus \mphrt, 1241, p. 1=2> Jagaucdiim, ddd, pp. 41-4<2 Dld`, dv, p. 0.4 Dllmtshk,Vukoal Gastms,smg. =74

16 Dld`

11 Lbaknu, Vragbdk paktb Vareasb,p. <191< Jagaucdiim, Bd, p. 4417 Lbad Nur as, Yar <9, Vaurd <010 Wrd Nur Whbla,p. 77, Ehmr Wdknb, pp. 17<-71= Ehmr Wdknb,Nurldcas Vatsbabd @as,pp. 1<>-1<219 Dld`., p. 1701> Lbad Waktheb Wdknb,Wrd Nur Vratap Wurao Nraktb,m`dtm` ly Lbad Ydr Wdknb,

Yhc. 10, p. 96<>12 PbmWdyar-uc-Jutaebmrdk,traks. ly Ohbk Lrdnns, p. >=14 J—Grdk`cm, O.^.DA., Yhc. = (12>9)<6 Jakrdqum 11, p. <><5 Lmrkdmr, p. <6= (gdtm` ly Driak Baldld Mkqudry,Kh. <

(14=4), @mcbd, p. 24)



006

<1 Driak Baldlo Mkqudry,Kh. <, p. 4<<< \mbatkajm,p. 0=<7 Baqdqat5D.B.Q., Jargb 140< sup., p. 0<0 Jagaucdiim, v, p. 761<= Wrd Nur Whbla,p. <1<9 Ehmr Wdknb, p. 9><> Lbad Nuràs, Yar 015\mbatkajm,pp. 0>, 11=, 11><2 Wrd Nur Whlla,pp. <1, 7<<4 Ouccukùr @dstrdgt Nazmttmmr,1460, Vart A, p. 1<1, Grhhem, ^.5\agms hi

Khrtbmrk Dk`da,p. 475Nurnahk @dstt. Nazmttmmr,1227-20, p. 0176 Lbad Nuràs, Yar 1171 @aldstak,traks. ly @r. Nakà Wdknb5Pbm Vukoal Vast ak` Vrmsmkt,

Yhc. ddd (1494), p. =77< Nurldcas Gbmvdk Vatsbabd,p. 1075 Jagaucdiim, dv, p. 077 Jagaucdiim, dv, pp. 16>, 14>

70 Ehmr Wdknb, p. 467= Ldgbbdtar Katae79 Ehmr Wdknb, p. 1717> Dld`., p. 17072 Dld`., p. 14974 Drvdkm, . ?Catmr Junbacs,d, p. 405 Ebaid Ebak5 Mccdht ak` @hwshk5Pbm

Bdsthry hi Dk`daas thc` ly dts hwk Bdsthrdaks, Yhc. vdd, p. 01406 Drvdkm, d, p. 4901 J. Nrmnhr, .C.5 Pbm Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,pp. <<-70< Jaku, x. >407 Aclmrkkd—s Dk`da,d, p. 1>400 \hsm, dd, p. <0=0= \hsm, A Nchssary hi Prdlms Gastms mtg.,dd, p. 7>109 Nazmttmmr hi Ajrdtsar @dstrdgt(124<-47), p. =60> Jgcmh`, .B.5 Pbm Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,pp. 42, 16602 Jagaucdiim, v, pp. 47, 4=5 Jacghcj, p. <<104 \mbatkajm,pp. 22-24=6 Lbaknu, \attak Wdknb ?Vragbdk Vaktb Vareasb,pp. 04, 76==1 Warear, Oaùkatb ?Bdsthry hi Aurakrzml,ddd, pp. <42-761=< Jgcmh`, p. 17=7 Jagaucdiim, dv, p. <125@aldstak,pp. 99-92=0 Jagaucdiim, v, p. 40.== Dld`., pp. <9<, 76>=9 \hsm, d, p. 7<9=> \hsm, Yhc. D, p. 7<7=2 Nazmttmmr hi Cabhrm @dstrdgt(1227-20), p. 96=4 \hsm, Yhc. D, pp. 7<7-<0, 7=6-==96 Dld`., p. 71> 91 Qakuknh, E.\? Bdsthrdgac Mssays,p. 0<. Pbm idnurm ndvdkn tbm kujlmr hi Oats

hlvdhuscy rmimrs tbm pmrdh` rhuk` alhut tbm ymar 1496 wbmk tbm lhhe waspulcdsbm` 9< La`mk-phwmcc, p. <19, gdtm` ly J.G. Vra`bak?Pbm Vhcdtdgac Wystmj hi tbm oats hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da,p. =



001

9< la`mk-phwmcc, p. <19, gdtm` ly j.g. Vra`bak ?Pbm phcdtdgac Wystmj hi tbm Oas hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da, p. =

97 Vra`bak, p. D90 Dld`., pp. 117-09= Dld`., p. 11799 Dld`., p. 1009> Dld`., p. 4292 Dld`94 Dld`., p. 16=>6 Dld`., p. 16>>1 Nazmttmmr hi Earkac @dstrdgt(1412), p. 20>< Nazmttmmr hi \hbtae @dstrdgt(1227-20), p. 1>>7 Nazmttmmr hi Ouccuk`ur @dstrdgt(1460), p. 9<>0 Wmttcmjmkt \mphrt hi Cu`bdaka @dstrdgt(14>2-27), p. 09>= Nazmttmmr hi Imrhzmpur @dstrdgt(141=), p. <1

>9 Dld`., p. >0>> Dld`., p. >9>2 Ldkncmy, A.B. ?Bdsthry, Gastm ak` Gucturm hi Oats ak` Nuoars,p. 7>>4 Vukoal Gastms,smg., 0<026 Nazmttmmr hi Ajrdtsar @dstrdgt (124<-7), pp. =<-721 Nazmttmmr hi Ajrdtsar @dstrdgt(1410), p. 142< Nazmttmmr hi Ajrdtsar @dstrdgt (1227-20), p. <027 Dld`20 Dld`., (1410), p. 142= Dld`29 Nazmttmmr hi Nurnahk @dstrdgt(1416), p. 1942> Nazmttmmr hi \hbtae @dstrdgt(1227-20), p. 1922 Nazmttmmr hi Nurnahk @dstrdgt(1416), p. <024 Nazmttmmr hi \hbtae @dstrdgt(1227-20), p. <>46 Nazmttmmr hi Earkac @dstrdgt(1412), pp. <0-=41 Ldkncmy, p. 414< Vra`bak, p. 7047 Dld`, p. 7940 M.B.D., d, p. 1=1, gdtm` ly \hsm, dd, p. 7=24= Dld ., p. 122, gdtm` ly \hsm, B,. p. 7=249 Dld ., p. 1<2, gdtm` ly \hsm, B, p. 7=44> Ldkncmy, p. 1=42 Dllmtshk, smg. 00644 Vra`bak, p. 02

166 Grhhem, .?Pbm Khrtb ^mstmrk Vrhvdkgms hi Dk`da, tbmdr Bdsthry, Mtbkhchny& A`jdkdstratdhk,p. <69

161 Dld`16< Dld`., p. <00167 Nazmttmmr hi Nurnahk @dstrdgt(1416), p. 7<160 Nazmttmmr hi Earkac @dstrdgt(1412), p. 24



00<

16= Wmttcmjmkt \mphrt Cu`bdaka @dstrdgt(14>2-27)169 Gmksus \mphrt(1241), p. <6<5 \hsm, ddd, p. >=16> Lbaknu, pp. 29, <1<, <91, 079162 Dld`., <1=164 Gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb5Vukoal Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm(@mg., 14>7), Vrhgmm`dkn,

pp. ==-9116 Wuoak Wdknb Lbakàrd5Ebuchsat-ut-Pwardeb(traks. dk Vukoald ly \akodt

Wdknb Ndcc), p. 21111 Wdyar-uc-Jutaebmrdk,traks. ly Ohbk Lrdnns, p. >711< Dld`., ihht-khtm117 Baqdqat5 Dk`dak Bdsthrdgac Quartmrcy,Jargb 140< sup., p. =110 Dld`., p. 911= \hy, J.V.5 Hrdndk, Nrhwtb& Wupprmssdhk hi tbm Vdkàrdms,p. 29119 Dld`., p. 2611> Dld`., p. 1<7

112 Dld`., p. 1<114 Drvdkm, dccdaj5Catmr Junbacs,d, pp. 42-41<6 Dld`., p. 4>1<1 Gukkdknbaj, B.C.H.5 Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,p. 1=41<< Ebusbwaqt \ad? Pardeb Vukoal Wdebak,pp. 97-901<7 Djaùc-Waaàt,p. >11<0 Baqdqat,gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb dkVukoal Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm(Jargb 14>2),

Vrhgmm`dkns, pp. 24-461<= Dld`., p. 291<9 Vukoald trakscatdhk, p. >1<> Lbad Nuràs, Yar 015 Jagaucdiim, v, p. <=21<2 Wdkba, K.E.5\dsm hi tbm Wdeb Vhwmr,p. 1161<4 Dld`176 ^dcshk5D.\A-W.(1209), p. =65 Vrdkgmp, p. <7, Gukkdknbaj, pp. 40 495

Jacghcj, p. <<<5 Vhcdmr, Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi tbm Wdebs,p. 14>171 Ihrstmr, d, p. 77617< Dld`., p. 7<4177 Gukkdknbaj, p. 1=1170 Dld`., p. 1=1-<17= Whbak Cac Wurd5]jàt-ut-Pawardeb, @aitar dv, p. xvddd179 Dld ., pp. xvdd-xvddd17> Dld`., p. xxdd5Vukoal Vapmrs,m`dtm` ly Basrat, p. 99172 Jacghcj5 Asdatdg \msmargbms,(121<), Yhc. dd, p. <14174 Wghtt, N.L.5\mcdndhk ak` Wbhrt Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,p. 06106 Nurldcas Gbmvdk Vatsbabd,p. 107101 Jagaucdiim, dv, pp. 4=-4910< Lbaknu, pp. =6, =2, 160, <79, <00, <9<, 792107 Dld`., p. <19100 Dld`., p. 094



007

10= Dld`., p. 792109 Drvdkm, pp. 40, 49, 42-4410> Iatubat Kajab-d-Waj`d, p. <2, gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb5Vukoal Bdsthry

Ghkimrmkgm(@mg. 14>7), Vrhgmm`dkns, p. ==102 Asrar-d-Waj`d,traks. dk Vukoald, p. >104 Mccdht ak` @hwshk. Yhc. vdd, pp. 014-0<61=6 Drvdkm, Yhc. d. pp. 27-01=1 Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi tbm Wdebs,m`dtm` ly Nakà Wdknb, p. 14<1=< Dld`., p. <<21=7 Bunmc, p. <211=0 Karakn, Nheac Gbak`5Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdebdsj,p. 211== Wrd Nur Whlba,m`dtm` ly Nakà Wdknb, p. 1<21=9 Lbaknu, p. 1711=> Dld`., p. <1=1=2 Lu`b Wdknb Aghra5\dsaca-d-Kakae Wbab,gdtm` ly Nurlax Wdknb,Vukoal

Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm(Khv., 14>9), Vrhgmm`dkn, p. >41=4 M.M.A. hi Wdebs, p. 14>196 Ihrstmr, d, p. 7<4191 Nrdiidk5\aoas hi tbm Vukoal,p. 1919< Jacde, Aroak @as5 Ak Dk`dak Numrrdcca âr,pp. 06-01197 Jacghcj5 Asdatdg \msmargbms(121<), pp. <00, <09190 Irm`mrdg Mknmcs5Pbm Vmasakt âr dk Nmrjaky,p. <419= Dld`., p. 1<4199 Dld`., pp. 161, 16<, 1<419> Dld ., pp. 166, 161, 16=-9, 162192 ^hci, Mrdg \.5Vmasakt ârs hi tbm Pwmktdmtb Gmktury,p. 4194 Dld`., p. 711>6 Dld`., p. 271>1 Dld`., p. 1011>< Dld`., p. 1=61>7 Dld`., p. 12=1>0 Dld`., p. <941>= Dld`., pp. <24-<461>9 Dld`., p. <401>> \hlmrts, O.J.5 Pbm Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk,p. 1<>1>2 \hsm, dd, p. 7=>1>4 Dld`., p. 7=2126 Ea`ryatsmv, J.E.5 Hk tbm \hcm hitbmOats dk Khrtbmrk Dk`da—s Mtbkdg Bdsthry,

p. 9121 Qakuknh, E.\.5 Wtu`dms dk \aoput Bdsthry,p. 9712< Nazmttmmr hi \hbtae @dstrdgt(1227-20), p. 14127 Ldkncmy, p. 1=120 Drvdkm, d, p. 7<712= Dld`., p. 7<>129 Ldkncmy, p. 12



000

12> Dld`., p. 14122 Dld`124 Ldkncmy, p. <0146 Dld`141 Ehmr Wdknb, p. 445 Lbaknu, p. 0114< Lbaknu, pp. 01-0<147 Cmimlvrm, Nmhrnms5Pbm Ghjdkn hi Irmkgb \mvhcutdhk,p. =6140 \u`m, Nmhrnm,\mvhcutdhkary Murhpm,p. >014= Ihrstmr, d, 71<-717149 Jacde, Aroak @as5 Ak Dk`dak Numrrdcca ^ar,p. 714> Drvdkm, p. 71>-712142 Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi Wdebs,p. 122144 Mccdht & @hwshk, vdd, p. 0=2<66 Catdi, Wym` Jubajjm`5 Bdsthry hi tbm Vukoal,p. 9<4<61 Jacghcj, Lrdna`dmr Nmkmrac5 Asdatdg \msmargbms, Yhc. DD, (121<), p. <74

<6< Lakmromm, A.G.5Nuru Kakae th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,p. 41<67 Gukkdknbaj, p. >=<60 Ebusbwaqt \ad, p. >1, gdtm` ly Nupta, Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,

d, p. 1<<6= Lbaknu, pp. 76+76=<69 Vra`bak, p. <09,Nazmttmmr hi Nurnahk @dstrdgt (1412),p. 9>5Nazmttmmr hi

Earkac @dstrdgt(1412), p. 9=5Wmttcmjmkt \mphrt, Cu`bdaka @dstrdgt(12>2-27), p.=05Nazmttmmr hi Ouccuk`ur @dstrdgt(1460), p. 1<15Nazmttmmr hi Cabhrm @dstrdgt (1227-20), p. 92

<6> Oaknkajab <62 Iatubat Kaj-d-Waj`d5Ihrstmr, d, p. 7775 Abjm` Wbab, Whbak Cac, Acdju`-`dk

ak` Nakmsb @as gdtm` ly Nupta5 A Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs ,d, p. 14=5 Nrdiidk5\aoas hi tbm Vukoal,p. 1>

<64 Vra`bak, p. 75 Ldkncmy, p. 1615 Dllmtshk, 0<05 \hsm, dd, 7=>, 7=45 A`jdkdstratdhk \mphrts hi tbm Vukoa l, (12=1-=7), p. 46 hi 14=7 th 14=9), p. >)5Nazmttmmr hi tbm @dstrdgts hi Cabhrm(1227-20, p. 92)5 Ajrdtsar (140>, p. 0>),Imrhzmpur (141=, p. 94)

<16 Iatubat Kajab-d-Waj d, gdtm` dk Vukoal Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm (@mg., 14>7),Vrhgmm`dkns, pp. ==-=95 Ebucasmt-ut-Pwardeb (traks. dk Vukoald), p. 21

<11 Lbaknu, p. <19<1< Dld`., p. 094<17 Dld`., p. <1=<10 Dld`., pp. 26, 2><1= Jagaucdiim, v, p. <1><19 Lbaknu, pp. <17-0<1> Pbm Vukoal Vapmrs,m`dtm` ly Lderaja Odt Basrat, pp. =9, 29<12 Dld`<14 Ihrstmr, d, pp. 71<-717<<6 Gukkdknbaj, p. 97



00=

WMCMGP LDLCDHN\AVBT D@MHCHNT

Katbdsj ak` Yadskavdsj

Akkdm Lmsakt,Lbanava` Ndta.Lartb, A., \mcdndhks hi Dk`da.Lbakàrear, \.N., Yadskavdsj ak` Wadvdsj.Lbaratdya Yd`ya Lbavak,Ym`dg Anm.Lrdnns, N.^., Nhraebkatb ak` Eakpbata Thnds.Gbatthpa`bya, Wu`baear, @mvmchpjmkt.@asnupta, W.K.,Bdkù Jystdgdsj.

XXX, Thna hk Vbdchshpby ak` \mcdndhk. XXX , , A Bdsthry hi Dk`dak Vbdchshpby.Nburym, N.W.,Dk`dak Wa`bus.Bardyakka, J., Pbm Mssmktdacs hi Dk`dak Vbdchshpby.

XXX , Hutcdkms hi Dk`dak Vbdchshpby.Bhpedks, M.^., Pbm \mcdndhks hi Dk`da.

OadswaD, W.,Hrdndk ak` @mvmchpjmkt hi Yadskavdsj- Juksbd \aj

JakhbarcaD.Emdtb, A.L.,Pbm \mcdndhk ak` Vbdchshpby hi tbm Ymà ak` ]pakdsa`s.

XXX , Pbm Wajebya Wystmj.Jadtra, Bdkù Mtbdgs.Jax Juccmr, Pbm Ymàs.Jax ^mlmr, Pbm \mcdndhk hi Dk`da.\a`baerdsbkak, W., Bdsthry hi Vbdchshpby, Mastmrk& ^mstmrk.

Wgbwmdtzmr, A.,Gdvdcdzatdhk ak` Mtbdgs.Wpmkgmr, W., Jystdgdsj dk ^hrc` \mcdndhk.

Para Gbak`, Dkicumkgm hi Dscaj hk Dk`dak Gucturm. ^dcshk, B.B., \mcdndhus Wmgts hi tbm Bdkùs._ambkmr, \.G.,Bdkùdsj.



009

_djjmr, B. Vbdchshpbdms hi Dk`da.

Wdebdsj

Avtar Wdknb, Mtbdgs hi tbm Wdebs.Lakmromm, Dkùlbusak, Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Ebacsa.Lbad Nuràs, Yarak.

XXX , Wwayda.Lbad Oh`b Wdknb,Nhspmc hi Nuru Kakae.

XXX , Nurjat Kdrkad. XXX , Wdebd Emm Bad.Gukkdknbaj, O.@.,Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs.

Idmc`, @hrhtby,Pbm \mcdndhk hi tbm Wdebs.Nhpac Wdknb,Pbm \mcdndhk hi tbm Wdebs.Nrmmkcmms, @ukgak,Pbm Nhspmc hi Nuru Nraktb Wabdl.Nrmwac, O.W. ak`Lac, W.W.,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb.Nrmwac, O.W.,Nuj Kakae dk Bdsthry.Nupta Bard \aj, Bdsthry hi tbm Wdeb Nurus.Nhpac Wdknb,Nuj Nraktb Wabdl(Praks).Barlaks Wdknb, 1427,Pbm Bmrdtanm hi tbm Wdebs Jakhbar.

XXX , 14>7, Ak Dktrhùgtdhk th Dk`dak \mcdndhk,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca. XXX , 1494, Nuj Kakae ak` Hrdndk hi Wdeb Iadtb-AsdaVulcdsbdkn. XXX , 14>=,Vmrspmgtdvms hk Nuru Kakae.Eabak Wdknb,Nurjat Jartak`.

XXX , Nurjat Vralbaear.Eapur Wdknb,Ladsaebd hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb.Earak Wdknb, 1427,\mcdndhks hi Dk`da-Dk`dacdlrary.Eartar Wdknb,Nuj Nhldk` Wdknb ak` tbm Junbacs.

XXX , Cdim hi Nuj Nhldk` Wdknb.Eavd Wadkapat,Wrd Nur Whlba.

Ehmr Wdknb,Nurldcas Vatsbabd @as. XXX , Nurldcas Vatsbabd Gbbmvmmk. XXX , Nuru Nraktb Wabdl.Catdi, Wym` Jubajja`, Bdsthry hi tbm Vukoal.Chmbcdk, G.B.,Pbm Nraktb hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ak` tbm Ebacsa Lrhtbmrbhh`.

XXX , Wdebs ak` tbmdr Wgrdpturms.Jagaucdiim, J.A., Pbm Wdeb \mcdndhk.



00>

Jaksuebakd, N.W., Pbm Qudktmssmkgm hi Wdebdsj.JgCmh`, ^.B., Nuru Kakae ak` tbm Wdeb \mcdndhk.Karadk Wdknb,Nuj Kakae—s Ydmw hi Cdim.

Karakn, Nheac Gbak`, Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdebdsj.Vurak Wdknb,Pbm Lhhe hi tbm Pmk Jastmrs.\ay, Kdbarrakoak, Pbm Wdeb Nurus ak` tbm Wdeb Whgdmty.Warup @ass Lbacca, Jmbja Vareasb.Wbmr Wdknb,Vbdchshpby hi Wdebdsj.

XXX , Whgdac ak` Vhcdtdgac Vbdchshpby hi Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb.Wbmr Wdknb Wbmr, 142<,Ncdjpsms hi Wdebdsj ak` Wdebs.

Parak Wdknb,Nuru Kakae ak` Dk`dak \mcdndhus tbhunbt.

Pmoa Wdknb,Nuru Kakae ak` bds Jdssdhk. Wdebdsj. Pmoa Wdknb ak` htbmrs,Wbal`aratb.

BDWPH\T AK@ G]CP]\MVmrdh`dgacs

Asdatdg \msmargbms.Dk`dak Aktdquary (DA.)Dk`dak Bdsthrdgac Quartmrcy (O.B.Q.)

Ohurkac hi Asdatdg Whgdmty. Ohurkac hi Asdatdg Whgdmty Lmknac. Ohurkac hi Ldbar ak` Hrdssa \msmargb Whgdmty. Ohurkac hi Lhjlay Lrakgb \hyac Asdatdg Whgdmty (O.L.L.\A.W.) ohurkac hi \hyac Asdatdg Whgdmty (O.\A.W.)

Ohurkac hi \hyac Asdatdg Whgdmty Lmknac (O.\A.W.L.)Vukoal Vast ak` Vrmsmkt (Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vataca)Vukoal Bdsthry Ghkimrmkgm Vrhgmm`dkn (Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca)

Lhhes (Mkncdsb)

Aclmrukd—s Dk`da,149=, M`dtm` ly Wagbav, @mcbd. W. Gbak` ak` Gh.Lakmromm, A.G., 14>2,Nuru Kakae th Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,Kmw @mcbd,\aomsb Vulcdgatdhks.

XXX 14>2, Nuru Kakae ak` Bds Pdjms,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca.Lartb, A., 1497, \mcdndhks hi Dk`da, Yarakasd, Gbhwebajla WakserdtWmrdms.Lbanat Caesbjak Wdknb, 14>6, A Wbhrt Wemtgb hi tbm Cdim ak` ^hres hi

Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb,Vatdaca. Caknuanm @mpartjmkt, Vukoal.



002

Lbanva`ndtaLbaratdya, 149=,Pbm Bdsthry ak` Gucturm hi tbm Dk`dak Vmhpcm.Ldkncmy, A.B.,Bdsthry, Gastm ak` Gucturm hi tbm Oats ak` Nuooars.

Lcukt, I.B.B., 1lm Gastm Wystmj hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da.Lrdnns, Ohbk, 1499,Bdsthry hi tbm \dsm hi tbm Jhbajjaàk Vhwmr dk Dk`da,Gacgutta, W. @my.

LhunDm, Gmcmstdk, Mssays hi tbm Gastm Wystmj, Prakscatm` ly @.M.Vaghge (4>1).

XXX , 14>7, Pbm Wdyar-uc-Jutaebmrdk,@mcbd. Dàra-d-Aàldyat, @mcbd.Ghurt, Bmkry, 14=4, Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,Gacgutta. Wusdc Nupta.Gukkdknbaj, Z.6., 14==, A Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,@mcbd. W. Gbak` & Gh.Grhhem, ., Pb m Khrtb mstmrk Vrhvdkgms hi Dk`da, Pbmdr Bdsthry Mtbhkhcny ak` A`jdkdstratdhk.@acommt Wdknb, 14>4,Wdebdsj,Kmw @mcbd. Wtmrcdkn Vulcdsbmrs. @bacca,J.K., _hrastrdak Gdvdcdzatdhk.@hunbcas, \.E., Whgdmty dk Gbdka.@uldhs, Allm, 14=7, Bdkù Jakkmrs, Gusthjs ak` Gmrmjhkdms,Chk`hk.Hxihr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss.@urjhkt Chuds, 14><, Bhjh Bdmragbdgus.@utt, K.E., 1492, Hrdndk ak` Nrhwtb hi Gastm dk Dk`da,Gacgutta. IdrjaE.C. Juebhpa`byay.Mcdht & @hwshk, 1490,1lm Bdsthry hi Dk`da as thc` ly Dts Hwk Bdsthrdaks, Accabala`. Edtal Jabac. Mkqudry(Ihruj hi \msmargb &@dsgussdhk) @mcbd. 14=4, 1496. M.\.M., Mkgygchpam`da hi \mcdndhk ak`

Mtbdgs,M`dtm` ly Bastdkns. Iauoa Wdknb, 14>9,Bueajkajas, Vatdaca,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty. Ihrmstmr, Nmhrnm, 14>6, A Ohurkmy irhj Lmknac th

Mkncak`,Vatdaca.Caknuanm @mpartjmkt, Vukoal. Nakà Wdknb, 14>0,Lakà Wdknb Labaùr, Vatdaca.

XXX , 14>0, Marcy Murhpmak Agghukts hi tbm Wdebs,Kmw @mcbd. Phày ak` Phjhrrhw, Vrdktmrs ak` Vulcdsbmrs. XXX , Nazmttmmrs Gi Vukoal ak` Baryaka @dstrdgts.Nburym, N.W., 1494,Gastm ak` \agm dk Dk`da,Lhjlay. Vhpucar Vraeasbak.Nrmwac, Z.W., 14><,Irhj Nuru Kakae th Jabaraoa \akodt Wdknb, Ajrdtsar,Nuru Kakae @mv ]kdvmrsdty.Nrdiidk, 14>6,\aoas hi tbm Vukoal,Vatdaca. Caknuanm @mpartjmkt,Vukoal.Nrdiij, Cmpac, 149>,\akodt Wdknb,@mcbd. W. Gbak` ak` Gh.



004

Nupta, Bard \aj, 14=<, @mcbd.Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs, Yhc. D, Wdjca.Jdkmrva Lhhe Wbhp.

XXX , 14>7, Bdsthry hi Wdeb Nurus.Kmw @mcbd. ].G. Eapur & Whks. XXX , 14>2, Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs, Yhc. 11, Kmw @mcbd. JuksbdrajJakhbarcac Vulcdsbmrs.@r. Nhpac Wdknb,Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, Wrd.1490, traks. dk Mkncdsb @mcbd.Nur @as Eapur & Whks.Bunmc, Larhk Gbarcms, 14>6,Pravmcs dk Easbjdr ak` Vukoal.Vatdaca.Caknuanm @mpartjmkt, Vukoal.Butgbdkshk, O.A., 14>=,Vatbs hi Iadtb.Butthk, O.B., 1497, Gastm dk Dk`da.Hxihr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss. Dllmtshk,Wdr @mkzdc, 14>6,Vukoal Gastms,Vatdaca. Caknuanm @mpartjmkt, Vukoal(rmpt).Dkùlbusak Lakmromm, 1497, Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Ebacsa,Gacgutta. A.Juebmromm & Gh.Drvdkm, ^dccdaj, 14>1,Catmr Junbacs,Kmw @mcbd. Hrdmktac Lhhes\mprdkt Ghrphratdhk. Oanodt Wdknb,Pbm Wdeb \mvhcutdhk.

Oumrnmksujmymr, J. ak` K. Nmrac` Larrdmr,Wdeb Wtu`dms,14>4, Lmremcmy.Lmremcmy \mcdndhus Wtu`dms Wmrdms.Eakm, V.Y., 14>0,Bdsthryhitbm@barjaWastras,Vhhka. Lbakarear Hrdmktac\msmargb Dkstdtutm.Eartar Wdknb, 149>,Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb ak` tbm Junbacs,Gbak`dnarb.Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb Ihukàtdhk.Emtear, W.Y., 14>4,Bdsthry hi Gastm dk Dk`da, Oadpur \awat. Vul.Ebusbwakt Wdknb, 1497, 1499, A Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,Vrdkgmthrt. Catdi,Wym` Jubajja`, 1241, Bdsthry hi tbm Vukoal,Gacgutta.Gacgutta Gmktrac Ghjpaky.Cdthuratmm, E.W., 14><,Pbm Gbdkmsm, Pbmdr Bdsthry ak` Gucturm.Jagaucdiim,

Jax Artbur, 1497, Pbm Wdeb \mcdndhk,@mcbd. W. Gbak` & Gh (\pt). XXX , Jabalbarta Jacde, Aroak @as, 14>=, Ak Dk`dak Numrrdcca âr,Kmw @mcbd. ^dcmy Mastmrk Ct`.Jaku, Pbm Hr`dkakgms hi Jaku,traks. ly Aurtbmr Ghem Lurkmcc, Kmw @mcbd. Hrdmktac Lhhes \mprdkt Ghrphratdhk, 14>1.Jax ^mlmr, 1496, Pbm \mcdndhks hi Dk`da,Chk`hk. Pbm Irmm Vrmss,Ncmkghm.

JgCmh`, ^.B., 14>=, Pbm Mvhcutdhk hi tbm Wdeb Ghjjukdty,Chk`hk.Hxihr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss.



0=6

J. Nrmnhr, ^.C., 120=, Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs.Jak`mlmaj, @.N., Whgdmty dk Dk`da.Jhrmkgh, M.E, Pbm Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdeb Whgdmty.

Karakn, Nheac Gbak`, 14=9, Praksihrjatdhk hi Wdebdsj,Kmw @mcbd.Kmw Lhhe Whgdmty hi Dk`da.Kdbarrakoak \ay, 14>6, Pbm Wdeb Nurus ak` tbm Wdeb Whgdmty,Vatdaca,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty.pakdeear, EJ., 14==, Bdkù Whgdmty hi Grhssrha`s,Lhjlay. AsdaVulcdsbdkn Bhusm.

XXX, 1490, A Wurvmy hi Dk`da Bdsthry,Lhjlay. Asda Vulcdsbdkn Bhusm.

Varrdk`mr Nmhiirmy, 1427, Ak Dccustratm` Bdsthry hi ^hrc` \mcdndhks,Kmwkms.

XXX, 14>6, A Wbhrt Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,Vatdaca, @mptt. hi Caknuanms,Vukoal (rpt.) Vdkn-Pd-Bh,Pbm Ca``mr hi Wuggmss dk Djpmrdac Gbdka.Vcmebakhv, N.Y., 14=6,Pbm \hcm hi tbm Dk`dvdùac dk Bdsthry,Chk`hk, Cawrmkgm ak` ^dsbart. Vra`bak, J.G., Pbm Vhcdtdgac Wystmj hi tbm oats hi Khrtbmrk Dk`da.Vrdgm, Jaohr @avd`, 14><, Authldhnrapbdgac

Jmjhrdms hi tbm Mjpmrhr oabakndr,Gacgutta. Dk`dak M`dtdhk. Vrdkgmp, Bmkry P., 14>6, Hrdndk hi tbm Wdeb Vhwmr dk tbm Vukoal,Caknuanms @mptt. Vukoal.Qakuknh, E.\., 1492, Bdsthrdgac Mssays, Anra. Wbdv Cac Anarwaca & Gh.\bys @avd`s, 14=4,Lu``bdst Dk`da,Gacgutta, Wusdc Nupta. \dscmy, B.B.,1494, Pbm Vmhpcm hi Dk`da,@mcbd. Hrdmktac Lhhe \mprdkt Ghrphratdhk.\hsm, BA, 14>6, A Nchssary hi tbm Prdlms ak` Gastms hi tbm Vukoal ak`

Khrtb- ^mst Vrhvdkgms,Vatdaca. Caknuanm @mptt. Hi Vukoal (rpt.) \hy,

J.V., Hrdndk, Nrhwtb ak` Wupprmssdhk hi tbm Vdkàrdms.Warear, Oaùkatb,14<2, Bdsthry hi Auraknzml,Gacgutta. J.G. Warear & Whks.Wghtt, N.L., 14>6,\mcdndhk ak` Wbhrt Bdsthry hi tbm Wdebs,Vatdaca. Caknuanm@mptt. Vukoal.Wmkart, Mjdcm, 14>=,Gastm dk Dk`da,@mcbd. Mss Mss Vulcdgatdhk.

XXX,Wmttcmjmkt \mphrts hi Vukoal.Wbmrrdkn, JA, 14>=,Pbm Prdlms ak` Gastms hi \aoastbak,@mcbd. Ghsjh

Vulcdgatdhks.



0=1

XXX,Bdkù Prdlms ak` Gastms.Wdkba, K.E, 1409,\dsm hi tbm Wdeb Vhwmr,Gacgutta. A. Juebmromm & Gh.Wurd, Whbak Cac, 14><,]jàt-ut-Pawardeb, Gbak`dnarb. Vukoal Dtdbas

Vraeasbak. Para Gbak`, 1497, Dkicumkgm hi Dscaj hk Dk`dak Gucturm, Accabala`. PbmDk`dak Vrmss Vulcdgatdhks.

Pmward, Eapdc, K., 1426,Dk`daks dk Kmw _macak`-Wtu`dms hi a Wul Gucturm,Vrdgm Jdcguj.

Phyklmm, Ajhc`., 14>1, A Wtu`y hi Bdsthry,Chk`hk. Hxihr`]kdvmrsdty Vrmss.

Yad`ya, G.Y., 1499,Pbm Jabalbarta-A Grdtdgdsj,@mcbd. Jmbar

Gbak` Cagbjak @ass. Yas, @baraj Wbastra. ^hci, \. hci, 14>7, Vmasakt ârs hi tbm Pwmktdmtb Gmktury Chk`hk. Ialmr ak` Ialmr.

Lhhes (Vukoald)

Asrar-d-Waj`d,traks. ly Oakae Wdknb, Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 14><.Ldgbdtar Katae, Akkhtatm` ly Vak`dt Karadk Wdknb. Oawabar Wdknb EdrpacWdknb, Ajrdtsar.

Latacvd, Abjm` Wbab,Pardeb-d-Vukoal. Praks. ly Nurlax Wdknb, Vukoald]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 1494.Lbad Nuràs, Yars, Akkhtatm` ly Nyakd Bazara Wdknb ak` Lbad YmmrWdknb. Ebacsa Wajagbar, Ajrdtsar, 149<.Lbaknu \attak Wdknb,Vragbdk Vaktb pareasb,M`dtm` ly Lbad Ymmr Wdknb,Ebacsa Wajagbar, Ajrdtsar, 149<.Nakà Wdknb, Ajarkaja, M`dtm` ly Wdeb Bdsthry Whgdmty, Vatdaca, 14=7.Bueajkaja, Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty Vatdaca, 149>. oassa Wdknb Abcuwacda,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 1494.Nurldcas Gbbmvdk Vatsbabd, Akhk,Lbasba Ydlban, Vukoal, 14>6.Nur Whlba, Wrd,M`dtm` ly Nakà Wdknb,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 149>.

oakajsaebd, Lbad Laca,M`dtm` ly Wurdk`mr Wdknb Eh^d, Vakoal]kdvmrsdty, Gbak`dnarb, 14>=.

oakajsaebd, Jmbarlakwacd,M`dtm` ly Edrpac Wdknb, Ebacsa Ghccmnm, Ajrdtsar, 1494.



0=<

oakajsaebd Vrajpra, Edrpac Wdknb, Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 1494. oakajsaebd âcadtwacd,M`dtm` ly Lbad Ymmr Wdknb, Ebacsa Wajagbar, Ajrdtsar.

Eakkabdya Cac,Pardeb-d-Vukoal. Praks. ly Odt Wdknb Wmmtac, Vukoald]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 1492.Earaj Wdknb, Labh-juccm cmeb,Wdknb Lrhtbmrs, Ajrdtsar, 1497.Earaj Wdknb Bdsthrdak`d ctbasde Ebho,M`dtm` ly Bmmra Wdknb @ar`, WbdrhjakdNur`wara Vralak`bae Ghjjdttmm, Ajrdtsar.Emsar Wdknb, Gbbdllmr,Laksawcdkaja @asak Vatslabdak Ea.Vakoal]kdvmrsdty, Gbak`dnarb, 14><.Edsbak Wdknb,Wdeb Cmbar, ArsdVulcdsbmrs, @mcbd, 14>1.Ehmr Wdknb,Nurldcas Vatsbabd @as,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca, 1492.

Jabak Ehsb, Lbad Eabak Wdknb Kalba. Lbasba Ydlban Vukoal, Vatdaca,14>7.

Jmbja pareasb, Warup @as Lbacca. Lbasba Ydlban Vukoal, 14>2.Vargbdak Wmva @as,Lbasba Ydlban, Vukoal, 14>2.Vrmj Wujarn Nraktb,M`dtm` ly \ak`bdr Wdknb, Kmw Lhhe Gh., Ouccukùr,149=.\mlatkajm,M`dtm` ly Vdara Wdknb Vaàj, Eacaj Jak`dr, Vatdaca, 14>0.Waebd Vhtbd, Jacwa @msb \atak @d.M`dtm` ly Attar Wdknb— EbacsaWajagbar, Ajrdtsar, 1492.Waral chb Nraktb,Lala Wakta Wdknb Oatbmàr Gbdakvmk Erhrd, Akak`purWabdl, Vukoal.Wbabd` Ldcas,M`dtm` ly Naroa Wdknb. Vukoald Wabdt Aga`mjy, Cu`bdaka,1491.Wuoak \ad Lbakàrd,Ebacastut Pwardeb,Vukoald ]kdvmrsdty, Vatdaca.



0=7

DK@MR

A`d Nraktb, <=6-<=0, <=9 Aebak` Vatb, <99-<9> Ajar @as Nuru, =1 Ajrdt, 72, <6<, 7<= Akna` Nuru, =1 Aràs, <99 Atar Wdknb @r., 79 Auraknzml, 127-129 Avatarbhh`, 1<9, <42-<44

Lala Jhbak, <=<Labaùr Wibabkaja, <<=Laksawacd Kaja, <70Lmremcy Cmgturms, 77Lbanwa` Ndta, 16<-167Lbanwata Vuraka, 117Lbad Lakkh, <=0Lbad Nuràs, =<Lbaetd, 167, 164,110, 11>Lbatts, <=2

Gastm ak` Wdebs, <>7Gastm Wystmj, <0, 1<>, <92, <>7 <>=, <>9, <29-<2>, 7<6Gbadtakaya, 1<7-1<0Gbrdst, 97Gbrdstdakdty, 97-9=Grdtdgac Wgbhcarsbdp, 96-97Gukkdknbaj, 7=, <0=

@asaj Nraktb, <=6@aswak`b, <64@mvd Guct, 74=@dsgdpcdkm, 1=1

Mvhcutdhk hi Wdeb Ghjjukdty,<<-<7, <2

Iard`, 17>Iatubat Kajab-d-Waja`d, 71<

Idvm lmchvm` hkms, <61-<6<Idvm Es, 746-747

Nbacunbara, 07Ndakd Naroa Wdknb , <=2Nh`, 1<2, 17>-172Nhraeb, 7=Nragm, 17=Nurjueb, 109, 1=6-1=1Nuru Ldcasb, <<4

Nur`wara, <9=Nuru mktmrkac, 1>, <=6Nuru Nhldk` Wdknb, 1>, 72, 07,Nuru Nraktb Wabdl, 1>, <=, 00-0=, <14-<<6, <7<-<77, <07-<00, <02, <90-<9=Nuru Kakae, 1>, 0=Nuru Kakae ak` Wdeb \mcdndhk, 14, <=



0=0

Nuru—s Jdssdhk, 140

Barlaks Wdknb Vrhi., 77, 72, 02Barnhldk` Nuru, =<

Bardjak`dr, <96Bard \aj Nupta, 06Baujmk, 174-100Bdk`u `barja, 717Bueajkajas, <97-<90Butgbdshk Ohbk A., <>

Dktmr-gastm jarrdanm, 79>

Oanodt Wdknb, 04 Oakaj Waebds, <<, >6 Oats, 721 720, 74=-744, 064, 0<= Ou`adsj, 90

Ealdr, 70Ealdr Nraktbavcd, 7=Earaj Thna, 16=Eardj Wgbhjmr, 70Earja, <42-766Ebacsa, 72-74, 127-120, 14>-42, <17-<10, <<0-<<=, <90, 74=Ebacsa Gh`m, <62Ebak`m Ed Vabuc 72

Jmbja Vareasb, <7=, 7=<Jdak Jdr Wadkt, =7Jdcdtardzatdhk, =1, 7>>-726Jdrd Vdrd, =<Juscdjs 147

Kaaj, 17=-179, 102, 1=0Kak`m`, <<=-<<9Katbdsj, 21,27,197,19=Katb Thnds, >>, 22, 42-44Kdjlarea, 1<1, 1<7Kdrvaka, 22Khmc Q. Edkn, <9, <2-<4

Hc` Pmstajmkt, 96-91

Vakoa Wabdl, =0-=>, >1Vako Vdaras, 04-<6<Vardtdhk hi Dk`da, 12Vraymr, 1=0-1=9, <69Vrabca` Wdknb, <90

\aja Kak`, 7=, 1<<, 1<9\ajakuoa, 11=, 112\aj @as Nuru, =1

prespective on sikh tradition

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