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Dpt. Earth Sciences and Research Center for Geological Risks (CERI),“Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
Salvatore [email protected]
MODELLAZIONE GEOLOGICO-TECNICA E RISPOSTA SISMICA LOCALE: DAGLI EFFETTI DI SITO AGLI «EFFETTI DI CITY»
ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL MODELLING AND LOCAL SEISMIC RESPONSE: FROM SITE TO «CITY» EFFECTS
Roma - 16 Febbraio 2016
16/02/2016 Page 2Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICSSU
MM
ARY
Salvatore Martino
- Local Seismic Response and “site effects”:a) seismic amplification of heterogeneous
valley systemsb) seismic amplification of jointed rock
masses in ridge zones
- From the “free-field” to the “urban-field”: the Site-City Interaction (SCI):a) interaction of heterogeneous alluvial
fill and “city”b) advanced numerical models
«CITY EFFECTS»
16/02/2016 Page 3Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
SUM
MAR
Y
Salvatore Martino
Local Seismic Effects: the beginning of a «long» history
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»TOPICS
Mexico city earthquake 1985 - Mw 8.1
16/02/2016 Page 4
SUM
MAR
YLocal Seismic Effects: source, path, site
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
TOPICS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
(cm
/s2 )
(cm
/s2 )
(cm
/s2 )
(cm
/s2 )
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SUM
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YLocal Seismic Effects: the beginning of a «long» history
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
TOPICS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 6
SUM
MAR
YLocal Seismic Effects: source, path, site
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
TOPICS
Loma Prieta 1989 - Mw 7.1
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 7
SUM
MAR
YLocal Seismic Effects: source, path, site
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
TOPICS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 8
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Y
NATURAL SYSTEMS
CASE STUDY 1 REMARKSTOPICS CASE
STUDY 2Local seismic effects: numerical modelling
from Bard & Bouchon., 1985
Salvatore Martino
from Geli., 1988
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 9
SUM
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Y1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake (Mw 6.05)
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 10
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YBorgo Cerreto (Perugia): geological setting
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
municipio
torre
campo sportivo
Progetto ENEA-MIUR Disastri Naturali e loro Impatto sul patrimonio Artistico Culturale Italiano (resp. Dario Rinaldis)
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 11
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Borgo Cerreto (Perugia): geological setting
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
Evidence of heterogeneousalluvial deposits in the Nera River valley
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SUM
MAR
Y
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Alluvial fill
Slope debris
Travertine deposits
Marly limestones (Scaglia Rossa Formation, Cretaceous-Eocene)
Marly limestones (Scaglia Bianca Formation, Cretaceous)Marly limestones (Marne a Fucoidi Formation, Cretaceous)
Alluvial fan
Borehole
Attitude of strata
Fault (supposed)
Fault (observed)
Fold (axis)
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 13
SUM
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Y
, D
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
400 m
100 m 200 m
Bard&Bouchon (1985)
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 14
SUM
MAR
Y
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 15
SUM
MAR
Y
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 16
SUM
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Y
Borgo Cerreto (Perugia): 2D numerical modelling
from Lenti et al., 2009
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
, D
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 17
SUM
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YCerreto di Spoleto (Perugia): geological features
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Increasing rock mass jointing from class A to E
E
from Martino et al., 2006
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 18
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Cerreto di Spoleto (Perugia): geological features
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 19
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Cerreto di Spoleto (Perugia): geological features
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 20
SUM
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YCerreto di Spoleto (Perugia): observed amplification
from Martino et al., 2006
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 21
SUM
MAR
Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
noise
receiver functions
SSR
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 22
SUM
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YCerreto di Spoleto (Perugia): observed amplification
from Martino et al., 2006
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 23
SUM
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Y
from Martino et al., 2006
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 24
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
2009 L’Aquila earthquake(Mw 6.2)
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 25
SUM
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YColle di Roio hill (L’Aquila): geological setting
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
from Hailemikael et al., 2015
16/02/2016 Page 26
SUM
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Y
from Hailemikael et al., 2015
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Colle di Roio hill: instrumental evidences of amplification
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 27
SUM
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Y
from Hailemikael et al., 2015
Colle di Roio hill: observed vs. modelled amplification
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
SITE EFFECTS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 28
SUM
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YThe Site-City Interaction
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
….from the site effects to the «city» effects
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
from Semblat et al., 2009
Individual building
Regular city model
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 29
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Europarco test site (Rome)
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
2002 2014
2009 L’Aquila earthquake
….from the «free-field» to the «urban-field» conditions
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 30
SUM
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YEuroparco test site (Rome)
SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 31
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Europarco test site (Rome)
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 32
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Europarco test site (Rome)
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
1) Anthropic filling material (AL-AF); 2) Sandy-Clays (AL-VSC); 3) Peaty clays (AL-PC); 4) Clays and silts (AL-CS); 5) Peat (AL-PT); 6) Sands and silty sands (AL-SD); 7) Gravels, (AL-GR). 8) Volcanic deposits from the District of Alban Hills and the M. Sabatini 561-360; 9) Pre-wurmian deposits. 10) Paleo-Tiber 4 deposits (PT-SC) 11). Clays and silts with peaty layers (PT-CL); 12) Sands and silty sands. (PT-SD); 13) Loose (PT-GR). 14) Plio-Pleistocenic bedrock; 15) Marine sands and silty sands. 16) Fault. 17) Borehole.
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 33
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
August 2009
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
- 250 borehole- 1 down-hole- 1D numerical modelling calibration
16/02/2016 Page 35
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
- Only the main structural elements modelled (beams and pillars) with shallow fundations and piles for the towers
- Projection of the 3D mechanical properties of the structural elements on the 2D model
- Stiffness of beams increased up to the twice of pillars to avoid rotational and torsional displacements
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 36
SUM
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 37
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Y SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Difference of kineticenergy distribution withinthe alluvial valley in the«urban-field» conditionsis not negligeable respectto the «free-field».
This difference can be mainly related to:1) building distribution
(urban density effect)2) building properties
(double resonanceeffect)
3) heterogeneities of the alluvial fill
4) shape of the valleybedrock
from Varone et al., 2015
Salvatore Martino
«CITY EFFECTS»
(Kham et al., 2006)
dttxdtdu
TxE
T
0
2
,)(x
1
2 2
2
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 38
Local Seismic Response SU
MM
ARY SITE EFFECTS REMARKSTOPICS «CITY EFFECTS»
Contribution to hazard
Site-City Interaction
Contribution to urban resilience
Multi-Risk mitigation
Contribution to social resilience
(culture, awareness, sustainability)
“capacity of a [social-ecological] system to absorb disturbance and re-organize while undergoing change, to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedback” (Folke, 2006)
Salvatore Martino
REMARKS
Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
16/02/2016 Page 39
Thanks for your attention
Salvatore Martino Engineering-geological modelling and local seismic response: from the site to the “city” effects
Roma - 16 Febbraio 2016