1.

2.

Safety- Determine if the area is safe

Mechanism of injury- Determine the extent of the illness or injury and how it happened

Medical information devices- Examine the casualty for a MEDIC ALERT (Fig.) necklace, bracelet, or identification card

Number of casualties- Look beyond the first casualty, you may find others

Bystanders- Ask bystanders to help you find out what happened

Introduce yourself- Inform the casualty and bystanders who you are and that you know first aid.

3.

Is maintenance of the ABCs

• Openairway

• Restorebreathing

• Restorecirculation

Universal Distress Signal 4.

Abdominal thrusts(Heimlich Maneuver)

a. Stand behind the casualty.

b. Place your arms around the

(Fig.2-2) casualties waist.

c. With your fist, place the thumb side

against the middle of the abdomen,

above the navel and below the tip

(xiphoid process) of the (sternum)

breastbone.

d. Grasp your fist with your other

hand.

e. Keeping your elbows out, press

your fist (Fig. 2-3) into the abdomen

with a quick upward thrust.

5. 6.

Place the fingers of your other hand under the (Fig. 2-4) bony part of the chin

Place your fingers behind the angle of the jaw or hook your fingers under the jaw, bring (Fig. 2-5) jaw forward

Fig. 2-4 Fig. 2-5 7.

Check unresponsiveness- Tap or gently shake the casualty, shout, "Are you OK?"

Shout, "Help"- If there is no response from casualty

Position casualty- Kneel midway between his or her hips and shoulders facing the casualty

Open airway(Head-tilt/Chin lift or Jaw thrust)

Give breaths- Pinch nose, open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around the casualty's mouth

Check pulse- While maintaining an open airway

Request medical assistance

8.

Capillariesare very small blood vessels that carry blood to all parts of the body

Veinsare blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

Arteriesare large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

9.

Direct pressureis the first and most effective method to control bleeding

Raising (elevation)of an injured arm or leg (extremity) above the level of the heart will help control bleeding

Indirect PressureIn cases of severe bleeding when direct pressure and elevation are not controlling the bleeding, indirect pressure must be used. Bleeding from an artery can be controlled by applying pressure to the appropriate pressure point

10. 11. 12.

1. Anxiety and restlessness.

2. Excessive thirst (polydipsia).

3. Nausea and vomiting.

4. Cool, moist, and pale skin (cold and clammy).

5. Rapid breathing (tachypnea).

6. Rapid, weak pulse (tachycardia).

7. Bruising or discoloration at site of injury (contusion).

13.

1. Bruise (contusion) - Apply ice or cold pack, with cloth to prevent damage to the skin, to reduce pain and (edema) swelling.

2. Severe internal bleeding:

• a. Call local emergency or medical personnel.

• b. Monitor airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).

• c. Treat for shock.

• d. Place casualty in most comfortable position.

• e. Maintain normal body temperature.

• f. Reassure casualty

If you suspect internal bleeding 14. Shock is the failure of the heart and blood vessels (circulatory system)

1. Anxiety, restlessness and fainting.

2. Nausea and vomiting.

3. Excessive thirst (polydipsia).

4. Eyes are vacant, dull (lackluster), large (dilated) pupils.

5. Shallow, rapid (tachypnea), and irregular breathing.

6. Pale, cold, moist (clammy) skin.

7. Weak, rapid (tachycardia), or absent pulse.