first aid at work full presentation for acetates

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First Aid at WorkDay One


Who am I and who is MG Training?

• Introduction to your trainer…

• MG Training is a provider of a variety of Health and Safety courses throughout the UK – visit www.mgtraining.org.uk for more details.

http://www.mgtraining.org.uk/


Health and Safety

•Toilets

•Fire Exits

•Assembly Point

•Smoking Areas

•Food/Drink areas


SUMMARY OF DAY ONE

Course is 24 hours usually over 4 days

HSE Approved Course

Written and Practical Assessments on Day Four

You Will be Able to Administer Basic First Aid

Please Sign the Register Every Morning


WHAT IS FIRST AID?

Definition of First Aid:

The immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the

arrival of an ambulance, Doctor or other appropriately qualified person

WE ARE NOT DOCTORS!!


WHAT IS FIRST AID?

Aims of First Aid:

Preserve Life:

Not just the casualty but you too

Prevent Deterioration:

Learn skills to prevent a situation getting worse

Promote Recovery:

Use correct techniques to promote recovery

Obtain further medically qualified assistance if required


Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Requires employers to protect the health, safety and welfare of their employees and non-employees who use their facilities

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981

Duty upon the employers to provide adequate equipment, facilities and personnel to render FIRST AID to their employees if they are injured or

become ill at work

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)

Any serious work–related or public accident is reported within 7 days to nearest HSE Office

ACTS AND REGULATIONS


Guidance Cards

20 Adhesive Dressings

6 Medium Sterile Dressings

2 Large Sterile Dressings

2 Extra Sterile Dressings

2 Sterile Eye Pads

6 Triangular Bandages

6 Safety Pins

Disposable Gloves

Plastic Face ShieldCleansing Wipes

FIRST AID KITS


ASSESSMENT OF FIRST AID NEEDS

Factors affecting provision:

•Workplace hazards and risks•The size of the organisation

•The organisations history of accidents•The nature and distribution of the workforce

•The remoteness of the site from emergency services•Remote and lone workers

•Employees working on shared or multi-occupied sites•Annual leave and other absences of first Aiders


ACCIDENT DETAILS

• Name Of Casualty

• Home Address

• Name Of Person Writing The Report

• When The Accident Happened

• Where The Accident Happened

• What Happened

• Treatment Given

• Method Of Disposal e.g Hospital, Home or Return To Work

Accident Book A/B06/01

Name

Address

Date


RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER

AS A FIRST AIDER YOUR ULTIMATE RESPONSIBILITY IS FOR YOURSELF,

FOLLOWED CLOSELY BY THE CASUALTY AND OTHER BYSTANDERS


TRIAGE OR PRIORITIES

Breathing

Bleeding

Burns

Bones


FIRST AIDER RESPONSIBILITIESArriving at the scene

Dealing with the Casualties

The Clearing Up Process

Assess the Situation, Make the area safe, Deal with bystanders, Any other trained personnel, Get History, Send for help, Send for first aid box, Is there anybody with the

casualty

Put gloves on, Follow ABC, Make diagnosis, Treat injuries, Give care, Act Calmly, Get Help

Make area safe, dispose of dressings, complete reports, contact families, be aware of your feelings, replenish first aid box

What are the processes of each stage?


L LocationI IncidentO Other Services RequiredN Number Of CasualtiesE Extent Of InjuriesL Repeat Location

SUMMONING HELP


Keep Eye Contact Tell The Truth

Be Aware Of Body LanguageSpeak Clearly and Slowly

Use Their NameAllow Time For The Casualty To Answer

Act In A Calm and Confident Manner

CASUALTYCOMMUNICATION


“SET UP”Stop Take a Breath

Think Assessment

Environment Consider The Limitations

Traffic Safe Approach

Remain Alert

Unknown Hazard Gas, Electrical, Fire ?

Protect Self and Casualty Use Barriers


THE “AVPU” SCALE

A Alert

V Responds To Voice

P Responds To Pain

U Unresponsive


DR SAB

D Danger

R Response

S HOUT FOR HELP

A Airway

B Breathing


PRIMARY ASSESSMENT

D DangerIs it safe for you to help? Can you remove the danger or move the casualty away from danger? Try

to find out the history, Are there too many casualties, can you cope?

R ResponseSigns of consciousness, gently shake the shoulders, TALK to the casualty ALL THE TIME

S HOUTYou never know who will here you, so make it loud

A AirwayOpen the airway, check for any obstructions, ALWAYS consider the possibility of a spinal injury

B BreathingRise and fall of the chest, listen for sound of breathing, feel for breath on your cheek


B – BREATHING


SECONDARY ASSESSMENT

Once you are sure the patient is breathing effectively, you can then start the secondary survey

Top to Toe (remember triage)Look for bleeding, bruising, swelling, deformity, spinal injury,

fractures, medi-alert bracelets, needle marks, pockets. DO NOT MOVE if you suspect a spinal injury, check the neck area.

GLOVES

Recovery Position

Keep warm (treat for shock)


RECOVERY POSITION


BREATHING


BREATHING AND CIRCULATION



What does the heart do?


New Resuscitation for 2006


DISORDERS OF RESPIRATION

HypoxiaWhat is hypoxia?

Hypoxia is a term describing low levels of oxygen in the blood

What can cause hypoxia?

•Insufficient oxygen in inspired air

•Airway obstruction

•Conditions affecting the chest wall

•Impaired lung function

•Damage to brain or nerves

•Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues


EXERCISE

Condition CausesInsufficient Oxygen in inspired

airFume Inhalation

Airway obstruction Choking, Drowning

Conditions affecting the chest wall

Crushing, Broken Ribs

Impaired lung function Asthma, Hyperventilation, punctured lung

Damage to Brain or Nerves Trauma, poison

Impaired O2 uptake by the tissues

Fume Inhalation, Bleeding

What can cause low levels of oxygen in the blood?


B – BREATHING


DISORDERS OF RESPIRATION

Choking

Drowning

Fume Inhalation

Asthma

Hyperventilation


CHOKING

What is Choking?

Choking is either a full or partial blockage of the airway

What are Some of the Causes of Choking?

•Food

•Toys

•Pen Tops

•General Objects.


CHOKING

Blueness (Cyanosis), Usually clutching the throat, difficulty orBlueness (Cyanosis), Usually clutching the throat, difficulty or unable to unable to breathbreath


CHOKING ADULT


CHOKING CHILD & BABY


DROWNING

What is Drowning?When a persons face is

immersed in liquid

What different types are there?

Wet / Dry / Secondary

What are the recognition features?

Possibly face down in liquidCoughing & spluttering

Blueness of the face and lips.


DROWNING

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT?

•Check for danger (don’t put yourself at risk)

•Either remove from water or lift head above water

•Check ABC and act accordingly

•Beware of water in the lungs and call 999 if unsure

•Beware of the onset of hypothermia.


FUME, GAS & SMOKE INHALATION

When treating anyone for the above condition we must ensure our own safety

and make sure we have identified all casualties as it is possible to have to deal

with more than one


TYPES OF GASSES, FUMES & RECOGNITION

Smoke – possible spasm of air passages, swelling & burning

Carbon monoxide – Headaches, confusion, nausea, breathing

difficulties, cherry red colour

CO2 – breathlessness, headaches, dizziness, rapid unconsciousness

Solvents – headaches, vomiting, possible unconsciousness, can

stop the heart

Lighter Fuels – can possibly stop the heart.


TREATMENT?

•Call 999 [ambulance, fire etc]

•Remove casualty from danger, ensuring

not to endanger yourself

•Check ABC

•Treat any burns found


ASTHMA

WHAT IS ASTHMA?

This is a condition where the air passages go into spasm and the lining of the airway

becomes inflamed and starts to swell.There can also be a secretion of thick

sticky mucus which further reduces the air passages.


ASTHMA


ASTHMA

What are the Cause of Asthma?•Animal fur or dust

•Nervous Tension

•Exercise

•Colds and viral infections

•Smoking

•Pollen

•Work

•Weather

•Food


RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Difficulty in breathing with wheezy phases• Distress & anxiety• Unable to talk• Can become exhausted• May have blueness of lips and skin

TREATMENT?Remain calm & position the casualty comfortablyAssist them to take their own inhalerIf the condition does not ease within 3 minutes, get them to take the same inhaler againIf the attack is still present after 5 minutes call 999If the symptoms disappear recommend they see their GP


HYPERVENTILATION

This is a condition which is a lack of carbon dioxide caused by excessive or over breathing, which will eventually lead to unconsciousness and possibly

death.


WHAT ARE THE CAUSES?• Anxiety • Panic• Underwater Swimming

RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Flushed skin• Panicky / Anxious• Shallow Breathing• Can become weak

TREATMENT?Sit casualty down in a comfortable positionCalm them downGet them to breath into a paper bag or their cupped hands

If in doubt call 999.


HYPERVENTILATION


BEFORE YOU GO…

Workbook paper!!


SUMMARY OF DAY TWO

Everyone OK with Resus?Today we will cover:Circulation Disorders

Disorders of ConsciousnessWounds and BleedingIncident ManagementCPR for baby and child

Bites and StingsPlease sign the register


But First….

Recap paper!!!


DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION

THERE ARE VARIOUS DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION WHICH WE AS FIRST AIDERS CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ON.

WE WILL BE LOOKING AT THE FOLLOWING;

•Shock•Fainting

•Anaphylactic Shock•Angina

•Heart Attack


SHOCK

Shock is an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the vital organs

of the body, thus causing these organs not to function properly


SHOCK

What are Some of the Causes?•Some heart conditions

•Severe Bleeding•Loss of Bodily Fluids•Bad News / Fright

What are the Recognition Features•Pale, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse

•Nausea•Thirst

•Weakness•Cyanosis

•Shallow Breathing


TREATMENT OF SHOCK

Treat the Cause of ShockLie the Casualty Down and Raise the Legs if PossibleKeep Them WarmContact 999 if NeededDo Not Give Anything to Eat or Drink


DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION

FaintingAnaphylactic Shock

AnginaHeart Attack


FAINTING

This is a condition caused by a temporary reduction in the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain


FAINTING

What Can Cause a Faint?•Fear

•Bad News•Hot Atmosphere

•Standing For a Long Period of Time

•Tiredness•Hunger

Recognition Features•Pale Face, Possibly Sweating

•Possibly Yawning•Slow Pulse

•Brief Unconsciousness


TREATMENT

Lie Them Down Loosen Any Tight ClothingRaise Their Legs if PossibleOnce They Have Returned to Normal They can Sit up and Sip Cold WaterReassure Them and Try to Get Them Into a Supply of

Fresh Air


ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

This is a condition where there is a severe allergic reaction

within the body which causes the blood vessels to dilate and can cause the air passages to

constrict


WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CAUSES?

•Bee Stings•Nuts

•Medicine•Seafood

•Dairy Products•Wheat


RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Blotchy Red Skin

• Swelling Around The Face And Neck

• Possible Difficulty in Breathing [Wheezy]

• Tight Chest

• Rapid Pulse

• Anxiety.

TREATMENT?999 Straight Away

Reassure Them and Position Them Comfortably

Ask if They Have Their Medication, If They Have Assist Them To Administer It [DO NOT GIVE IT]

Be Prepared to Resuscitate.


ANGINA

This is a condition which is brought about by a narrowing of the arteries which supply

the heart with blood


WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CAUSES?•Poor Diet

•Diabetes

•Smoking

•Hereditary

•Stress.

RECOGNITION FEATURES?•Chest Pain, Spreading to the Arms, Jaw, Back and Stomach

•Pain or Tingling in the Hand

•Shortness of Breath

•Signs and Symptoms of Shock.


TREATMENT ?Reassure the Casualty and Make Them as Comfortable as PossibleIf They Have Their Medication Assist Them To Take It [DO NOT GIVE IT]IF The Pain Subsides Allow Them to Carry onIf the Pain Continues For 15 Mins Call 999Be Prepared to Resuscitate.


ANGINA


HEART ATTACK

This is where one of the coronary arteries

becomes blocked, causing possible

damage due to part of the heart being starved of oxygen


HEART ATTACKWhat are Some of The Causes?

• Blockage of the Arteries• Bad Diet• Smoking

• Hereditary

Recognition Features• Severe Chest Pain, Radiating Down Arm

• Shortness of Breath• Pale Skin, Possible Cyanosis

• Irregular Weak Pulse• Signs and Symptoms of Shock

• Possible Sense of Impending Doom• could have been Complaining of Indigestion


TREATMENT

Put casualty in Comfortable positionCalm them down and reassureKeep them warmCall 999Be Prepared to Resuscitate.


THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

What is it?

A network of impulses that control the functions of the body

Made up primarily of the brain and the spinal cord

The spine protects the spinal cord which is the message sender


DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

F I S H S H APED

faintinginjury to brain or spinal cordshockheart attackstrokehead injuryasphyxiapoisoningepilepsydiabetic


DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

ConcussionSkull Fractures and Compression

StrokeEpilepsyDiabetes


CONCUSSION

This is a condition when there has been a blow to the head severe enough to shake the brain


RECOGNITION FEATURES

• Brief or Partial Loss of Consciousness

• Signs and Symptoms of Shock

• Dizziness

• Loss of Memory

• Feeling Sick

• Headache

• Shallow Breathing

TREATMENT

Call 999 if Needed

If Not Necessary Advise to See Their GP

Keep Them Comfortable With Their Head, Neck and Torso in Line

If No Spinal is Suspected Raise Their Head and Shoulders

Monitor Casualty Constantly


SKULL FRACTURE & CEREBRAL COMPRESSION

This is where via a direct blow the skull has broken, this can either lead to a build up of fluid or part

of the broken bone putting pressure on the brain


SKULL FRACTURE


COMPRESSION


RECOGNITION FEATURES• History of a blow to the head• Hot flushed face• Slow strong pulse• Noisy slow breathing• Unequal pupils in severe cases• Intense headache• Watery fluid possibly coming out of the ear & nose• Confusion and Possible change in personality

TREATMENTCall for an ambulancePlace in a comfortable position, if no spinal injury suspected, head and shoulders raisedIf fluid coming from the ear place a sterile dressing over it and keep a sample for hospitalIf unconscious check ABC and place in the recovery positionBe prepared to resuscitate


STROKEThis is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly and seriously impaired by

a blood clot or a ruptured artery


RECOGNITION FEATURES•Sudden severe headache

•Confused and emotional state•Sudden or gradual loss of consciousness

•Signs of paralysis or loss of power•Dribbling

•Slurred speech


TREATMENTLay casualty down and raise head and shoulders

Reassure casualty

Support any paralyzed limb

Do not give anything to eat or drink

If unconscious check ABC and place in recovery position


EPILEPSY

This is a condition where there is an abnormal amount of electrical activity in the brain, causing the muscles of the body going into spasm which the

person cannot control


TYPES OF EPILEPSY

Petit Mal - Minor Epilepsy

Grand Mal - Major Epilepsy

RECOGNITION OF PETIT MAL•Repetitive twitching movements

•Strange behaviour, lip smacking, plucking at clothing

•Possibly followed by a major seizure


MINOR EPILEPSY


TREATMENT OF PETIT MAL

If possible sit them down

Remove any sources of danger

Talk to and reassure the casualty until they fully recover

Advise the casualty of what has happened, if this is the first time advise them to see their GP


RECOGNITION FEATURES OF GRAND MAL

•There could be a warning period [AURA]•Suddenly fall into unconsciousness, often letting

out a cry•Become rigid, arching their back

•Breathing could cease•Signs of cyanosis

•Convulsive movements begin•Frothing at the mouth

•Possible loss of bladder control


MAJOR EPILEPSY


TREATMENT• If possible support or eases the casualties

fall• Make space around them• Ask bystanders to move away• Protect the casualties head• Record how long the fit lasts

Dial 999 If Unconscious for longer than 10 minutesConvulsing for longer than 5 minutesRepeated convulsionsFirst convulsion


DIABETES

This is a condition brought about by the bodies inability to regulate

its own blood sugar levels


TYPES OF DIABETES

(TYPE 1) HYPERGLYCAEMIAnot enough insulin secreted resulting in high blood sugar levels (IDD Insulin Dependant

Diabetes)

(TYPE 2) HYPOGLYCAEMIAtoo much insulin secreted resulting in low blood

sugar levels (NIDD Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes)


RECOGNITION FEATURES• Pale, cold skin with profuse sweating• Deteriorating levels of consciousness• Can be aggressive• Confusion• Weakness and palpitations• Look for evidence such as bracelet,

necklace, warning card

TREATMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIAMake the casualty as comfortable as possibleGive something sugary [sugary not sweet]If they start to improve give more sugar until full recoveredAdvise them to eat a meal a soon as possible


TYPES OF WOUND

P – uncture = NailC – ontusion = Blunt blow / Bruise

G – unshot = BulletA – brasion = Scrape / Graze I – ncision = Neat cutL – aceration = Rough tear


TYPES OF BLEEDING

We have 8 – 12 pints in our bodies!!

ARTERIAL

Bright Red blood, spurting in time with heart

VENOUS

Same volume as arterial but blood will ooze

CAPILLARY

Blood loss is usually slight and is easily controlled

Always use GLOVES


ARTERIAL BLEEDClose your eyes if you’re squeamish!!


TREATMENT FOR WOUNDS AND BLEEDING

Put gloves onExpose and examine the woundRaise and support injured limbsIf ok apply direct pressureUse up to two dressings and change if blood coming throughOnce the bleeding stops bandage firmlySupport injured area if necessaryTreat for shockDial 999 if necessary

USE GLOVES


EXTERNAL BLEEDING

R - estPlace them in an appropriate position for the location of their injury

E - levateElevate the wound, Ensure it is above the level of the heart, Gravity

will reduce the blood flow

D – irect PressureApply direct or indirect pressure to stem the flow of blood


R E D


Penetrating Chest Wound

Abdominal Wound

Nose Bleeds

Amputations


PENETRATING CHEST WOUND

This is a condition where something has penetrated the skin and the chest

cavity, including the ribs at the back.Because of where the lungs are situated

this can include them as well


RECOGNITION• Signs of shock

• Coughing up frothy red blood

• Crackling feeling around the site of wound

• Blood bubbling out of/around wound

• Sound of air being sucked into chest as casualty breaths in

TREATMENTMain aim is to stop air entering chest cavity

Ensure ambulance is on its way

Expose the wound and cover initially

Assist casualty into comfy position usually [w]

Incline casualty to injured side

Cover wound with sterile dressing, then plastic

Seal the plastic on three sides with tape

Monitor constantly and be ready to resuscitate


ABDOMINAL WOUND

This type of wound is classified as anything from the diaphragm down to the hips.This has the potential to be dangerous

because of the amount of vital organs in that area.


RECOGNITION

• Possibly see something protruding from the wound [usually the intestines]

• Signs and symptoms of shock

• Complaining of pain in that area

• Bystanders may be able to give you a history of what happened

TREATMENT

Main aim is to reduce the risk of infection

Lay casualty down, supporting there knees

If nothing protruding cover with a sterile dressing and secure in place

If something is protruding cover it with a plastic bag/cling film if this isn't available use a damp sterile dressing

Drape a dressing over the top

Call for an ambulance

Treat for shock


NOSEBLEEDS

Generally these are more of a nuisance, however if the casualty

looses a lot of blood they can be dangerous

TREATMENT

Sit the casualty down leaning slightly forward

Assist them to pinch there nose for approximately 10 minutes

Repeat this if required, if the bleed lasts longer than 30

minutes send them to hospital

Once under control advise them not to sniff, cough or blow

their nose for a couple of hours


AMPUTATIONAmputation is where part of the body has been partly or completely

severed from the body

TREATMENTTreat any general bleeding

Treat for shock, with plenty of reassurance

Place severed section into a clean plastic bag or cling film

Wrap this in fabric or gauze

Place this in/on ice

Ensure casualties details are on the bag

Hand this over personally to emergency services

DO NOT wash the amputated part

DO NOT allow direct contact with ice

DO NOT allow raw surfaces to come into contact with cotton wool


INDIRECT PRESSURE

If direct pressure is not effective or possible you must apply indirect pressure

Apply for a maximum of 10 minutes at a time

The two arteries where we can effectively apply direct pressure, are:

•BRACHIAL•FEMORAL


INTERNAL BLEEDING

Bleeding from inside the body is just as important as external bleeding.

Unfortunately as First Aiders it is out of our scope to stop it, we can however reduce its effect until medical help arrives

RECOGNITION•Signs and symptoms of shock

•Could vomit blood

•Could cough up blood

•Could bleed from the ear or nose

•Marble patterning around the affected area

•Area will be hard to touch


INTERNAL BLEEDING TREATMENT

Treat the casualty for shockCall an ambulanceIf possible retain a sample of blood/fluidBe prepared to resuscitate


EFFECTS OF BLOOD LOSS

Blood Loss 10% 20% 30% 40%

Consciousness Normal May feel dizzy when stood up

Restless, Anxious Unresponsive

Skin Normal Pale Cyanosis Blue/Cold

Pulse Normal Slightly raised Rapid, Hard to detect Undetectable

Breathing Normal Slightly Raised Rapid Air Hunger


BLEEDING FROM ORIFICIES

Bleeding from: Appearance Possible causes

Bright Red/Clots Perforated ear drum/fractured skull

Bright Red/Clots Nose Bleed

Bright red and frothy Bleeding in the lungs

Fresh Blood Menstruation

Anus Bright Red Fresh Blood Bleeding from lower bowel

Anus

EarBlood which appears watered

downFractured skull (leaking

cerebral fluid)

Nose Blood which appears watered down

Fractured skull (leaking cerebral fluid)

MouthVomited or coffee brown colour Bleeding in stomach

Vagina

Dark brown Blood Large intestines/bowel


CRUSH INJURY

IF LESS THAN 15 MINUTES

•Remove object, control bleeding, Monitor ABC, Call 999

IF MORE THAN 15 MINUTES

•DO NOT move the casualty, Call 999, monitor ABC’s

CRUSH SYNDROME


Incident Management Scenarios


Junior and Baby CPR


Bites and Stings

Bee Stings

Wasp Stings

Dog Bites


Before you go…

Workbook paper!!


SUMMARY OF DAY THREE

Please Sign The Register• Burns and Scalds• Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries• Poisoning• Incident Management• Foreign Bodies• Effect of Heat and Cold• Resus Recap


But first….

Recap paper!!!


HOW ARE BURNS CAUSED?

DRY HEAT BURNSDirect contact with dry heat or friction, Flames, Hot Objects

SCALDSSteam, Hot Liquid

CHEMICAL BURNSAcid, Chlorine, Bleach

RADIATION BURNSNot just Plutonium!! Sun Burn, Sun Beds

COLD INJURYFrostbite, Freezing Metal, Liquid Gas

ELECTRICAL BURNSMains Power


TYPES OF BURN

SUPERFICIALOnly the outermost layer of skin is effected

Redness swelling & tendernessIf larger than 5% take/send to hospital


PARTIAL THICKNESS

Rawness and blisters1% must be seen by a doctor

9% will cause shock and must go to hospital


FULL THICKNESS

All layers are burned and there may possibly be some nerve, fat tissue and

muscle damageRequires urgent hospital treatment


HOW BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED

THE PALM OF YOUR OWN HAND IS

ROUGHLY 1% OF YOUR OWN

BODY


TREATMENT OF BURNS

Our main aim is to protect from infectionFlood the area with cold water for at least 10 mins Gently remove watches and jewellery if possibleCover with a sterile dressingElevate if possible & treat for shock


TREATMENT DO NOT’S

X Break blistersX Apply adhesive dressingsX Apply lotions, ointments or fatsX Remove anything sticking to the

burn


TREATMENT OF BURNS


BURNS TO THE FACE AND NECK

These can be very dangerous especially if the airway is affected.

Our main aim here is to get medical help as soon as possible


TREATMENT

Dial for an ambulance stating burns to the airwayLoosen any tight clothing, get casualty into a supply of fresh air if possibleAdminister oxygen if you have been trained to do so


CHEMICAL BURNS

The effect of a chemical burn can be a lot slower than normal

burns, the first aider should be aware of this and the chemicals

available in their workplace


TREATMENT

Ensure your safety whilst you treat the casualty [wear PPE]Flood the affected area for at least 20 minsRemove contaminated clothing whilst flooding the areaFollow guidelines laid down on the relevant COSHH sheetsTake or send the casualty to hospital with a copy of the COSHH sheet


ELECTRICAL BURNS

Electricity is very dangerous not least because we cannot see it, but also

because it can very easily stop the heart.There are two types of electricity we are likely to come into contact with, these are:

Alternating Current [AC]Direct Current [DC]


TYPES OF ELECTRICITY

Alternating CurrentThis is the electricity which generally comes from

a plug socket at home or work, once you turn the socket off the electricity stops

Direct CurrentThis is like the electricity stored in a battery or on

railway lines, it is a constant source of power until it is turned off from its source



• May be an electrical cable/appliance nearby

• Casualty will have an entry burn usually on the hand [but not always]

• Casualty will also have an exit burn, which will be where the casualty was earthed


TREATMENT

Ensure your safetySwitch off the power supply if it is safe to do soCheck ABC and act accordinglyCall for an ambulanceTreat any burns found, remember entry and exit


BURNS TO THE EYE

These can be caused by either chemicals or a naked flame the

treatment for both is very similar


TREATMENT

Run the eye under cold water for at least 10 mins [20 mins with chemicals]

Be prepared to use a gentle but firm approach as the eye may close tight

Cover the eye with an eye pad, and arrange for the casualty to go to hospital


BRIGHT LIGHT INJURY

Because our eyes are susceptible to bright light we can get this

condition from the sun, a welders flash or even a sun bed.


RECOGNITION

• Feeling of pain or grit in the eye• Red, watery eyes which are

sensitive to light


TREATMENT

Constantly reassure the casualtyLeave any contact lenses in placeCover the eyes using a sterile eye padArrange for them to go to hospital


MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL CONDITIONS

This section we are going to look at the conditions which can effect the muscles of

the body or the skeleton, these will include:

FracturesSpinal Injuries

Strains & Sprains


FRACTURES

A bone is referred to as fracture when it is chipped, broken, split,

hairline fractured.Any of the bones in our body have

the potential to fracture


TYPES OF FRACTURES

Closed FracturesThis is a clean break in the bone

Open FracturesThe skin has been broken by the bone. This injury has a

high risk of infection

Complicated FracturesComplications have arisen I.e Trapped blood vessel,

impinging on an organ (lung/brain)

Greenstick FracturesCommon in children, Their bones have split rather than

snapped


GENERAL CAUSES OF FRACTURES

• Direct Force – this can be caused by a fall, or a blow from a fist or object

• Indirect Force – this can be caused away from the point of impact, such as when you put your hand out as you fall and break your collarbone

• Muscular Contraction – this can happen such as when a player goes to kick a ball and misses, resulting in a fractured kneecap


RECOGNITION FEATURES• Pain at the site and tender to touch• Swelling• Discoloration• Lack of movement• Abnormal looking compared to other

side• Signs and symptoms of shock• You may hear bones grating together• A crack may have been heard as it

happened


GENERAL TREATMENT

Check ABC and act accordinglyPosition the casualty as comfortably as possiblePad the area to stop any unnecessary movementSling the area if possibleTreat as best possible for shockArrange for transportation to hospital


GENERAL TREATMENT


FRACTURED COLARBONE

Recognition Features

• Pain and tenderness at the site• Casualties head may be slightly

inclined to the injured side• Casualty may be supporting their

own elbow on the injured side


TREATMENT

Position the casualty comfortably

Support their elbow in a sling if possible

Secure their arm to their side using a broad fold bandage

Treat them for shock

Arrange for transportation to hospital


APPLYING SLINGS


FRACTURED PELVIS


• Unable to walk or even stand• Severe pain and tenderness in the

area• Desire to urinate• Signs and symptoms of shock


TREATMENT

Assist the casualty to lie down on their backSend or call for an ambulanceBend their knees if possible, if not bandage their feet together to help relieve the painTreat them for shock


SIMPLE RIB FRACTURE


• History of a blow to the area• Severe pain especially when

breathing in• Movement of the arm on the

injured side causes pain• Possible discoloration


TREATMENT

Sit the casualty down in a comfortable positionAsk if they have coughed up any bloodSecure the arm on the injured side with a broad fold bandageArrange for transportation to hospital


FLAIL CHEST

This is where there have been multiple rib fractures and the

chest cage has become ineffective


COMPLICATED RIB FRACTURE & FLAIL CHEST


• History of a blow to the area• Severe pain especially when breathing in• Breathing could be shallow• May have coughed up blood• Movement of the arm on the injured side causes

pain• Possible discoloration• An open wound may be visible, making a sucking

noise


TREATMENT

Treat any open chest woundPut the casualty into the “W” positionIncline them to the injured sideSupport arm on the injured side with a sling if possibleCall 999Treat for shock


DISLOCATION

This is a condition where the head of a bone has become displaced at the joint



• Severe pain at the site• Abnormal to look at compared with

other side• Possible bruising• Possible swelling• Tender to touch


TREATMENT

Make the casualty as comfortable as possiblePad the hollow between the injured arm and the chest if possibleApply a support sling if possibleArrange for transportation to hospitalGently apply ice pack if possible


SPINAL INJURIES

The spine is made up of thirty three irregular shaped bones known as vertebrae, these are divided into five sections, they are as follows:

•Cervical 7•Thoracic 12•Lumber 5•Sacrum 5•Coccyx 4

Their job is to protect the spinal cord from being damaged



If Just The Vertebrae Are Damaged• Pain in the neck or at the level of the injury• Step or twist in normal curvature of the

spine• Tenderness to touch

If Spinal Cord Is Damaged As Well• Loss of control of one or more limbs• Burning or tingling sensation• Disorientation or bewilderment• Difficulty in breathing


TREATMENT

Stabilise the head, neck and shoulders in neutral alignmentTo open airway use jaw thrust methodIf airway still not open, extend airway very slowly until airway achievedCheck ABC and act accordinglyIf breathing maintain in neutral alignment until help arrivesCall 999Remain calm and confident at all times


BREATHING DIFFICULTIES AND ACTION FOR VOMIT

• Support the casualties head as before

• Straighten the legs of the casualty

• Space helpers evenly on either side of casualty

• On leaders command pull casualty on to their side ensuring neutral alignment all the way

• Once on their side maintain neutral alignment

• If the casualty is to be put onto their back again, this should happen slowly again ensuring neutral alignment


LAND BASED LOG ROLL


STRAINS

What Causes a Strain?

Over stretching or tearing

What Do Strains Effect?

Tendons

Muscles

What Do Tendons and Muscles Do?

Tendons – attach the muscle to the bone

Muscles - span joints and generate movement



• Sudden sharp pain• Swelling• Possible cramp in the area• Discoloration• Tenderness• Possible lack of movement


SPRAINS

What Causes a Sprain?Wrenching or taking a joint beyond its

normal range of movementWhat Does a Sprain Effect?

LigamentsWhat do Ligaments Do?

Ligaments attach bone to bone always over a joint.



• Pain at the site of injury, normally a joint• Possible swelling• Possible discoloration• Lack of movement• Tender to touch


GENERAL TREATMENT OF STRAINS AND SPRAINS

• R-est the injured area

• I-ce should be applied

• C-ompress the injury with a bandage

• E-levate the injured area if possible


TREATMENT OF STRAINS AND SPRAINS


POISON

What Is Poison?Any substance (liquid, solid or gas) that causes damage when entering the body in sufficient

quantity

How Can It Enter The Body?

•Inhaled•Injected•Swallowed•Absorbed•Instilled•Food poisoning


GENERAL RECOGNITION FEATURES

• Possible vomiting• Raised temperature• Possible burns• Change of facial colour• Irregular pulse• Possible cyanosis• Possible headache


TREATMENT

Inhaled

Ensure your own safetyRemove casualty danger if possibleCheck ABC and act accordinglyIf resuscitation is necessary ensure you do not inhale their fumesKeep casualty still


SWALLOWED

Check ABC and act accordinglyKeep casualty as still as possibleIf breathing place in recovery positionTry and find out what was swallowedIf corrosive give sips of cold milk or waterDo not encourage vomiting Keep samples of substances if possibleMonitor and record responsiveness regularlyBe prepared to resuscitate


ABSORBED

Ensure your own safetyWash away any residue on the skin [20 min]Arrange for transportation to hospitalIf in doubt dial 999 Keep casualty as still as possible


INJECTED

Keep casualty as still as possibleCheck ABC and act accordinglyApply a cold compressArrange for transportation to hospital


FOOD POISONING RECOGNITION

• Recurrent vomiting and diarrhoea • Possible raised temperature• Headache• Paleface• Possible history of suspect food

consumption


TREATMENT

Assist the casualty into a comfortable positionGive sips of water to help replace lost fluidsArrange for them to see a doctorIf condition worsens drastically call 999


Incident Management Recap


Foreign Object Treatments


EFFECTS OF HEAT AND COLD

The body has its own thermostatWhich regulates the normal temperature

at around 37oC

If it varies just 2oC either way there will be an adverse reaction by the body


HYPOTHERMIA

This is a condition in which the core body temperature falls below 35oC

This can be caused by either a gradual onset over a period of time or very quickly such as falling into freezing

water



• Uncontrollable shivering, which will stop when the core temp drops even further

• Cold, pale and dry skin• Slow shallow breathing• Slow weak pulse• Strange or unusual

behaviour• Possible unconsciousness

or even death


TREATMENT

• Remove or protect from the cause

• Asses the age, health and fitness of the casualty

• Warm them up according to the onset

• Give a warm drink if possible

• Refer to a doctor or hospital depending on severity


HEAT EXHAUSTION

This is a condition caused by the loss of water and salts from the body

through excessive sweating.


RECOGNITION

• Pale and clammy skin with a rapid pulse

• Cramps in the limbs

• Possible headache

• Nausea


TREATMENT

Assist the casualty to a cool place or cool down the environmentGive some fluids to drink [one tsp salt per ltr of water]If possible lay them down and raise their legsIf recovery is rapid encourage to see their own doctorBe prepared for them to go unconscious


HEAT EXHAUSTION


HEAT STROKE

• This condition is caused by a failure of the thermostat in the brain to regulate the bodies core temperature.

• As the body continues to heat up damage can be caused to the brain.

• This condition can occur due to prolonged exposure to very hot conditions or illnesses


RECOGNITION

• Hot flushed and dry skin • Possible headache,

restlessness, dizziness and confusion

• Strong bounding pulse• Body temperature will

be above 40 degrees• Levels of response will

be deteriorating


TREATMENTAssist the casualty to a cool environment and remove all outer clothingTelephone their doctorWrap casualty in a cool wet sheet and keep it wet, create a wind chill factorKeep cooling until under tongue temperature drops to 38 degreesOnce cooled replace wet sheet with dry oneBe prepared for casualty to go unconscious


HEAT STROKE


CPR and Unconscious Casualty Recap


Before you go…

Workbook paper!!

first aid at work full presentation for acetates

Documents

insulin secreted resulting

leaking cerebral fluid

unconscious check abc

comfortable position calm

check abc

recap paper

recognition features

sterile dressing