1Why should I read this chapter early in my second year of A level study?

The book covers the content of the second year of Advanced Level Biology, that is, Topics 5 to 10 of the Edexcel examination board’s specifi cation. It accompanies Edexcel A level Biology 1, which contains the content of the fi rst year of Advanced Level Biology. Although the advice in this chapter is similar to that in Chapter 14 of Edexcel A level Biology 1, the information about the examination content is specifi c to the full Advanced Level examination papers.

Why should I read this chapter early in my second year of A level study?

Let’s assume that your ambition is to gain a grade A. Looking at the national picture over the past few years, this means your ambition is to be in the top 15 per cent or so of candidates who started a two-year A level course. How do you turn this ambition into reality?

Perhaps most important of all, you need to accept responsibility for your own learning. The best students do not simply rely on their teachers and the work they do in class to drive their learning. They know what is needed in order to achieve their ambition and ensure they develop the skills to achieve it. Accepting responsibility for your own learning is a mindset – an attitude – that you need to develop early. You cannot do it a few weeks before your examinations start.

Let’s take an example from sport. Serena Williams is a tennis player, high in the world rankings. How has she achieved this? Clearly, she needs to know the ‘rules’ of tennis and to know what physical attributes successful tennis players develop. Then, she needs to train. This means she recognises her own skills and practises them. She practises her best strokes to maintain them and practises her weak strokes to improve them. For her, tennis is a full-time job – you do not need to train with the same intensity she does. But practise is a key to her success just as it will be to your success.

16 Preparing for the exams

Key termSpecifi cation The document from the examination board that shows the content and skills that will be tested in an A Level examination. You can, and should, download a copy for your own reference from the Edexcel website.

Figure 16.1 Serena Williams is a tennis player high in the world rankings. How has she achieved this?

Tip

Throughout the academic year, you should continue practising your best skills as well as improving your weakest skills if you are to achieve a high grade.

16 Preparing for the exams2

What do I need to practise?By now, you have realised that examinations test more than just recall of facts. As a consequence, preparation for your examination cannot be just a case of ‘swotting facts’ for a few weeks before the examinations. Although the A level Biology examination includes tests of factual recall (memory), it tests many more skills than that. These are the skills you need to practise.

The skills tested in each A level Biology examination are called assessment objectives. Table 16.1 summarises these objectives. Notice the heading of the second column in the table. It states ‘the skills that will be tested’; not might, but will.

Table 16.1 The skills (assessment objectives) that will be tested in your A level Biology exams

Assessment objective

Description of the skills that will be tested

AO1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques and procedures.

AO2 Apply knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques and procedures:• in a theoretical context• in a practical context• when handling qualitative data• when handling quantitative data.

AO3 Analyse, interpret and evaluate scientific information, ideas and evidence, including in relation to issues, to:• make judgements and reach conclusions• develop and refine practical design and procedures.

Table 16.2 shows the balance of marks awarded for each of the assessment objectives in the A level Biology examination papers. Notice that the balance of marks is given as a percentage of the overall marks for the examinations. The percentages are not just rough guides – examiners have to ensure the papers have this balance of marks, every year.

Table 16.2 The percentage weighting for each assessment objective in Edexcel’s A level Biology exams

Exam paperRaw marks Percentage weighting of each assessment objective

AO1 AO2 AO3 All

1 90 11–13 12–14 5–7 30

2 90 11–13 12–14 5–7 30

3 120 8–10 16–18 13–15 40

Total for A level 300 31–33 41–43 25–27 100

Suppose you rely on ‘swotting facts’ just before your A level Biology examinations. What is the maximum mark you can expect to gain on this skill alone? Look again at Table 16.1. Recall of facts is part of AO1 – not all of it, just a part (demonstrating knowledge). Now look at Table 16.2. The maximum weighting for the whole of AO1 is 31–33 per cent of the total raw marks. Even if recall (without understanding) earns half those marks, the maximum marks for recall will be about 15–17 per cent of the total raw marks. If you are guessing that would earn you the lowest grade possible (grade U), you are correct. You need to develop all the skills in Table 16.1.

Tip

The weighting of assessment objectives means that relying solely on memorising facts is unlikely to earn you the high grade you hope to gain in your A level Biology exams.

3How can I practise these skills?

Do I really need to practise these skills throughout the year?

Perhaps you are hoping to pass your driving test soon, or can remember how you felt before you passed it. What did you do to prepare for that? The chances are you regularly went over the information you needed for the theory test, just to make sure you still remembered it. You might have asked someone to test you with random questions or even tried the practice test papers on the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency website. You also probably pestered a parent, sibling or friend who had a full driving license to sit in the passenger seat, enabling you to drive the family car. If you are not learning to drive, you have probably practised a different skill recently – a performance piece on a musical instrument, a dance routine, preparing a favourite meal or reaching a new level in your favourite computer game. If so, just as with the example of learning to drive, your behaviour will have shown two key aspects of learning:

● Repetition improves performance.● All the skills that will be tested must be repeated.

You might still be unconvinced. Look at Figure 16.2. It shows the results of an experiment performed in 1885 by a German psychologist called Hermann von Ebbinghaus. In his experiment, Ebbinghaus learnt a list of nonsensical three-letter ‘words’. He then tested how well he recalled them until he could remember none of the words from the list. As you can see from curve A in Figure 16.2, he forgot the list pretty quickly. He then repeated the same experiment but this time he re-learnt his list after 2 weeks and, in a further repeat, he re-learnt his list after 2 weeks and again after 4 weeks. You can see the improvement in his ability to recall the list when he re-learnt it after 2 weeks (curve B) and even more improvement when he re-learnt it after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks (curve C). These results are generally accepted as showing how we all lose the ability to recall unless we keep revising what we have learnt.

How can I practise these skills?Firstly, it is important that you understand what you have been taught each week. If you do not, you will find it difficult not only to recall information but also to be able to apply it. There are probably long periods of time when you are in college or school but not timetabled for classes. Use some of this time to visit the learning centre and go over your notes. If you find something you do not understand, make a note of it and plan to deal with that straight away. You could:

● ask your teacher for help● ask others in your class for help● use the relevant chapter in the book or in Edexcel A level Biology 1● type a question into your favourite search engine. The web is full of animations,

presentations and answers to students’ questions that might be helpful to you. Take care, though, to use trustworthy sources.

In addition, you might choose to set aside a regular time each week to practise your skills. Research shows that an intense but short period is more effective than

Figure 16.2 The ‘Ebbinghaus forgetting curve’ shows how reviewing what we learn aids memory and slows forgetting

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KeyA = curve without review of learnt materialB = curve with review after 2 weeksC = review after 2 and 4 weeks

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16 Preparing for the exams4

a prolonged period of practice. You will know best the period of time you can concentrate for; it is likely to be between 20 and 40 minutes. This is the maximum time you should plan for your practice session.

Look back to Table 16.1. It shows the skills you need to practise. Decide in advance which skills you will practise that week. Remember that the weighting of these skills, shown in Table 16.2, means you cannot afford to leave any skill as a weakness. Be prepared to plan practice sessions for skills that you find tough.

Practice is an active process – you must be doing something. Simply reading your notes is not an active process. So, your final act of preparation is to find material that you will use to practise your chosen skill.

Practising AO1 skillsThese are perhaps the easiest of all skills to practise. Think of how often you are alone and idle, for example, standing in a queue or sitting on a bus. How long would it take you to pick a topic and remind yourself of the key facts, principles or terminology? You could, for example, decide to recall the definitions of key ecological terms, to recall the events in the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis or to explain to yourself the second messenger model of hormone action. It would take minutes. And these minutes are not ‘time you will never get back’ – you weren’t doing anything useful in the first place.

For a more structured practice session, you need test questions. Most of the ‘Test yourself questions’ in this book are simple tests of recall or of recall with understanding. This is also true of some of the ‘Exam practice questions’ in this book. Being able to spot what skill a question is testing is an important part of preparing for your examination. The best way to do this is to look at the command word – the wording that tells you what the examiners want you to do. Table 16.3 shows you the command words used in questions that test AO1 skills (recall and recall with understanding). There is no point in writing an answer that does not do what the command word asks. Writing a description when asked for an explanation, for example, will not gain the marks you need.

Tip

You must not stay in your comfort zone by practising only those skills you find easy.

Key termCommand word The verb or phrase used by examiners to tell you what is required in your answer, e.g. describe, explain, calculate.

Command word Description of what is required

Add/Label Requires the addition of labelling to stimulus material given in the question, for example labelling a diagram or adding units to a table.

Complete Requires the completion of a table/diagram.

Describe (in absence of stimulus material)

To give an account of something. Statements in the response need to be developed as they are often linked but do not need to include a justification or reason.

Draw Produce a diagram either using a ruler or using freehand.

Explain An explanation requires a justification/exemplification of a point. The answer must contain some element of reasoning/justification; this can include mathematical explanations.

Give/state/name All of these command words are really synonyms. They generally all require recall of one or more pieces of information.

Plot Produce a graph by marking points accurately on a grid from data that is provided and then draw a line of best fit through these points. A suitable scale and appropriately labelled axes must be included if these are not provided in the question.

Sketch Produce a freehand drawing. For a graph this would need a line and labelled axes with important features indicated, the axes are not scaled.

State what is meant by When the meaning of a term is expected but there are different ways of how these can be described.

Write When the questions ask for an equation.

Table 16.3 The command words used to test AO1 skills

5How can I practise these skills?

Practising AO2 and AO3 skillsQuestions testing AO2 and AO3 skills contain stimulus material, in other words text, artwork or tabulated data that you are expected to use. Consequently, you need to have questions ready for use during practice sessions for these skills. They are easy to spot because they contain lots of information that you need to use. Usually you will not have seen this information before. Do not worry; neither has anyone else. If examiners wish to test your ability to use information, it is important that they provide stimulus material that none of the candidates taking the examination is likely to be familiar with or be able to recall. You will need to understand the underlying biology, but will not have seen the context before. So, in addition to the skills being tested in the question, you need to develop a further skill during your course, namely the confidence to deal with something new.

Table 16.4 shows the command words by which you can recognise questions testing AO2 and AO3 skills. Notice that, in each case, reference to one or more aspects of the stimulus material is required. If you do not refer to the stimulus material, you cannot show AO2 or AO3 skills and, consequently, will not gain many marks.

Table 16.4 The command words used to test AO2 and AO3 skills

Command word Description of what is required

Assess Give careful consideration to all the factors or events that apply and identify which are the most important or relevant. Make a judgement on the importance of something, and come to a conclusion where needed.

Calculate Obtain a numerical answer, showing relevant working. If the answer has a unit, this must be included.

Comment on Requires the synthesis of a number of variables from data/information to form a judgement.

Compare and contrast Look for the similarities and differences of two (or more) things. Should not require the drawing of a conclusion. Answer must relate to both (or all) things mentioned in the question.

The answer must include at least one similarity and one difference.

Criticise Inspect a set of data, an experimental plan or a scientific statement and consider the elements. Look at the merits and faults of the information presented and support judgements made by giving evidence.

Deduce Draw/reach conclusion(s) from the information provided.

Describe Give an account of something. Statements in the response need to be developed as they are often linked but do not need to include a justification or reason.

Determine The answer must have an element that is quantitative from the stimulus provided, or must show how the answer can be reached quantitatively. To gain maximum marks there must be a quantitative element to the answer.

Devise Plan or invent a procedure from existing principles/ideas.

Discuss • Identify the issue/situation/problem/argument that is being assessed within the question.• Explore all aspects of an issue/situation/problem/argument.• Investigate the issue/situation, etc. by reasoning or argument.

Evaluate Review information then bring it together to form a conclusion, drawing on evidence including strengths, weaknesses, alternative actions, relevant data or information. Come to a supported judgement of a subject’s qualities and relation to its context.

Explain An explanation requires a justification/exemplification of a point. The answer must contain some element of reasoning/justification; this can include mathematical explanations.

Give a reason/reasons

When a statement has been made and the requirement is only to give the reasons why.

Identify Usually requires some key information to be selected from a given stimulus/resource.

Justify Give evidence to support (either the statement given in the question or an earlier answer).

Predict Give an expected result.

Show that Verify the statement given in the question.

Key termStimulus material The written, diagrammatic or tabulated information given in an examination question that you must describe, explain, analyse, interpret or evaluate.

16 Preparing for the exams6

Using the mark allocation Understanding the meaning of command words will increase your chances of answering the question in the way the examiners intended. It is important that you also take a note of, and use intelligently, the mark allocation for each question. Look at the mark schemes for the specimen examination papers, available on the Edexcel website. The marks are not awarded subjectively by examiners. Instead, with the exception of extended prose questions, each mark is awarded for a single term, fact, concept, definition, principle or process. If a question has a tariff of 1 mark, you should offer the one appropriate term, fact, concept, definition, principle or process. If a question offers 4 marks, your answer should include four appropriate components.

You should also bear in mind that mark schemes contain no marks for re-writing the question. For example, when identifying a structure labelled on a drawing, the answer ‘The name of the structure labelled A is a mitochondrion’ wastes time when the mark is awarded for the answer ‘mitochondrion’.

What do I need to know about the examination papers?

There is little point in developing your skills throughout your course unless you know how you will be asked to demonstrate them in an examination paper. This involves knowing:

● what content will be tested in each paper● the types of question that will be used in each paper, and where within that paper.

Let’s deal with these in turn.

The content of each paperEven if you have already taken the AS Biology exams, at the end of your Advanced Level course you will have to sit all three A level examinations, covering the content of the entire specification.

Table 16.5 shows the specification content that is tested in each of the three examination papers at A level, and links the tested content to the relevant chapters in the two books in this series. Because much of its content is fundamental to what you will study in your second year, all three papers will include content from your first year of study. You can, though, gear your final preparation to the content of your second year topics. Paper 1 will test only three of the topics from your second year – Topics 5, 6 and 7. Paper 2 will also test only three topics from your second year – Topics 8, 9 and 10.

Only Paper 3 can include questions from any part of the specification. This means that this paper is the one that is most likely to contain synoptic questions. Synoptic questions will test your ability to bring together knowledge and understanding from different topics, for example when:

● developing an argument or explanation using extended prose● explaining data provided from the experimental work of other scientists● relating practical processes and procedures to the experimental work of others.

Tip

If you find you are using six lines of text to answer a 1-mark question, you are probably wasting valuable examination time. If you are answering a 4-mark question with a few words, you are probably not fully answering the question.

Tip

The final A level examinations will test the content of your first year, as well as your second year, of A level study, so you must practise recall of the content of Topics 1 to 4 of the specification as well as Topics 5 to 10.

Key termSynoptic questions These test your ability to bring together knowledge and understanding from different topics within the specification, often shown by developing an argument or interpreting the work of other scientists.

7What do I need to know about the examination papers?

Table 16.5 The specification content that is tested in each A level exam paper

Exam paper

Exam time/minutes

Total raw marks

Specification topics tested in the examination paper

Relevant chapters in Book 1 and Book 2

1 105 90 Biological molecules Book 1: 1, 2 and 3

Cells, viruses and reproduction of living things

Book 1: 4, 5 and 6

Classification and biodiversity Book 1: 7 and 8

Exchange and transport Book 1: 9, 10, 11 and 12

Energy for biological processes Book 2: 1 and 2

Microbiology and pathogens Book 2: 3, 4 and 5

Modern genetics Book 2: 6 and 7

2 105 90 Biological molecules Book 1: 1, 2 and 3

Cells, viruses and reproduction of living things

Book 1: 4, 5 and 6

Classification and biodiversity Book 1: 7 and 8

Exchange and transport Book 1: 9, 10, 11 and 12

Origins of genetic variation Book 2: 8 and 9

Control systems Book 2: 10, 11 and 12

Ecosystems Book 2: 13 and 14

3 150 120 All of 1 to 10 All of Books 1 and 2

Practical principles in Biology All of Books 1 and 2

Types of examination questionAs Table 16.5 shows, Papers 1 and 2 each last for 105 minutes and carry 90 marks; Paper 3 lasts for 150 minutes and carries 120 marks. You could regard that as 1 mark per minute plus some ‘reading and thinking time’. It does not leave you with time to spare or time to waste.

You might wonder why Paper 3 seems to allow you 30 minutes of ‘reading and thinking time’ while Papers 1 and 2 allow only 15 minutes. To explain this, we have to look at the type of questions that will occur in the three papers. All three papers will include the following types of question:

● multiple choice, in which you choose the correct response from four alternatives; these usually form the first one or two parts of a structured, short-answer question

● short open● open-response● calculation, targeting mathematics at Level 2 or above● extended writing, carrying up to 6 marks.

16 Preparing for the exams8

In addition, Paper 3 will include synoptic questions and questions that test your conceptual and theoretical understanding of experimental methods. These questions will require some thought and planning. To answer these questions you must:

● carefully read the information given in the question, identifying which information you must use in your answer

● ensure you understand what is required by the question ● select any information from across the entire specification that is relevant to the

question● organise this information into a logical sequence● write your answer.

All of this takes time: hence the additional ‘reading and thinking time’ in Paper 3.

Preparing your examination strategyExamination papers are usually designed with the following features:

● The early questions are more accessible than the later questions.● Within each structured question, the earlier parts are usually more accessible than

the later parts of the same question.

You will also remember from your previous experience that examinations are stressful.

Let’s put these two ideas together.

● It is highly unlikely that you will obtain full marks in an examination; few students ever do. What you do need to do, though, is ensure that you gain all the marks that you are capable of gaining.

● Early in the examination, you need to reduce your anxiety levels. The best way to do this is by doing something that plays to your strengths, thus reassuring yourself that you have gained marks.

Rather than leaving it for the day on which the examination paper lands on your desk, the best way to achieve these two objectives is to plan how you will answer the examination paper well in advance. This plan is your examination strategy. So, how do you make this plan?

Firstly, remember that the order of questions in the examination paper is not designed with you in mind. You do not need to answer them in numerical order. Secondly, ask yourself what your favourite topics are on each paper. Thirdly, ask yourself in which of your skills you have the most confidence. Finally, look through the specimen question papers and, if available, past examination papers. Is there a particular place where types of question occur? For example, if you love extended prose questions that allow you to show your AO1 skills, and gain 6 marks in the process, is there a place in the examination paper where such a question always crops up? Once you have the answers to those questions, you can start your strategy. Remember that, since it plays to your strengths, your strategy will be unique to you; don’t be put off if someone else has a different approach.

Table 16.6 outlines some of the general features that your examination strategy might contain.

Tip

The way you use time during an examination is crucial. Regard the examination papers as allowing some reading and thinking time and a work rate of 1 mark per minute. During an examination, ask yourself, ‘In the last minute, did I gain 1 mark or did I waste time?’

9Sources you might find useful

Table 16.6 A possible examination strategy

I plan to … Reason(s)

• spend 5 minutes skimming through the examination paper

• I need to ensure that I have seen every question, so that I don’t miss any that I can answer.

• I need to find those that are easy for me to ensure I gain marks by answering them and don’t waste valuable time by getting stuck on a harder question.

• I need to plan the order in which I answer the questions to ensure that, early on, I get all the marks that are ‘easy’ for me.

• pick one or two questions that play to my strengths and answer those first

• I will gain valuable marks early in the examination.• Knowing I have been successful will give me confidence

and reduce my stress levels. This will help me to feel in control.

• answer the other questions by picking those parts I find straightforward and, when a question is not easy, move quickly to the next question or part of a structured question

• I am now ‘harvesting’ marks, ensuring I gain all the ones that are easy to get and avoiding wasting time on those I find harder. I can come back to those once I have gained my ‘easy marks’.

• go back through the paper, filling in the gaps I have left, again without wasting too much time on any part of a question

• Having built up my confidence by gaining many marks, I am now ready to tackle the parts of questions I found less accessible on the first run-through.

• make an intelligent ‘guess’ rather than leave a gap

• There is no point in leaving gaps in the paper since I know that a gap gains no marks.

• go back through the paper to check my answers and correct any errors

• Under the pressure of an examination, it is easy to make a silly mistake – an exam howler. I will just check that I haven’t made any and correct any that I find.

Sources you might find usefulIn addition to the materials you gain in class and this textbook, there are many other helpful sources that are readily available. They include:

● the examination board’s website for the specification and specimen examination papers:

http://qualifications.pearson.com/content/demo/en/qualifications/edexcel-a-levels/biology-b-2015.html

● the intranet in your college or school● your favourite search engine – key in your question, topic

area, or ‘biology animations’. Do take care, though, to use sources that are academically reliable

● Edexcel A level Biology Teaching and Learning Resources ● Biological Sciences Review for articles of interest, including

structured examination-style questions about some of them: http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/magazines/

Print-Magazines● your classmates. Figure 16.3 Whilst the examination is a solo effort,

solving problems or revising in a group can be rewarding