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Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 1
Name: ______ANSWER KEY______ Date: ______________
Directions: Please read and follow directions on each page carefully so as not to skip any sections of the
review packet. Be sure to use your classwork and textbook to include as much information as possible.
Identify the Aspects of PERSIAN Identify the Five Themes of AP World History
P olitical
E conomic
R eligious
S ocial
I interactions
A rts and technology
N ature
1 Interaction between humans and the environment
2 Development and interaction of cultures (CULTURAL DIFFUSION)
3 State-building, expansion, and conflict
4 Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
5 Development and Interaction of social structures
Label the following on the map below:
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Asia Black Sea
Huang He/Yellow River Africa Indian Ocean
Red Sea Europe Jerusalem (A)
Indus River Atlantic Ocean Constantinople (B)
Nile River Pacific Ocean Baghdad (C)
Gobi Desert Mediterranean Sea Ganges River
Himalayan Mountains Sahara Desert Rhine River
ASIA ATLANTIC
OCEAN
AFRICA
EUROPE
PACIFIC
OCEAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
A
C
B
A TIMELINE OF COMPLEX, CLASSICAL, AND POST-CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
Timeline notes:
Sumer and Babylon were Mesopotamian City-States that evolved into empires
The Shang Dynasty ruled for much of the Yellow River Valley civilization’s existence
Please Add the following eras to the timeline above:
The Zhou Dynasty and Warring States Period in China
Aryan Migrations
Bantu Migrations
Sudanic States (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai)
Aryan
Migrations
Zhou Dynasty, then
Warring States Period
Bantu Migrations Sudanic
States
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 3
Complex Civilizations Map
On the map below, draw and identify any geographic or environmental factors that affected the
development of river valley civilizations. These factors may include mountains, deserts, floods, and monsoons.
Classical Civilizations Map
Post-Classical Civilizations Map:
Please label the
trade routes shown
on the Post-Classical
Civilizations map, in
Africa, Asia, and the
Indian Ocean. For
each, identify which
civilizations partici-
pate in that trade.
Note: Post-Classical
civilization in China,
Japan, and India and
imperial groups (the
Vikings and the
Mongols) though
pictured on the map,
will not be on the
midterm.
Terms to know
Sedentary: staying in one place
Pastoral: reliant on domesticated grazing animals
Subsistence: agriculture meant to sustain oneself on a minimum level
Ethnocentrism: believing that one’s own culture or ethnicity is superior
Golden Age: a period of political and economic prosperity and advancement
Bureaucracy: Most important responsibilities are carried out by non-elected officials
Urban: city-like
Civic/Civil: relating to the duties or activities of people in relation to their cities/local areas
Define Neolithic Revolution: the point in history at which agriculture first began, allowing for sedentary societies
to develop.
Paleolithic Neolithic
P
The Political aspects of this time period were rather
simple and tended to be focused around clans and
elders of the clans making decisions due to
experience
The settlement of the people led to the more
developed government, but still organized around
elders
E
Almost no trading took place during the time period;
some groups may have traded items that they saw
what other groups; had. If it did exist it was a BARTER
system. Women (gathered) and Men (hunted) had
more equal status than Neolithic and beyond
With the development of agriculture, internal trade
was common amongst each village, because of job
specialization and some trade occurred between
villages; mostly BARTER; development of traditional
economy. People were existing at a SUBSTANCE
level
R
Both time periods shared a similar set of beliefs, never having a named religion. It was Polytheistic, and was
centered on Gods and Goddesses to explain the unexplainable. There was an afterlife, and was created to
explain death. Dead were buried with their personal belongings to be used in the afterlife. The Neolithic
age would see the development of dedicated places to bury their dead in the village. Priests held high
power
S
Small Hunting/Gathering groups. Slow Population
growth. During the Middle Stone age, Growth was
faster, and warfare took place. Since they were
nomadic, they traveled in small groups; gender rolls
but equally important. EGALITARIAN.
There was more interaction, larger population (due
to more consistent food and sedentary societies)
and wealth was also common among sedentary
societies; women’s roles began to become confined
to the household and SUBORDINATION begins
A
Crude shaping of stone, animal bones & wood
implements for tools and weapons, use of fire. Cave
Paintings showing the hunt also evident
Art also took on another dimension; beads and
pottery.
N
There were shifts in the Earth’s climate which at time
included ice ages. Early people began to migrate in
search of food (followed wild herds); nomads hunted
and gathered food
Farming began in 10,000BCE with the discovery that seeds
dropped grew plants (women gathers discovered this) 1st
place was the Middle East; animals were domesticated
(goats, pig, horses and cattle around 8000BCE, a potters
wheel created 6000BCE. Irrigation was also
created. Copper and bronze metal was used material.
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 5
Review Topic #1
Introduction to Global History – River Valley Civilizations
PALEOLITHIC AGE
1. A.K.A: “Old Stone Age”
2. Hunter-Gather way of life
3. Nomadic: move from place to place in search of
food (followed herds of animals).
4. NO permanent settlements
5. Small population
6. Had children 5 -7 years apart because they were
always on the move
NEOLITHIC AGE 1. A.K.A: “New Stone Age” & “Agricultural Revolution”
2. Domestication: (tame; use for benefit) of plants & animals
3. Began permanent settlements
4. Increase population
5. Increase food (surplus)
6. Job specification (social classes
emerge)
7. No longer have to hunt for food
8. Towns & Cities emerge
9. New Technology (help farm/tools)
_____________________________________________________ Ancient River Valley Civilizations
1. Where did river valley civilizations emerge?
Along rivers in China, the Middle East, Egypt, India …
2. Why did early civilizations develop along rivers?
1. Fertile Soil (silt)
2. Easy way to farm
3. Water Source (irrigation of crops, transportation …)
4. Trade / Travel
3. What does “Mesopotamia” mean?
“Land between two rivers” – the two rivers are the
Tigris River and the Euphrates River.
Social Organizations
Customs & Traditions
Language & Communication
Economic Systems: Market, Traditional,
Command
Forms of Gov’t: Democracy, Oligarchy,
Democracy, Dictatorship
Art, Architecture, & Literature
Cities
Religion
Why is the Neolithic Revolution considered a
turning point in history?
The Neolithic Revolution marked the change from the hunter-gather
lifestyle to a settled (permanent) lifestyle centered around the
domestication of plants and animals. Some impacts of this change
include an increased population, food surplus, permanent settlements,
job specifications and new technology.
ANCIENT BABYLONIA
NILE RIVER VALLEY
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
HUANGE HE & YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY
A.K.A: Mesopotamia – Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) Polytheistic: belief in many Gods Ziggurats: temples for different Gods Important Civilization = Sumer Cuneiform = writing system
A.K.A: Mesopotamia – Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) King Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi
o First written code of laws for all to see o “Eye for an Eye” o Discriminates based on social classes
Located in Egypt Longest river in the world – 4,184 miles River flows north Polytheistic: Belief in more than one God Pyramids Pharaoh (viewed as Gods) Papyrus = paper Hieroglyphics = writing system
Predictable Flooding
Present day Pakistan (India) North = Himalayan mountains Monsoons = stong seasonal winds Polytheistic – Belief in more than one God Worship Cows Great Baths: believed to “clean” away sins Two Major cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-daro (although far apart were very similar)
o Evidence of strong central government (city planning; grid pattern; plumbing system…) system)
China Yellow River a.k.a “River of Sorrows” because of unpredictable flooding; destroyed crops Polytheistic: Belief in more than one God Ying/Yang = balance in society Ancestor Worship / Orical Bones (used to predict future) Emperor Dynastic Cycle / Mandate of Heaven : God given right to rule Achievements: Gunpowder; porcelain …
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 7
Define Complex Civilization: A settlement in which people have developed an agricultural system by utilizing
natural resources to develop new technology to form an organized society.
In the table below, include all relevant information for each river valley in the space provided, in addition to
defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.
Mesopotamia Indus Egypt Shang China
P
Hammurabi’s Code: Harsh Code of
Laws developed in Babylon,
Mesopotamia to maintain order and
please the Gods. The people’s fear
of their Gods and their leaders
encouraged them to follow these
law codes. The laws were based on
the principle lex talionis, or the law of
retaliation, allowing for laws such as
“an eye for an eye”
City-States: Cities with their own
governments that run themselves,
separate from a central govt.
Priest-King: A King
with religious
authority. Each city-
state in the Indus River
Valley was believed
to have a different
priest-king. Absence
of lavish palaces
suggest a modest
lifestyle.
Pharaoh: A king believed
to be a god on Earth,
rendering Egypt a
theocracy. Pharaohs also
had officials or advisors.
Pharaohs were thought to
ensure bountiful harvests.
The afterlife of pharaohs
was ensured by the
building of pyramids, or
tombs that encased
everything a pharaoh
would need in the afterlife.
Mandate of Heaven: The
Shang were the first
dynasty of Ancient China,
so though the Mandate of
Heaven was first concei-
ved by the Zhou Dynasty
when they claimed that
the Shang had lost it,
creating the dynastic
cycle, it was believed that
leaders were approved
by the gods and guided
by their ancestors.
E
Agriculture-based
Evidence of manufactured
goods
Taxes collected
Evidence of
manufactured
goods
Agriculture-based
Agriculture-based
Nile River basin was the
only place in Northern
Africa with fertile land:
Agriculture-based
Isolated from other
civilizations; no
evidence of trade
R
Role of Environment: Because the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded
unpredictably, Mesopotamians
feared their Gods and believed that
they were constantly angry.
Epic of Gilgamesh: Features the
“Story of the Flood,” which asserted
that the Gods sent a flood to
exterminate mankind as punishment
Not much is known
due to environmental
degradation. It is
believed that priests
also had political
authority.
Role of Environment: The
Nile flooded very regularly,
which led Egyptians to love
and respect their gods and
pharaoh.
Oracle Bones: Oracle
bones were written on
then cracked by fire as a
means of communicating
with ancestors. Leaders,
especially would seek to
communicate with their
ancestors for guidance.
Ancestor worship was
more prevalent than the
worship of gods.
S
Inequality in
Society
Ruling family and nobility
Artisans, merchants, scribes
Farmers and peasants
Slaves
Aryans would
introduce rigid caste
system
Brahmin
Kshatriya
Vaishya
Shudras
Untouchables
Women had
more rights
Pharaoh
Artisans, merchants
Farmers
Slaves
Inequality for Women
Ancestors
Ruler
Nobles
Warriors
Artisans, merchants, scribe
Farmers and slaves
I
Trade: Evidence of trade with the
Indus River Valley
Trade: Evidence of
Trade with
Mesopotamia
Trade with small
surrounding civilizations
such as Nubia evident
Isolation: Geography
prevented trade, but
encouraged conflict with
pastoral nomads
A
Ziggurats: Pyramid-like structures
built as a place to worship and
make sacrifices to the gods
Technology: Dikes, plows, irrigation
techniques, cuneiform writing
Most artwork was created for
political or religious purposes
Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa: grid-
pattern cities with
evidence of
plumbing: the most
advanced cities of
the time.
Technology: Irrigation
techniques (man-made
canals), advanced
technology and skill in
mathematics, astronomy,
and engineering evident in
construction of pyramids
Technology: Irrigation, use
of horse in agriculture and
for transportation, Chinese
symbols resembling the
modern language are
developed, calligraphy as
a style of writing
N
Geography: The Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers flooded unpredict-
ably, leading the people to fear
angering their gods, whom they
believed controlled the flooding. At
the “crossroads of civilization” in the
fertile crescent, it was in a prime
location for trade and agriculture.
Geography: Indus
eventually fell due to
environmental
degradation
Monsoons: seasonal
rain storms which
fertilized soil, but
could also be deadly
Geography: Egypt was
the gift of the Nile, on the
only fertile soil in the vast
Sahara Desert. The dry
climate led to predictable
flooding and for homes
made from stone, rather
than mud as in Meso.
Geography: The
Himalayan Mountains and
the Gobi Desert isolated
China from the rest of the
world, causing the
civilization to develop a
very unique culture with
no cultural diffusion.
Ancient Chinese Philosophies: These Chinese philosophies were created by philosophers who had ideas on
how individuals should behave and how government should run. Some of these philosophies were utilized later
in history by rulers during different Chinese dynasties. Examples: Confucianism was utilized during the Han
Dynasty and Legalism was utilized under the Qin Dynasty.
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 9
Define Classical Civilization: Imperial, bureaucratically unified empires the use codified
laws and belief systems to maintain a standardized and controlled society.
Empire Builders in China
Explain the reason for the decline of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256BCE):
Having been divided into feudal states, Chinese people were loyal to land-owning
nobles who controlled each state, rather than to the Zhou Dynasty. Power was not
centralized and therefore was weak.
Shi Huangdi Leads the Qin Dynasty (221-206BCE)
Unification Under Legalism Standardization Terracotta Army and the
Great Wall Government and Law
The Qin, following legalism,
ended the Warring States
period and established the
first unified empire in China.
Shi Huangdi used a strict law
code to ensure order in
society. Books were burned
to prevent the spread of
other ideologies that could
threaten the power of the
leader, and Confucian
scholars were killed.
Shi Huangdi standardized (or
made the same) roads,
weights, measures, laws,
language, currency, and
much more throughout the
empire to ensure unity in the
newly unified China.
Shi Huangdi ordered the
Terracotta Army to be built
at his burial site to protect
him in his afterlife. All
subjects working on the
project were buried alive to
keep the tomb a secret. The
Great Wall was built to keep
out nomadic invaders from
the north and as a symbol of
power
Shi Huangdi did a have a
bureaucracy to better unify
China and used strict legalist
law codes to control the
population. These laws
included the burning of
books outside of those used
for medicine and agriculture
by specially certified
individuals.
Empire Builders in India
Describe the Significance of the Aryans’ Migration to India around 1500BCE:
The Aryans brought their language and customs, including many beliefs that served as the foundation for
Hinduism, including the caste system.
The Mauryan Empire (322-185BCE):
Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka
Milita
ry
Fierce military leader- established and
greatly expanded the Mauryan
Empire, shortly after Alexander the
Great’s death. Used the strategy
Mandla to expand.
Was a fierce militant until the Battle of Kalinga, when he
realized the impact of his expansion on his people. Converted
to Buddhism and ended his imperial campaign. Maintained
order, but became much more benevolent.
Re
lig
ion
Hindu
Later practiced Jainism after he had
stepped down from the thrown.
Religious Tolerance: Enforced Buddhist Laws, but allowed his subjects
and conquered peoples to practice whichever religion they chose.
Encouraged subjects to follow their dharma, which in Buddhism was
related to the 8-Fold Path and the Four Noble Truths
Law
&
Ord
er
Enforced harsh laws in conquered
territories, but allowed conquered
peoples to keep their customs
Rock and Pillar Edicts: Ashoka wrote his law codes on Rocks and
Pillars throughout the empire to be known to all Mauryans. The laws
were influenced by Buddhist values
Though Ashoka limited his military campaigns- he was still able to
maintain order within his empire.
Warring States Period sparks the development of Chinese philosophies:
During the Warring states period, leaders from each feudal state began to form alliances and
compete for power over all of China. To prove that they had the Mandate of Heaven, however,
these leaders needed to prove that they had the best way to rule. Each philosophy was
developed as a different approach to building a stable government and society.
Empire Builders in the Mediterranean: In the table below, include all relevant information for each river valley in
the space provided, in addition to defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.
Assyria (2500-
600BCE) Phoenicia (1200-
539BCE) Persia(600-330BCE) Greece (600-146BCE)
P
Military
Expansion:
Assyrian were
brutal
conquerors
that allowed
conquered
peoples little
to no
freedoms
Empire
expanded
with the
expansion of
trading
networks
Describe the Persian Bureaucracy:
Advisors to the king, called satraps were
stationed in many administrative regions,
or satrapies throughout the empire.
There’s satraps would report back to the
king, collect taxes, and enforce laws
designed with the population and
cultures of each satrapy in mind.
Royal Road: Used to ensure
communication between the emperor
and his advisors
Describe differences in City-States:
Athens had a democracy and focused
on developing the arts, philosophy, and
architecture. Sparta had a military
oligarchy and placed much emphasis
on training and supporting the military.
Periclean Democracy: Direct
democracy, where the citizens
themselves would gather to write and
vote on laws
E
Were more
interested in
“taking” than
“trading” =
weak
economy
Maritime
Commercial
Economy:
expanded
and controlled
trade networks
through the
Mediterranean
Royal Road: Build to ease trade and
communication throughout a vast
empire
Economy was still agriculture-based
The government collected taxes from
conquered people
Athens depended primarily on the trade
of grapes, olives, and their oils and
wines. Agricultural territory was limited,
so more diverse jobs were created to
stabilize the economy and encourage
the trade of manufactured goods, in
addition to crops.
R
It was believed
that leaders
were chosen
by the gods to
rule and
conquer
polytheism Zoroastrianism: Constant struggle
between good and evil; concept of
heaven and hell; emphasis on goodness
informed Cyrus and Darius’ leadership
and encouraged tolerance
Religious Tolerance: Darius and Cyrus
allowed conquered peoples to keep
their own religion, so long as they paid
taxes
Greek Gods and Goddesses were
generally the same throughout all of
Greece. Many controlled natural
phenomena. Each city was centered
around the acropolis, or highest point at
which a monument or center for worship
would be built for their gods. All gods
and goddesses existed in perfect human
form, reflected in Greek artwork
S
Conquered
peoples and
prisoners of
war were
treated poorly-
slavery was
widespread
Merchants
gained status
Conquered peoples were treated fairly,
though slavery was widespread.
Population was extremely diverse,
racially and culturally.
Land= wealth= power
Women had more rights in Sparta
because they would fill the men’s
positions once they went off to war. In
Athens, only land-owning men born to
Athenian parents could participate in
government, creating social inequality.
Slavery was widespread throughout.
I
Forceful
expansion
throughout the
fertile crescent
Trade: came in
contention
with Greece
and Persia for
control of ports
Persian Wars: Fought with Greece when
Greek city states under Persian control
revolted. They were competing for
valuable ports between the Black and
Mediterranean Seas – Greece won
Peloponnesian Wars: Greece was left in
ruins after the Persian Wars, so the Delian
League, led by Athens, fought the
Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta,
for control over the rehabilitation.
Greece fell as a result.
A
All artwork
depicted
gods, leaders,
and war
Boats: made
boats from
cedar for
efficient sea
travel
Most artwork depicted leaders or
religious figures
Architecture: Columns, such as those on
the Parthenon later influence Roman
architecture. Philosophers continued to
influence Roman democracy.
Advancements in math, science, and
medicine.
N
Geography:
Fertile
crescent
allowed for an
agriculture-
based
economy
Geography:
Mediterranean
Sea offered
natural ports
for trade and
centralized
empire
Geography: At the crossroads of
civilization, creating a very diverse
population. Fertile soil and lack of
natural barriers eased expansion
Geography: Mountainous Topography
led to the development of separate,
distinct city-states. Location on the
Mediterranean Sea eased trade, but led
to many conflicts to develop for control
of ports throughout the region.
Describe the impact of the Hellenic Empire (336-323BCE):
Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian Cultures came together
And the Hellenic (Greek-like culture) was born
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 11
GOLDEN AGES In the table below, include all relevant information for each Golden Age in the space
provided, in addition to defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.
Pax Sinica, or “Chinese Peace:”
Han Dynasty (206BCE-280CE)
Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace:”
Roman Empire (27-476CE)
Golden Age of India: Gupta
Empire (400-600CE)
Influ
en
tia
l B
elie
f Sy
ste
ms
Bureaucracy: Han Wudi built a
government with over 130,000
employees, all of whom proved to be
qualified by taking a civil service
exams. While this did allow for equality
of opportunity, only the rich could
afford education and exams.
Role of Merchants: Merchants were
seen as lowly for exploiting the work of
others.
Confucianism also encouraged
benevolence in leadership, where the
government served the people.
Greco-Roman Philosophy:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
encouraged questioning and reason to
learn more about the mind and soul,
government, and natural world,
respectively.
Christianity: Christians were initially
persecuted as threats to Roman rule.
Nero began a tradition of persecutions
of Christians in Rome, which only
increased its spread. Constantine
eventually made Christianity the official
religion of the empire.
Hinduism: Caste systems
ensured order and productivity
in society. Some conflicts
developed between religious
and political leaders, as the
caste system held Brahmin in
higher status than politicians
Buddhism: Buddhism
influenced Hinduism by
introducing practices of
meditation, began to spread
to China and East Asia on the
Silk Road
Pro
spe
rity
an
d S
tab
ility
Taxes supported the bureaucratic
government and military
Confucian schools ensured education
for all who could afford it
Government controlled major industries
to increase profits
Impact of Silk Road:
Silk Road generated wealth for the Han
dynasty, as silk could not be made
anywhere else and was highly valued
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
Mediterranean Sea centralized empire
Early emperors saw vast expansion to
new trading ports
Bureaucracy
Impact of Silk Road:
Many Romans were more interested in
Chinese goods like silk than Roman-
made goods, upsetting the artisan
class and causing economic decline
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
Hinduism ensured order and
stability in society
Bureaucracy
Impact of Silk Road:
Advancements in math and
science spread to the Middle
East, where Muslims would soon
spread them throughout the
world – CULTURAL DIFFUSION
Cu
ltu
ral C
on
trib
utio
ns
(Art
s, L
ite
ratu
re, e
tc.)
Through Confucianism mandated that
men were superior to women, many
women took on positions of power,
becoming writers, medical
practitioners, and shop managers.
Chinese literature began to focus on
the human experience, love, and WAR.
Continued Greek studies of philosophy,
science, and anatomy
Drama and entertainment: Bread and
Circuses, gladiator fights in the
Colosseum
War became a large theme in artwork
LAW:
Roman Laws of the 12 Tables influence
western law codes, republican
government influences modern law.
Ma
th,
Sc
ien
ce
,
& T
ec
hn
olo
gy
Paper, Harnesses, plow, wheelbarrow,
watermill, compass, silk, etc. Engineering:
Arches, domes, improved roads,
colosseum, Aqueducts!!!
De
clin
e
Xiongnu: Enemy nomadic tribes to the
north in search of riches and land for
pasture put pressure on Han leaders,
who bribed them off rather than
building the military.
Peasant Revolts: An increasing wealth
gap between the rich and the poor
angered many peasants. As the Land
owning class shrunk, the wealth gap
increased, coupled with famine and
raising taxes, this led peasants to revolt
and caused the Han to lose the
Mandate of Heaven.
Increasing wealth gap between the
rich and poor due to a shrinking land-
owning class
Disease and corruption in government
Huns and Germanic Invasions: Huns
(from Asia) pushed many Germanic
and Gothic “barbarians” into Roman
territory, where they were enslaved
and trained to fight in the army.
Eventually, the “barbarians” revolted,
and Rome was defeated.
Rome’s Division in 284CE: Diocletian
split empire that was too big to rule into
the Byzantine in the East and Rome in
the West, Rome fell only 200 years later.
White Huns: With few internal
problems, the Gupta fell
primarily because their
peaceful ways made it difficult
to defend the empire. The
same Huns that invaded Rome
invaded and destroyed the
Gupta.
Islam Spreads to Africa:
Sudanic States Swahili Coast
Mansa Musa’s Hajj
brings Islam to West
Africa and intensified
trans-Saharan Trade
Define Post-Classical Civilization:
The Legacy of Rome is Preserved!
Byzantine Empire Kiev
P
Justinian’s Code: Justinian appointed lawmakers to adapt the 12 Tables of Rome to
a more diverse population. Though lawmakers preserved the concept of innocent
until proven guilty and protected the people’s right to a fair trial, they expanded
rights for the lower class, and developed a law system that was enforced fairly
Bureaucracy was expanded when Justinian conquered former Roman territory
Monarchy
E
Highly dependent on the merchants attracted to Constantinople: though economy
was still agriculture based, manufacturing became a large part of the economy,
attracting merchant from China, India, and the Islamic world
Agriculture-based. Land=wealth
R
The Schism of 1054: Differences in practices, disagreements of the use of icons, the
holy trinity, and other important beliefs, as well as a power struggle between the
Byzantine Patriarch in Constantinople and the Pope in Rome, caused Christianity to
split into the Catholic Church in the west (Rome) and the Orthodox Church in the
east (Constantinople) to split. This disunity eventually contributed to decline.
Orthodox Christianity: Vladimir was
baptized after sending advisors to
the Byzantine Empire to study
religious centers. Russia became
Eastern Orthodox
S
Theodora’s Impact on gender roles: Theodora’s status as the wife of the Emperor
and her role in public and private affairs alongside Justinian elevated the status of
women in the Byzantine empire. Thought there was more equality, slavery was still
widespread and there was a large wealth gap between land-owning elite and poor
Slavs: Natives to the Forests north of
the black sea: originally believed to
be barbarians by Romans and
Byzantines
A
Hagia Sophia: Justinian built the Hagia Sophia to beautify Constantinople. The
Hagia Sophia used the domes and arches developed in Rome. Christian artwork
became more widespread and Roman innovation such as aqueducts were
improved.
Cyrillic Alphabet: Russian language
was adapted to ensure
understanding of the Bible after
conversion to Orthodox Christianity
I
&
N
Location’s Impact on Trade: Located between the Black Sea and Mediterranean
Sea, Constantinople was in a prime location for trans-regional trade and attracted
many merchants from all over the world
Traded across the Black Sea with the
Byzantine Empire- Networks began
to expand into Northern Europe
Describe how the fall of the Byzantine Empire was similar to the fall of the Roman Empire:
Political corruption, disease, invasions, disunity, decreased trade
Islam Spreads! Describe each of the following developments in the spread of Islam in the Post-Classical Era:
Post-Classical Islamic Empires
1) Muhammad gains a following in Mecca and Medina:
Despite pressure from the ruling elites in Mecca, many
people begin to follow Muhammad’s teachings of on
god and equality. Elites in Mecca feel threatened by the
prospect of the Gods on whom their economy depends
being undermined.
2) Islamic Caliphates in the Middle
East and Mediterranean Region:
The Ummayad Caliphate was
established by Sunni Muslims after
Muhammad’s death. The
Ummayads quickly spanned over
three continents, and the later
Abbasids dominated
transregional trade, centralized in
Baghdad.
Islam Spreads to India:
Will be covered in a later unit: not on the
midterm.
Muslim Merchants target
regions first settled by the
Bantu on the East African
coast. Arab and Bantu
languages developed into
Swahili
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 13
In the table below, include all relevant information for each Empire in the space provided, in addition to
defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.
Umayyad Abbasid Sudanic States (Ghana, Mail, Songhai)
P
While the Umayyads will win
political victory militarily (by the
sword) they will not generally force
their conquered people to convert
on pain of death. The Umayyad
capital will be Damascus and they
will govern as ARAB ELITE Muslims
looking down upon non-Arab
converts. Their inspiration for all law
will be the Koran. These laws will be
known as Sharia Law.
The Abbasids set up a bureaucracy
of absolute authority under Sharia
law. This absolute authority is
symbolized by the ever present
Royal Executioner at the side of
each caliph.
Capital City: the capital was
moved to Baghdad, which was at
a better location for access to the
Silk Road, Trans-Saharan trade, and
the Indian Ocean trade routes.
Power shared among village people
(decisions by consensus and councils)
Powerful trading empires of west
developed – Ghana, Mali, & Songhai
(West African Kingdoms)
E
Jews, Christians, and later
Zoroastrians and Hindus will pay a
higher tax, making their status as
non-Muslims very profitable. Trade
will be controlled by Muslims under
standardized Sharia law making it
flourish as never before. The central
location of the Umayyad caliphate
will link trading networks from
around the old world.
Trade exploded with a continuing
growth of a new Muslim merchant
(middle) class. Urbanization increa-
sed through trade and growing
cities created large handy-craft
industries (leather, rug, cloth,
making). Farmland was soon con-
trolled by a noble landed class and
most peasants were farmers. This
would cause problems later.
Africa’s biggest contribution to global
trade has been raw materials and slaves
Early trading networks (gold, salt, iron,
copper, & minerals) such as Indian Ocean
trade network (dominated by Muslim
merchants) & the Asian sea trade (e.g.
China would manufacture goods & SEA
spice islands would provide the raw
materials) thrived peacefully
R
Role of Islam in society: Sharia law
was developed under the
Umayyad Dynasty
People of the Book were equal
before the law, while those do not
believe in God were not. Non-
Muslims paid higher taxes
Role of Islam in Society: conversion
to Islam increased, in many cases
to escape slavery or avoid higher
tax rates. Islam, by 800, had spread
as far as India, Spain, Oceana, and
the east African Coast
Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage: brought Islam
and trans-regional trade to Mali
Different forms of animism (worshipped
forces of nature w/ rituals) existed before
Islamization of North Africa in 600s as
Umayyad conquest, Islamic merchants
brought Islam to East African city-states &
West African Empires
S
Role of Women: Women can
inherit property, choose whom to
marry, testify in court, and much
more. This higher status dates back
to both the teachings of
Muhammad and the nomadic
Bedouin Arab traditions.
Role of Women: Due to
urbanization, women lost status as
the Islamic culture copied the
traditional gender restrictions in
their locally conquered areas. Poor
women were the only ones allowed
to go to the city or market unac-
companied by a male relative.
Bantu migrations = basic similarities in
language/culture/farming
techniques/tools in Sub-Saharan east,
south and southeast; share cognates
Non-Muslims had lower status in Mali and
Songhai
I
Improved ports and caravan routes
allowed for improved trans-regional
trade. Mosques were built in many
urban centers throughout the
empire, providing centers for
worship and community, allowing
Islam to spread to Cordoba,
Samarkand, and Delhi
TRulers became very cosmopolitan,
or familiar and accepting of
diverse cultures. The works of
Greek, Persian, and Indian scholars
were translated to Arabic and
circulated. Architectural, artistic
and literary works such as Arabian
Nights (set in 776-809) possible.
Trans-Saharan Trade: West African empires
traded gold (Wangara) from savanna for
salt from (Taghaza)Sahara
Trans-Sharan Trade was first to connect
African Kingdoms to the Islamic World.
A
Education expanded
Dome of the Rock built in
Jerusalem
Advancements in Medicine,
Algebra, and Science
Mosaics
Baghdad House of Wisdom
Pioneered Trade in the Indian
Ocean
Timbuktu developed & manuscripts
were translated in its universities
Mosques built along Mansa Musa’s
pilgrimage route
Documents used in law, religion, &
history written in Arabic
N
Geography: Centrally located
where pre-existing trade routes
intersected, allowed Islam to
spread quickly through urban
centers along those routes. Con-
flict developed in Jerusalem when
the Dome of the Rock was built.
Geography: Moved the capital to
Baghdad, between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers at the crossroads
of civilization.
Varied geography (coastal, savanna,
desert, rainforest acting as a mirror like
image moving out from the equator) =
diverse cultures. Easy access to Trans-
Sharan Trade routes, developed new
technologies for trade
BELIEF SYSTEMS Directions: For each of the following belief systems, you must outline the founder (if there is one), major beliefs, areas in which it was (is) practiced, and the impact on the followers.
DAOISM SHINTOISM ANIMISM
CONFUCIANISM LEGALISM
a.k.a Taoism Ancient China Creator = Laozi Dao / Tao = “The Way” Go with the flow / yield Significant Writings: Tao-Te-
Ching Belief in Ying/Yang Focus on all things natural Gov’t is unnatural – the best gov’t
is the one that governs the least! Remember: the WATER
Evolved from a mixture of tribal religions with similar beliefs.
Japan ONLY Fear and Respect Nature
and its power Place of worship: Shinto
shrines- usually located near sites of impressive beauty.
Emperor considered divine. Belief in Kami : Spirits Ancestor worship
No single founder Belief that every living and
non-living thing in nature has a spirit.
Most traditional cultures that practice use oral traditions.
Ancestor worship as a means of communication and showing respect for ancestors.
African Societies
Creator – Confucius Ancient China Impacted the Han Dynasty Civil Service Exams Government Jobs Book: The Analects (created by his students
after his death) Five Relationships:
o Superior Inferior o Believed individuals should
know and accept their place in society.
o Order in society Filial Piety: Respect for elders! Stressed Education Believed leader should rule by example!
Creator – Hanzfezi Ancient China Believed individuals were born “wicked.” Belief that strict laws and harsh
punishments were needed to maintain order in society
Ruler hold all of the power Remember the BRICK!
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 15
HINDUISM BUDDHISM
Ahimsa: Non-Violence Karma/Dharma
Reincarnation: “rebirth” Originated in India
1st Monotheistic religion: Belief in one God. Sacred Text: The Torah (Old Testament) & 10 commandments: laws describing hoe people should behave – serves
as a guide for moral behavior. Place of Worship: Temples called Synagogues Significant Religious Individuals: Rabbis God gave the Hebrews (through Moses) the Ten Commandments: Moral and ethical guidelines of behavior Prophets - Abraham: made a covenant (agreement) with God; taught about moral standards and justice Had a strong influence on Christianity and Islam Diaspora: Spreading out or scattering of Jews. Oldest monotheistic religion - influenced both Christianity and Islam.
Polytheistic: belief in more than one God.
Developed in India Dharma = Duties in life Karma = Life Force (next
caste) Ahisma = nonviolence No single founder! Came
about because of cultural diffusion between the Aryans and the Dravidians (Indus River Valley Civilization)
Sacred Text: The Vedas Caste System: Determines
ones life; No social mobility! Life Goal = Reach Moksha!
Developed in India Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha: “Enlightened One”) Four Noble Truths
o All life is suffering o Suffering is caused
by wants o Eliminate suffering
by eliminating wants.
o Follow the Eightfold Path: Code of Behavior
Life Goal: Reach Nirvana: State of eternal bliss; escape from cycle of reincarnation
Sacred Text: Tripitika “Three Baskets of Wisdom”
REJECTS the caste system!
JUDAISM
CHRISTIANITY
ISLAM
Monotheistic: Belief in one God. Sacred Text / Holy Book: The Bible (Old Testament & New Testament) Place of Worship: Church Significant Religious Individuals: Priests and ministers Ten Commandments: Moral and ethical guidelines of behavior Prophet: Jesus – known as the “Messiah” or savior sent from God. Salvation and eternal life go to those who follow Jesus (messiah: savior) Believe in the Holy Trinity (God the Father, Son & Holy Spirit) & Seven Sacraments (Baptism…) Believed in the Golden Rule: Love one another as you love yourself.
Monotheistic religion: Belief in one God – Allah ----- Followers are known as Muslims Developed on the Arabian Peninsula Sacred Text: The Koran (Qur’an) / Sharia: Laws based on Koran and regulated government, family and
law. Place of Worship: Mosque Significant Religious Individuals: Caliph (successor of Prophet Muhammad) Different views: Sunni / Shiites Prophet: Muhammad / Mecca is the holiest place because it was the birthplace of Muhammad. Follow the Five Pillars of Faith: Moral and Ethical guidelines of behavior.
o Faith in one God - Allah, Daily prayer facing Mecca, Hajj- (visit Mecca), Almsgiving (giving to poor), Fast during holy month of Ramadan.
Dome of the Rock: Where Muhammad ascended into heaven; located in Jerusalem.
In the table below, include all relevant information for each belief system in the space provided, in addition to
defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.
Origin (if applicable, list region,
founder, texts, causes, etc.) Core Beliefs Influential Leaders
An
imis
m Practiced in many early
agricultural settlements in
the Neolithic Era; present in
Africa until the introduction
of Islam
Everything in nature has a spirit; large emphasis
placed on respecting nature
none
Hin
du
ism
Aryans: Aryans brought their
language and the core
beliefs of Hinduism including
early stories of the Vedas
and the caste system as
they invaded northern India
Sacred texts: The
Upanishads are a collection
of stories and anecdotes
about practicing Hinduism,
the Baghavad Gita is a
fictional story of followers
and the Rig Veda is the
primary sacred text of
teachings and core beliefs
Brahman: One god or force in all natural elements
that can take many forms, such as Shiva, Vishnu, and
Ganesha, each controlling a different aspect of the
universe
Karma and Dharma: Every Hindu is born into a caste,
or social class that determines their dharma, or duties
that must be fulfilled in their lifetime. If a Hindu fulfills
their dharma, he will have good karma and can be
reincarnated, or reborn, into a higher caste in his next
life. Hindus are reborn several times until they fulfill
their dharma as Brahmin (priests) and reach Moksha,
or enlightenment.
Gupta Empire:
Hinduism was used to promote
order in society; ensured that
all members of society knew
the role that they would fulfill;
promoted unity throughout
the empire; created
uncertainty about the power
of political leader and
religious leaders
Bu
dd
his
m
Siddhartha Gautama:
A prince who saw suffering
outside of his palace and
contemplated the act of
suffering and how to end it.
He meditated for over 40
days to realize the four
noble truths of suffering.
Henceforth he was known
as Buddha, founder of
Buddhism.
Sacred Text: Tripitaka, three
Baskets of Wisdam
Four Noble Truths:
All life is suffering
Desire is the root of all suffering
To end suffering, we must end desire
To end desire, we must follow the eight-fold path
Describe the
process of
Reincarnation:
Buddhists are
reincarnated
until they can
meditate in a
deep enough
state to reach
Nirvana, or
enlightenment
Ashoka: Buddhist leader who
used Buddhism in his Rock and
Pillar edicts to promote
peacefulness and toleration
throughout his empire
Ja
inis
m
Originated in Classical India
as concern for the welfare
of every being in the
universe and for the health
of the universe itself. Believe
that animals and plants, as
well as human beings,
contain living souls.
Each soul is considered of equal value and should be
treated with respect and compassion. Jains are strict
vegetarians and live in a way that minimizes use of
world's resources. No gods or spiritual beings that will
help human beings. 3 guiding principles of jainism, the
'three jewels three jewels', are right belief, right
knowledge and right conduct. Supreme principle of
jain living is non violence (ahimsa).
Chandragupta Maurya:
converted after he stepped
down from leadership for a
more peaceful existence
Co
nfu
cia
nis
m
Confucius: founder, teacher
The Analects: Teachings of
Confucius
Social Order: Everyone in society should know their
place and their obligations to the state
Five Key Relationships: Confucius believed that people
should know their place in society, down to the home:
Husband > Wife
Older brother > Younger Brother
Ruler > Subject
Father > Son
Friend = Friend
Filial Piety: Respect for elders
Education and Civil Service Exams: Confucian Schools
built to educate students on the proper way to run a
government and behave in society. Civil Service
Exams administered to government employees.
Han Wudi: Built a
bureaucracy with over
130,000 employees, tested
with civil service exams.
Mandated education in
Confucian schools.
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 17
Da
ois
m
Lao Tsi: Founder, teacher The Dao: force that is in all nature and determines
your “path” or “way”
Yin and Yang: Balance in nature, between men and
women, darkness and light, etc. It is believed that
followers should not interfere with this balance
Practiced more like a religion,
not a philosophy for rule
Leg
alism
Han Feizi: Founder, lived
within the Han state during
the Warring states period,
later advised Qin leaders,
who won the warring states
period.
Legalists feel that education can be dangerous and
threaten the authority of the state. Writings outside of
agriculture and medicine were prohibited and
burned. All men are naturally evil and require a strong
state to restrict and control the population.
Shi Huangdi: burned books
and killed scholars to slow the
spread of Confucianism and
increase the power of the
state. Commissioned the
construction of the Great Wall
of China and Terracotta
soldiers. Was the first to unite
China as a single state as
leader of the Qin Dynasty
Zo
roa
stri
an
ism
Founded by Zoroaster in
Persia approximately 3500
years ago
The Avesta is the Zoroastrian
Holy
• Until good prevails, society will be trapped in a
constant struggle between good and evil
• Individuals are rewarded or punished in the
afterlife for their actions
• Monotheistic
• Thought to have influenced Judaism because it
promised salvation and held people to high
ethical standards
Cyrus and Darius: Zoroastrian
beliefs in the importance of
goodness encouraged
religious tolerance in the
empire and just laws.
Ju
da
ism
Connection to
Mesopotamian Law: Lex
talionis (law of retaliation)
preserved; family law
(marriage, divorce, prop.)
Exile: Jews were exiled from
Babylonia and enslaved in
Egypt, where the Torah was
written.
Jewish Law: Enforced strict marriage laws and family
laws. Put forth in the Book of Deuteronomy.
Ten Commandments (From God):
'You shall have no other gods before Me.'
'You shall not make for yourself a carved image…’
'You shall not take the name of the LORD in vain.'
'Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.'
'Honor your father and your mother.'
'You shall not murder.'
'You shall not commit adultery.'
'You shall not steal.'
'You shall not bear false witness’
'You shall not covet your neighbor's house…’
Abraham: founder of
Judaism: First to teach
monotheism (one god)
Cyrus the Great: Allowed
Jews back to Jerusalem and
gave them the funds to
rebuild their temple
Ch
rist
ian
ity
Jesus’ Teachings: equality,
forgiveness. Recorded in
the New Testament
Christianity was at first
vehemently rejected by
Romans, but eventually
spread throughout the
empire
Holy Book: Bible (new
testament added)
Golden rule: Do unto other as you would have done
unto you
Jesus is believed to be the Messiah, when he and
other Christians were crucified, it actually caused the
belief to spread as people developed interest in the
faith that caused
St. Paul: spread the teaching
of Christianity throughout the
Roman Empire
Nero: Scapegoated Christians
for a fire in Rome, began a
tradition of violent persecution
Emperor Constantine: made
Christianity the official religion
of the Rome after having a
dream about Christian soldiers
Isla
m
The Prophet Muhammad:
Muhammad was a
merchant who learned
about other cultures in his
travels. Founded Islam by
spreading God’s teachings
as they were told to him.
Sacred Texts: Qur’an (Koran)
is the word of God, Hadiths
are the word of Muhammad
Spread: Mecca was
located on pre-existing
trade networks, allowing for
Islam to spread quickly and
peacefully, by targeting
urban centers on routes.
Five Pillars: Moral code for Muslims, mandating Hajj, or
pilgrimage to Mecca, praying five times per day
facing Mecca, fasting during the month of Ramadan,
alms, or charitable giving, and the proclamation of
there being no god but Allah, Arabic for God
Sharia Law: Law codes developed by the Umayyad
Caliphate that put forth more specific guidelines for
practicing Islam and behaving in society. Still limitedly
enforced by some government s in the world today.
Shiite/Sunni split: When Muhammad died, Sunnis and
Shia Muslims disagreed about his successor, Sunnis
believing it should be he who was most qualified to
enforce Islamic codes of behavior, Shiites believing it
should be a direct descendant of the prophet.
Mansa Musa: Made a
pilgrimage to Mecca,
spreading Islam to West Africa
and prolonging its golden age
after the Abbasid Empire fell
to the Mongols in 1258. He
made Timbuktu and center for
Islamic learning and trade,
and built mosques throughout
northern Africa to unify African
peoples with the practice of
Islam.
Made Christianity
the official religion
in ROme
Founded and spread
Christianity
Scapegoated
Christians for a fire in
Rome
Spread Greek culture in
the Hellenic
Empire
Direct Democracy
Preserved the glory of
Rome with my law
code and the
Hagia
Sophia
Founded and
spread Islam
around 600
Brought Islam and
increased trade to
West Africa
Will be covered in a
later unit – not on the
midterm
Unified China for
the first time and
built the
Great Wall
Built a bureaucracy with
civil service exams
Welcomed the
Jews back to Israel
as a religiously
tolerant
Leader.
Rock and Pillar Edicts,
spreading Buddhism
throughout India
Established the
Mauryan Empire
Built the Royal Road and
the world’s first bureau-
cracy
Developed the earliest
known codified system
of laws to
maintain
order and
please the
gods.
LEADERS OF ANCIENT HISTORY
For each leader shown below, describe that leader’s legacy from his own perspective.
v
Hammurabi Shi Huangdi Han Wudi Cyrus
Darius Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka Pericles
Alexander the Great Nero Jesus Constantine
Justinian Muhammad Mansa Musa Akbar the Great
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 19
Who’s Who of global history? Directions: Use your knowledge of global history and the information presented to complete the missing box(s).
Name Time period/Region Contribution/Significance
King Hammurabi
Mesopotamia
(Babylonia)
Created a law code for all to see (Hammurabi’s Code)-
discriminated based on social classes. Laws were
unfair between classes.
Buddha (Siddartha Guatama)
India 483 bc-563 B.C.
Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism. He
was troubled by the human misery that he saw
around him everyday. Give up selfish desires to end
suffering.
Pericles
Golden Age of
Greece
425 bc-493 B.C.
He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden
age. He was the central patron behind many of their
achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker.
Alexander the Great
Ancient Greece
Conquered a massive empire stretching from Greece
to Indus River Valley. Created Hellenistic Culture,
blending Greek, Egyptian and Persian cultures.
Justinian
Byzantine empire
527-565 C.E.
Best remembered for organizing ancient Roman laws
into a collection of civil laws known today as
Justinian's Code-used by later rulers and Catholic
Church.
Socrates
Ancient Greece
Created the Socratic Method of questioning as a
learning tool. Quote: “The unexamined life is not
worth living.” Put to death for his beliefs.
Plato
Ancient Greece
Greek philosopher; wrote book The Republic; student
of Socrates.
Aristotle
Ancient Greece
Greek philosopher; student of Plato. Developed Ideas
on government.
Julius Caesar
Ancient Rome
Took power of the Roman Empire. His Rule ended the
Roman Republic. After he was murdered his nephew,
Augustus became Emperor.
Confucius
Born during Zhou
Dynasty---Ideas used
during the Han
dynasty China.
Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a
collection of moral and social teachings, including the
concept of the Five Relationships and filial piety.
Han Feizi
Ancient China (Qin
Dynasty)
Chinese Philosopher; developed legalism. Believed
that all individuals were born “wicked” and needed
strict rules with harsh punishments.
Laozi (Lao-Tze)
Ancient China
Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Taoism (Daoism).
Dao = “the way.”
Asoka
Ancient India
(Mauryan Empire)
Ancient ruler of India. Became Buddhist; spread
Buddhism using his “pillars.”
Genghis Khan
1167-1227
One of the Mongol’s greatest leaders and founder of
the Mongol Empire.
Kublai Khan
1215-1294
Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the
Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.
Mansa Musa
Africa – (Mali)
Under his leadership Timbuktu became a center of
learning. Again, this is the influence of Islam, with
Islamic scholars traveling from around the Muslim
world to study and teach.
Marco Polo
1254-1324 - Italy
Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips
to China and returned to Europe to write of his
journeys. He is responsible for much of the
knowledge exchanged between Europe and China.
Ibn Battuta
1304-1368 - Morocco
A Moroccan scholar and traveler who is known for the
accounts (journals) of his travels and excursions to
Africa (Mali empire), India, and other parts of Asia.
Zheng He
1371-1433 - Ming
Dynasty
Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the
coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast
of Africa before his death.
Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 21