answers to midterm review packet 2010-11

8/8/2019 Answers to Midterm Review Packet 2010-11

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Answers to Midterm Review

Packet


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1. Homeostasis

Maintaining a stableinternal balance


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2. Controlled Experiment

An experimentset up induplicate in which a singlefactor is changed in one

set up but not the other Experiment is designed to

scientifically solve aquestion


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3. Control Group

The normal situation

Used as a referencein the experiment

Group in a controlledexperiment that doesnot have the variable


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4. Independent Variable

The ONE factor that is changed in acontrolled experiment

Independent variable starts with I, its thevariable that I change.

Examples:


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5. Dependent Variable

The variable that changes because of theindependent variable

It depends on the independent variable What is measured

Examples:


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6. Compound Light Microscope

Is an instrument for viewingobjects that are too small tobe seen by the naked eye

Too small for a CLM: atom,virus, molecules, DNA,mitochondria, lysosome,ribosomes,

Visible with the CLM:nucleus, chloroplasts, cellmembrane and wall, THECELL, vacuole


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7. Organic Compound

Any compound that contains BOTH carbon andhydrogen

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic

acids Glucose, starch,.


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8. Inorganic Compound

Any compound that doesnot contain both carbon andhydrogen

It can contain either carbonor hydrogen

Ex: Salt (NaCl), CO2, H2O


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9. Carbohydrate

A large group of compounds that consistof simple sugars like glucose and muchmore complex sugars like starch

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Used for energy (for cellular respiration)


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10. Protein

LARGE molecules made up of carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Made up of long chains of amino acids

that are folded and twisted together


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11. Lipid

Provide and storeenergy

Protect organs

Provide insulation

Part of cell membrane

Carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen Made up of1 glycerol

and 3 fatty acids


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12. Enzyme

Biological catalysts that are involved in everybiochemical reaction that takes place in the body

Speed up the reaction

Not changed during reaction so can be reused

Type of protein


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13. Substrate

Substance that the enzyme is working on


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14. Active Site

The part of the enzyme that locks intothe substrate


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15. Lock and Key Model

Enzymes are specific to one substrate,just like a specific key can only unlock aspecific lock

Enzymelockedinto thesubstrate


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16. Organelle

Cell parts Specialized structures in the cytoplasm of cells

that carry out specific functions


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17. Cell Membrane

Outside boundary of a cell

Semi-permeable


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18. Cell Membrane Receptors

Found on the surface on the cellmembrane

Allow cells to communicate


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19. Nucleus

Controls all cellular activity


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20. Ribosomes

Make proteins


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21. Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration!

Makes ATP


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22. Vacuole Storage site

Plant cells have a large, central vacuole to store water


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23. Lysosome

Organelles filled with digestive enzymes


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24. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis in PLANTS


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25. Diffusion The movement of materials from an area of HIGH

concentration to LOW concentration No energy necessary

Type of Passive Transport


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26. Osmosis

Diffusion of water Type of Passive Transport


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27. Active Transport

Movement of materials from an area ofLOW concentration to HIGH concentration

Requires energy (ATP)


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Passive & Active Transport


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28. Photosynthesis

the process a plant uses to combine sunlight,water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen andsugar (energy)

Takes place in chloroplasts


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29. Heterotroph Organisms that must consume pre-made

compounds

Humans, protists, dogs, cats.

Cannot make their own food throughphotosynthesis


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30. Autotroph

Organisms that canmake their own food(glucose)

Usually throughphotosynthesis


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31. Metabolism

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that takeplace in your body

Ex: cellular respiration, digestion


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32. Controlled Variable

In a controlled experiment, the variables(except the independent) that are kept thesame

Examples:


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33. Cellular Respiration

The process by whichorganisms convert O

2

and glucose into CO2,

H2O and ATP Takes place in the

mitochondria.


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34. ATP Molecule that has energy stored in phosphate

bonds.


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33. What are the difference between

plant and animal cell?Plant Cell Animal Cell

Square shape Round Shape

Cell Wall andchloroplasts

No Cell wall orchloroplasts

Autotroph Heterotroph

Large Vacuole Small Vacuole


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34. What are the subunits for each of the followingmolecules?Place a check mark next to the terms that can pass

through the cell membrane.Molecule

Subunit/Building Block

Starch Glucose

Lipid

Fatty Acid and Glycerol

Protein Amino Acid

Sucrose (a disaccharide)

Glucose

DNA Nucleotides


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35. Explain passive and active transport.

Passive Transport:

movement of moleculesfrom an area of HIGHconcentration to LOWconcentration. No energy

is necessary

Active Transport:movement of molecules

from an area of LOWconcentration to HIGHconcentration. Energy(ATP) is necessary


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36. What are the components of acontrolled experiment?

Control Group

Experimental Group with 1 variable

Controlled Variables (components that areheld constant throughout experiment)

Repeat Trials

Large Sample Size Repeatability by others


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37. Explain the cell membrane.Dont forget receptor molecules.

Thin membrane that surrounds all cells Made of a double layer of lipids and protein

channels

Acts as a barrier by controlling the passage ofmaterials into and out of the cell (selectivelypermeable)

Recognizes and responds to chemical signals

such as hormones allowing different cells tocommunicate because it has receptor moleculeson surface


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Cell Membrane


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Selective Permeability in Action


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38. What are the levels oforganization

Organelle

Cell

Tissue Organ

Organ Systems

Organism


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39. What are the 8 life processes?

Growth: living things increase in size Respiration: a chemical reaction that

converts glucose to ATP. All living things

need energy! Reproduction: To make one or more of

your own species. Asexual (offspring are

genetically identical to parent) and sexual(required two parents; offspring aregenetically different)


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Synthesis: to take simple molecules andmake something more complex

- Ex:joining several glucose moleculesto form starch!

Nutrition: how an organism obtains itsnutrients (autotrophic and heterotrophic)

Excretion: how an organism rids itself ofmetabolic wastes (urine, perspiration)


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Regulation: how an organism maintainshomeostasis

Transport: circulating and absorbingnutrients throughout an organism


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40. What is the equation forphotosynthesis

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Changes inorganic molecules into organic

molecules!

light


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41. What is the equation for cellularrespiration

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O +36 ATP

All living organisms carry out CR


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41. What factors affect the rate ofenzyme controlled reactions?


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41. What factors affect the rateof enzyme controlled reactions? Temperature

pH

Concentration of enzymes Shape

Can be reused

Must lock into a specific substrate


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42. Indicators

Indicators change color in the presence ofspecific compounds

Iodine turns blue/black in the presence ofstarch

Biurets reagent turns violet in thepresence of proteins


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43. Microscope

1. Place slide on stage

2. Use the coarse adjustment to focusunder low power

3. As you switch to medium and highpower, use the fine focus to makeadjustments


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44. Single celled Vs. multicellularorganisms

Unicellular organisms organelles

Multi-cellular organisms have organsystems that help them maintainhomeostasis

answers to midterm review packet 2010-11

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