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TRANSCRIPT
POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON
PROTECTION
BY K.P.KRISHNARAJENDRA
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER,EL.,R.T.CIRCLE, KPTCL,BANGALORE
Mobile No. 9448350000
PROTECTION:
Accountability and Reliability:
• Accountability and Reliability of Power Generated, Transmitted and Distributed plays an important role in the field of power system while supplying power to all corner consumers.
Accountability:
• Measuring of Power at all levels to know the quantum of Generation, Energy transmitted and consumed.
• Magnitude of energy at Generation and Transmission level is high and cannot be measured directly.
• Hence instrument Transformers like CT’s and PT’s are used.
• The secondary of these will be 1/1Amps and 110V.
Current and Voltage Transformers:
• Different cores
• Different ratios.
Reliability:
• Some times the EHT/HT Lines / Transformers are disturbed due to faults.
• This will cause disturbance in power system and there is a chance of collapse of the system if the fault is not cleared.
• Hence proper protection system is a must.
Protection system:
• Protective relaying system detects such abnormal conditions in the system and gives trip command to the respective breakers to isolate faulty lines.
• The main inputs to the relays are Current, Current and Voltage, Breaker and Isolator status, input of all transformer mounted protection devices.
• These inputs are to be given as per the requirements.
Discrimination of protection:
• The protection scheme to be adopted is to be such that, it has to isolate only the faulty section.
Fault at F is far from the source and there are number of supply points in between, due to this fault relays provided at all the points will sense the fault causing tripping of healthy lines.
• Such tripping can be avoided by discriminating fault locations.
• By Time
• By Current
• By Time and Direction
• Directional Relay:
• In the relay there will be one Voltage coil and One current coil and a disc in between the two coil cores.
• Due to current in the coils, flux will be induced, and the flux induced in the voltage coil will lag the voltage by 90deg and the flux induced in current coil will be in phase with current
• Due to these two fluxes Torque (T) will be produced and is proportional to these two fluxes and sin of the angle between them
• Both these fluxes are proportional to voltage and current respectively. Hence the Torque (T) produced is proportional to VI and cos of angle between them.
• So the Directional relays are proportional to the power in the circuit.
Type of protections adopted:
• 400kV Lines – Main-1 and Main-II , both are distance relays with different characteristics.
• 220kV/110/66kV Lines – Main1 is distance and Main-II DOCR & DEFR.
• 33kV Lines- DOCR and DEFR
• 11kV Lines – OCR and EFR
• Power Transformers – Differential, REF, OCR, EFR, BZ,OSR,PRV, WTHT, OTHT.
• 400kV stations- Both side Bus Bar and LBB protections
• 220kV stations – Bus bar protection on 220kV side and LBB on 66kV side.
Backup protection:• 50 – Non directional Instantaneous
Over Current Relay• 50N - Non directional Instantaneous
Earth Fault Relay • 51 – Non directional Time element
Over Current Relay• 51N - Non directional Time element
Earth Fault Relay• 67R/Y/B– Directional Time element
Over Current Relay• 67N - Directional Time element EFR
• Local Breaker Backup(50Z)
• Differential (87)
• Restricted Earth fault(64)
• Bus Bar protection:
Other Trip and Auxiliary relays:
• Tripping relay - 86 ,96,186, 196,etc.
• TCSR - 195 , 295, 395,etc.
• DC supervision relays – 80A, 80B
• Over Voltage and Under Voltage relays
Backup OCR and EFR
• OCR setting range
50 to 200% in steps of 25%
• EFR setting range
10 to 40% in steps of 5% or
20 to 80% in steps of 10%
Distance Protection ( 21)
• Different Zones
• Carrier protection
• Broken conductor
• Fuse failure protection
• SOTF
• Line Differential Protection:
Differential protection:REF Protection:Checking Buchholtz relay Pressure relief deviceFire protection schemeBus Bar protection:LBB(Local breaker back up) protection
Parallel operation of Transformers.
Conditions to be satisfied for paralleling of 2 or more transformers:
• Same steps of voltages
• Same impedance
• Same vector group
Parallel operation of 2 transformers
of differenct capacity:
• T-1 150MVA with 10% impedance
• T-2 100MVA with 8% impedance
• Taking 100MVA as base MVA
• % impedance of T1 = 10*100/150 = 6.7%
T1-6.7%
T2- 8%
• Total MVA = 250 MVA
• Load sharing by T-1 = 250*8/14.7 = 136 MVA
• Load sharing by T-2 = 250*6.7/14.7=114 MVA
• The load on T-2 is to be limited to 100MVA only
• To avoid overloading of T-2, the load that can be taken on T-1 has to be limited to 119MVA only.
• Thus with different impedances, the total load will be restricted to 88% only.
• As per the loading factor, the relay settings are to be made for over current relays.
• 2*100MVA paralleling:
• Paralleling of two 100MVA transformers of 12% and 9% impedance.
• Load sharing of T1=200*9/21 =86MVA
• Load sharing of T2=200*12/21=114MVA
• Load on T2 to be limited to 100MVA only.
• The total load that can be catered without overloading transformer T2 will be 75+100 = 175MVA, which will be 88% of total capacity.
• ON LOAD TAP CHANGER
• Tap changer winding will be provided on HV side of the transformer.
• There will be Main winding and the regulatory winding.
• Normally there are 17 taps in the OLTC with tap 5 as normal and 9 as mid tap.
• At minimum tap Main winding and the total regulatory winding will be in circuit with additive polarity.
• As the system voltage reduces, tap position is to be raised.
• As the tap is increased, some turns of regulatory winding will be excluded from the circuit. The polarity of the main winding and the regulatory winding will be of additive nature.
• At tap 9, only main winding will be in circuit.
• When the tap position is 10, some regulatory winding will be in the circuit and the polarity of the regulatory winding will be in opposite direction to that of the main winding.
• At maximum tap(17), polarity of entire regulatory winding will be opposite to the main winding.
• Vp/Vs = Np/Ns• Vs = Vp*Ns/Np. Since Ns is constant,
Vs is proportional to ratio of primary voltage to primary turns.
• Vs ά Vp/Np• Hence when primary voltage Vp
decreases or increases, Np is to be decreased or increased proportionately.
• Reactive Power Management:
• Assume 60MW load flow with 24MVAR
• MVA power 64.62 with current 565A
• If 25% of MVAR is compensated, MVA flow will be 62.6 with current 548A.
• I2R loss savings = 303.6-285.3 = 18.3 KW for a line of 5KM length with R=0.19/KM
• Savings in I2R Loss per year =18.3*24*30*12=158112Kwh
• When 25% of MVAR is compensated, additional load of 2MW can also be catered at 565Amps.
• Total units for 2MW additional load per year = 2000*24*30*12 = 17280000.
• Even at the rate of Rs.3/unit, Total additional revenue = 5.2 crore.
• For 50% reactive compensation of 12MVAR, additional load that can be catered will be 3.5MW and the annual revenue will be 9.1 crores.
• Hence at all the voltage levels action is to be taken to compensate reactive power.
• Consider 20MW load at 0.85pf• MVAR drawn at different pf
PF MVA MVAR MVAR improvement
Savings in MVA
0.85 23.53 12.40 - - -
0.87 22.29 11.33 1.10 8.7% 0.54
0.89 22.47 10.25 2.15 17% 1.06
0.90 22.22 9.65 2.71 22% 1.31
• If Savings in MVA is supplied to load of 0.9PF
MVA MW MVAR Savings in MU
Savings at Rs3/- in crores
0.54 0.486 12.40 4.20 1.26
1.06 0.954 11.33 8.25 2.48
1.31 1.179 10.25 10.20 3.06
• By improving the pf to 0.9 from 0.85, the energy savings for 20MW load will be 10.2MU in a year.
• If such savings is made in 12 stations, the total savings will be 122MU
• The average per day consumption of the state is 120MU.
• So by improving the pf from 0.85 to 0.90 in 12 stations, energy for an additional one day can be catered.
• The savings in terms of rupee at Rs3/Kwh will be 36.72 crores per year.
• Battery set charging:• Filling of electrolyte to all the cells as
per supplier recommendations.• Allow the cells to stand for 8-12Hrs.• Record SG and Voltage of each cell.• Start initial charging at the rate of 6%
AH of current.• Hourly readings of SG and voltage are
to be recorded while charging .• Charge the cells for a minimum time of
50Hrs,till the SG & Voltage are constant for 3 consecutive hrs.
• Allow the cells to stand for 8-12 Hrs.• Start discharging of Battery set at the
rate of 10%AH for 10Hrs. During discharge the voltage of each cell should not drop below 1.85V.
• Record SG and Voltage before starting 2nd cycle of charging.
• Start second cycle of charging similar to 1st cycle for a minimum period of 30Hrs.
• Hourly readings are to be recorded.• Allow the cells to stand for 8-12Hrs.
• Start discharging of Battery set at the rate of 10%AH (30Amps for 300AH)for 10Hrs. During discharge the voltage of each cell should not drop below 1.85V.
• Record SG and Voltage after discharge.• Again charge the Battery set in Boost
mode.• During charging, if the temperature of
the cells exceeds 50 deg, current is to be reduced and such reduction in current is to be compensated by extending the time.
• Checking of Healthiness of Battery Set:• Select some of the cells as pilot cells.• Record SG and voltage of pilot cells and the l
DC load voltage.• Switch off AC supply to Battery charger.• Record the pilot cells readings and DC load
voltage at 30 minutes interval.• If there is no change in the readings for 8 to
10 hours, the Battery set is in good condition.
• This test is to be carried out once in 3 or 6 months.
• Recording of instantaneous parameters of all IF points and cross checking.
I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3 Load PF
Cross check Load = 3VI*PF
• Monthly Energy consumption at all voltage levels is to be done and the error , if any, is to be recorded only in percentage.
• When any breaker is taken for maintenance, trip the breaker through relays and also check for remote/local operations before charging.
• All maintenance works carried out are to be entered in a register.
• Reading of Drawings
• Wiring Schedule • A- Current circuit for primary protection
• B- Current circuit for Bus bar protection
• C- Current circuit for Backup protection
• D- Current circuit for metering circuit.
• E- Voltage circuit.
• J- Main DC
• K- Control DC
• L- DC supply for indication and annunciation circuit.
• P- DC supply for Bus bar and LBB protection.
• U- Spare contact wiring.
• H- Main Ac supply and control AC supply for lighting and heating.
• M- AC control supply for motor circuit.
• Recording of Interruption and its advantages.
• Checking of Battery set & Battery Charger.
• Checking of DC Ground
CASE STUDIES:
Failure of 11kV PT at Adugodi. Damage to control cables during
11kV feeder faults. Tripping of 20MVA Transformer on
Differential at HAL factory. Non-tripping of Breaker for line fault Tripping of Transformers on BZ
during winter.
Tripping of Healthy 11kV lines on HS when test charged.
Differential trip relay operated indication and annunciation frequently at HSR.
Tripping of Transformers on Differential/REF for external faults.
Tripping of 220kV breaker at HSR without any relay indication.
Relay Co-ordination:Following points are to be considered.
CT ratio used Fault MVA at each voltage level Current setting adopted Time delay to be adopted. Curve selected Relay operating time
Calculation of fault MVA of a station: Assume fault MVA of 66kV bus at
sending end station as 1000MVA Line length as 8KMs with impedance of
line as 0.2ohms/KM 20MVA Transformer with 10%
impedance.
• Source impedance Zs = 662/1000=4.36
• Line Impedance ZL = 0.2*8 = 1.6
• Total impedance Z = 4.36+1.6= 5.96
• Fault MVA f 66kVBus = 662/5.96
= 731MVA
• 66kV Fault current = 731*1000/(1.72*66)
= 6400Amps.
• Source impedance Zs = 662/731= 5.96
• Tfr.Impedance ZT = 0.1*66/20=21.78
• Total impedance ZHV = 5.96+21.78= 27.74
• Impedance referred to 11kV side
ZLV = ZHV *KVLV2/ KVHV2
= 27.74*112/662 = 0.771
• 11kV fault MVA = 112/0.771 = 157MVA
• 11kV Fault current = 157*1000/(1.72*11)
= 8240Amps.
Relay co-ordination:
• 11kV fault MVA = 157
• 11kV fault current = 8.24 KA
• If referred to 66kV fault = 1.37 KASEL 400/1 100% 0.2 3.43 5.5 1100ms
I Line 400/1 100% 0.15 3.43 5.5 825ms
Tfr. 200/1 100% 0.125 6.87 3.6 450ms
Bank 1200/1 100% 0.1 6.87 3.6 360ms
Feeder 400/1 100% 0.05 20.6 2.2 110ms
For Incoming line and 20MVA transformer 75% of the setting is sufficient.
SEL 400/1 100% 0.1 3.43 5.5 550ms
I Line 400/1 75% 0.1 4.60 4.3 430ms
Tfr. 200/1 75% 0.1 9.16 3.0 300ms
Bank 1200/1 100% 0.075 6.87 3.6 270ms
Feeder 400/1 100% 0.05 20.60 2.2 110ms
• For 66kV fault If = 6400 Amps
SEL 400/1 100%
0.1 16 2.4 240ms
I Line 400/1 75% 0.1 21.3 2.2 220ms
Tfr 200/1 75% 0.1 42.7 <2.0 <200ms
Power Transformers Testing:
– Ratio test
– IR test
– Short Circuit Test
– Winding Resistance test
– Magnetic Balance test
– Magnetizing current test
– Checking vector group
– No load test
– Load loss test
– Separate source test
– Induced over voltage test
– HV excitation test.
Transformers protections:
• All transformer mounted devices.
• Fire protection scheme.
Station Equipments & P.C.tests
CT’s and PT’s:
• IR Test
• Polarity test
• Ratio Test
Breakers:
• IR Test
• Contact Resistance
• Operating Timings
• Breaker Operations.
Control & Relay Panel
• Checking of all Relays
• Checking of Protection Scheme
• Checking of Indication Scheme
• Checking of Annunciation Scheme
Isolators:
• Contact Resistance
• Control
• Indication
• Wiring schedule of 20MVA, 66/11kV Power transformer
TFR. BANK
DCDB
ACDB
PTMB CB
CRPCTMB
Thank youThank you
• Calculation of Fault MVA of a station:
• Assume Fault MVA on 220kV Bus of 400kV station as 6000MVA
• Source Impedance at 400kV station Zs=kV*kV/MVA
= 220*220/6000
= 8.07 ohms
220kV RS
66kV Bus
400kV RS
220kV Bus 220kV Bus 66kV
Lin
es
Tfr-1
Tfr-2
• Let the Impedance of the line is
2.5 ohms/KMs.• Impedance of the line of 20KMs is 50 ohms• Total Impedance up to 220kV bus at 220kV
station = 8.07 +50.0 = 58.0 ohms• Fault MVA at 220kV bus of 220kV station
= 220*220/58.0 = 835 MVA
Assume 2 nos. of 20MVA Transformers and
% Impedance of each transformer = 10%
Impedance of the Transformer
= (10/100)*220*220/20 = 48.4ohms
• Total impedance up to Transformers• = (58.0 + 48.4/2) = 82.2 ohms• Impedance referred on to 66kV side• = ZHV (kVLV*KVLV/KVHV*KVHV)• = 82.2 (66*66/220*220)• = 7.4 ohms• Fault MVA on 66kV side• = 66*66/7.4=592MVA• Fault current = 592 *1000/1.732x66• = 5178 Amps.• Taking fault MVA as reference, relay settings of
the station are calculated
• For 3 seconds curve, the approximate time multiplier details are shown below.
I x Times Time Multiplier I x Times Time Multiplier
2 Times 10.0 8 Times 3.4
4 Times 5.0 9 Times 3.2
5 Times 4.2 10 Times 3.0
6 Times 3.8 20 Tomes 2.2
7 Times 3.6
• Pickup current (Ip) = Rated Secondary current of CT x current setting
• If CT secondary is 1 Amps • For 100% setting Ip = 1 x 1 = 1Amps• Relay operates at current = or < 1 Amps• Plug setting multiplier (PSM) and is ratio of fault
current If in the relay to Ipickup• PSM = If/Ip• Assume If = 3200 A and CTR 400/1A• If = 3200/400 = 8 Amps• PSM = 8/1Amps• For time set of 0.1, the operating time
3.4x0.1=0.34
• Relay Co-ordination:
• Assume fault level of 66kV = 600MVA• Source Impedance Zs = 66*66/600 = 7.26 ohms• Transformer impedance Zt=(10/100)(66*66/20)
= 21.78 ohms
• Total impedance Z = 7.26 + 21.78 = 29.04 ohms• Impedance referred to 11kV = 29.04(11*11/66*66)
= 0.807 ohms11
kV F
eed
ers
CB Bank20MVA-10%
66kV 11kV
CB
400/1 1200/1200/1
400/1
• Fault MVA on 11kV side = 11*11/0.807=150MVA• Fault current If = 150x1000/1.732x11 = 7880Amps• Fault current referred to 66kV = 7880/6= 1312Amps• Secondary fault current (PSM)• 11kV Feeder = 7880/400 = 19.7Amps t – 0.05S• Bank = 7880/1200 = 6.57Amps t – 0.10S• Transformer = 1312/200 = 6.57Amps t – 0.15S• I/C Line = 1312/400 = 3.3 Amps t – 0.20S• As per the curve operating time required by the
relays – 0.11S – 0.35S – 0.53S – 1.6S• Here we can reduce the time delay of incoming
line either to 0.15 or even 0.1S.
• If CTs of transformers are of 300/1A,for the same settings the secondary fault current will be (1312/300 ) 4.4 Amps and the operating time required for the relay is 0.6S and the same can be accepted.
• If the current setting is kept at 75%, Ip will be 0.75A and the PSM will be 26.3,8.8, 8.8 and 4.4 respectively.
• The operating time will be <0.1S, 0.32S, 0.48 S and 1.0 S
• Other wise the current setting is to be changed to 0.75 for which the relay operating time will be 0.8S.
• With the above details, blind time delay co-ordination can not be adopted
• If CTs of line are changed to 300/1A from 400/1A, with 100% setting, the fault current will be (1312/300) 4.4A and the relay operating time will be about 0.8S and the time delay of 0.2S is OK.
Breakers:
• Interlocks used in breakers
• Antipumping
• Pole discrepancy trip
• CTD
AUTO RECLOSERECLOSE
LOCKOUT CONT01
TBI-35
63AR
TBI-3602
CCBLOCKOUT
INDICATION
TBI-23
TBI-24L10
L9
63AGX
(N) H2TB1-41
240V, AC50HZ
TB1-40(P)
SH
8SHH7H5
H13
50
H15
H4
EARTHING
SW-1 SW-2
63CA
L18L15
TBI-17L19
TBI-17L17
TBI-17L16
ACFYBBD
AC
FA
IL I
ND
ICA
TIO
N
DC
FIA
LU
RE A
NN
UC
IATIO
N TBI-32TBI-29
TBI-16L13L11L5L3L1
AC
SA
IL I
ND
ICA
TIO
N
RY
DC
FA
IL I
ND
ICA
TIO
N
LO
W O
IL L
EV
EL
LO
W C
AS
PR
ES
SU
RE
LO
W A
IR P
RES
SU
RE
ACFDCC630A63AA
TBI-28TBI-26TBI-22TBI-21TBI-19TBI-17L14L12L7L6L4L2
TBI-21TBI-25TBI-20TBI-18
IL
223K
SPACE HEATER/RECEPTACLE/ILLUMINATION LAMP CONTROL CKT
COMPRESSOR MOTORCONTROL CIRCUIT
63AG
M5ACF - YB
M3
ACF - RY
M1
49M-1
MI3A
88ACM
88ACM
88ACM
88ACM
M5A
M3A
M1A 49M
49M
49M
M11
M9
M7
ACM
TT
TB1-41
TB1-40
415VAC50HZ
TB1-33
TB1-35
H2
H5
H3
H18A
M13
TB2
TB2
TB2
TB2 111
131
155
177
199
2111
2313
2515
2717
2919
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 112 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
403622
3824
4026
4228
4430
4632
4834
5036
5238
54
35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 5321 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
SPARE AUX S W 52a 52a-10 NOS 52b-10 NOS
ALARM CONTACTS
J7
J4
63AGXGLRLDCC52T252T1
L52C
52Y
52b
52a
52Y
8DJ1(+)
TB1-1
J2(-)
TB1-2
K3
IC
K7TB1-6
K9
K11
K13
52b
71CJ29
J27DCC
E2
J3
J25R1
J23
J2136D1
PB
PB
DCC
K29
K27
63AGX
K23
K57
K55
52b52a
63AGX
52B52b
J11J9
52A52a
J3 DCC
DCC
63AL
63CL
J31
J5
TNC
K25
-52TRIP
43LRREMOTE
PO
ST
CLO
SE
PR
E C
LO
SE
43LRREMOTE
PO
ST
CLO
SE
43LRLOCAL
PR
E C
LO
SE
TB1-13
PROTE-CTIONTRIP
REMOTETRIP
K51 K55 K61K41
TRIPCKTSUP
K27 TB1-15TB1
-14
K53TB1-12
TB1-11
TB1-10K21 K23
TB1-8
REMOTETRIP
PROTE-CTIONTRIP
TB1-9
11-52CLOSE
TNC
K5
43LRLOCAL
43LRREMOTE
TB1-5 TB1-3K1
TBN1-4
REMOTECLOSE
AUTORECLOSE
K3
K3
43LRLOCAL
TO REMOTE CONTROL PANEL FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTRON
110VDC
TO ENERGISE 86 RELAYK103
TO ANNUN. CKT.
4
20
14
19
13
3
L103 L135
U6
U4
U2
22
15U5
U3
U1
21
16
21
TBB.1
TBB.6
TBB.3
TBB.5
TBB.4
TBB.2
SPARE
K101
2423
65
1817
110V DC SUPPLY FROM SHT. 9
9
TRAFO. WDG. TEMP HIGH TRIP
K301
B33 X 3 WD: H408W1352
10
7
8
30A10
K302
10
30B
30C TRAFO. OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP
7B7.14
TO ZONE E1
TRAFO. BUCH. TRIP
490T
49WT
63T
TRAFO. MK
K355
K353TO ZONE E4
K351
TB7.17
TB7.16
TB7.15
TO ENERGISE 86 RELAYK103
TO ANNUN. CKT.
4
20
14
19
13
3
L103 L135
U12
U10
U8
22
15U11
U9
U7
21
16
21
TBB.7
TBB.12
TBB.9
TBB.11
TBB.10
TBB.8
SPARE
K101
2423
65
1817
110V DC SUPPLY
9
TRAFO. PRV TRIP
K301
B33 X 3 WD: H408W1352
10
7
8
30D10
K302
10
30E
30F SPARE
7B7.18
OIL SURGE (OLTC)
IC
PRV-T
63T-OLTC
K361
K359
K357
TB7.21
TB7.20
TB7.19
FROM ZONE D8 FROM ZONE D5