powerpoint presentations for philip g. zimbardo robert l. johnson vivian mccann prepared by beth m....

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Philip G. Zimbardo Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Robert L. Johnson Vivian Vivian McCannMcCann

Prepared byPrepared byBeth M. SchwartzBeth M. Schwartz

Randolph CollegeRandolph CollegeThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved


This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-42428-7

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Motivation and Emotion


What Motivates Us?What Motivates Us?

Motives are internal dispositions to act in certain ways, although they can be

influenced by multiple factors, both internal and

external.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of MotivationTypes of Motivation

Motivation

• The processes involved in initiating, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities


Types of MotivationTypes of Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

• Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

• Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g., a reward)


Measuring the Need for AchievementMeasuring the Need for Achievement

Need for Achievement (n Ach)

• A mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach a certain goal

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)


Figure 9.1 Alternative Interpretations of an Ambiguous PictureStory Showing High n Ach: The boy has just finished his violin lesson. He’s happy at his progress and is beginning to believe that all his sacrifices have been worthwhile. To become a concert violinist, he will have to give up much of his social life and practice for many hours each day. Although he knows he could make more money by going into his father’s business, he is more interested in being a great violinist and giving people joy with his music. He renews his personal commitment to do all it takes to make it. Story Showing Low n Ach: The boy is holding his brother’s violin and wishing he could play it. But he knows it isn’t worth the time, energy, and money for lessons. He feels sorry for his brother, who has given up all the fun things in life to practice, practice, practice. It would be great to wake up one day and be a top-notch musician, but it doesn’t happen that way. The reality is boring practice, no fun, and the likelihood that he’ll become just another guy playing a musical instrument in a small-town band.


A Cross-Cultural Perspective on A Cross-Cultural Perspective on AchievementAchievement

Individualism

• View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction

Collectivism

• View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction


The Unexpected Effects of Rewards The Unexpected Effects of Rewards on Motivationon Motivation

Overjustification

• Extrinsic rewards displace internal motivation• e.g., when a child receives money for playing

video games


How Are Our Motivational How Are Our Motivational Priorities Determined?Priorities Determined?

A new theory combining Maslow’s hierarchy with evolutionary psychology

solves some long-standing problems by suggesting thatfunctional, proximal, and developmental factors set our motivational priorities.


Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

Instinct Theory

• View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors

Fixed-Action Patterns

• Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus


Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

Drive Theory

• View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces a drive that moves an organism to meet the need

Homeostasis

• The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition


Freud’s Psychodynamic TheoryFreud’s Psychodynamic Theory

Motivation comes from the depths of the unconscious mind.

• Id: contains two basic desires:• eros• thanatos

• both thought of as instincts

Developmental approach: motives change from childhood to adulthood

• Focused on explaining behaviors associated with mental disorders


Maslow’s Humanistic TheoryMaslow’s Humanistic Theory

Hierarchy of Needs

• The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic


Functional Level of AnalysisFunctional Level of Analysis

Functional: adaptive function in terms of organism’s survival and reproduction

Proximal: stimuli in environment that can change motivational priorities

Developmental: changes in developmental progress that changes motivational priorities


Evolutionary Revision of Maslow’s Evolutionary Revision of Maslow’s HierarchyHierarchy


.

Although dissimilar in many respects, hunger and sex

both have evolutionary origins, and each has an

essential place in the motivational hierarchy.

Where Do Hunger and Sex Fit Where Do Hunger and Sex Fit into the Motivational Hierarchy?into the Motivational Hierarchy?


The Multiple-Systems Model of The Multiple-Systems Model of Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating


Biological Factors Affecting Biological Factors Affecting Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating

• Brain mechanisms

• Set point (homeostatic) mechanisms

• Sensors in the stomach

• Reward system preferences

• Exercise


Psychological Factors Affecting Psychological Factors Affecting Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating

• Emotional state

• Learning

• Culture


Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa• Less than 85 percent of desirable weight• Worries about being fat• Loss of appetite• Extreme dieting• Purging

Bulimia• Binge eating• Purging


Women’s Body ImagesWomen’s Body ImagesFigure 9.5 Women’s Body ImagesApril Fallon and Paul Rozin (1985) asked female college students to give their current weight, their ideal weight, and the weight they believed men would consider ideal. The results show that the average woman felt that her current weight was significantly higher than her ideal weight—and higher than the weight she thought men would like. To make matters worse, women also see their bodies as looking larger than they actually are (Thompson, 1986). When men were asked to rate themselves on a similar questionnaire, Fallon and Rozin found no such discrepancies between ideal and actual weights. But, when asked what they saw as the ideal weight for women, they chose a higher weight than women did. No wonder women go on diets more often than men and are more likely to have a major eating disorder (Mintz & Betz, 1986; Striegel-Moore et al., 1993).


Obesity and Weight ControlObesity and Weight Control

Sixty-five percent of Americans are overweight.

• Thirty percent are classified as obese.• Obesity is associated with health problems.

• Causes:• poor diet (large portions, high fat and sugar)• genetics• level of activity• evolutionary influence


Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation

• Not a homeostatic drive like hunger and thirst

• Linked with diverse motives in the hierarchy

• Roots in survival; but a lack thereof does not pose threat to survival (of oneself)

• Extensive culture-specific rules


Scientific Study of SexualityScientific Study of SexualityTable 9.2 Sexual Preferences and Behaviors of Adult AmericansSource: Adapted from Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H., Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. (1994). Sex in America: A definitive survery. New York: Little, Brown. Table based on survey of 3,432 scientifically selected adult respondents. There has not been a major survey of American sexual preferences and behaviors since 1994.


The Sexual Response CycleThe Sexual Response Cycle


The Origins of Sexual OrientationThe Origins of Sexual Orientation

Sexual Orientation

• One’s erotic attraction toward members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes


How Do Our How Do Our Emotions Motivate Us?Emotions Motivate Us?

Emotions are a special class of motives that help us attend and respond to important (usually external) situations and communicate our intentions to others.


What Are Emotions Made of?What Are Emotions Made of?

Emotion is a four-part process:

• Physiological arousal

• Cognitive interpretation

• Subjective feelings

• Behavioral expression


The Evolution of EmotionsThe Evolution of Emotions

Emotions have survival value and have been shaped by natural selection

Individuals vary tremendously in emotional responsiveness

Emotions are not entirely programmed by genetics

More than 500 emotional terms


The Emotion WheelThe Emotion WheelFigure 9.7 The Emotion WheelRobert Plutchik’s emotion wheel arranges eight primary emotions on the inner ring of a circle of opposite emotions. Pairs of adjacent emotions can combine to form more complex emotions noted on the outer ring of the figure. For example, love is portrayed as a combination of joy and acceptance. Still other emotions, such as envy or regret (not shown), emerge from still other combinations of more basic emotions portrayed on the wheel.Source: Plutchik, R. (1980, February) A language for the emotions. Psychology Today, 13(9), 68–78. Used with permission of Psychology Today © 2008.


Cultural Universals in Cultural Universals in Emotional ExpressionEmotional Expression

People everywhere can recognize seven basic emotions (according to Ekman): sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.

There are, however, huge cultural differences in the context and intensity of emotional displays (display rules).

Identifying Facial Expressions of Identifying Facial Expressions of EmotionEmotion



Research has clarified the processes underlying both our conscious and unconscious emotional lives, shedding light on some old controversies.

What Processes Control What Processes Control Our Emotions?Our Emotions?


The Neuroscience of EmotionThe Neuroscience of EmotionFigure 9.8 Two Emotion-Processing PathwaysTwo emotion systems are at work when the hiker sees a snake. One is fast and unconscious; the other operates more slowly and consciously. The fast system routes incoming visual information through the visual thalamus to the amygdala (dotted pathway), which quickly initiates fear and avoidance responses—all occurring unconsciously. The slower pathway involves the visual cortex, which makes a more complete appraisal of the stimulus and also sends an emotional message to the amygdala and other lower brain structures. The result of this is a conscious perception of the situation and a conscious feeling of fear.


The Neuroscience of EmotionThe Neuroscience of Emotion

The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions include:

• The cerebral cortex• lateralization of emotion

• The limbic system

• The autonomic nervous system

• Hormones


Performance

Low HighLow

High

Arousal Level

Arousal, Performance, and the Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U”Inverted “U”

Inverted “U” Function

• Describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal


Arousal, Performance, and the Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U”Inverted “U”

Sensation Seekers

• Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do most other people


Psychological Theories of EmotionPsychological Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory

• An emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion



Cannon-Bard Theory

• An emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time• One is not the cause of the other.• Both are the result of a cognitive appraisal of

the situation.



Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

• Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both:

(1) physical arousal (2) emotion provoking stimulus


EmotionfearCognitive interpretation

“I feel afraid!”

Physiological arousaltremblingincreased heart rate

James-James-Lange Lange TheoryTheory

Cannon-Cannon-Bard Bard

TheoryTheory

Two-Two-Factor Factor TheoryTheory

Stimulussnake

Stimulussnake

Stimulus snake

Emotionfear



Emotionfear


Developing Emotional IntelligenceDeveloping Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence

• Perceiving emotions

• Using emotions

• Understanding emotions

• Managing emotions


Detecting DeceptionDetecting Deception

Deception Cues• Repeated observations necessary for accurate

detection• Longer pauses in speech• Constrained movement/gesturing• Speech errors• Nervous gestures• Rhythmic body movements• Reduced blinking• Less smiling

“Lie detectors”: Do they really work?Polygraph: measures of physical arousal

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