powering progress epri p.m. grant ibm almaden s&t colloquium 12 september 1997 electric power...

Powering ProgressEPRI

P.M. GrantIBM Almaden

S&T Colloquium12 September 1997

Electric Power Electric Power ApplicationsApplications

of Superconductivityof Superconductivity

Paul M. GrantPaul M. Grant

EPRIEPRI

IBM Almaden S&T ColloquiumIBM Almaden S&T Colloquium

12 September 199712 September 1997




Ten Years Ago...Ten Years Ago...




ElectricityElectricityand the Quality of and the Quality of LifeLife

Emerging

Developing

DevelopedFSUs

log [ per capita GDP ]

log

[ p

er c

apit

a Ele

ctri

city

Gen

erat

ion ]

Persian Gulf

Electricity directly Electricity directly related to standard related to standard of living in most of of living in most of the worldthe world

Enormous increase Enormous increase in electricity usage in electricity usage seen for the 21st seen for the 21st centurycentury




Electricity & QoL:Electricity & QoL:Asian SceneAsian Scene

Australia

New Zealand

JapanSingaporeHong Kong

Taiwan

S. KoreaMalaysia

Thailand0

2500

5000

7500

10000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

GDP/capita (US$)

kWh/

capi

ta

China

Cambodia

Vietnam

PhilippinesIndonesia

Laos




ElectricityElectricity& Energy & Energy ConservationConservation

E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)

E/GNP ratio

Electricityfraction

Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

50

40

30

20

10

150

130

110

90

70

50

Electricity is the most efficient and convenient meansmankind has found to transport energy throughout his habitat….




Electricity -Electricity -A Necessity of LifeA Necessity of Life




The Electricity The Electricity ParadigmParadigm

Generation/StorageGeneration/Storage• Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, ChemicalFossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical• ““Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)

Transmission/DistributionTransmission/Distribution• Overhead & UndergroundOverhead & Underground• ac & dcac & dc

End UseEnd Use• Industrial (Motors, Thermal)Industrial (Motors, Thermal)• Residential (Lighting, Appliances) Residential (Lighting, Appliances)




The Electricity The Electricity ParadigmParadigmand and SuperconductivitySuperconductivity

Generation/StorageGeneration/Storage• Generators, SMES, FlywheelsGenerators, SMES, Flywheels

Transmission/DistributionTransmission/Distribution• CablesCables, Transformers, FCLs, Transformers, FCLs

Delivery/End UseDelivery/End Use• Motors, ElectromagnetsMotors, Electromagnets

All Depend on Wire!




1986:1986:Discovery of HTSCDiscovery of HTSC

La1-xBaxCuO4+




1987:1987:“The Prize!”“The Prize!”




TTCC Progress Over the Progress Over the YearsYears

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0

50

100

150

200T

emp

erat

ure

, T

C (K

)

Year

Low-TC

Hig

h-T

C

164 K




BSCCO OPIT/Ag BSCCO OPIT/Ag ProcessProcess

ASC Wire Forming Process

Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor

A. Extrusion

B. Wire DrawC. Rolling

1. PowderPreparation

Billet Packing& Sealing

Deformation& Processing

Oxidation -Heat Treat

2.

3.

4.




BSCCO OPIT/Ag TapeBSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape




Malozemoff’s LawMalozemoff’s Law

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

J c (

kA/c

m2 a

t 77

K, 0

T)

1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996

ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag




Type II Type II SuperconductivitySuperconductivity

IrreversibilityLine

Meissner

Mixed

NormalHc2

Hc1

Mag

netic

Fie

ld

TcTemperature

-M

HHC2HC1

1/4




Abrikosov Vortex Abrikosov Vortex LatticeLattice

H

J

FLorentz Defects (pin sites)

Lorentzforce




Vortex MatterVortex Matter

FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice

(elastic flow)

(plastic flow)

(moving liquid)

H

T

HC2

HC1

TC

Normal State

Meissner State

Vortex LiquidM

agn

etic

Fie

ld

Static Phase Diagram

Vortex Glass

Bose Glass

Polymer Glass

Vortex Lattice




Hg-1212:Hg-1212:Fission-Induced Splay Fission-Induced Splay DefectsDefects

L. Krusin-Elbaum, et L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, To al., Nature, To AppearAppear

World record HWorld record Hirrirr at at 77 K in Hg-121277 K in Hg-1212

Hg-1212 Prototype Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at Tapes made at TCSUHTCSUH

Potential for special Potential for special purpose high-field purpose high-field magnetsmagnets




BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape: BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape:

E-J CharacteristicE-J Characteristic

Typical E vs J Power Law

0.0E+00

5.0E-06

1.0E-05

1.5E-05

2.0E-05

0 25000 50000 75000

J (A/cm^2)

E (

V/c

m)

E = aJn

n = 15

T = 77 K

E = 1 V/cm




Differential Differential ::dE/dJdE/dJ

Effective Resistivity

1.0E-12

1.0E-11

1.0E-10

1.0E-09

1.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.0E-06

25000 50000 75000

J (A/cm2)

(

cm

)

3.0E-10

+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*

*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)

= anJn-1

T = 77 K




Difference Difference ::E/E/JJ

Difference Resistivity

1.0E-131.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-081.0E-071.0E-06

25000 50000 75000

J (A/cm2)

E (

v/c

m)

2.0E-11

+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*

*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)

= E/J

T = 77 K




Homework ProblemHomework Problem

MRI/MRI/SMES Proto-SolenoidSMES Proto-Solenoid• Diameter = 1m; Length = 5mDiameter = 1m; Length = 5m• Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000• Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance =

4.95H4.95H Operation ParametersOperation Parameters

• I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cmI = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm22); ); V = 1.57VV = 1.57V• ““R” = 0.004R” = 0.004 (J = 50,000A/cm (J = 50,000A/cm22, E = , E =

11V/cm)V/cm)• EE = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W= 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W




Solenoid Loop Solenoid Loop Current:Current:t > tt > t00

L

R(I)

I(t)

bI LdIdt

0

I(t)b(n 1)

L(t t ) I

n

0 01 n

1

1 n




““Persistent” Current Persistent” Current DecayDecay

Persistent Current Decay

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03 1.0E+05 1.0E+07t (sec)

I (A

)

B = 0.50 T

B = 0.25 T12 Days




HTSC Wire C/P SpecsHTSC Wire C/P Specs

V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,

w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .

C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,




Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeBi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeJJCC(B,T), B||ab(B,T), B||ab

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00

10.00

85

70

50200

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc(B

,T)/

Jc(0

,77)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab

85777064503520




Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeBi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeJJCC(B,T), B||c(B,T), B||c

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00

2050

70

85

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc

(B,T

)/J

c(0

,77

)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c

20355064707785




Layered CuO Layered CuO PerovskitesPerovskites

Y-123 Bi-2223




Irreversibility FieldIrreversibility Field




JJCC = f(grain = f(grain boundary): boundary): Y-123Y-123




Y-123 Coated Y-123 Coated ConductorsConductors

TM Alloy Tape SubstrateTM Alloy Tape Substrate YSZ/CeO Buffer LayerYSZ/CeO Buffer Layer > 1 > 1 Thick Y-123 Film Thick Y-123 Film Texturization:Texturization:

• Ion Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer LayerIon Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer Layer• Deformation-Textured Tape SubstrateDeformation-Textured Tape Substrate




Y-123 on IBAD YSZY-123 on IBAD YSZ




JJCC vs. vs. -scan for -scan for Y-123 on IBADed YSZY-123 on IBADed YSZ




JJCC Comparison: Y-123 Comparison: Y-123 (IBAD from LANL)(IBAD from LANL)




JJCC Comparison: Y-123 Comparison: Y-123 (RABiTS(RABiTS® ® from ORNL)from ORNL)




Urban Transmission:Urban Transmission:ca. 1900ca. 1900

City streets City streets jammed with poles, jammed with poles, overhead linesoverhead lines

Visual pollution, Visual pollution, dangerdanger

No more rights-of-No more rights-of-wayway




ConventionalConventionalCable-in-ConduitCable-in-Conduit

Cable installed in Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)12” dia)

Very common in Very common in USA, ~50% in USA, ~50% in JapanJapan

Easy to retrofitEasy to retrofit




Urban Utilities:Urban Utilities:ca. 1920ca. 1920




US Electricity Flow - US Electricity Flow - 19941994

1 Quad = 0.29 TkWh

0.28 TkWh

0.15 TkWh

3.24 TkWh




U.S. ElectricityU.S. ElectricityProduction/Loss Production/Loss SummarySummary

TkWh % in T&D Lossand In-Plant

Use

Revenue@

$0.10/kWh(B$)

No. of 500 MWPower PlantEquivalents

Capital Cost@ $800/kW

(B$)

Total 3.24 324 740 296

T&DLosses

0.28 8% 28 63 25

In-PlantUsed

0.15 5% 15 35 14




SuperconductivitySuperconductivityand Efficiencyand Efficiency

1994 2014@ 2%/yr

2014Plants Saved

0.2%Penetration4× Efficiency

Total 740 360

T&D Losses 63 31 11

In-House Use 35 17 6




Wire-to-CableWire-to-Cable

50-meter Cable to be HV- and LT-Qualified, 1/98




EPRI/Pirelli Cable:EPRI/Pirelli Cable:Conductor ac LossesConductor ac Losses




Global Electrification:Global Electrification:A Superconductivity A Superconductivity SolutionSolution




The SuperconductingThe SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!Electricity Pipe!

I

-V

Ground

Structural Support

SuperconductingElectricityPipeline

ThermalInsulation

ElectricalInsulation

Superconductor(-V)

Superconductor(+V)

+VI

LiquidNitrogen

Total Cryo Total Cryo SystemSystem

Power: Power: 5 GW 5 GW dcdc

Cost: Cost: < Gas, < Gas, HVDC > HVDC > 500 Miles500 Miles




The Standard ModelThe Standard Model




The Fermilab The Fermilab PipetronPipetron

150 TeV COM HadronCollider based on superferric magnetsenergized by a 50 kAsuperconducting dccable -- tunnel about2.5 m dia, 800 km circumference.




HTSC Cables:HTSC Cables:Is Their Future dc? Is Their Future dc?

EdisonMaybe he was right after all!

TeslaInventor, Polyphase ac System

powering progress epri p.m. grant ibm almaden s&t colloquium 12 september 1997 electric power...

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