poster’printsize:’ pre-aspiration and glottalisation in ... · pdf filemichaela...
TRANSCRIPT
Poster Print Size: This poster template is 21” high by 45” wide and is printed at 200% for a 42” high by 90” wide poster. It can be used to print any poster with
Placeholders: The various elements included in this poster are ones we o8en see in medical, research, and scien:fic posters. Feel free to edit, move, add, and delete items, or change the layout to suit your needs. Always check with your conference
You can place digital photos or logo art in your poster file by selec:ng the Insert, Picture command, or by using standard copy & paste. For best results, all graphic elements should be at least 150-‐200 pixels per inch in their final printed size. For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel photo will usually look fine up to 8“-‐10” wide on your printed
To preview the print quality of images, select a magnifica:on of 100% when previewing your poster. This will give you a good idea of what it will look like in print. If you are laying out a large poster and using half-‐scale dimensions, be sure to preview your graphics at 200% to see them
Please note that graphics from websites (such as the logo on your hospital's or university's home page) will only be 72dpi and not
[This sidebar area does not print.]
Change Color Theme: This template is designed to use the built-‐in color themes in the newer versions of PowerPoint.
To change the color theme, select the Design tab, then select the Colors drop-‐down list.
The default color theme for this template is “Office”, so you can always return to that a8er trying some of the alterna:ves.
Prin:ng Your Poster: Once your poster file is ready, visit www.genigraphics.com to order a high-‐quality, affordable poster print. Every order receives a free design review and we can deliver as fast as next business day within the US and Canada.
Genigraphics® has been producing output from PowerPoint® longer than anyone in the industry; da:ng back to when we helped Microso8® design the PowerPoint® so8ware.
US and Canada: 1-‐800-‐790-‐4001 Email: [email protected]
[This sidebar area does not print.]
Narrow sense of the term used here: a period of voiceless fric:on following a vowel and preceding a voiceless plosive:
Figure 4: segmenta/on procedure showing the voiceless pre-‐aspira/on and the voiced breathy transi/on.
Breathy transi:on was excluded as the dura:on of breathy periods before plosives was found to be condi:oned by different factors than the dura:on of voiceless pre-‐aspira:on [2]. However, presence of breathiness was taken into account in the analyses.
Pre-aspiration and glottalisation in English
Michaela Hejná & Jane Scanlon
1. Kortland, F. (1988): Vestjysk Stød, Icelandic Preaspira:on, and Proto-‐Indo-‐European Glolalic Stops. Languages and cultures: studies in honor of Edgar C. Polomé. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin: 353–7. 2. Hejná, M. (2015) Pre-‐aspira/on in Welsh English. PhD thesis, University of Manchester. 3. Hejná, M. & Scanlon, C. J. (2015): “New Laryngeal Allophony in Manchester English”. ICPhS 2015, Glasgow. 4. Ruch, H. & Harrington, J. (2014): “Synchronic and diachronic factors in the change from pre-‐aspira:on to post-‐aspira:on in Andalusian Spanish”. Journal of Phone/cs 45. 12-‐25.
References
This study shows that pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on can co-‐exist in mul:ple ways in the same language. This is shown in two varie:es of English: Manchester English and English spoken in Aberystwyth.
In Manchester English, there is a complementary palern in the plosive context (pat, paJer), and a palern of co-‐occurrence in the frica:ve context (mass). In English spoken in Aberystwyth, varying levels of complementarity/co-‐occurrence were found in both contexts.
The exis:ng literature on laryngeal phenomena seems to suggest that pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on require two opposing states of the glows and therefore cannot occur in the same token, either successively or simultaneously (e.g. [1]). The overall results however point to a variety of op:ons available for phonologisa:on.
Introduction GLOTTALISATION & PRE-‐ASPIRATION CO-‐OCCUR
Figure 6: co-‐occurrence of gloJalisa/on and pre-‐aspira/on in Manchester English. Mixed Effects Models: ‘word’ and ‘subject’ = random effects; ‘vowel phoneme’ and ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic frica/ve’ = fixed effects. Significant: /a/ more gloJalisa/on than /ɪ/ (p < 0.001).
-‐ in the Manchester data, pre-‐aspira:on is obligatory (92%; 98% with breathiness) glolalisa:on (41%) thus always co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on. -‐ in 4 speakers from Aberystwyth, pre-‐aspira:on near obligatory (82-‐91%), 1 speaker variable (43%) glolalisa:on (4 speakers: 8-‐28%; 1 speaker 43%) generally co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on (in 6-‐25% & 43% all tokens). -‐ glolalisa:on more frequent in isola:on (bat vs Say bat once.)
GRADIENT EXCLUSIVITY -‐ 1 speaker from Aberystwyth pre-‐aspirates 23% of the tokens and glolalises 20%; the two phenomena do not co-‐occur; glolalisa:on more frequent in isola:on (bat vs Say bat once.)
NON-‐GLOTTALISERS (& NON-‐PRE-‐ASPIRATORS) -‐ 8 speakers from Aberystwyth only pre-‐aspirate -‐ 4 speakers from Aberystwyth neither glolalise nor pre-‐aspirate
Respondents
Glolalisa:on was iden:fied as an irregularity in the glolal pulses of the vowel. This could affect a single pulse or more (Figure 1).
Figure 1: irregular gloJal pulses.
Periodic creak was also considered a type of glolalisa:on, and it was iden:fied based on dips in f0. Glolal squeaks were similarly considered a type of glolalisa:on as well.
In the plosive context in the Manchester data, pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on show a more advanced degree of phonologisaCon than the frica:ve context.
The data from English spoken in Aberystwyth show much more variability in both the plosive and the frica:ve contexts, indica:ng various degrees of phonologisaCon.
It is not the case that pre-‐aspiraCon and gloDalisaCon are necessarily exclusive owing to the two opposing states of the gloFs ([spread gloFs] vs [constricted gloFs]).
Ques:ons: -‐ How do whispery creaks fit into the picture? Should they be considered
instances of simultaneous glolalisa:on and pre-‐aspira:on?
-‐ Is there a rela:onship between the pre-‐release gesture (pre-‐aspira:on or glolalisa:on) and the post-‐release gesture (post-‐aspira:on or no aspira:on or no release at all) which could result in the complementary palern over the course of :me? A8er all, the two posi:ons are perceptually confusable ([4]). This would also explain the lack of glolalisa:on in WE, which is heavily post-‐aspirated.
However, preliminary analyses do not confirm this in Manchester English.
Furthermore, it is not clear what role affricated /t/’s have in this picture: is the supraglolal fric:on component as confusable with pre-‐aspira:on as glolal post-‐aspira:on?
Discussion
Aberystwyth
-‐ 18 speakers born & raised in Aberystwyth -‐ most with parents also from mid-‐Wales -‐ L1 Welsh speakers, proficient in English -‐ 12 females, 6 males -‐ 24-‐90 years old
Manchester
-‐ 5 speakers born & raised in Manchester -‐ parents also from Manchester -‐ 3 females, 2 males -‐ 20-‐22 years old
Fricative context
Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester [email protected] & [email protected]
Defining pre-aspiration
Plosives: gradient exclusivity Pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on are exclusive, but they do not apply obligatorily. This could be considered a precursor to complementary distribu:on.
Figure 4: laryngeal phenomena word-‐medially (on the leY: “paJer”) and word-‐finally (on the right: “pat”). Mixed Effects Models: random effects: ‘word’ & ‘subject’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
-‐ for 2 speakers from Aberystwyth glolalisa:on occurs in 7% and 6% of their tokens and co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on in less than 1% -‐ pre-‐aspira:on slightly more frequent word-‐finally (bat) and glolalisa:on word-‐medially (baJer) different palern than in Figure 5
Pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on co-‐occur, but they do not apply obligatorily.
Figure 5: laryngeal phenomena word-‐medially (on the leY: “paJer”) and word-‐finally (on the right: “pat”). Mixed Effects Models: random effects: ‘word’ & ‘subject’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
-‐ for 3 speakers from Aberystwyth glolalisa:on occurs in 4%, 8%, and 17% -‐ it co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on in 3%, 8%, and 17%, respec:vely -‐ both pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on more frequent word-‐medially (baJer) than word-‐finally (bat)
NON-‐GLOTTALISERS -‐ 10 speakers from Aberystwyth only pre-‐aspirate and their glolalisa:ons comprise less than 3% of the tokens -‐ problem: who counts as a glolaliser? – this in itself is a gradient aspect
Defining glottalisation
Data Aberystwyth -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /aː/, /oː/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in
monosyllables and disyllables (mock, mocker) and with /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/ in monosyllables (mash)
-‐ 3 tokens per word: 1x in isola:on, 2x in a carrier sentence Say ___ once.
-‐ 8,400 tokens in total
Manchester -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in monosyllables and
disyllables (mock, mocking) and with /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/ in monosyllables (mash).
-‐ 1 token per word for 4 speakers, 2 tokens per word for 1 speaker -‐ in a carrier sentence That’s the word ___.
-‐ 410 tokens in total
Thank you to Sarah Mahmood for her help with data collection.
Plosives: categorical complementarity The rela:onship between pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on is phonological and determined by prosody in Manchester English: [lʊhkhɪ] & [lʊɁkh])
Figure 3: gloJalisa/on (on the leY) and pre-‐aspira/on (on the right) and prosodic environment. Fit Bayesian Models: random effect: ‘word’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
Plosives: gradient co-occurrence