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Narrow sense of the term used here: a period of voiceless fric:on following a vowel and preceding a voiceless plosive:
Figure 4: segmenta/on procedure showing the voiceless pre-‐aspira/on and the voiced breathy transi/on.
Breathy transi:on was excluded as the dura:on of breathy periods before plosives was found to be condi:oned by different factors than the dura:on of voiceless pre-‐aspira:on [2]. However, presence of breathiness was taken into account in the analyses.
Pre-aspiration and glottalisation in English
Michaela Hejná & Jane Scanlon
1. Kortland, F. (1988): Vestjysk Stød, Icelandic Preaspira:on, and Proto-‐Indo-‐European Glolalic Stops. Languages and cultures: studies in honor of Edgar C. Polomé. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin: 353–7. 2. Hejná, M. (2015) Pre-‐aspira/on in Welsh English. PhD thesis, University of Manchester. 3. Hejná, M. & Scanlon, C. J. (2015): “New Laryngeal Allophony in Manchester English”. ICPhS 2015, Glasgow. 4. Ruch, H. & Harrington, J. (2014): “Synchronic and diachronic factors in the change from pre-‐aspira:on to post-‐aspira:on in Andalusian Spanish”. Journal of Phone/cs 45. 12-‐25.
References
This study shows that pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on can co-‐exist in mul:ple ways in the same language. This is shown in two varie:es of English: Manchester English and English spoken in Aberystwyth.
In Manchester English, there is a complementary palern in the plosive context (pat, paJer), and a palern of co-‐occurrence in the frica:ve context (mass). In English spoken in Aberystwyth, varying levels of complementarity/co-‐occurrence were found in both contexts.
The exis:ng literature on laryngeal phenomena seems to suggest that pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on require two opposing states of the glows and therefore cannot occur in the same token, either successively or simultaneously (e.g. [1]). The overall results however point to a variety of op:ons available for phonologisa:on.
Introduction GLOTTALISATION & PRE-‐ASPIRATION CO-‐OCCUR
Figure 6: co-‐occurrence of gloJalisa/on and pre-‐aspira/on in Manchester English. Mixed Effects Models: ‘word’ and ‘subject’ = random effects; ‘vowel phoneme’ and ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic frica/ve’ = fixed effects. Significant: /a/ more gloJalisa/on than /ɪ/ (p < 0.001).
-‐ in the Manchester data, pre-‐aspira:on is obligatory (92%; 98% with breathiness) glolalisa:on (41%) thus always co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on. -‐ in 4 speakers from Aberystwyth, pre-‐aspira:on near obligatory (82-‐91%), 1 speaker variable (43%) glolalisa:on (4 speakers: 8-‐28%; 1 speaker 43%) generally co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on (in 6-‐25% & 43% all tokens). -‐ glolalisa:on more frequent in isola:on (bat vs Say bat once.)
GRADIENT EXCLUSIVITY -‐ 1 speaker from Aberystwyth pre-‐aspirates 23% of the tokens and glolalises 20%; the two phenomena do not co-‐occur; glolalisa:on more frequent in isola:on (bat vs Say bat once.)
NON-‐GLOTTALISERS (& NON-‐PRE-‐ASPIRATORS) -‐ 8 speakers from Aberystwyth only pre-‐aspirate -‐ 4 speakers from Aberystwyth neither glolalise nor pre-‐aspirate
Respondents
Glolalisa:on was iden:fied as an irregularity in the glolal pulses of the vowel. This could affect a single pulse or more (Figure 1).
Figure 1: irregular gloJal pulses.
Periodic creak was also considered a type of glolalisa:on, and it was iden:fied based on dips in f0. Glolal squeaks were similarly considered a type of glolalisa:on as well.
In the plosive context in the Manchester data, pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on show a more advanced degree of phonologisaCon than the frica:ve context.
The data from English spoken in Aberystwyth show much more variability in both the plosive and the frica:ve contexts, indica:ng various degrees of phonologisaCon.
It is not the case that pre-‐aspiraCon and gloDalisaCon are necessarily exclusive owing to the two opposing states of the gloFs ([spread gloFs] vs [constricted gloFs]).
Ques:ons: -‐ How do whispery creaks fit into the picture? Should they be considered
instances of simultaneous glolalisa:on and pre-‐aspira:on?
-‐ Is there a rela:onship between the pre-‐release gesture (pre-‐aspira:on or glolalisa:on) and the post-‐release gesture (post-‐aspira:on or no aspira:on or no release at all) which could result in the complementary palern over the course of :me? A8er all, the two posi:ons are perceptually confusable ([4]). This would also explain the lack of glolalisa:on in WE, which is heavily post-‐aspirated.
However, preliminary analyses do not confirm this in Manchester English.
Furthermore, it is not clear what role affricated /t/’s have in this picture: is the supraglolal fric:on component as confusable with pre-‐aspira:on as glolal post-‐aspira:on?
Discussion
Aberystwyth
-‐ 18 speakers born & raised in Aberystwyth -‐ most with parents also from mid-‐Wales -‐ L1 Welsh speakers, proficient in English -‐ 12 females, 6 males -‐ 24-‐90 years old
Manchester
-‐ 5 speakers born & raised in Manchester -‐ parents also from Manchester -‐ 3 females, 2 males -‐ 20-‐22 years old
Fricative context
Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester [email protected] & [email protected]
Defining pre-aspiration
Plosives: gradient exclusivity Pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on are exclusive, but they do not apply obligatorily. This could be considered a precursor to complementary distribu:on.
Figure 4: laryngeal phenomena word-‐medially (on the leY: “paJer”) and word-‐finally (on the right: “pat”). Mixed Effects Models: random effects: ‘word’ & ‘subject’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
-‐ for 2 speakers from Aberystwyth glolalisa:on occurs in 7% and 6% of their tokens and co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on in less than 1% -‐ pre-‐aspira:on slightly more frequent word-‐finally (bat) and glolalisa:on word-‐medially (baJer) different palern than in Figure 5
Pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on co-‐occur, but they do not apply obligatorily.
Figure 5: laryngeal phenomena word-‐medially (on the leY: “paJer”) and word-‐finally (on the right: “pat”). Mixed Effects Models: random effects: ‘word’ & ‘subject’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
-‐ for 3 speakers from Aberystwyth glolalisa:on occurs in 4%, 8%, and 17% -‐ it co-‐occurs with pre-‐aspira:on in 3%, 8%, and 17%, respec:vely -‐ both pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on more frequent word-‐medially (baJer) than word-‐finally (bat)
NON-‐GLOTTALISERS -‐ 10 speakers from Aberystwyth only pre-‐aspirate and their glolalisa:ons comprise less than 3% of the tokens -‐ problem: who counts as a glolaliser? – this in itself is a gradient aspect
Defining glottalisation
Data Aberystwyth -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /aː/, /oː/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in
monosyllables and disyllables (mock, mocker) and with /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/ in monosyllables (mash)
-‐ 3 tokens per word: 1x in isola:on, 2x in a carrier sentence Say ___ once.
-‐ 8,400 tokens in total
Manchester -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in monosyllables and
disyllables (mock, mocking) and with /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/ in monosyllables (mash).
-‐ 1 token per word for 4 speakers, 2 tokens per word for 1 speaker -‐ in a carrier sentence That’s the word ___.
-‐ 410 tokens in total
Thank you to Sarah Mahmood for her help with data collection.
Plosives: categorical complementarity The rela:onship between pre-‐aspira:on and glolalisa:on is phonological and determined by prosody in Manchester English: [lʊhkhɪ] & [lʊɁkh])
Figure 3: gloJalisa/on (on the leY) and pre-‐aspira/on (on the right) and prosodic environment. Fit Bayesian Models: random effect: ‘word’; fixed effects: ‘vowel phoneme’, ‘place of ar/cula/on of the post-‐tonic plosive’, and ‘posi/on within word’. Significant: posi/on within word (p < 0.0001).
Plosives: gradient co-occurrence
