positive risk taking in dementia promoting excellence in dementia enhanced level masterclass...
TRANSCRIPT
Positive Risk Taking in Dementia Promoting Excellence in Dementia
ENHANCED LEVEL Masterclass
Christine Steele AHP Dementia Consultant
Ruth Mantle Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Nurse Consultant
Aims: •Investigate the factors which influence our
approach to risk
•Review up-to-date research/ literature in
relation to positive risk taking & dementia
•Explore methods for integrating positive
risk taking within your current practice.
What do we mean by risk and what is our experience in the workplace of risk and dementia?
Case-studies
Definition of Risk
Originates from Italian word risicare means ‘to dare’.
Historically considered to be more about choice rather
than fate.
Today seen more as, ‘the possibility of incurring
misfortune or loss’ and to expose to danger or loss’ Collins, 1998
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear
itself”Franklin Roosevelt
‒ Society
‒ Cultures we work in
‒ Own personal narratives
‒ Values and life experience
‒ which in turn influences what we then consider being
risky or acceptable levels of risk and shapes the way we
respond’.
Douglas & Wildavsky, 1982
Our perceptions and understanding of risk are
shaped by:
‒ Professionals- focus on management strategies on
future and emphasize the physical domain of risk i.e.
falls
‒ Family/ carers- focus on present and emphasise
interpersonal domain of risk i.e. loss of partner role
‒ Person living with dementia- concerned with
biographical domain i.e. loss of self-identity
Risk Perspectives
‒ Hazard Manager- identify hazards and remove or
minimise threat to cause harm.
‒ Risk Facilitator- identifying and supporting activities
which add to the quality of life of someone.
‒ Dilemma Negotiator- identify and reconcile differing
views and seek consensus between person living with
dementia, family and practitioners.
Alaszewki et al 1998
Practitioner Role in Risk Management
Consider role we might play in discharge planning?
How might we influence decisions about discharge
destination and be a dilemma facilitator or risk
facilitator rather than a hazard manager?
‘Whilst physical safety remains key focus for healthcare,
the ability to maintain self-identity and key relationships
is of more importance to the person with dementia and
their family’ Gilmour et .al, 2003
‒ ‘probability of risk can be calculated as an objective
measurement of the likelihood of harm occuring
(Denney, 2005)
‒ Standardises and objectifies risk through use of risk
matrices
Physical Domain of Risk
Traditional risk discussions focus on downside risk
Risk that an event will turn out worse than expected
‒ If person goes outside, what are the chances he will get
lost, or walk into traffic?
‒ If he walks unassisted, what are the chances he will fall
and be injured?
‒ At a social event, what are the chances she will be
overwhelmed and distressed by the environment?
Thomas & Ronch
Upside risk
risk that an event will turn out better than expected.
‒ If person goes outside, what are the chances he will improve his conditioning and overall mood and sleep better at night?
‒ If he walks unassisted, could it improve his balance and lead to greater independence with other activities of daily living?
‒ If she goes to a social event, could it bring meaning, growth and forestall further cognitive decline?
‒ Tick-box mentality that replaces clinical judgement
‒ Tells you very little about person
‒ Format is often negative in focus with little room for
optimism or potential for working alongside risks or to
take risks
‒ Managing and avoiding risk
‒ Doesn’t always show reason for risk
Focusing on Physical Domain of Risk can lead
to:
‘often unintentional, that arise from emotional,
psychological or spiritual neglect’ Clarke et al, 2011
The psychological and emotional risks can remain hidden and in just
focusing on the physical domain of risk there is the danger that the
person is denied the opportunity to make meaningful choices and to
maintain a level of independence or autonomy.
Silent Harms
Not being given the opportunity to undertake such basic
activities as going to the toilet, leaving the ward/ home or
walking unaccompanied because others do not believe
the person to be capable of managing the potential risk
involved can further deprive the person of their sense of
identity and purpose.
Can lead to feelings of disempowerment and
hopelessness leading to deskilling and deterioration in
person’s physical and cognitive functioning.
Understanding that stress and distress in dementia might
in fact be the person communicating an unmet need or a
reaction to a silent harm........
Can help prevent it being as perceived as risky
behaviour but rather as a response to their reality at that
moment and staff to consider if there is anything that
can be done to meet that need.
Place at the centre of decision-making the person (who
happens to have dementia) rather than the dementia
(which happens to be part of the person)
‘Do not let someone’s past and future life be
overshadowed by dementia’
Sabat, 2011
Move from thinking just about person being vulnerable
(and so needing to manage their risks and harms) to
understanding that it is a situation which leads to
someone being vulnerable- so see the person as part of
the context of situation.
Negotiating Risk
Negotiating risk is neither the elimination of any activity
that might produce a downside nor an acceptance of all
activities without boundaries……
It is a conversation about who the person is and
asks:
‒ how they stand to benefit from engaging in an activity?
‒ what the downside risks are?
‒ can they be mitigated to an acceptable degree of
support?
Power, 2014
‘Think not so much about protecting someone and
avoiding risks, but getting to know what risks it is
reasonable to enable someone to take in order to
achieve a sense of achievement and purpose’.
Clarke, 2014
Supporting positive risk-taking‒ Bust the myths
‒ See the individual
‒ Identify and celebrate risk-takers
‒ Break down the stigma
‒ Provide a safety net
‒ Support decision making
- have I got accessible/ useful information I need?
- what are the risks associated with each available choice?
- what risk is being taken (and by whom)?
- what are the positive outcomes of taking the risk?
- what strengths can be identified?
- What steps need to be taken to manage the risk-taking?
- what could go wrong, and how can this be best managed?
- accept that some things can go wrong: who can help manage the fear or guilt?
Final thought
“People living with dementia must be allowed to take
risks, because if we don’t, we are in danger of relaxing
into the disease. At times we feel hopeless. At times the
hurt we feel is indescribable and we can let it be a barrier
to life. But there is a life for us, if we risk it.”
personal account of living with dementia Morgan,
2009