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Page 1: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Population of t lie

Philippine Islands

in 1916

H. OTLEY BEYER

EKGLISH^PAMSE EDITION

Page 2: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

THE GIFT OF

Q^ML OwsiSvujV

Page 3: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Cornell University Library

HA 1826.P57

Population 6^ the Philippine Islands

3 1924 023 978 400

Page 4: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

MCornell University

Library

The original of this book is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023978400

Page 5: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Population of the

Philippine Islands

in 1916(Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas eH If16)

H. OTLEY BEYERAttUtant Professor of Anthropology, UniTeriily of

the Philippine*, and Cuntor, Bureau

of Science Muteum

ENGLISH-SPANISH EDITION

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Page 7: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Population of the Philippine

Islands in 1916

' (POBLACION DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS EN 1916)

; Prepared under the direction of

Preparado bajo la direcci6n de

H. Otley BeyerAssistant Professor of Anthropology, University of

the Philippines, and Curator, Bureau

of Science Museum.

MANILA

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., Inc.

19175

Page 8: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

FIRST EDITION

1000 Copies

Prbss of E. C. McCULLOUGH & CO., Manila, P. 1.

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PREFACETV/fOST of the material in the preeent volume has appeared^'-^ in "The Philippine Review" during the months of April

and May of the current year. Thanks are due to the Hon.

Gregorio Nieva, editor and proprietor of the Review, for per-

mission to reprint.

Some of the matter has been rearranged and errors corrected.

The only other change of importance has been the addition

(on p. 95) of a few new titles to the Bibliography.

The book is intended primarily as a work for ready reference,

and has been printed in both English and Spanish to make it

more widely available. While the Spanish translation is be-

lieved to be sufficiently accurate, in any case of doubt as to the

author's meaning the English version should be adhered to.

A future volume will deal at greater length with Philippine

raciaf types, and wfth the classification of the cultural and lin-

guistic groups.

H. O. B.

Manila,

June 20, 1917

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CONTENTSIntroduction 7

Part One: Statistical Tables 19

Table I. Alphabetical list of recog-

nized ethnographicgroups. 19

Table II. Classification of recognized

ethnographic groups ac-

cording to religious be-

lief. 20

Table III. Classification by state of

economic and social prog-

ress. '

. 22

Table IV. Alphabetical list of recog-

nized languages and dia-

lects, according to ethno-

graphic groups. 23

Table V. Classification by language

and dialect. 27

Table VI. Percentages by classified

groups. 30

Table VII. Estimated population byprovinces. 32

Table VIII. Estimated population of

principal islands. 34

Table IX. Population by Senate dis-

tricts. 34

Table X. Population by Representa-

tive districts. 35

Part Two: Brief descriptions, in alpha-

betical order, of each of the

recognized Philippine ethno-

graphic groups, with mention

of physical types, languages,

dialects, and bibliographical

references. 37

ConclusionBibliography

77

89

fNDICEIntroducci6n 7

Primera Parte: Tablas Estad!sticas 19

Tabla I. Lista alfabdtica de los grupos

etnogrdficos reconoci-

dos. 19

Tabla II. Clasificaci6n de los grupos

etnogrificos reconocidos,

segiin sus creencias reli-

giosas. 20

Tabla III. Clasificaci6n por estado de

adelanto social y econ6-

mico. ,22

Tabla IV. Lista alfab6tica de idiomas y

dialectos reconocidos, segiin

los grupos etnogr^ficos. 23

Tabla V. Clasificaci6n por idiomas ydialectos. 27

Tabla VI. Promedios de los grupos clasi-

ficados. 30

Tabla VII. Poblaci6n calculada por pro-

vincias. 32

Tabla VIII. Poblaci6n calculada por islas

principales. 34

Tabla IX. Poblaci6n por distritos sena-

toriales. 34

Tabla X. Poblaci6n por distritos de Re-

presentantes. 35

Segunda Parte: Breves descripciorifes

por orden alfibeticp, de cada

uno de los grupos etnogrificos

filipinos reconocidos, con men-

' ci6n de sus tipos fisicos, idio-

mas, dialectos y referencias

bibliogrdficas. 37

Conclusi6n 77

BiBLIOGRAFfA 89

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INTRODUCTION" ine present paper purports to give afairly accurate estimate of the population

of liie Philippine Islands up to January1, 1916. It differs from previous censuses

and estimates both in the manner in whichit has been compiled and in the character

and arrangement of the statistics. It

is the purpose of this introduction to give

in brief form the data necessary for deter-

mining the degree of accuracy that canbe attached to the information, and for

a proper understanding of the statistical

tables that form the body of the paper.

PREVIOUS CENSUSES AND ESTIMATES OF

POPULATION

The first accurate census of the Philip-

pines in accordance with modern methodswas that taken under authority of the

Philippine Commission in the year 1903.

On pages 17-19 of Volume II of the pub-

lished report* there is given a complete

list of all known previous censuses andestimates. This list will be referred to

later.'

In Spanish days three official censuses

were taken—in 1877, 1887 and 1896. Thefirst two were completed and the results

published, but that of 1896 was only par-

tially completed due to the outbreak of

the revolution in that year.

ACCURACY OF THE CENSUS OF 1903

Consideringthe conditions that prevailed

at the time, the census of 1903 was

taken with care and accuracy, and despite

subsequent criticism it is difficult to see

how it could have been improved upon.

The chief inaccuracies brought out by more

recent information were almost exclusively

confined to regions that were in a disturbed

condition at the time the census was

taken, or were occupied by warlike or

nomadic non-Christian peoples. Very lit-

tle of the territory occupied by the non-

Christians—classified as "wild" by the

census—had been brought under govern-

mental authority in 1903, and passable

roads or trails were equally scarce. The

1 "Census of the Philippine Islands: 1903",

4 vols., Compiled and published by the United States

Bureau of the Census, Washington, 1905. (Edi-

tions were published in both English and Spanish.

References in this paper are accurate for the pagi-

nation of the English edition only.)

INTR0DUCCI6NEl siguiente, trabajo trata de dar una

idea bastante exacta de la poblaci6n de las

Islas Filipinas en 1.° de Enero de 1916.

Difiere de los cilculos y censos anteriores

tanto por el procedimiento empleado para

su cpmpilaci6n como por la clase y presen-

taci6n <Je las estadlsticas. El objeto deesta introducci6n es presentar en forma

breve los datos necesarios para determinar

el grado de exactitud que pueda concederse

a los informes y para la debida inteligencia

de las tablas estadlsticas que forman el

cuerpo de la obra.

CENSOS Y cAlCULOS DE POBLACi6nANTERIORES

El primer censo exacto de las Islas Fili-

pinE^s, de acuerdo con los procedimientosmodernos, fue el levantado el aiio 1903por orden de la Comisi6n de Filipinas.

En las p^ginas 17 a 19 del segundo tomopublicado* se da una lista completa detodos los censos y c41culos anteriores cono-

cidos. Mis adelante nos referiremos a esta

lista.

Durante la dominaci6n espanola se for-

maron tres censos oficiales, en 1877, 1887

y 1896. Los dos primeros se terminaron ylos resultados fueron publicados, pero el de1896 s61o fue corapilado parcialmente aconsecuencia de la insurrecci6n que estall6

aquel afio.

EXACTITUD DEL CENSO DE 1903

, Teniendo en cuenta la situaci6n queprevalecfa en aquella 6poca, el censo de1903 se form6 con cuidado y exactitud y adespecho de las censuras que despu6s se

han formulado es dificil comprender c6rao

hubiera podido mejorarse. Las princi-

pales inexactitudes, que han demo^tradolos mis recientes informes, quedaron con-

finadas casi exclusivamente a las regiones

que se hallaban en estado de revuelta

cuando se form6 el censo yestabanpobladaspor tribus infieles belicosas o n6madas.En 1903 muy pequena parte del territorio

ocupado por los no cristianos—^clasificados

como "salvajes" por el censo—habia, sido

reducida a la autoridad del gobierno ytambi^n escaseaban los caminos y sendas

transitables. Por lo tanto, la esfera de

i"Censo de las Islas Filipinas, 1903". 4 tomos,compilado y publicado por la Oficina del Censo delos Estados Unidos, Washington, 1905. (Se publi-

carori edicidnes en ingles y castellano. Las refe-

rencias a paginas en este trabajo correspondenlinicamente a la edicion inglesa.)

Page 14: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

range of the census takers was therefore

limited by difficulties of transportation

as well as the lack of personal security.

Some of the Mindanao peoples were over-

estimated, while nearly all of those included

within the present Mountain Province

were notably under-estimated,-^

iThe apparent over-estimate of some of

1 the Mindanao peoples was probably due• to confused nomenclature rather vthan to

an absolute over-estimate of population.

, The total for the whole island was certainly

_under the true number, Most of the non-

Christian territory is now fairly well or-

ganized and it is possible to make a mlich

more accurate enumeration.

As to the great body of thq cbmi)aratively

civilized lowland population, however, the

degree of accuracy of the census cannot

be said to be other than thoroughly sat-

isfactory. A study of the methods used

and a comparison with former censuses

amply demonstrate this.

ESTIMATES SINCE 1903

Since the census was taken, a number bi

estimates of the increased population havebeen published. Some of these have been

mere guesses and are unworthy of credence.

Among those more worthy of consideration

the following may be mentioned:

% Cedulas.—^The records kept by the Bu-reau of Internal Revenue of the sale of

cedulas—the per capita tax collected in

the Philippines—furnish a basis for cal-

culating population. But estimates madefrom the cedulas must be considered as

very conservative, since a number of menconstantly manage to escape the tax.

"Health Reports.-^ ihs. Bureau of Health

keeps records of vaccinations and of births

and deaths, and these also furnish a basis

for estimating thejpopulation. Some doubt

has been cast by various writers on the

accuracy of the Health reports. Whilethere is considerable evidence that reports

' The following incident shows how crudewere the methods used in enumerating some of theMountain Province peoples: While in NuevaVizcaya in 1906, and knowing that even then manyof the Ifugao clans (classed as "Igorot" in the

census) were still unsubjected to governmentalauthority, I asked one of the former census enu-merators how he had obtained his figures for thatpart of the Ifugao country. He replied that hehad ascended certain near-by mountain peaksoverlooking the more thickly populated valleys,

while friendly Ifugaos who accompanied him pointedout the various villages and made guesses at their

probable population.

acci6n de los enumeradores del censo es

hallaba limitada asi por la falta de segu-

ridad personal como por las dificultades

de los transportes. En parte de Mindanaola poblaci6n se calcul6 con exceso, mientras

que en casi toda la regi6n que ahora cons-

tituye la Provincia Montaiiosa se estim6

en un niimero considerablemente menorque el verdadero.i

El exceso notorio en el c^lculo de la

poblaci6n de algunas regiones de Mindanaose debi6 probablemente m4s a confusi6n

en la nomenclatura que a verdadero exceso

en el cMculo de la poblaci6n. El niimerototal asignado a la isla era ciertamente

menor que el niimero real de habitantes dela misma. La mayor parte del territorio

no cristiano se halla ahora bastante bien

organizado y es posible realizar una enume-raci6n" mucho m4s exacta.

Respecto a la gran masa de poblaci6n

relatfvamente civilizada que puebla la

tierra baja, sin embargo, el grado de exac-

titud del censo no puede calificarse m4sque de completamente satisfactorio. Unestudio de los procedimientbs empleados

y una comparaci6n con los censos anteriores

lo demuestra cumplidamente.

cAlculos desde 1903

Desde que se levant6 el censo, se hanpublicado varios cilculos del aumento depoblaci6n. Algunos de ellos han sido

meras conjeturas y no merecen cr^dito.

Entre los mis dignos de consideraci6n

pueden citarse los siguientes:

CSdulas.—Los datos que posee la Oficina

de Rentas Internas acerca de la venta dede cedulas—la contribuci6n per. c4pita

recaudada en Filipinas—proporcionan unabase para calcular la poblaci6n. Pero los

cilculos basados en las cedulas debenconsiderarse muy mbderados, pues siemprehay un niimero de individuos qUe eludenel pago de la contribuci6n.

Partes de Sanidad.—La Oficina de Sa^nidad Ueva estadisticas de las vacuna-ciones y de los nacimientos y defunciones

y tambi^n estos datos proporcionan unabase para calcular la poblaci6n. Algunosautores han expresado ciertas dudas acerca

' El siguiente episodio demuestra cu4n pocoexactos fueron los procedimientos que se emplearonpara enumerar parte de los habitantes de la ProvinciaMontaiiosa. Hallindome en Nueva Vizcaya en1906 y sabiendo que adn entonces muchas de las

rancherlas de ifugaos (dasificados como "igorrotes"en el censo) vivlan exentas de la jurisdiccion dpigobierno, preguntd a uno de los que habian sido

, enumeradores del censo c6mo habfa obtenido los

datos relativos a aquella parte del pais de los ifugaos.

Me contesto que habia subido a los picos de las

montaiias vecinas, mirando los valles mas poblados,calculando la poblaci6n los ifugaos adictos que le

acompaiiaban y le seiialaban las diversas rancherias.

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PoUacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916

from some districts have been excessive

or inaccurate, in general the Health re-

ports show only a normal increase of

population, i

Division of Ethnology estimate.—In 1912,

a report for the use of the acting Governor-General was prepared in the division of

ethnology of the Bureau of Science, whichshowed a total population slightly in excess•of eight millions. This report dealt chiefly

, with the number of the non-Christians,however, and the Christian populationwas taken directly from the census withouteillowance for the normal natural increase.

Del Pan's estimate.—In 1913, the late

Rafael Del Pan made certain computations—a copy of which he kindly furnishedthe writer—to show that the populationof the Islands was appr£)aching the ninemillion mark. The present estimate wouldseem to bear out h^s figures.

Worcester's estimate.—On pages 999-1003of his recent work on the Philippines,

Dean C. Worcester, « formerly Secretary

of the Interior, gives a revised estimate

of the non-Christian population up to

about the beginning of the year 1913.

This estimate shows a total of 1,071,832

non-Christians, which is 55,274 in excess

of the present estimate. The chief items

in Worcester's list that ajJ^ear to me to

be excessive are his inclusion of the census

estimates of 13,414 non-Christians in Ca-gayan, 2,210 in Ilokos Norte, 13,611 in

Ilokos Sur, 7,638 in Isabela, and 3,386

in Pangasinan. I am of the opinion that

the gteater part of these people were

included in the Mountain Province, whichwas created five years after the census

was taken. In several other it^ms Wor-cester's estimate somewhat exceeds the

present one, but in a few others it falls

short of the present figures. Among the

latter, the Tinggians and Ifugaos maybe mentioned. The Moros and Kalingas

are probably over-estimated, doubtless due

in the case- of the Moros to the inclusion

of many individuals now classed as pagan

or Christian. In general, however, Wor-cester's estimate is supported by present

information.

de la exactitud de los datos de Sanidad.Aunque existen amplias pruebas de quelos datos de algunos distritos han sido

exagerados o resultan inexactos, en general

las estadisticas de Sanidad s61o indican

un aumento normal de poblaci6n.

Cdlculos de la Seccion de Etnologia.—En 1912, la Secci6n de Etnologia de la

Oficina de Ciencias present6 un informe

al Gobernador General, en que se fijaba

la poblaci6n total en un poco mis de ochomillones. Sin embargo, este informe se

referia especialmente al ntimero de los

habitantes no cristianos, y la poblaci6n

cristiana se tom6 directamente del censo,

sin prestar itenci6n al natural crecimiento

de la poblaci6n en circunstancias normales.

Cdlculo de Del Pan.—Eh 1913, el difunto

Rafael del Pan realiz6 ciertos estudios

una copia de los cuales tuvo la amabilidadde entregar al que 6sto escribe—deduciendoque la poblaci6n del Archipielago seacer-

caba ya a los nueve millones. El presente

cilculo parece comprobar la exactitud

de sus datos.

Cdlculo de Worcester.—En las pdginas999-1003 de su reciente obra sobre Fili-

pinas, Dean C. Worcester', ex-Secretario

del Interior, da un Ccilculo revisado de la

poblaci6n no cristiana hacia los comienzosdel ano 1913. Este c&lculo da un total

de 1,071,832 no cristianos, que son 55,274raks de los que arroja el presente cilculo.

Los principales datos de la lista de Wor-cester, que me parecen excesivos, son su

inclusi6n de las cifras del censo de 13,414no cristianos en Cagaydn, 2,210 enIlocos Norte, 13,611 en Ilocos Sur, 7,638en Isabela y 3,386 en PangasinAn.Creo que la mayor parte de estos habi-

tantes se hallan ahora incluidos en la Pro-

vincia Montanosa, que fue creada cinco

alios despues de formarse el censo. Envarias cifras, los Ccilculos de Worcesterexceden al presente, pero en otros datos

quedan por bajo del actual. Entre estos

liltimos casos, merecen especial menci6nlos de los tingianes y los ifugaos. Probable-

mente el niimero de los moros y calingas

estk calculado con exceso, sin duda, enel caso de los moros, por estar incluidos

entre ellos muchos individuos que ahorase clasifican como cristianos. En general,

sin embargo, los datos de Worcester estan

confirmados por la presente informaci6n.

1 See conclusion, for further comment on Health

Teports.•"The Philippines, Past and Present", in 2

volumes. 1st ed. New York, the Macmillan Com-pany, 1914.

1 "The Philippines Past and Present" (El Pasado

y el Presente de Filipinas), en dos tomos. Primeraedicion. Nueva York. The Macmillan Company,1914.

Page 16: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

10 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Cameron's estimate.—On 'page 327 of

his report for the year 1914, Gtjvernor

Frank W. Carpenter, i of the Department

of Mindanao and Sulu, gives what he

describes as a "conservative estimate of

the present population", and which he

has verbally stated to the writer was based

on figures furnished by Mr. Charles R.

Cameron. This estimate exhibits a total

of 313,590 Mohammedans and 181,964

pagans in the present Department of Min-danao and Sulu,—which is quite close

to the present estimate, the writer having

used somewhat more recent figures."

The new census.—By Act No. 2352, of

the Philippine Legislature, provision wasmade for the taking of a new official census'

of the Islands in 1915. The condition

of the government finances, however, did

hot permit of its being taken in that year,

and up to the present time ho appropriation

has been made for carrying out the work.

Cdlculo de Cameron.—En la p4gina 327

de su memoria anual correspondiente a

1914, el Gobernador Frank W. Carpenter',

del Departamento de Mindanao y Sulu,

proporciona lo que califica de "C5.1culo

moderado de la actual poblaci6n", y que,

segiin verbalmente ha manife'stado al que

isto escribe, .se basaba en los datos facili-

tados por el Sr. Charles R. Cameron. Estecilculo da un total de 313,590 mahome-tanos y 181,964 paganos en el actual

Departamento de Mindanao y Sulli, quees casi igual al cilculd presente, habiendoutilizado el autor cifras m4s recientes.

El nuevo censo.—En virtud de la ley

ntimero 2352 de la Legislatura Filipina, se

dispuso el levantamiento de un nuevocenso' oficial del Archipi61ago en 1915.

El estado de la Hacienda Piiblica, sin

embargo, no permiti6 c(ue se levantara

aquel aiio y hasta ahora no se ha votadoningiin cr6dito para realizar ese trabajo.

INCEPTION OF THE PRESENT ESTIMATE

j The unsatisfactory character of the

Iabove-mentioned estimate of the Division

[of Ethnology—^with the preparation of

which the writer was connected—led to adesire to secure better sources of informa-

tion regarding the Philippine population

than were then available. Accordingly,

in the latter part of the year 1912, 1 pre-

pared a list of simple questions and a

circular of inforrhation which were to be

sent to provincial and municipal officials

throughout the Islands, with, the idea of

securing from them certain information

which could be used to calculate the in-

crease or decrease of population with

some d.egree of accuracy. However, dueto the necessity of my leaving Manila

. for other work, and to the later elimination

of the division of ethnology, this workwas only partially completed and therefore

,of little value.

Upon the establishment of the depart-

ment of anthropology in the University

of the Philippines, in November, 1914,;

' In the ISth annual report of the PhilippineCommission (1914).—Washington, GovernmentPrinting Of5ce, 1915. Pages 325-407.

2 See conclusion, for a new estimate of thepopulation of Mindanao and Sulu by GovernorCarpenter, also based on figures collected by Mr.Cameron.

'Op. cit. (Note 1), pages 8, 17, 27, 35.

ORIGEN DEL PRESENTE CALCULO

El caricter poco satisfactorio del citado

c&lculo de la Secci6n de Etnologfa—en cuya

preparaci6n interviho el autor—produjo

el deseo de obtener mejores fuentes de in-

formaci6n respecto a la poblaci6n de Fili-

pinas que las disponibles entonces. En su

consecuencia, a fines del afio 1912, redact6

una lista de preguntas sencillas y unacircular de informaci6n que habfan deenviarse a los funcionariqs municipales

y provinciales del ArChipi^lago, con la idea

de obtener de ellps ciertos datos que pu-dieran utilizarse para calcular el aumentoo descenso de la poblaci6n con algdngrado de exactitud. Pero, a causa de la

necesidad en que me vi de salir de Manilapara emprender otro trabajo y\ despu4spor la supresi6n de la Secci6n de Etnologfa,

esta labor qued6 a medio hacer y resultaba,

por lo tanto, de poca u'tilidad.

Con el establecimiento del Departa--;

mento de Antropologfa en la Universidadde Filipinas, en Noviembre de 1914, decidi

' En la IS.a Memoria Anual de la Coraisi6n deFilipinjts (1914), Washington, Imprenta del Go-bierno, 1915, paginas 325-407. V6ase la Conclusion,

para un nuevo calculo de la poblaci6n de Mindanao

y Sulu por el Gobernador Carpenter, basado en los

datos recogidos por Mr. Charles R. Cameron.' Op. cit. (Nota 1), p4ginas 8, 17, 27 y 35.

Page 17: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 11

I decided to resume the work but foundthat most of the data accumulated werethen too old to be very satisfactory. Earlyin 1915 I began sending out questionsafresh to a revised list of officials andothers, and practically all of the informa-tion used in compiling the tables given in

the present estimate was collected duringthe year 1915 and the first half of thepresent year.

PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF INFORMATIONThe chief source of information has

been the municipal officials, though in

many cases a school teacher or other intel-

ligent resident has furnished the informa-

tion for a municipality. In those cases

where the reports by officials were evi^

dently inaccurate or incomplete, school

teachers or former students of the Uni-

versity were found to be of the greatest

help.

In practically every case, municipal

reports have been checked by reports

from provincial officials direct, or obtained

,from provincial records through the cour-

tesy of some American or Filipino living in

the provincial capital. Several former

students of the University have aided

in this. In addition. Internal Revenue

and Health reports have been iised to

check data from nearly all localities.

These have been of special value in pre-

paring Tables VII and VIII, for a reason

that will be hereinafter stated.

The above statements refer primarily

to the regularly organized provinces and

municipalities. In the case of those prov-

inces having a majority of non-Christian

population different methods were followed.

Information was sought directly from all

individuals known to have special knowl-

edge of conditions in each province or

district, and their reports were oftentimes

checked and supplemented by records

from townships or municipal districts.

For a few non-Christian districts the

estimates given were gathered before the

year 1915, and some of them are the result

of personal investigation by the writer.

In some of the regularly organized muni-

cipalities in provinces near Manila the

requisite data were gathered or revised

also by personal investigation.

The foreign born population was compiled

from the reports and was intended to

reanudar mi labor, pero me encontr6 conque la mayorfa de los datos reunidos erand.emasiado antiguos para que resultaran

satisfactorios. A principios de 1915 comenc6a enviar los nuevoscuestionarios a unarela-ci6n revisada de funcionarios y otras per-

sonas y casi toda la informaci6n utilizada

para la compilaci6n de las tablas que figuran

en el presente cilculo se recogi6 duranteel ano 1915 y la primera mitad de 1916.

PRINCIPALES FUENTES DE INFORMACi6nLa fuente principal de informaci6n la

. han facilitado los funcionarios munici-pales, aunque en muchos casos un maestrode escuela u otro vecino inteligente haproporcionado los datos de un municipio.En, los casos en que los informes de los

funcionarios municipales eran evidente-

merite inexactos e incompletos, los maes-tros de escuela o los ex-alumnos de la

Universidad vimeron a prestar una valiosa

ayuda.En casi todos los casos, los informes de los

funcionarios municipales han sido confron-tados con los informes recibidos directa-

mente de los funcionarios provinciales uobtenidos de los archivos provinciales

merced a la cortesia de alglin americano ofilipino, vecino de la cdpital de la

provincia. Algunos ex-alumnds de la Uni-versidad tambien me han ayudado en esta

empresa. Ademas, los informes de Sani-

dad y Rentas Internas se han utilizado

para comprobar datos de casi todas las

localidades. Estos informes han sido deuna utilidad especial en la preparaci6n

de las Tablas VII y VIII, por las razones

que se expondrdn m4s adelante.

Las precedentes observaciones se refie-

ren principalmente a las provincias y los

municipios organizados regularmente. Enel caso de las provincias, la mayoda decuyos habitantes no son cristiano?, se

han seguido otros procedimientos. La in-

formaci6n se ha obtenido directamente detbdas las personas que se sabia conocfan

de un modo especial el estado de una pro-

vincia b distrito y sus informes han sido

frecuentemente comprobados e integrados

con los archivos de los distritos munici-

pales o townships. En algunos distritos

no cristianos, los datos del presente c&lculo

se obtuvierbn antes del ano 1915 y varias

estadist'icas son consecuencia de las inves-

tigaciones personales realizadas por el

autor. En algunos de los municipios

regularmente organizados y pertenecientes

a provincias cercanas a Manila, los datos

necesarios han sido recogidos o revisados

tambi6n por mis investigaciones personales.

Los datos relativos a la poblaci6n ex-

tranjera han sido compilados de infor-

Page 18: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

12 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

include only more or less permanent resi-

dents and not transients. As the numberof foreign born constantly fluctuates, how-ever, the result is probably not accurate;

it is more likely to be under-estimated

than excessive—especially if transients be

included. The number is small, totaling

only 73,366, of which two-thirds are

Chinese and nearly half the remainder

are other Asiatics, chiefly Japanese.

No attempt has been made in the tables

to estimate the number of mestizos, or

people of mixed blood. The census reports

were so notably inaccurate in this regard

that I did not deem it either worth while

or advisable to attempt to secure such

information by direct questions. Mixedbloods are included with the ethnographic

groups in accordance with their Filipino

ancestry. It may be mentioned that datafrom other sources indicate that there are

about 500,000 native born inhabitants

of the Islands who have considerable

Chinese blood, or 5.26% of the total

population. The number of those havingconsiderable Spanish or other Europeanblood is approximately 200,000, or 2.1%of the population. Other mixed bloods

are negligible in number,

CHARACTER OF INFORMATION SOUGHTSince this estimate was intended to be

ethnographic rather than geographic or

political, it was considered to be of first

importance to secure data as to ethno-

graphic grouping, languages and dialects,

religious belief, and general economic andsocial status, and to relegate other infor-

mation to second place. The only items

of originality 1 to which the present paper

may lay claim are in the character of the

data furnished and the manner of pres-

entation.

The list of questions differed somewhatfor different localities, the aim alwaysbeing to reduce the number as low as pos-

sible consistent with obtaining the neces-

sary information. The statistical tables

themselves give the best eVidence of the

sort of information sought.

COMPILATION OF STATISTICS

AH data connected with the non-Chris-

tian population were compiled and checkedby the writer in person. In the case of

the Christian population, however, the

' Over other Philippine estimates and censuses.

mes recibidos y se ha tratado de incluir

s6l6 a los extranjeros con residencia mcis

o menos permanente y no a los transeuntes.

Pero como el niimero de habitantes nacidosen el extranjero fluctria constantemente, el

resultado, probablemente, noesmuyexacto;es mis fAcil que se haya calculado por lo

bajo que excesivamente, especialmente si

se incluyen los transeuntes. El niimerode extranjeros es pequefio, sumando s61o

73,366, de los cuales dos terceras partesson chinos y casi la mitad de los restantes

son asiiticos de otros paises, especialmentejaponeses.

No se ha intentado en las tablas calcular

el niimero de mestizos o habitantes desangre mezclada. Los datos del censo sontan notbrianaente inexactos en este parti-

cular que no me pareci6 convenienteni que valfa la pena de tratar de obtenertales informes por medio de preguntasdirectas. Los mestizos estdn incluidos enlos grupos etnogrdficos de acuerdo con suascendencia filipina. Puede decirse queseglin los datos obtenidos de otras fuenteshay unos 500,000 habitantes nacidos enFilipinas que tienen considerable cantidadde sangre china, o sea el 5.26% de la pobla-ci6n total. El ndmero de los que tienenconsiderable cantidad de sangre espafiola

o de otros paises europeos es aproximada-mente de 200,000, o sea el 2.1% de la

poblaci6n. El niimero de los otros mes-tizos es insignificante.

CARACTER DE LA INFORMACI6n' OBTENIDAComo este cilculo se ha tratado que sea

raks etnogrifico que geogrdfico o politico,

se ha considerado que era de la mayor im-portancia obtener datos acerca de las

agrupaciones etnogr&ficas, idiomas y dia-lectos, creencias religiosas y estado generalsocial y econ6mico, relegando los otros in-

formes a segundo termino. Los linicos

puntos originales> que este trabajo puedeostentar son el caracter de los datos reuni-dos y la manera de presentarlos.

La lista de las preguntas diferia algo paralas distintas localidades, siendo siempre el

prop6sito reducir su niimero todo lo quefuera posible y compatible con el logro delos informes necesarios. Las mismas tablas

estadisticas dan la mejor idea de la clase

de informes que se buscaban.

COMPILACI6n de ESTAofsTICAS

Todos los datos relativos a la poblaci6nno cristiana fueron compilados y compro-bados por el autor, personalmente. Pero,en el caso de la poblaci6n cristiana, el

' Sobre los otros censos y c41culos de Filipinas.

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Poblacionde las Islas Filipinas en 1916 13

amount of necessary compilation was so

great and the time that the writer coulddevote to the work so limited, that someassistance was necessary. The requiredaid was furnished by several students in

the University, whose care and accuracywere previously ascertained. The workof one student was checked by another,and ail the more important computationswere rechecked by myself. So few errors

of any sort were found that the figures

given in the statistical tables are suffi-

ciently reliable as to freedom from any' serious error in computation. Totals for

ethnographic and linguistic groups, andfor provinces and islands, were all checkedby myself.

RELIABILITY OF STATISTICS

The best general test of the reliability

of the statistics of population is a compari-son with the normal natural increase of

each district and of the Islands as a whole.The census of 1903 gives the following

table of previous censuses and estimates

which it considers sufficiently reliable to

be worthy of consideration.!

trabajo^ para la necesaria compilaci6n era

tan grande, y tan limitado el tiempo queel autor podia dedicar a esta labor, quese vio obligado a obtener alguna ayuda-Esta precisa ayuda se la prestaron varios

alumnos de la Universidad, cuyo cuidado

y exactitud se comprob6 previamente. Eltrabajo de un estudiante erai comprobadopor otro y todas las compilaciones de m^yorimportancia fueron a su vez comprobadaspor mi mismo. Tan pequefios errores decualquier claSe se encontraron que las

cifras dadas en las tablas estadisticas ofre-

cen la suficiente garantia'de estar Ubresde cualquier error de bulto en la compila-ci6n. Los totales de los grupos etnogr4-ficos y linguisticos, y de las islas y pro-

vincias, todos estin co^probados por mi.

CREDIBILIDAD DE LAS ESTADISTICAS

La mejor manera de comprobar el

grado de crddito que merezcan las estadis-

ticas de poblaci6n es compararlas con el

aumento natural normal de cada distrito

y del Archipidlago en general. El censo de1903 da la siguiente tabla de los cAlculos

y censos anteriores que se consideran bas-

tante dignos de crddito para que puedanser tomados en consideraci6n.i

PREVIOUS CENSUSES AND ESTIMATES (EXCLUDING NON-CHRISTIANS)Censos y cdiculos anteriores (Excluidos los no CrisUanos)

Year

Page 20: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

14 Population of Ike Philippine Islands in 1916

Extensive epidemics of cholera oecurred

in 1902, 1889, 1882, 1879, 1862, and 1820,

seriously affecting the population. There

were doubtless other epidemics of cholera,

smallpox, and like diseases, which were

unrecorded. These have at time? abnor-

mally reduced the rate of annual increase.

Nevertheless, between the years 1800 and1903 there was an average annual increase

in the Philippine population of approx-

imately 1.5 per cent.

The present estimate shows an annual

increase of 1.75 per cent since 1903, or

0.25 per cent above the average for the

past century. This is less than wouldbe expected, considering the greatly im-

proved health conditions that have pre-

vailed since 1903. The present estimate I

of the Christian population of the Philip- l

pines must therefore be considered a con-

servative one, with the probability on the

side of an under-esMmate rather than the

reverse.*

An attempt ^was made to compute the

rate of annual increase for certain prov-

inces by a study of the municipal records

of births and deaths. While in some cases

the results were fairly satisfactory, in

others they were very evidently erroneous.

It is to be feared that the municipal records

are in many cases still far from,trustworthy.

On the other hand, comparison of the

provincial totals of the present estimate

with those of the census shows fairly rea-

sonable results. Some thickly populated

regions have evidently lost considerable

numbers through emigration, while other

regions have correspondingly gained.

RELATIVE ACCURACY OF THE TABLES

The figures contained in the first six

tables are the most accurate. Tables II

and V were compiled directly from the

sources of information, and Tables I, IV,

and VI by rearrangement of the data in

II and V with addition of geographical

and political information. Table III wascompiled from the above sources together

with outside information collected by the

writer, which has also been made use of

for the descriptive matter in Part Two.

En 1902, 1889, 1882, 1879, 1862, y 1820

acaecieron extensas epidemias col6ricas,

que afectaron gravemente a la poblaci6h.

Hubo sin duda otras epidemias de c61era,

viruela y demds enfermedades an&logas,

de que no hay datos. Estas epidemias

han reducido anormalmente algunas veces

la proporci6n anual del aumento de pobla-

ci6n. Sin embargo, entre los afios 1800 y1903 ha habido en Filipinas un promedio

de aumento anual de poblaci6n del 1.5

por ciento aproximadamerite.

El presente cilculo arroja un aumentoanual de 1.75 por ciento desde 1903, o sea

un 0.25 por ciento m^s que el promedio del

siglo pasado. Este promedio es inferior

al que debiera esperarse, teniendo en cuenta

10 mucho que ha mejorado el estado sani-

tario del pais desde 1903. Por lo tanto,

el presente cdlculo de la poblacidn cristiana

de Filipinas debe ser considerado comomoderado, siendo mds probable que se hayacdlculado por lo bajo que lo contrario.*

Se ha intentado verificar cierta compro-baci6n del promedio de aumento anual enalgunas provincias estudiando lo^ datos

municipales acerca de los nacimientos ydefunciones. Aunque en algunos casos

los resultados han sido muy satisfactorios,

en otros el error es evidente. Es de temerque en muchos casos las estadisticas muni-cipales no scan todavia fidedignas. Porotraparte, la comparaci6n de los totales pro-

vinciales del presente cilculo con los del

censo arroja resultados muy razonables.

Algunas regiones densamente pobladas hanperdido sin duda considerable niSmero desus habitantes a consecuencia de la emigra-

ci6n, al paso que otras regiones han aumen-tado su poblaci6n proporcionalmente.

EXACTITUD RELATIVA DE LAS TABLAS

Las cifras cbntenidas en las seis primerasTablas son las mis exactas. Las Tablas11 y V se compilaron directamente de las

fuentes de informaci6n. Las Tablas I,

IV y VI se compilaron combinando los

datos de las II y V con otros informes decaricter geogrAfico y politico. La TablaIII se compil6 con los datos precedentes,unidos a la informaci6n obtenida por el

autor personalmente, la que tambi6n se

ha utilizado para las descripciones con-tenidas e;n la Segunda Parte.

• The non-Christian inhabitants have beenomitted from the above discussion for the reasonthat only recently has an accurate estimate of their

numbers been made. In most cases their rate of

annual increase or decrease is still unknown.

1 Se ha otriitido en laprecedente discusi6n a los ha-bitantes no cristianos a causa de que solamente entiempos muy recientes se ha verificado un cilculoexacto acerca de su niimero. En la mayoria de los

casos su promedio de aumento o disminuci6n anuales todavia desconocido.

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 15

Tables VII and VIII are not so trust-

,worthy, for the following reasons : It

has been difficult to compute Table VIIIbecause of the inclusion, in our sources

of information, of the population of manysmall islands with that of portions of thecoast of the larger islands. The endeavorto separate them has not been alwayssatisfactory. In the case of Table VII,what would otherwise have been a veryaccurate estimate of the population byprovinces ^was rendered ' uncertain by theaccidental destruction by anai of twopackages containing a portion of oursources of information. This occurred after

the tabulation of the material for the first

six tables had been completed, but before

the compilation of Tables VII and VIII.It therefore affects only the accuracy of

the latter two.

'

Tables IX and X have been compileddirectly from Table VII.

RELIGIOUS STATISTICS

The religious classifications Christian andMohammedan must be taken in a general

sense only; while the term Pagan includesa multitude of beliefs, from the most.primitive superstitions up to ^the mostelaborate polytheisms.

The great mass of the civilized and semi-civilized lowland population are nominaladherents of the Catholic church. How-ever, many of the older pagan rites still

survive among the peasantry and in themore isolated districts; this is especially

true of old beliefs and observances con-

nected with agriculture, hunting and fish-

ing, marriage, and sickness. Such a con-

dition is in nowise remarkable, however^as the same thing is found among the

peasantry of many European countries

that have been considered as Christian,

and civilized, for centuries.

1 Due to lack of facilities for adequate filing,

it had been the custom to keep our sources of in-

formation tied in packages arranged in alphabeticalorder. This, proved to be an unfortunate arange-ment, as the loss of the packages D and R affectedmunicipalities in nearly every province of theIslands. For this reason, no attempt lias beenmade in the present paper to compile populationby municipalities. The consequent deficiencies in

Tables VII and VIII have been carefully corrected,so far as possible, by estimates made from thecensus of 1903, checked by the average increase ofmunicipalities in the same district. The percentageof error is probably small.

Las Tablas VII y VIII no son tan fide-

dignas, por las siguientes razones: Ha sido

diflcil computar la Tabla VIII por haberse

incluido, en nuestras fuentes de inforpia-

ci6n, los habitantes de muchas islas peque-iias en los de parte de la costa de las islas

m&s grandes. La empresa de separar-

los no ha dado siempre resultados satis-

factorios. En el caso de la Tabla VII,

lo que de otro modo hubiera sido

un c41culo ^muy aproximado de la pobla-

ci6n por provincias result6 dudoso por la

destrucci6n casual de dos paquetes quecontenfan parte de nuestras fuentes deinformaci6n. Esto ocurri6 despu6s dehaberse verificado la comprobaci6n del

material usado en la formaci6n de las seis

Tablas primeras, pero antes de la compila-

ci6n de las Tablas VII y VIII. Por lo

tanto, solamente afecta a la exactitud deestas dos rSltimas.'

Las Tablas IX y X han sido compiladasdirectamente de la Tabla VII.

ESTAoisTICAS RELIGIOSAS

Las clasificaciones religiosas de cristiano

y mahometano deben tomarse rinicamenteen un sentido general, al paso que el t^rminopagano comprende multitud de creencias,

desde las supersticiones mis primitivas

hasta el politeismo mis complejo.

La gran masa ^e la poblaci6n civilizada

y semi-civilizada de las tierras bajas estci

^dherida nominalmente a la Iglesia Cat6-lica. Sin embargo, entre los campesinosde los m4s apartados distritos todavfase conservan muchos de los antiguos ritos

paganos; 6sto es especialmente qierto tra-

tindose de las antiguas creencias y pr4c-

ticas relativas a la agricultura, la ca?a y la

pesca, el matrimonio y las enfermedades.Tal estado de cosas no es en mode algunoextraiio, ya que en muchos pafses europeosacontece lo mismo entre la gente del campoque hace siglos viene siendo consider^dacomo cristiana y civilizada.

' A consecuencia de la falta de facilidades paraarchivar en forma adecuada los datos, tenia yo porcostumbre conservar las fuentes de informacionatadas en paquetes que Uevaban un orden alfab6tico.

Este procedimiento result6 desdichado, pues la

pSrdida de los paquetes D y R afect6 a municipiosde casi todas las provincias del Archipielago. Poresta razon, no se ha intentado en este trabajo veri-

ficar comprobaci6n alguna de los_ habitantes pormunicipios. Las deficiencias consiguientes de las

Tablas VII y VIII se han corregido cuidadosamente,en cuantp ha sido posible, con los calculos basado^en el censo de 1903 cohtrastados con el promediode aumento de poblaci6n de los municipios del mismodistrito. El promedio de error es probablementepequeiio.

Page 22: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

16 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

In addition to the regular Roman Cath-

olic organization, there is an independent

Philippine Catholic body with an extensive

following among the middle and lower

classes, especially on the island of Luzon.

The latter body has been organized since

the American occupation. During the

same period, the various Protestant mis-

sionary organizations of America have

established themselves in the Inlands, and

now have a considerably following,]—num-bering, according to the Rev. G. W. Wright,

a membership for all denominations of

between seventy and seventy-five thou-

sand at the beginning of the present year.

This would indicate a total constituency

of not less than 200,000.

The above organizations are of wide-

spread influence. In addition to these

there are scores of minor sects and loosely

organized religious groups whose influence

is chiefly local, and which are often tinged

with fanaticism. Among these may be

mentioned the Spiritualists, the Kolorum,

the Guardia de Honor, the former Cabaruanmovement, the flagellants, and manyothers.

Likewise among the nominally Moham-medan population we find extensive sur-

vivals of former beliefs and rites. These

show close relationship to the beliefs of

the present pagan population of Mindanao,which was probably the source of the great

majority of the Mohammedan converts.

Among the peoples classified as pagan

we find a great diversity of religious beliefs,

but they must not be dismissed as meresuperstitious practices. Among the morenumerous and semi-civilized sedentary

groups, such as the Ifugaos, Igorots, and,

Bontoks, we find well-developed poly-

theistic beliefs quite comparable to those

of ancient Greece and Rome. These

beliefs are preserved, and their rites carried

out, by a well-organized priesthood, whoexert considerable influence in the com-munity. Among other pagan peoples of

Luzon are found strong resemblances to

the old Shinto beliefs of Japan, while

among those of Mindanao and the Bisayas

there are resemblances to the Vedic beliefs

of India.

The Negritos and other wandering prim-

itive types have very primitive beliefs,

as would naturally be expected.

Ademds de la Iglesia Cat61ica Romanaoficialmente organizada, existe una iglesia

cat61ica filipina independiente con muchospartidarios entre las clases media y baja,

especialmente en la isla de Luz6n. Estaultima iglesia se ha organizado desde la

ocupaci6n americana. Durante el mismoperfodo se han establecido en el Archipi^lago

los, diversos organismos de los misioneros

protestantes de America, que ahora cuentancon considerable niimero de partidarios,

sumando, segiSn los datos del Rev. G. W.Wright, un total de seterita a setenta ycinco mil afiliados a todas las denomina-ciones al principio del ano actual. Estosupondria un total de no menos de doscientos mil partidarios.

,

Los citados organismos ejercen unainfluencia muy extensa. Ademis de ellos,

existen docenas de sectas de menor impor-tancia y grupos religiosos organizados sin

cohesi6n, cuya influencia es principalmente

local y que con frecuencia se hallan to-

cadas de fanatismo. Entre estas sectas

pu^den mencionarse los espiritistas, los

kolorum, los Guardias de Honor, el ex-

movimiento de Cabaruan, los flagelantes

y muchos otros.

Asf mismo, entre los habitantes nominal-

mente mahometainos encontramos extensas

supervivencias de los antiguos ritos ycreencias. Tales ritos y creencias se pare-

cen mucho a los de los actuales habitantespaganos de Mindanao, que fueron probable-

mente el origen de la gran mayoria' de los

conversos mahometanos.

Entre los habitantes clasificados comopaganos hallamos una gran diversidad decreencias religiosas, pero no deben ser

desechadas como meras pricticas supers-

ticiosas. Entre los raks numerosos y semi-civilizados grupos sedentarios, tales comolos ifugaos, igorrotes, y bontocs, encon-tramos creencias politeisticas bien desa-

rrolladas, perfectamente comparables a las

de las antiguas Grecia y Roma. EstasCreencias son conservadas, y sus ritos

observados, por un clero bien organizado,

que ejerce considerable influencia en la

comunidad. Entre otros pueblos paganosde Luz6n se encuentran recios entronquescon las antiguas creencias shintoistas del

Jap6n, al paso que entre los de Mindanaoy Bisayas hay reminiscencias de las creen-

cias v6dicas de la India.

Los negritos y otros tipos primitivos

n6madas tienen creencias muy primitivas,

como naturalmente debia esperarse.

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Poblacidn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 17

LINGUISTIC STATISTICS

The list of ' languages and principal

dialects given in Tables IV and V is be-lieved to be fairly complete for the Chris-tian peoples and for the majority of thesedentary and semi-sedentary noH-Chris-tian groups. For the more primitive pa-gan peoples, however, and especially for

those who live in wandering bands, thelist is not only incomplete but in manycases omits mehtion of such dialects al-

together, for the reason that we hayelittle or no information concerning them.

The idioms of those peoples who havedeveloped a considerable written literature,

and whose speech has for that reasonbecome more or less fixed, are referred to as"languages", while thosp of peoples whohave little or no written literature, andwhose speech is consequently changeableand more or less impermanent, are treatedas "dialects". The term "dialect" is

also used to indicate local variations fromthe established or more generally acceptedforms of written languages.

Of dialects, in the latter sense, we havea multitude in the Philippines which are

not recorded in the tables. For example,the Spoken Tagalog of Batangas province

differs considerably from that of Bulakan,while in Laguna, Cavite, Maririduque andother places, there are still other Tagalogdialects. It is ijievertheless quite per-

missible to speak of the Tagalog language,

for the reason that the native newspapersand the more than 1500 books and pam-phlets printed in Tagalog have fixed the

general character of the written speech.

Many of the Bisayan dialects have devel-

oped extensive written literatures of their

own, and are therefore included in the

tables as separate languages.

Further datd as to languages and dia-

lects, together with an estimate of the

number of printed works in each, are given

in Part Two of this paper.

ESTADfsTICAS LINGUfSTICAS

La lista de los idiomas y dialectos prin-

cipales, dada en las Tablas IV y V, se

considera muy completa para las pobla-ciones cristianas y para la mayorla delos gi^upos no cristianos sedentarios o semi-sedentarios. Sin embargo, para los pueblospaganos mks primitivos y sobre todo paralos que viven en bandas n6madas, la lista

no solamente es incompleta sino que enmuchos casos deja de mencionar los dialec-

tos que hablan, a causa de que tenemos muypoca o ninguna informaci6n acerca deellos.

El lenguaje de aquellos pueblos que handesarroUado una literatura escrita consi-

derable, y cuya habla, por este motivo,se ha fijado de un modo m4s o menos de-finitivo, lo denominamos "idioma", al

paso que el de los pueblos cuya literatura

escrita es nula o de escasa importancia, ycuya habla es, por lo tanto, imprecisa ym£s o metios variable, lo designamos conel nombre de "dialecto". La palabra"dialecto" se usa tambi^n para indicarvariaciones locales de la forma establecida

o mis generalmente admitida de lenguajeescrito.

De dialectos,' en este Ultimo sentido,

tenemos en Filipinas una multitud que nofiguran en las Tablas. Por ejemplo, el

fagalo que se habla en la provincia deBatangas difiere considerablemente del

de Bulac4n, niientras en Laguna, Cavite,

Marinduque y otros puntos existen alin

varios dialectos mis del tagalo. Es; sin

embargo, perfectamente licito hablar del

"idioma" tagalo, porque los peri6dicos

nativos y mis de 1,500 libros y folletos

impresos en tagalo han fijado ,el caricter

general del lenguaje escrito. Muchos delos dialectos del bisaya tienen una extensaUteratura escrita propia y se incluyen porlo tanto en las Tablas como idiomas distin-

tos.

En la Segunda Parte : de este trabajose incluyen nuevos datos acerca de los

idiomas y dialectos, asi comp un cilculo

de las obras impresas en Cado uno de ellos.

THE QUESTION OF RACE

A discussion of the complicated problemof the racial origin of the Filipinos wouldbe too long and unprofitable for insertion

here, and will be left for treatment in an-

other paper. It may be mentioned, how-ever, that information accumulated during

the past ten years throws great light onthis question, and it seems not improbable

LA cuesti6n de raza

Una discusi6n del complicado problemadel origen racial de los filipinos seria dema-siado extensa y nada provechosa para

insertarla aqui. La dejaremos para ser

tratada en otro estudio. Debe mencio-

narse, sin embargo, el hecho de que los

informes acumulados durante los tiltimos

diez aiios arrojan gran luz sobre esta cues-

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18 Population of the- Philippine Islands in 1916

that we shall soon have a fairly reason-

able explanation of the racial origin of

the Filipino people, and of the distribution

and mixing of the racial types. Thepresent product seems to have superior

qualities which will doubtless continue to

improve as the amalgamation progresses.

ti6n y no parece improbable que tengamospronto una. explicaci6n perfectamente razo-

nada acerca del origen racial del pueblofilipino y de la distribucion y mezcla de los

tipos raciales. El producto actual parece

tener cualidades superiores que continuariri

mejorando indudablemente a medida quese perfeccione el proceso de amalgama.

DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS DESCRIPCi6n DE LOS GRUPOS ETNOGrAfICOS.

The second part of this paper' consists

of a series of brief - descriptions of the

recognized Philippine ethnographic groups.

The information contained therein hasbeen obtained either through personal in-

vestigation, in the course of ten years'

study of Philippine ethnography, or fromthe authorities cited in the text of eachdescription. The object has been to state

the identifying characteristics of eachgroup as briefly as possible, and to refer

the reader to the principal' sources of fur-

ther information, where any such exist.

No attempt has been made to give extensive

bibliographies, but in each case at least

one or two of the best titles have beenmentioned. A later paper of a moretechnical nature will treat of the dif-

ferent Philippine groups at greater length,

and will discuss their racial affinities,

ethnographical classification, languages anddialects.

La Segunda Parte de este trabajo con-

siste en una serie de breves descripciones'

de los grupos etnogrificos reconocidos feh

FilipinatS. La informaci6n contenida enesas descripciones se ha obtenido, d por

datos recogidos personalmente durante

diez afios de estudio de la etnografia fili-

pina, o de las autoridades citadas en el

texto de cada discusi6n. El objeto hasido dilucidar las caracteristicas diferencia-^

les de cada grupo tan brevemeflte como se

ha pbdido, y referir al lector a las fuentes

principales de ulteriores informes, cuandoexisten. No se ha intentadb dar extensas

bibliografias, pero en cada casb se hahcitado, por lo menos, uno o dos de los

mejores titulos sobre la materia. En otro

articulo de caricter mis t6cnico, se trata-

r4n los diferentes grupos filipinos coninayor extensi6n y se discutirin sus afini-

d^des raciales, clasificaci6n etnogr4fica,

lenguajes y dialectos.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In concluding this Introduction, I wishto thank all those who have so patiently

and unselfishly assisted in collecting andcompiling the information contained in

the statistical tables. The investigation

was not conducted through official channels,

nor given an official character, as it wasprimarily intended to secure accurate in-

formation for the use of the faculty andstudents of the University; the general

response has therefore been particularly

gratifying.!

University of the Philippines,

December 1st, 1916.

! For suggestions and helpful criticisms, whichhave materially improved the quality and useful-

ness of the work, the writer is especially indebtedto Governor Frank W. Carpenter and Mr. CharlesR. Caiiieron 61 the department of Mindanao andSulu, President Ignacio Villamor and Assistant

Professor Otto J. Scheerer of the University of thePhilippines, and Mr. Hugo H. Miller of the Bureauof Education.

,

RECONOCIMIENTO

Al terminar esta introducci6ri deseoexpresar mi reconocimiento a todos aquellos

que con tanta abnegaci6n y paciencia mehan ayudado a recoger y compilar los

informes contenidos en las Tablas estadis-

ticas. La investigaci6n no se ha realizado

por conducto oficial ^i ha tenido estecaricter, pues al principio solamente se

pens6 en obtener datos exactos para utili-

dad de la facultad y los estudiantes de la

Universidad. Por lo tanto, la acogidageneral que se ha dispensadb a esta inicia-

tiva es particularmente alentadora.*

Universidad de Filipinas.

Diciembre 1, 1916.

* EI autor se siente especialmente agradecido al

Gobernador Frank W. Carpenter y al Sr. CharlesR. Cameron, ambos del Pepartamento de Mindanaoy_ Sulu; al Presidente Igriacio Villamor y al CatedrS-tico suplente Sr. Otto J. Scheerer, de„la Univetsidadde Filipinas, y al Sr. Hugo H. Miller, de la Oficinade Educaci6n, por sus atmadas indicaciones

,y muy

valiosa critica, (Jue han mejorado materialmente la

calidad y utilidad de este trabajo.

Page 25: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

PART ONE.—STATISTICAL TABLESTABLE I

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RECOGNIZED ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS i

{Idsta alfabStica de grupos etnogrdficos feconocidos)»jroup LocalityC^Po Loccdidad

Apiyao (North Luzon)At4 (Davao, Mindanao)Bag6bo (Davao, Mindanao)Bikol (South Luzon) ~

BiI4-an (Davao, Mindanao)Bisaya (Bisayan Islands and North and East Mindanao)

.(a) Cebrian group 1,571,905(b) Panayan " 1,269,142(c) Akl4n " 137,689(d) Samar-Leyte " 598,683(e) Mindanao " 366,708(f) Miscellaneous 33,083

7. bontok8. Bukidnon9. Dumdgat

10. Gaddang

11. Ibanag12. Ifugao13. Igorot

14. Iloko

15. Ilongot

(a)

(b)

(North Luzon)(North Mindanao)

(South Luzon; Kalawat Islands)

(North-Central Luzon)Christian 21,240Pagan 12,480

(a) Kankanai(b) Inibaloi

(a) Egoiigut(b) Ital6n

(c) AbakA

(North Luzon)(North Luzon)(North Luzon)

group 47,88713,421

(West Luzon)(East-Central Luzon)

group 2,150

2,000

2,000

'16- Isamal17. Isinai

18. Ivat4n19. Kalamidn20. Kalinga21. KulAman22. Lanao23. Magindanao24. Mandaya25. Mangguiiigan26. Mangyan

(a) North(b) South

'27. Man6bo

(Samal Island; Davao, Mindjanao)(North-Central Luzon)(Batanes Islands)

(Kalamianes and Kuyo Islands)' (North Luzon)

(Davao, Mindanao)(West Mindanao)(South Mindanao)(East Mindanao)

(Central Mindanao)(Mindoro)group

(Central and East Mindanao)

5,000

7,250

NumberNiimero

23,000

7,500

9,350685,30910,400

3,977,210

63,25848,500

35233,720

156,134132,50061,308

988,8416,150

9832,647

6,392

11,350

67,4503,600

58,35079,85025,0002,500

12,250

39,600

^ This list of ethnographic groups differs con-siderably from the classifieation used by the censusof 1903; the present list being based on later

and niore accurate information than was thenavailable. The characteristics of the different

groups are set forth in Part Two, as is also mydefinition of what constitutes a Philippine eth-

nographic group.

1 Esta lista de grupos_ etnograficos difiere con-siderablemente de la clasificacion usada en el Censode 1903, basandose la actual en datos mejores ymas recientes que los que entonces podian utili-

zarse. En la parte segunda constan las caracte-risticas de los diferentes grupos, asi como mi defi-

nicion de lo que constituye un grupo etnograficofilipino.

Page 26: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

20 Population of Ike Philippine Islands in 1916

Page 27: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Poblacion de las Islas Filipinos en 1916 2J

4. Bikol: 685,309Luzon 627,525Other Islands 57,784

5. Pangasinan: 381,493Luzon 381,341Other Islands 152

6. Pampafigan: 337,184Luzon 336,822Other Islands 362

7. Ibanag: 156,134Luzon 156,097Other Islands 37

8. Sambal: 56,146Luzon 56,083Other Islands 63

9. Gaddang 21,24010. Kalamidn 11,35011. Ivatdn 6,39212. Isinai 2,647

13. Dumagat 352

Total Christian Population 8,413,347Mohammedan:

1. Sulu 87,400

2. Magindanao 79,850

3. Samal 78,700

4. Lanao 58,350

5. Yakan 7,290

6. Sanggil 2,450

7. Palawan 1,940

Total Mohammedan Population 315,980

Pagan:1. Ifugao 132,500

2. KaUnga 67,450

3. Bmtok 63,258

4. Igorot 61,308

(a) Kankanai dialect 47,887

(b) Inibaloi"

13,421

5. Bukidnon \ 48,500

6. Manoho 39,600

7. Subanun 31,450

8. Tinggidn 27,648

9. Mandaya 25,000

10. ilMyoo 23,000

11. Tagbanda .19,460

12. Gaddang 12,480

13. Mangyan 12,250

14. Bild-an 10,400

15. Bagobd" 9,350

16. ilfei 7.500

17. Tirurai 7,150

18. TagakaSlo 7,100

19. Jtongof 6,150

20. Kulaman 3,600

21. .Ma»ggM<i*Ego« 2,500

22. Isdmal 983

Total Classified Pagan Population 618,637

Page 28: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

22 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Unclassified Pagan Peoples (mostly aboriginal primitive types)

:

I. Distinct Negrito and Negroid Types:1. East Coast of Luzon 12,500

2. Zambales Mountains 9,186

3. Southern Luzon • 4,800

4. Apdyao Swamp Region 4,500

5. Mamanu4 3,850

6. Bdtak .675

7. Ilokos Mountains,

415

IL Non-Negroid or Semi-Negroid Types:1. Hill People of Negros 19,258

2. Hill People of Panay 16,421

3. Hill People of South Luzon 4,600

4. Hill People of Central Luzon 4,316

5. Hill People of Samar 1,420

Total Unclassified Pagan Peoples 81,941

Foreign Born:,

1. Miscellaneous Foreign Born 73,366

SUMMARYChristianMohammedanPaganUnclassified PaganForeign Born

Total Population

Page 29: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Pohlacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 23

3. Unorganized groups (enjoying tribal government only);

A. Semi-sedentary agricultural groups:Ati

, ,Ilongot (3,000) Manobo (20,000)

Bagobo (6,000) Kulaman (1,600) Subanun (19,450)Bilian (8,000) Mandaya (10,000) Tagaka61o (5,500)Hill People of Manggudiigan (1,500) Tagbaniia (10,000)

Central Luzon Mangyan (4,050) Tinggian (13,648)South LuzonNegros, and Panay

Total number 153,843

B. Semi-sedentary primitive types:Batak Negrito and Negroid types ofIlongot (2,000) (a) Apdyao swamp region (1,000)Mamapui (1,850) (b)

,

Ilokos mountains '

Mangyan (1,200) (c) Zambales mountains (5,186)(d) East Luzon mountains (4,500)(e) South Luzon mountains (l.SOO)

Total number 18,626

C. Wandering primitive types:

Mamanu4 (2,000) Negrito and Negroid types ofManggu4ngan (1,000) (a) Ap4yao swamp region (3,500)Mangyan (3,800) (b) Zambales mountains (4,000)

(c) 'East Luzon mountains (8,000)(d) South Luzon mountains (3,000)

Total number 25,300

SUMMARYTotals

Civilized and semi-civilized lowlanders (enjoying complete local

self-government) 8,501,713Semi-civilized groups (enjoying partial self-government)

:

A. ' Sedentary agricultural groups 596,889B. Semi-sedentary agricultural groups 206,900

3. Unorganized groups (enjoying tribal government only)

:

A. Semi-sedfentary agricultural groups 153,843B. Semi-sedentary primitive types 18,626C. Wandering primitive types 25,300

803,789

197,769

Total Population 9,503,271

TABLE IV

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RECOGNIZED LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS ACCORDING T6ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS

{Lista alfdbetica de lenguajes y dialectos reconocidos por grupgs etnogrdficos)

Group Dialect Number of People

1. Apdyao:1. Ap4yac), or Isneg 23,000

(Other dialects unknown)p

2. Atd:2. Dugb4tang . 1^0003. fugauinum 500

(Other dialects unknown) g 000

"

Page 30: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

24 Population oj the Philippine Islands in 1916

Group Dialect Number of PeopleOrupo Dialido Nimero it HoMtontw

'

5,600' 1,200

350200

2,000

685,309

8,0002,400

1,848,613

1,289,142

137,772

601,683100,000

?

29,2588,000

20,0006,000

?

3.

Page 31: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 25

Group Dialect Number of People<7rupo DiaUcto NUtnero da HabitantM

2,150,

2,000

2,000?

983

2,647

6,392

11,350?

12,00012,000

2,000

13,00016,4506,0006,000

?

3,600?

58,350?

79,850?

15,000

5,000

5,000?

2,500?

5,250

2,000

2,0002,000

1,000

?

30,600

3,000

6,000?

'The numbers given for the various Kalinga ^ Las cifras dadas para los diversos, dialectos

dialects are in most cases mere guesses, and are kalingas constituyen, en la mayorfa de los casos,

not to be considered as accurate estimates. The meroS calculos y no se consideran como datos exac-

total for the whole group is not far from the tos. El total del grupo complete no es muy dis-

true number t'"*° ^^^ nfimero verdadero.

15.

Page 32: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

26 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

GroupGrupo

DialectDiaiecto

Number of 'PeopleNiimero de HvbitaTifes

28. 'Negrito and Negroid Groups

:

(Dialects too little known to classify. , For a discussion of

Negrito speech, see descriptive matter in Part Two)

'29. Non-Negroid or Semi-Negroid Hill Peoples: \*'''^'

' (Dialects too little known to classify ; for notes on some dia-

lects, see descriptive matter in Part Two)

30. Palawan:68. Palawan

31. Pampdngan:69. Pampingan language

32. Pangasinan:70. Pangasinan language -^

33. Samal:71. Samal

(Other dialects unknown)

34. Sambal:72. IbaSambali'73. Bolinao Sambali'74. Tina

35. Sanggil:

75. Sanggil, or Sanggir ^\

36. Subdnun: ,

76. Dapitan77. Sindangan78. Buluan-Kipit79. Tukuran

(Other dialects unknown)

37. Sulu:80. Sulu

(Other dialects unknown)

38. Tagakadlo:81. Kagan, Kalagan, or Tagaka61o

(Other dialefcts unkno-jvn)

39. Tagdlog:82. Tagdlog language

40. Tagbaniia:

83. Tagbahtia84. Paliialn

(Other dialects unknown)

.41. Tinggian:85. Itneg, or Tinggian

. (Other dialects unknown)

42. Tirurai:

86. Tirurai

(Other dialects unknown)

43. Yakdn:87. Yakin

(Other dialects unknown)

Total speakirfg native languages and dialects

Foreign born residents

Total Population

35,926

46,015

1,940

337,184

381,493

78,700?

39,715

16,431

2,450

8,45010,000'6,000

7,000?

87,400>

7,100

1,789,049

10,0009,460

27,648

7,150

7,290?

9,429,905

73,366

9,503,271

Page 33: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 27

I.

'II.

TABLE VCLASSIFICATION BY LANGUAGE AND DIALECT

(ClasificaciSn por lenguaje y dial^cto)

Established languages, having an extensive printed literature:

(Lenguajes establecidos, con extensa literatura impresa:)

Printed Booksand Pamphlets Periodicals

No. ofPeople

1.

Page 34: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

2S Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

IV. Dialects having no printed literature, but of which brief vocabularies have been

published

:

(Dialectos sin literatura impresa, pero con vocabularios cortos publicados).

1.000

8,000

S,00(i

45,000

27,887

2,000

983

6,000

5,000

2,000

2,000

30,600

16,431

8,450

6,0007,000

7,100

1.

Page 35: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 29

10,

Gaddahg:

(a) Madduk4yang dialectKatal4ngan dialect

Iraya dialect

(b)

(c)

Ibanag:

(a)

11. Ifugao:

(d)

12. Igorot:

(a)

(b)

It4vi dialect

Lag&ui dialect

Malaya dialect

I-wdak dialect

13. Ilongot:

(a) Ital6n dialect

14. Kalinga

:

(a) Dadayag dialect

(b) Kal4gua dialect

(c) Nabayugan dialect

(d) Mang41i-Lub6 dialect

(e) Lubudgan dialect •

(f) Sumadel dialect

15. Kuliman16. Mandaya:

(a) Mandaya dialect

(b) Pagsiipan dialect

1 7

.

Manggu4ngan18. Mangyan:

(a) Bafigon dialect

(b) Bukil dialect

19. Man6bo:(a) Debabion dialect

(b) Libaginon dialect

20. Palawan21. Samal22. Sanggil

23. Tagbaniia

(a) Pal6an dialect

24. Yak4n

Total

8,480

2,000

2,000

20,000

1,500

8,000800

2,000

12,000.

12,000

2,000

13,00016,450

6,000

3,600

15,000

5,000

2,500

2,000

1,000

3,000

6,000

1,940

78,700

2,450

9,460

7,290

454,672

VI. Dialects Unknbwn: .

1. At42. Bagobo3. Negrito and Negroid Groups

(About IS different vocabularies have beencoUected from an equal number of small groupsof Negritos, and some of these vocabularies havebeen published. iHowever, it is quite impossibleto estimate the number of people speaking thediflferent dialects, and so the whole subject ofNegrito linguistics has be^n left for discussion in

Part Two.)

6,000

2,000

35,926

(Unos 15 diferentes vocabularios se han reco-gido de igual njimero de pequeiios grupos deliegritos, y algunos de estos vocabularios hansido publicados. Sin embargo, es casi imposiblecalcular el nflmero de .gente que habla los di-

ferentes djalectps, dejandosei por esta raz6n, la

discusion de toda la materia lingQistica de los

n^ritos para la segunda parte.)

4. Non-Negroid or Semi-Negroid Hill Peoples 46,015

Total 89,941

Page 36: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

30 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

SUMMARY' (Sumdrio)

Approximate No.of Printed Books No. ofand Pamphlets Periodicals People

I. Established languages, having an extensive

printed literature.

II. Semi-established languages, having considerable'

printfed literature.

III. Dialects having some printed literature

IV. Dialects havijng no printed literature, but of

which brief vocabularies have been published

V. Dialects known only through manuscript vocab-

ularies or verbal information

VI. Dialects unknown

Total

Foreign born residents

Total Population.

3,290

105

59

175 7,319,631

10

2

875,589

509,621

180,451

454,672

89,941

3,454 187 9,429i90S

73,366

9,503,271

TABLE VI

PERCENTAGES BY CLASSIFIED GROUPS

^Percentage por grupos clasiUcados)

By Religious Belief:

(Por creencia religiosa)

A. Christian:

1. Native

2. Foreign born

B. Non-Christian:

1. Mohammedan2. Pagan

By State of Economic and Social Advancement:

(Por el estado de progreso econ6mico y social)

1. Civilized and semi-civilized lowlanders (enjoying com-

plete local self-government)

:

2. Semi-civilized groups (eiijoying partial self-government)

:

A. Sedentary

B. Semi-sedentary

3. Lfnorganized groups (tribal government only):

A. Semi-seden;tary, agricultural

B. Semi-sedentar^, primitive

C. Wandering; primitive

Percentage

88.53

.77

3.33

7.37

6.28

2.18

1.62

.20

.26

Percentage

of TotalPopvlalion

89.30

10.70

100.00

89.46

8.46

2.08

100.00

Page 37: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Pohldcion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 31

By Language and Dialect :

(Por lenguaje y dialecto)

I. Established languages; having an extensive printed literature 77.02

II. Semi-established languages; having considerable printed literature 9.21

III. Dialects having some printed literature 5.36

IV. Dialects of which only brief vocabularies have been printed 1-90

V. Dialects known only through manuscript or verbal information 4.78

VI: Dialects unknown -96

Total speaking native languages

Foreign born residents

By Chief Ethnographic Groups :

(Por grupos etnograficos principales)

1. Bisaya (Christian)

2. Tagalog (Christian)

3. Iloko (Christian)

4. Bikol (Christian)

5. Pafigasinan (Christian)

6. Pampangan (Christian)

7. Ibanag (Christian)

8. Ifugao. (Pagan)9. Sulu (Mohammedan)

10. Magindanao (Mohammedan)11. All other Philippine groups

12> Foreign born residents

By Provinces:(Por Provincias)

Class A. (Elected officials)

Class B. (Appointed officials)

By Senate Districts: (Ideal percentage, 8.33%)

(Por Distritos Senatoriales)

Percentage Percenlage

1.—7.59 5.—8.022.—8.35 6.-8.273.—9.02 7—8.504 _7 09 8—9.50

By Principal Islands:(Por Islas Principales)

1. Luzon2. Mindanao3. Samar4. Negros5. Panay6. Palawan7. Mindoro8. Leyte9. Cebli

10. Bohol11. Masbate12. Catanduanes

All other islands

Area in Sq.

40,96936,292

5,031

4,881

4,611

4,0273.851'2,722

1,762

1,441

1,236682

7,521

Percentage

9.-8 .46

10.— 7.6611.— 6.3512:—11.19

100.00

Percentage ofTotal Area

35.61

31.55

4.39

4.24

4.01

3.50

3.35

2.37

1.53

1.25

1.07

.59

6.54

' 99.23

.77

100.00

41.85

18.83

10.41

7.21

4.01

3.55.

1.64

1.40

.92

848.57

.77

100.00

88.82

11.18

100.00

Ptge. of TotalPopulation

49.87

7.46

2.87

6.55

9.08

.35

.53

4.63

6.88

2.91

.39

.51

7.97

115,026 100.00 100.00

Page 38: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

32 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Class A.

TABLE VII

ESTIMATED POPULATION BY PROVINCES

{Cdlculo de poblacion por provincias)

Provinces in which the governor, other members of the provincial board, and

representatives in the legislature are elected by popular vote:

(Provincias en que el gobernador y otros indivfduos de la junta provincial,

y los representantes en la legislatura son elegidos por voto popular:)

Luzon Group: —

Page 39: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PohlaciSn de las Idas Filipinas en 1916 33

Mindanao Group:1. Mis^mis2. Surigao

Special Group:1. Mindoro2. Palawan

Total

Christian

Page 40: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

34 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

TABLE VIII

ESTIMATED POPULATION BY PRINCIPAL ISLANDS{Cdlculo de poblacion por islas principales)

Area in Sq.Miles Christian Mohammedan Pagan

1. Luzon2. Mindanao

, 3. Samar4. Negros5. Panay6. Palawan7. Mindoro8. Leyte9. Cebd

10. Bohol11. Masbate12. Catanduanes13. Basilan14. Busuanga15. Marinduque16. Polillo

17. Jolo18. Tablas19. Din&gat20. Tawi-Tawi ,

All other islands

Total.

40,96936,292

5,031

4,881

4,611

4,027

3,851

2,722

1,762

1,441

1,236

, 682478390352333326324309232

4,777

4,305,568

330,967271,120599,016847,10412,722

37,903440,317654,167276,61637,402

48,3393,018

5,696

60,5134,4762,982

31,1597^545

124

182,120

1'

2,440

433,815197,066

1,420

19,258

16,421

19,325

12,185

12

3

27,106

48,127

510,0831,753

54,294

793

210

65

17

115,026 8,486,713 315,980

TABLE IXPOPULATION BY SENATE DISTRICTS >

(Poblacion por Distritos Senatoriales)

1. Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Ilokos Norte, and Ilokos Sur2. La Uni6n, Pangasinan, and Zambales3. Tarlak, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulakan4. Batian, Rizal, Manila, and Laguna5. Batangas, Mindoro, Tayabas, and Cavite6. Sorsogon, Albay and Ambos Camarines7. Iloilo, and Capiz8. Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Antique and Palawan

> 9. Leyte, and Samar10. Cebii11. Surigao, Mis&mis, and Bohol12.2 Mountain Province, Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Department

of Mindanao and Sulu

Total Population

TotalPopulation

4,739,507710,153272,540618,274863,52634,487

50,088440,317654,179276,61937,40248,34230,1246,489

60,5134,686

51,10931,2247,545

1,753

564,394

700,578 9,503,271

721,348794,118857,091673,441761,949786,219807,951903,316803,712727,955603,682

1,062,489

9,503,271

1 The total population divided by 12 equals

791,940, which is the ideal number for the popu-

lation of each senate district. The 8th district

might be improved by the subtraction of NegrosOriental, which could be added to the 11th district.

This would be a,dvantageous on two counts: First,

a better equalization of the population of the twodistricts; and second, because the dialect spoken,

in Negros Oriental differs from that of the other

provinces in the present district while it is prac-

tically the same as the provinces of the 1 1th district,

which speak the Cebtian dialect. (The other 3

provinces of the 8th district speak chiefly the Pa-nayan dialect.),

*The 12th district is composed of the Class

B provinces, and the two senators at present au-

thorized are appointed by the Governor-General

and hold office at his pleasure.

' La poblaci6n total, dividida por 12 da 791,940,que es el nlimero ideal para la poblaci6n de cadadistrito senatorial. El 8.° distrito puede mejorarse,rest4ndole Negros Oriental, que puede anadirse al11.° distrito. Este arreglo producirfa dos ventajas:Primera, equiparar mejor la poblacion de los dosdistritos; y segunda, lograr la unificacidn del dia-lecto,- porque el hablado en Negros Occidental di-fiere del de las otras provincias del actual distrito,al paso que es casi el raismo de las provincias del11. distrito, que hablan el dialecto cebuano. (Lasotras tres provincias del 8.° distrito hablan princi-palmente el dialecto panayano.)

^ El 12.° distrito se compone de las provincias dela. clase B y los dos senadores que la ley autoriza alpresente son nombrados por el Gobernador Generaly desempeSan el cargo a su arbitrio. La finica ma-nera notoria de igualar I3._representaci6n.de 6ste conlos otros distritos senatoriales serSa el nombramientode tres senadores en lugar de los dos actuates.

Page 41: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PoUacidn de las Islas Filipinos en 1916 35

TABLE XPOPULATION BY REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS

{Poblacion por Distritos Representantes)

Class A Provinces : (Elected representatives)

:

1-3. Albay (3r)

4^6. Ambos Camarines (3r)

7. Antique8. 6at4an9. Batanes

10-12. Batangas (3r)

13-15. Bohol (3t)

16-17. Bulakan (2r)'

18^19. Cagayan (2r)

20-22. Capiz (3r)

23. Cavite24^30. Cebii (7r)

31-32. Ilocos Norte (2r)

33-35. Ilokos Sur (3r)

36-iO. lloilo (Sr)

41. Isabela42-43. La Laguna (2r)

44-45. La Uni6n (2r)

46-49. Leyte (4r)

50-51. Manila City (2r)

52. Mindoro53-54. Mis&mis (2r)

55. Nueva Ecija"

56-58. Occidental Negros (3r)

59-60. Oriental Negros (2r)

61. Palawan62-63. Pampanga( 2r)

64-68. Pangasinan (5r)

69-70. Rizal (2r)

71-73. Samar (3r)

74-75. Sorsogon (2r)

76. Surigao77-78. Tarlak (2r)

79-80. Tayabas (2r)

81. Zambales

Class B Provinces: (Appointed representatives)

82-84. Mountain Province (3r)

\ 1

No. of People per

97,38697,671159,8705,1,267

8,68595,548

102,638125,624

96,211117,680157,477103,99492,72378,68290,98298,74887,70074,229

119,620133,12363,77788,564168,026

138,038132,60165,131

135,039107,00590,263108,411

100,525117,64083,869127,026

110,634

85.

86-90.Nueva VizcayaDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu (5r)

129,129

34,665128,087

Note:

The total population divided by 90 equals 105,592,

which is the theoretically proper number for the

population of each representative district. In

the above list Nueva Ecija, Antique, and Cavite

are under-represented, while several of the smaller

provinces seem to be greatly over-represented.

In the opinion of the writer the Islands should

be redistricted before 1918, perhaps on the basis

of 100 representatives, and allowing approximately

100,000 people to each representative-^which

should be productive of fairly equal representation.

Nota:

La poblaci6n ,total, dividida por 90, da 105,592,

que es teoricamente el nfimero adecuado para la po-

blaci6n de cada distrito |de representante. En la

lista precedente, los cases de representacion infe-

rior a la poblaci6n los dan Nueva Ecija, An-

tique y Cavite, al paso que varias de las pequefias

provincias estan representadas con exceso. En opi-

nion del autor, las Islas deben ser agrupadas de

nuevo antes de 1918, tal vez sobre la base de

cien representantes, dando a cada uno la represen-

tacion de cien mil habitantes—^lo que harfa masequitativa la representacion.

Page 42: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf
Page 43: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PART TWODescription of Ethnographic Groups

INTRODUCTORY NOTEIt was originally my intention to include

in these descriptions a more extendedaccount of the economic and social life,

the languages and dialects, and the racial

affinities of each group. As the prepar-ation of the material progressed, however,it was found to grow too lengthy—andtoo technical—for inclusion in a morepopular paper of this sort. I have therefore

segregated it in a separate paper, to bepresently published under the title "Ethno-graphic Grouping in the Philippines".

In the descriptions which follow I give

merely the geographical location and afew of the more unique characteristics

of each group, with added bibliographical

references for further information. In the

citation of references only the author's

name is given and a number which refers

to the full title in the bibliography at the

end of this paper. More recent, accurate,

and extensive information regarding the

different groups will be given in the suc-

ceeding paper mentioned above; I shall

there fully discuss the group classification

of the Philippine peoples, but the groupingnow used may be said to conform in gen-

eral to the following definition:

Philippine ethnographic group: "Anygroup of people, living in a more or less

continuous geographic area, who have asufficiently unique economic and social

life, language, or physical type to markthem off clearly and distinctly from anyother similar group in the Philippine

Islands".

group descriptions

Apdyao: Number, 23,000. Location:

Mostly in the subprovince of Apiyao,though a few live in the mountains of

Ilokos Norte and a few others in Cagayan.Characteristics: Pagan. Predominantlyof Indonesian physical type; individuals

of all three short types are also numerous,especially the short Mongol.^ No knowl-

edge of weaving or- pottery making.

Unique house type, boat, tattoo, hair-dress.

' Full definition of the terms used herein to

designate racial types will be given in the paperentitled "Ethnographic Grouping in the Philip-

pines". Most of the terms are already known to

ethnographical literature, but I differentiate a short,

or primitive, aboriginal Mongol type which has not

been previously described. This type will be fully

discussed in the paper just mentioned.

PARTE SEGUNDADescripci6n de LOS Grupos EtnogrA-

FICOS

INTRODUCCIONEra al principio mi intenci6n incluir

en estas descripciones un breve relato dela vida econ6mica y social, los idiomas ydialectos y las afinidades raiciales de cadagrupo. Pero a medida que iba adelan-tando en la preparaci6n del material, vi

que era demasiado extenso y demasiadot^cnico para su inclusi6n en un trabajodecar4cter laks bien popular como 6ste. Porlo mismo, he desintegrado ese relato parapublicarlo por separado con el titulo de"Agrupaciones Etnogr4ficas de Filipinas".

En las descripciones que siguen doylinicamente la situaci6n geogrdfica y algu-

nas de las caracteristicas mis tipicas decada grupo, anadiendo las referencias

bibliogrificas para los que deseen ulte-

rioreS informes. AI citar las referencias,

s61o cito el nombre del autor y un niimeroque corresponde al titulo completo del

libro en, la bibliografia que figura al final

de este trabajo. En la siguiente publica-

ci6n, antes mencionada, dar6 informes m4srecientes, exactos y extensos acerca de los

diferentes grupos; allf discutir6 ainplia-

mente la clasificaci6n por grupos de los

pueblos del Archipi^lago filipino, pero la

agrupaci6n que ahora ulitizo puede decirse

que en general se acomoda a esta definici6n:

Grupo etnogrdfico filipino: "Cualquiergrupo de habitantes, que vivan en un ireageogr4fica m4s o menos continua, que ten-

gan una vida social y econ6mica debida-mente caracterizada, lenguaje o tipo fisico

que claramente les distinga de cualquier

otro grupo similar del Archipi61ago filipino".

DESCRIPCIONES DE GRUPOApayao: Niimero, 23,000. Localidad:

La mayoria en la subprovincia de Apayao,aunque algunos viven en las montaiias dellocos Norte y otros pocos en CagayAn.Caracteristicas: Paganos. Predomina entre

ellos el tipo fisico indonesio; tambi6n sonnumerosos los individuos de los tres tipos

de baja estatura, especialmente el mongol.

'

No se conoce entre ellos el arte de tejer yla alfarerfa. Un solo tipo de casa, bote,

1 En el trabajo titulado "Agrupaciones Etnogri-ficas de Filipinas" se dara una definici6n completade los terminos usados aquf para designar los tipos

raciales. La mayoria de estos terminos son yafamiliares a los conocedores de la literatura etnogri-fica, pero yo distingo_ un tipo aborigen mongol debaja estatura o M-imitivo que hasta ahora no sehabfa descrito. La discusion de este tipo. podr&verse por entero en el trabajo que acabo de men-cionar.

Page 44: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

38 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

and ornamentation. Only one type of

basket. Dry agriculture only. Weaponsconsist of headaxe, spear, shield, bow andarrow, and- carved clubs, all of more or

less unique types. Highly aesthetic in

temperament, and in personal adornment.Headrhunting practiced. Language dis-

tinct, but related to Ibanag. Manuscriptvocabularies exist. References: Beyer (4)

Cole (2); Worcester (1,3).

i

Atd: Number, 7,500 Loc: West andnorthwest of Mt. Apo, in the provinceof Davao, Mindanao. They occupy the

headwaters of the rivers Davao, Lasan,Tuganay, and Libaganon., in Davao, andthe Pulangi in the province of Cotabato.Char.: Pagan. Of mixed ph37Bical type,

Indonesian, Papuan, and Negrito (?) beingpredominant in different localites. Noirrigated agriculture. Unique tattoo, of

•elaborate design. Bow and arrow used.

Several different types of culture, anda number of little known dialects. TheAt&s are one of the least known groups.

Ref.: Cole (4); Garvan (1); Montano(1); Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1).

Bagobo: Number, 9,350. Loc; Alongthe northwestern coast of the Gulf of

Davao, and the eastern and southern slopes

of Mt. Apo and, its tributary peaks; all in

the province of Davao, Mindanao; Chdr.:

Pagan. Of mixed physical type, the Malayblend and short Mongol predominant.

Many Indonesian individuals. No irri-

gated agriculture. Art is almost exclu-

sively confined to personal adornment,

but there it runs riot-^the Bagobos being

the most extensively ornamented people

in the Islands. Men file teeth to points.

Very elaborate decoration of clothing with

designs in beads and disks of mother-

of-pearl. Excellent weaving from abakifiber; some of the hemp cloth is polished

with large cowrie shells. Ear-disks of

ivory are highly prized. An extensive

mythology, and well developed religious

beliefs; human sacrifice formerly practiced.

No true head-hunting, but hair of enemies

often preserved for decorative purposes.

No unique weapons- Several dialects,

only one of which is well known. Ref.:

Benedict (1,2); Blair and Robertson (l);

Blumentritt (8); Cole (3,4); Gisbert (1,2);

Montano (1)'; Savage Landor (1).

Bikol: Number, 685,309; the fourth

largest Philippine group. Loc: Provinces

of Ambos Gamarines, Albay, and Sorso-

tatuaje, peinado y ornamentaci6n. Unsolo tipo de (i^stas. Agricultiira de secano.

Las armas consisten en hachas, espadas,

escudoS, arcos y flechas y bastones labra-

dos, todos de tipo m^s o menos uniforme.

Muy esteticos en el temperamento y en el

adorno personal. Practican el corte decabezas. Lenguaje propio, pero algo pare-

cido, al ibanag. Existen vocabularios ma-nuscritos. R^erencias: Beyer (4); Cole (2);

Worcester (1,3). v ^

Atd: Nlimero, 7,500. Loc: Oeste yNoroeste del monte Apo, en la provincia

de Davao, Mindanao. Ocupan las fuentes

de los rios Davao, Lasan, Tuganay yLibaganon, en Davao, el Pulangui, en la

provincia de Cotabato. Car.: Paganos.De tipo ffsico mestizo, siendo el indonesio,

el papda y el negrito(?) los que predominanen diferentes localidades. No tienen agri-

cultura de regadfo. Tatuaje linico, decomplicado dibujb. Usan arco y flecha.

Varios tipos diferentes de cultura y varios

dialectos poco conocidos. Los atds sonuno de los grupos menos conocidos. Ref.:

Cole (4) ; Garvan (1) ; Montano (1) ; SavageLandor (1); Sawyer (l).

Bagobo: Niimero, 9,350. Loc: En la

costa del Noroeste del seno de Davao,y en las laderas orientales y meridionalesdel monte Apo y sus picos tributarios; todosen la provincia de Davao, Mindanao.Car.: Paganos. De tipo fisico mestizo,predominando el malayo y el raongol debaja estatUra,

Muchos individuos indonesios. Sin agri-

cultura de regadfo. El arte esti casi

exclusivamente . confinado al adorno per-sonal, pero en 6sto pasan de la raya, siendolos bagobos los habitantes m4s profusa-mente ornamentados de las Islas. Loshombres se pulen los dientes con primor.Muy complicado adorno del vestido condibujos en cuentas y discos de madre-perla.Excelente tejido de abacd; algunas de sustelas de abac& est^n pulimentadas congrandes conchas. Amplia mitologia y biendesarroUadas creencias religiosas; antigua-mente practicaban los sacrificios humands.No hay verdadero corte de cabezas, perosuel,e conservarse el cabello del enemigopara fines decorativos. No usan armastinicas. Varios dialectos, de los cualessolamente uno se conoce bien. Ref.: Bene-dict (1, 2); Blair y -Robertson (1); Blumen-tritt (8); Cole (3, 4); Gisbert (1, 2); Mon-tano (1); Savage Landor (1).

Bikol: Nlimero, 685,309; el cuartogrupo de Filipinas por su importancianum^rica. Loc: Provincias de Ambos

• For full titles, see bibliography at end of

paper. i

1 Para los tftulos completes vfease la bibliograiffa

que consta al final de este trabajo.

Page 45: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

PoUacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 39

gon, on Luzon, and the subprovincesand islands of Catanduanes and Masbate.Char.: Christian. Predominantly of the

'. Malay blend type, although individualsof practically all other Philippine typesare common; the Indpnesian element is

'• 'Strong. Irrigated agriculture is practiced,

and the general Spanish-Filipino cultureof the lowland peoples is now predominant.Manila hemp and rice are the chief com-mercial products. Considerable weavingof sinamay and other hemp fiber cloths.

PatadiSn worn by women. Considerablesurvivals of the pre-Spanish culture. Awell developed and quite uniform lan-

guage, related to Tagalog and the Bisayandialects and containing over 300 printedworks and 6 periodicals. Local dialects

will be discussed in a future pfiper.^ Ref.:Most general works on the Philippines;

Blair and Robertson (1); Castaiio (1);

Lisboa (1) ; Puya y Ruiz (2) ; San Agustin

(1); Sawyer (1); Worcester(3).

Bild-an: Number, 10,400. Loc: Part-

ly in the province of Davao, . and partly

in the province of Cotabato, Mindanao.They occupy the interior of the SaranganiIslands, and a wide strip in the center

of the Sarangani peninsula extending north

to the headwaters of the Padada river

and northwestward as far as Lake Buluan.

Char.: Pagan. Extensively mixed physi-

cal types, too little known to say withexactness which predominates. Indonesian

< and tall mongoloid types are common

while the general short stature noted by\ Cole indicates considerable of the short

or primitive mixture. The general typeis probably the Malayan blpnd. Theirculture is not altogether uniform. Housetypes are diverse, and a crude pottery of

unique design is manufactured. No irri-

;gated agriculture, and population veryscattered. Excellent weaving of hempcloth, which is beautifully embroideredwith intricate designs excelling all others

to be found in the Philippines, and whichconstitutes the most unique feature of

Bil4-an culture. No true headhunting;

general social culture somewhat similar

to the Bagobo. The language is quite

different on the whole from others of the

Davao region, though little is known of

most of the dialects. They use several

uncommon Philippine sounds, among whichare "f" and "v". Ref.: Cole (4), pages

129-148 and plates; M. C. Cole (1); Mon-tano (1); Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1).

Bisaya: The largest group in the Phil-

ippines, numbering 3,977,210. Loc: Theentire group of the Bisayan Islands, the

Camarines, Albay y Sorsog6n, en Luz6n,y las subprovincias e islas de Catanduanesy Masbate. Car.: Cristianos. Predomi-nan el tipo malayo mestizo, aunque soncomunes los individuos de casi todos los

otros tipos filipinos ; el elemento indonesioes importante. Se practica la agricultura

de regadfo y ahora predomina la cultura

hispano-filipina general de las tierras delllano. Los principales productos comer-ciales son el' abacd y el arroz. Conside-rable tejido de sinamay y otras telas defibra de abacS. Las mujeres llevan pata-didn. Considerables restos de la culturapre-hispana. Idioma bien desarroUado ymuy uniforme, parecido al tagalo y a los

dieilectos bisayos, que contiene mis de 300obras impresas y seis peri6dicos. De los

dialectos locales se tratari en otro trabajo.

Ref.: La mayorfa de las obras generatessobre Filipinas; Blair y Robertson (1);

Castaiio (1); Lisboa (1); Puya y Ruiz (2);San Agustin (1) ; Sawyer (1) ; Worcester (3).

Bil&-an: Niimero, 10,400. ioc; Parteen la provincia de Davao, y parte en la

provincia de Cotabato, Mindanao. Ocu-pan el interior de las islas de Saranganiy una ancha faja en el centro de la Penin-sula de Sarangani, que se extiende al Nortede las fuentes del rlo Padada y hacia el

Noroeste hasta el lago BuWan. Car.: Pa-ganos. Tipos fisicos muy mezclados, muypoco conocidos para decir con exactitudcuAles predominan. Son comunes los tipos

indonesio y mongoloide alto, aunque engeneral la baja estatura observada porCole indica' considerable cantidad de la

mezcla baja o primitiva. El tipo general

es probablemente el mestizo malayo. Sucultura no es del todo uniforme. Los tipos

de casas son diversos y se manufacturauna alfareria rudimentaria de un solo

diserio. Excelente tejido de tela de abaci,que se borda priiiiorosamente con dibujoscomplicados, que exceden en hermosuraa todos los demis que se ven en el Archi-pi61ago, y que constitufa la caracteristica

mis tipica de la cultura bila-ana. No existe

un yei^dadero corte de cabezas y la culturasocial es en general algo parecida a la delos bagobos. El lenguaje, en su conjunto,es muy diferente de los otros que se hablanen la regi6n de Davao, aunque la mayoriade los dialectos son poco conocidos. Usanvarios sonidos que no son comunes en Fili-

piucis, entre ellos el de "f" y el de "v".

Ref.: Cole (4), pp. 129-148 y liminas;M. C. Cole (1); Montano (1); SavageLandor (1); Sawyer (1).

Bisaya: El mayor de los grupos de Filir

pinas, cuyo ntimero asciende a 3,977,210.Loc: Todo el grupo de las islas Bisayas,

Page 46: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

40 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

largest of which are Samar, Leyte, Cebu,Negros, Bohol, and Panay ; the coast region

of southern Mindoro, a part of the coast

of Palawan, and the north and east coasts

of Mindanao. About 100,000 are to befound scattered through other provinces

not here mentioned. Outside the Philip-

pines there is evidence of Bisayan groupsin both Borneo and Formosa. Char.:

Christian; and of the general Spanish-

Filipino culture- predominant among the

civilized lowland population throughout

the Islands. In physical type they are

predominantly of the Malay blend, butthe Indonesian element is fully as strong

as, if not considerably stronger, than the

mongoloid elements,—^while individuals of

primitive type are generally rarer than>

among the Luzon and Mindanao peoples.

It is interesting to find, however, that

on some of the smaller Bisayan Islands

the Australoid type is more in evidence

than anywhere else in the Philippines.

Papuan types are found in, certain places,

especially along the east coast of Samar,Leyte, and Mindanao. Irrigated agri-

culture is universal, and weaving of pifia,

jusi, sinamay, and other fibers is highly

developed. The patadidn is the charac-

teristic garment of the worhen. Rice andfish are the staple foods, while sugar, hemp,and copra are the chief 'commercial prod-

ucts. In language there is considerable

diversity, there being four well markeddialects and a number of minor ones.

The most important dialect is the Ceblian,

which is spoken by nearly two million

people in Cebd, Oriental Negros, Bohol,

southern Leyte, Mindanao, and minorislands. It differs considerably from the

. other dialects. The Panayan, or Hiligai-

non dialect is spoken by over a million

and a quarter people in Occidental Negros,

Panay, Mindoro, Palawan, and minorislands. It has the largest printed liter-

ature of any of the Bisayan dialects.

The Samar-Leyte dialect is spoken byover six hundred thousand people in Samar,northern Leyte, and minor islands, andhas a small printed literature. The Akl&ndialect is spoken by about 140,000 people,

living mostly in Capiz province of Panay.

The people speaking this dialect are mark-edly of predominant Indonesian type, andthe phonetics of their speech are quite

different from those of the other Bisayan

groups. It is really a distinct language,

but in vocabulary is decidedly of the

Philippine group. Altogether there are

las mayores de las cuales son S4mar, Leyte,

Cebii, Negros, Bohol y Panay; la regi6n

costera del Sur de Mindoro, una parte

de la costa de Palawan, y las costas del,

Norte y el Este de Mindanao. Espar-

cidos por las otras provincias que aqui

no se citan pueden encontrarse unos100,000. Fuera de Filipinas, hay indicios

de los grupos bisayos tanto en Formosacomo en Borneo. Car.: Cristianos; y de la

cultura general hispano-filipina que pre-

valece entre la poblaci6n civilizada de las

tierras bajas en todo el Archipi61ago. Encuanto al tipo fisico, predomina entre

ellos el mestizo malayo, pero el elementoindonesio se destaca con igual fuerza, si es

que no le lleva considerable ventaja, quelos elementos mongoloides, al paso que los

individuos del tipo primitivo son general-

mente mcis raros que entre los habitantes

de Luz6n y Mindanao. Es interesante

notar, sin embargo, que en algunas de las

mis pequenas islas bisayas el tipo austra-

liano se destaca mis que en ninguna otra

parte del Archipidlago. Los tipos paptlas

se encuentran en algunos- sitios, especial-

mente en las costas orientales de Sdmar,Leyte y Mindanao. La agricultura deregadio es general y se encuentra alta-

mente desarroUado el tejido de la pifia,

jusi, sinamay y otras fibras. El patadiSn'es el vestido caracterlstico de las mujeres.El arroz y el pescado constituyen la ba§ede la' alimentaci6n, y los principales pro-

ductos comerciales son el azdcar, el abaciy la copra. En el lenguaje hay conside-rable diversidad, existiendo cuatro dialec-

tos bien definidos y otros de menor impor-tancia. El dialecto mis importante es el

cebuano, que se habla^por casi dos millonesde habitantes en Cebii, Negros Orieiltal,

Bohol, el sur de Leyte, Mindanao y otras

islas menores. Difiere considerablementede los otros dialectos. El dialecto pana-yano o hiligainon se habla por mis de unmill6n y cuarto de habitantes en NegrosOccidental, Panay, Mindoro, Palawan yotras islas menores. Cuenta con la lite-

ratura impresa mis copiosa detodos los

dialectos bisayos. El dialecto de Simar,y Leyte se habla por mis de seiscientas^

mil personas en Simar, el Norte de Leyte,

y otras islas menores y cuenta con unapequena literatura impresa. El dialectode Aklin lo hablan unos 140,000 individuos,habitantes en su mayoi^, parte en la pro-vincia de Cipiz, Panay. Los individuosque hablan este dialecto son notoriamentede tipo indonesio predominante, y la fon6-tlca de su lenguaje es muy diferente de la

de los otros grupos bisayos. Es, en reali-

dad, un lenguaje distinto, pero su vOcabu-lario se halla decididamente incluido entre

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 41

about 675 books and pamphlets and 45periodicals printed in the Bisayan dialects.

The Bisayas of Mindanao are partly of

Christianized individuals from the Indo-nesian pagan groups of the vicinity, andseveral little known dialects are spoken.

Ref.: AH general works on the Philip-

pines; Blair and Robertson (1); Gonzaga(1) ; H. Miller (1) ; Montano (1) ; Sawyer(1); Worcester (2,3). On the Bisaya lan-

guages and dialects see Sncarnaci6n (1,2);

Encina (1); Figuerda (1) ; Lozano y Megia(1); Mentrida (1,^); Monteclaro (1); Ro-mualdez (1); Sanchez de la Rosa (1,2).

Bontok: Number, 63,258. Loc: Sub-province of Bontok, and a few in the sub-

provinces of Kalinga and Abra, and in the

province of Ilokos Sur. Char.: Pagan.

Mixed physical types, with the Malayblend predominant and the Indonesian,

short Mongol, and Ainu types all present

in considerable numbers—especially the

first two. Two unique and characteristic

house types. General irrigated agriculture,

with stone-walled rice terrzices. Villages

large and compact, with clan goverrunent

and public buildings in each ward. Sep-

arated public sleeping houses for un-

married men and women. Trial marriage.

Men wear long hair and a pocket hat.

Circumcision practiced. Only weapons are

spear, headaxe, and shield, the latter two

of unique types. Both headhunting andopen, tactical warfare. Considerable tat-

tooing. Women wear a very short tapis

and men a small apron attached to a girdle

as the only habitual garments. Several

dialects, alt belonging to the Iloko group,

but very different in phonetics. Letter

"f" in common use. Three general culture

groups,^ differing in details. Ref.: For

culture see Beyer (1,3) ; Jenks (1) ; H. Miller

(1); Worcester (1,3); Wilcox (1). For

language see Clapp (1); Seidenadel (1);

Waterman (1).

Bukidnon: Number, 48,500. Loc:Province of Bukidnon, Mindanao, and a

few in provinces of Misamis, Agusan, and

Cotabato. Char.: Pagan. Physical type

Malayan blend, with a strong admixture

of the short Mongol and pure Indonesian

types. The wilder members of the group

live in tree houses, or in houses built on

platforms high above the ground. Their

clothing is distinctive and of unique design.

They practice dry agriculture and grow

chiefly maize and mountain rice. They

los grupos filipinos. En total, hay unos675 librqs y folletbs y 45 peri6dicos im-presos en los dialectos bisayas. Los bisa-'

yas de Mindanao est4n constituidos enparte por individuos cristianizados de los

grupos paganos indonesios de la vecindad'

y se hablan varios dialectos poco conocidos.

Ref.: Todas las obras generales sobre Fili-

pinas; Blair and Robertson (1); H. Miller

(1) ; Montano (1) ; Sawyer (1) ; Worcester(2, 3); para los idiomas y dialectos bisa-

yos, v6ase Encarnaci6n (1,2); Encina (1);

Figueroa (1); Lozano y Megfa (1); Men-trida (1, 2); Monteclaro (1); Romu41dez(1) ; Sdnchez de la Rosa (1,2).

Bontok: Numero 63,258. Loc: Sub-provincia de Bontok, y algunos en las sub-provincias de Kalinga y Abra, y en la

provincia de Ilocos Sur. Car.: Paganos.Tipos ffsicos mezclados, predominando el

mestizo malayo y existiendo en ntimer

o

considerable el tipo indoneSio, el mongolde baja estatura y el ainu, especialmentelos dos primeros. Dos tipos tinicos y carac-

teristicos de casas. Agricultura de regadioen general, con terrazas muradas de pfedrapara el cultivo del arroz. Aldeas grandes

y compactas, con gobierno de clan y edifi-

cios pdblicos en cada barrio. Casas piibli-

cas para dormir con separad6n para sol-

teros y solteras. Matrimonio a prueba.Los hombres llevan el pelo largo y un som-brero de bolsillo. Se practica la circunci-

si6n. Las linicas armas sonespadas, hachasy escudos, los dos dltimos de tipos iSnicos.

Se dedican tanto a la guerra abierta det4ctica como al corte de cabezas. Con-siderable tatuaje. Las mujeres llevan unt^pis muy corto y los hombres un pequenodelantal sujeto a un cintur6n como <inico

traje habitual. Se hablan varios dialectos,

todos perteneci^ntes al grupo ilocano, perode fon6tica muy diferente. La letra "f"se usa comdnmente. Tres grupos deGultura general, con diferencia de detalles.

Ref.: Respecto a la cultura, vease Beyef(1, 3); Jenks (1); H. Miller (1) ; Worcester(1, 3); Wilcox (1); Respecto al lenguaje,

v^ase Clapp. (1); Seidenadel (1); Water-man (1).

Bukidnon: Niimero, 48,500. Loc; Pro-vincia de Bukidnon, Mindanao, y algunosen las provincias de Misamis, Agusan yCotabato. Car.: Paganos. Tipo fisico

mestizo malayo, con fuefte mezcla de los

tipos mongol de baja estatura e indonesiopuro. Los individuos menos civilizados

del grupo viven en casas colocadas en los

4rboles o en casas construidas sobre plata-formas muy elevadas del suelo. Su vestidoes caracteristico y de diseiio 6nico. Prac-tican la agricultura de secano y cosechanprincipalmente mafz y arroz silvestre.

Page 48: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

42 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

also use the fire piston, and make unique

pipes, tools and implements. Little has

beeii published as to their general culture

;

they have been studied by Cole, but his

•work has not yet appeared. They are

energetic workers and are now quite civil-

ized; they are known to have well-devel-

oped religious beliefs, and their culture

is probably similar to that of some of the

pre-Spanish Bisayan groups. There are

at least two dialects; one of (Which, along

the border of Agusan province, is knownas Banuaon. Ref.: M. C. Cole (1);

Philippine Commission (1), Vol. Ill, pages392-394; Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Dumagat: Number, 352. Loc: Kala-

wat Islands and other small islands off

the north coast of Camarines; a few also

live on the coast: Char.: Christian. Phys-ical type is essentially Indonesian butnearly all individuals show marked Papuancharcteristics. Clothing chiefly made of

tapc^.^ 'Tattooing practiced, though notcommon. Teeth filed in front. Some cir-.

cumcision. No knowledge of pottery mak-ing. Baskets and other manufactures (ex-

cept boats) adopted from Bikols. Little

agriculture; live chiefly on fish and other

sea products. The Dumagats make a

very unique boat which is constructed of.

planks sewn together, and is decoratedwith black stripes. There is considerable

evidence that these people are Melanesiansor Micrdnesians of comparatively recent

arrival in the Philippines; bu,t they maybe related to the negroid Dumaga groupof eastern Luzon (see' page 59). Theirpresent dialect is closely rplated to Bikol,

though there are elements in it that are

doubtless survivals of their ancient speech.

Ref.: Salvador (1).

Gaddang: Number, 33,720. Loc:The Christianized Gaddangs live in theMcigat river valley in Nueva Vizcaya andIsabela, and the upper Cagayan river in

Isabela. The pa^an groUp is found in

the southeastern part of the subprovinceof 'Kalinga and along the jnorthwestern

border of Isabela ; a considerable groupalso live east of the Cagayan in the Kata-14ngan river valley in Isabela. Char.:

Christian, 21,240; pagan^ 12,480. Predom-inantly of the Indonesian .type; othertypes probably do not exceed one-third

of the total nuinber, and arechieflyPapuaft

' Cloth made of beaten bark. It is everywherecharacteristic of the Indonesian peoples of purerculture.

Tai^bi4n emplean el pist6n de fuego yhacen pipas, instrumentos y utensilios'

de tipo dnico. Se ha publicado pocoacerca de su cultura general; han sido

estudiados por Cole, pero su obra no haaparecido todavia. Son en^rgicos traba-

jadores y ahora estdn muy civilizados; se

sabe que tienen muy bien desarrolladas

creencias religiosas, y su cultura es proba-blemente similar a la de algunos de los

grupos bisayos pre-hispanos. Existen al

menos dos dialectos, uno de los cuales,

que se habla a lo largo de la divisoria de la

provincia de AgUsan, lleva el nombre debanuaon.. i?e/.: M. C. Cole (1); Philippine

Cominission (1), Vol. Ill, p. 392-394;Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Dumdgat: N6mero, 352. Loc: Islas

Kaliwat y otras islas pequefias frente a la

costa Norte de Camarines ; algunos viventambi6n en la costa. Car.: Cristianos.

El tipo fisico es esencialmente Indonesio,

pero casi todos los individuos ostentari

marcadas caracteristicas papuanas. Eltraje se hace principalmente de tapa. »

Se practica el tatuaje, aunque no es comdn.Dientes pulidos por delante. Alguna cir-

cuncisi6n. Sin cpnocimiento de la alfa-

reria. Han aceptado de los bicoles las

cestas y otras manufacturas (excepto Ips

botes). Poca ag-ricultura; viven principal-

mente de pescado y otros productos del

mar. Los dumigats constriiyen un boteespecialisimo, que hacen con planchascosidas unas a otras y decorado con franjasnegras. Hay considerables indicios de queesos habitantes son melanesios o micro-nesios que llegaron a Filipinas en tiemposrelativamente recientes, pero pUeden ser

comparados con el grupo negroide dumigatdel Este de Luz6n (vlase pdgina 59). Suactual dialecto es muy parecido al bicol,

aunque existen en B. elementos que consti-tuyen indudablemente supervivencias desu antiguo lenguaje. Ref.: Salvador (1).

Gaddang: Numero, 33,720. Lop.; Losgaddangs cristianizados viven en el valledel rio M&gat, en Nueva Vizcaya e Isabela

y en el alto' rio Cagayan en Isabela. Elgrupo pagano se encuentra en la partesur-oriental de la subprovincia de Kaliriga

y a lo largo de la divisoria iioirte-occidental

de Isabela; tambidn vive un grupo con-siderable al Este del Cagayan en el valledel rio Katalaiigan en Isabela.. Car.: Cris-tianos, 21,240; paganos, 12,480. Predo-minan los individuos del tipo indonesio;los otros tipos probablemente no excedende un tercio del niimero total, y son espe-

'Tela hecha de corteza golpeada. En todaspartes es caracteristica de los pueblos indonesiosde mayor cultura.

Page 49: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

rand short Mongol. The Christian group,ha^ adopted the general Spanish-Filipino

culture of the lowlands, but the pagangroup has many unique , characteristics.

Many of them live in tree houses, built

from 20 to 60 feet above the ground, butthere are other house types built directly

on the ground. They weave good cloth,

preferring bright colors and using chiefly

native grown cotton. They also makegood pots, with incised designs, and plait

a fair quality of basketry The pagansplant chiefly dry crops, but the Christians

practice irrigated agriculture. The lan-

guage is closely related to Ibanag and is

divided into a number of dialects. Verymarked intonation in speaking. There is

some written literature, and 4 books andpamphlets have been printed in the NuevaVizcaya dialect. Ref.: Blair and Rob-ertson (1); Beyer (4); Ferrando andFonseca (1); Malumbres (1); Savage Lan-dor (1); Wilcox (1); Worcester (1).

Ibanag: Number, 156,134; seventh

largest group in the Islands. Loc: TheCagayan valley of Luzon, in the provinces

of Cagayan and Isabela, Char.: Chris-

tian. Predominantly of the Indonesian

type, with a strong Papuan or Melanesianelement. Tallest and darkest in color^

of any people in the Philippines; manymen of superb physique. There are con-

siderable numbers of individuals of other

types, especially the primitive ones,

distinguished by lower stature. The mon-j goloid 'types seem to be largely the result

of Chinese mixture. General Spanish-

Filipino culture, but many survivals of

former days. Considerable irrigated agri-

culture, but much less proportionately

than among any other Christian group.

Tobacco is the principal commercial prod-

uct. Unique boat type, found else-

where only among the Ap4yaos and in

Melanesia. The language differs from the

general Philippine type both lexically iand

phonetically. The English sounds "f",

"v", and'"z" are common, the latter not

occurring in any other Philippine dialect

yet recorded. " Marked intonation in speak-

ing. There are about 50 printed works

and three periodicals. At least one quite

different dialect exists; this is known as

the Itkv'i or Malau6g. The people speak-

ing it are probably Christianized Kalingas.

Ref.: Blair and Robertson (1) ; Ferrando

1 Excepting of course the small groups of almost

pure Negrito or Papuan blood.

Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en ,19J

6

43

cialmente papiSas y mongoles pequenos.El grupo cristiano ha adoptado la culturahispano-filipina general en la tierra baja,

pero el grupo pagano tiene muchas carac-teristicas linicas. Muchos de ellos vivenen casas-4rboles, construidas de 20 a 60ll)ies sobre el terreno, pero hay otros tipos

de casas construidas directamente encimadel terreno. Tejen buena tela, prefiriendo

los colores brillantes y usando principal-

mente algod6n cultivado en el pais. Tam-bi^n hacen buenos cacharros, con dibujosincisos, y trenzan una gran cantidad decesteria. Los paganos plantan principal-

mente cosechas de secano, pero los cristia-

nos practican la agricultura de regadio.

pi lenguaje se parece mucho al ibanag y se

divide en varios dialectos. Muy marcadaentonaci6n al hablar. Hay alguna lite-

ratura escrita, y en el dialecto de NuevaVizcaya se Ijian impreso cuatro libros yfolletos. 1 Ref.: Blair y Robertson

, (1)

;

Beyer (4); Ferrando y Fonseca (1); Ma-lumbres (1) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Wilcox (1)

;

Worcester (1). ,

Ibanag: Ntimeron 156,134; por su nii-

mero constituye el septimo grupo del

Archipi^lago. Loc: El valle de Cagaydnen Luz6n, en las proA^incias de Cagayin e

Isabela. Car.: Cristianos. Predomina el

tipo indonesio, con fuerte elemerito papdao melanesio.- Son los mis altos y de color

mks oscuro ' entre todos los habitantes deFilipinas ; muchos hombres de tipo fisico

soberbio. Hay considerable ntimero deindividuos de otros tipos, especialmente los

primitivos, distinguidos por su baja esta-

tura. Los tipos mongoloides parecen ser

principalmeiite ^resultado de la mezclachina. La cultura general es hispano-filipina, pero hay muchas supervivenciasde la antigiiedad. Considerable agricul-

tura de regadio, pero mucha menos propor-cionalmente que entre los otros gruposcristianos. El tabaco es el principal pro-

ducto comercial. tjnico tipo de botes,

que s61o se encuentra igual entre los apa-yaos y en Melanesia. El lenguaje difiere

del tipo general de Filipinas, tanto por el

l^xico como por la fondtica. Son comuneslos sonidosingleses de "f", "v" y "z", noexistiendo este liltimo en ningtin otro delos dialectos filipinos estudiados hastaahora. Marcada entonaci6n al hablar.

Hay impresas en este lenguaje unas cin-

cuenta obras y tres peri6dicos. Por lo

menos existe un dialecto muy diferente;

se conoce con el nombre de itavi o malaueg;.Los habitantes que lo hablan son probable-mente calingas cristianizados. Ref.: Blair

1 Excepto, desde luego, los pequenos grupos denegritos casi puros o de sangre papiia.

Page 50: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

44 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

and Fonseca (1) ; Puya y Ruiz (1) ; Sawyer

(1). For language see Dictionaries (1)

Fausto de Cuevas (1); NolasCo de Medio

(1); Rodriguez (1).

Ifugao : Number, 132,500 ; eighthlargest

group in the Islands and the largest non-

Christian group. Lot.: Practically all live

in the subprovince 6i Ifugao, with the

exception of about 3,000 in the province

of Nueva Vizcaya. Mixed Ifugaos in

Benguet, Lepanto, Bontok, and Kalinga

are qlassed with the Igorots and Bontoks.

Char.: Pagan. Of very mixed race, prac-

tically all physical types being represented.

The Malay blend predominates, while

the Indonesian, short Mongol and Ainu

come next in order. Some isolated valleys

show an extensive mixture with the latter

type. The Ifugaos possess a quite unique

and distinctive culture. Clan organiza-

tion and government. Villages consist

of many scattered hamlets. Populated

area contains 400 people to the square mile.

Irrigated agriculture highly developed;

the greatest system of stone-walled rice

terracestobe found in any part of the world.

Characteristic house types, clothing, bas-

ketry, utensils, and implements. Head-hunting practiced, but head-axe not used.

Distinctive tattoo. No circumcision. Alegalized form of trial marriage. Unmar-ried men and women sleep in separate

houses, but there are no public buildings

as in Bontok. Extensive mythology anda very highly developed polytheistic re-

ligion, with a trained priesthood. Geneal-

ogies often preserved for from IS to 30generations. Language is distinct but be^

longs to the Iloko group; two principal

dialects, differing chiefly in phonetics, andseveral minor dialects. One of the latter,

spoken by the Lag^ui clan, lexically re-

sembles Paiigasinan. Ref. Barton (1);

Beyer (1) ; Beyer and Barton (1,2) ; Campa(1) ; Malumbres (2) ; H. Miller (1) SavageLandor (1); Villaverde (1,2); Wilcox (1);Worcester (1,3,4,5); Wright (1).

Igorot: Number, 61,308. Loc: Prin-cipally in the subprovinces of Benguet,Lepanto, , and Amburayan, with a few inthe provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, NuevaEcija, Pangasinali, La Union, and IlokosSur and in the subprovinces of Abra andBontok. Mixed Igorots in the subprov-ince of Ifugao are included with theIfugaos. Char.: Pagan. Two quite dis-

y Robertson (1); Ferrando y Fonseca (1);

Puya y Ruiz (1); Sawyer (1). En cuantoal lenguaje, v6anse Diccionarios (1) ; Faustode Cuevas (1); Nolasco de Medio (1);Rodriguez (1).

Ifugao: Nrimero, 132,500; el octavogrupo del Archipidlago por, su ndmero y el

mayor de los grupos no cristianos. Loc:Casi tbdos viven en la subprovincia deIfugao, con excepci6n'de unos 3,000 en la

provincia de Nueva Vizcaya. Los ifugaos

mestizos de Benguet, Lepanto, Bontoc yCalinga est4n clasificados con los igorrotes

y los Bontoes. Car.: Paganos. De razamuy mestiza, estando representados casi

todos los tipos flsicos. Predomina el

mestizo nlalayo, siguiendo despuds el indo-nesio, el mongol de baja estatiira y el ainu.

En algunos valles aislados se encuentrauna mezcla muy amplia con este ultimotipo. Los ifugaos poseen una culturalihica y muy caracteristica. Organizaci6n

'

y gobierno de clan. Las aldeas estijl

formadas por muchos caserfos esparcidos.

El irea poblada contiene 400 habitantespor milla cuadrada. La agricultura deregadio se halla muy bien desarrollada;

el mayor sistema de terrazas muradas depiedra para el cultivo del arroz que puedeencontrarse en ninguna parte del mundo.Tipos caracterfsticos de casas, telas, ces-

teria, utensilios y aperos. Se practicael corte de cabezas, pero no se usa el hacha.Tatuaje distintivo. No hay circuncisi6n.

Una forma legalizada de matrimonio deprueba. Los solteros y las solteras duermenen casas separadas, pero no hay edificios

ptiblicos como en Bontoc. Amplia mitp-logia y una religi6n politeista muy notable-mente desarrollada, con un sacerdocio

,

instruido. Con frecuencia se conservanlas genealogias por 15 y hasta 30 genera-ciones. El lenguaje es distinto, pero per-tenece al grupo ilocanp; dos dialectos prin-cipales, que difieren, principalmente, enla fon^tica, y varios otros dialectos demenor importancia. Uno de estos tilti-

mos, hablado por el clan de Lag4ui, separece, por el 16xico, al pangasin4n. Ref.:Barton (1); Beyer (1); Beyer y Barton(1, 2); Campa (1); Malumbres (2); K;Miller (1) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Villaverde \

(1, 2); Wilcox (1); Worcester (1, 3, 4, 5);Wright (1).

Igorot: Niimero, 61,308. Loc: Prin-cipalmente en las subprovincias de Ben-guet, Lepanto y Amburayan, con algunosen las provincias de Nueya Vizcaya, NuevaEcija, Pangasin4n, La Uni6n e Ilocos Sur,y en las subprovincias de Abra y Bontoc'Los mestizos igorrotes en la subprovincia

'

de Ifugao estin incluidos entre los ifugaos.Carj: Paganos. Aquf se incluyen bajo la

Page 51: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Poblacidn de las Istas Filipinas en 1916 45

tinct groups of people are here includedunder the term Igorot, and they differ

considerably in physical type, culture,

and language. Th'ere is considerable re-

semblance in culture, however, and theyare so much more like one another in thatrespect than they are like other surroundinggroups that I have temporarily includedthem together. I shall describe each groupseparately as follows: (a) Kankanai group:Number, 47,887. The Kankanais occupythe northern third of Benguet and thegreater portion of the subprovinces of

Lepanto and Amburayan. Physically theyappear to be essentially a mixture of theAinu and short Mongol types with the tall

Mongol. 1 The Ainu mixture is marked,and is predominant in some localities;

Indonesian types are rare. Their economicculture presents many unique features,

but in their social life and language theyresemble the western Ifugaos. Their townsare quite large and compact. They prac-

tice irrigated agriculture and build rice

terraces somewhat like those of the Ifugaos,

though not nearly so extensive. Thehouse type is unique. They grow cotton

and do excellent weaving, preferring soft

colors, blue and white being the favorites;

yellow is entirely absent, even in decoration,

while a soft red is sparingly used. All

the men, and some women wear a bandof cloth about the head. They were for-

merly head-hunters but are now peaceful

and semi-civilized. Considerable tattoo-

ing; unique patterns. Some women weara peculiar brass collar around the neck.

Language belongs to the Iloko group

;

there are several dialects differing some-what in both phonetics and lexicography.

Ref.: Beyer (1,2); H. Meyer (.1); Perez

(1); Robertson (1); Savage Landor (1);

Vanoverbergh (1); Worcester (1). (b)

Inibaloi group: Number, 13,421. TheInibaloi group, or Ibalois, occupy the

southern two-thirds of the subprovinceof Benguet and portions of NueVa Vizcayaand Pangasinan along the Benguet border. '

Physically they are markedly of the short

Mongol type mixed with some Ainu andNegrito, and to some extent with the

Malay blend. In economic culture theyresemble the eastern Ifugaos, while their

social life and language is quite different.

They practice som? irrigated agriculture,

' These somewhat unusual racial designations

mil be fully explained, and the types described, in

the paper entitled: "Ethnographic Grouping in the

Philippines".

denominaci6n de igorrotes dos gruposde habitantes muy diferentes, y que se dis-

tinguen considerablemente por su tipoffsico, su cultura y su lenguaje. Hay, sin

embargo, considerable semejanza en sucultura y en este sentido se parecen detal modo mucho mis unos a otros que a los

otros grupos que les rodean, que temporal-mente les incluyo en un solo grupo. Des-cribir6 separadamente cada grupo de la

manera siguiente: (a) Grupo Kankanai:Ntimero, 47,887. Los kankandis ocupanel tercio septentrional de Benguet y la

mayor '.parte de las subprovincias de Le-panto y Amburayan. Fisicamente, apa-recen esencialmente como una mezclade los tipos Ainu y Mongol de baja esta-

tura con el mongol de estatura elevada. >

La mezcla ainu es notoria y predominaen algunas localidades. Los tipos indo-

^nesios son raros. Su cultura econ6micapresenta muchos aspectos linicos, pero ensu lenguaje y vida social se parecena los ifugaos occidentales. Sus pobla-ciones son muy grandes y compactas.Practican la agricultura de regadfo y cons-truyen terrazas para el cultivo del arroz,

algo parecidas a las de los ifugaos, aunqueno tan extensas. Cultivan el algod6n yhacen excelentes tejidos, prefiriendo los

colores suaves, siendo los favoritos el

bianco y el azul; el amarillo falta en abso-luto, aun como adorno, usindose muchoun rojo suave. Todos los* hombres, yalgunas mujeres, llevan una banda de tela

alrededor de la cabeza. Fueron anterior-

mente cortadores de cabezas pero ahorason paclficos y semi-civilizad'bs. Conside-rable tatuaje; diseiios linicos. Algunasmujeres llevan un collar especial de broncealrededor del cuello. El lenguaje perte-

nece al grupo ilocano; hay varies dialectos

que difieren algo tanto en fon6tica como enlexicografia. Ref.: Beyer (1, 2); H. Meyer(1) ; P6rez (1) ; Robertson (1) ; SavageLandor (1); Vanoverbergh (1); Worcester(1). (b) Grupo inibaloi: Niimero, 13,421.

El grupo inibaloi, o ibalois, ocupa los dostercios meridionales de la subprovincia deBenguet y parte de Nueva Vizcaya yJPangasinin, a lo largo de la divisoria deBenguet. Fisicamente son notoriamehtedel tipo mongol de baja estatura mezcladoalgo con el ainu y el negrito y de alglin modocon el mestizo malayo. En cultura econ6-mica se parecen a los ifugaos orientales,

pero su lenguaje y vida social son muydiferentes. Practican alguna agricultura

de regadio, pero no tan ampliamente como

' Estas designaciones raciales algo ins6Iitas se

explicarlin ampliamente, describiendose los tipos,

en la obra titulada "Agrupaciones Etnogr4ficasde Filipinas".

Page 52: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

46 Population of the PMMppine Islands in 1916

but not so extensively as the Kankanais.Their villages are smaller and less compact.In clothing they prefer broad stripes of

red, black, and white, or red, black, andyellow. In certain districts only red andwhite are used. Few ornaments are worn.

They use a tump line for carrying loads.

Dogs are the sacrificial animal in religious

feasts. Language has two or more dia-

lects; the most important one has beenrecorded by Scheerer. Ref.: Beyer (1,2);

H. Meyer (1); Sawyer (1); Scheerer (1);

Worcester (1).

Iloko: The third largest Philippine

group, numbering 988,841. Loc: Origin-

al habitat along the west coast of northern

Luzon, from San Fernando, La Union,

to Bangui, Uokos Norle. They are the

chief ernigrating people of the Islands,

.

and have now spread in considerable num-bers into every province in the northern

two-thirds of Luzon. Outside of their

native provinces, Ilokos Norte, Ilokos

Sur, and La Union, they are the mostnumerous in Cagayan, Isabela, NuevaVizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, Tarlak,

and Nueva Ecija. Char.: Christian. In

physical type the Ilokos are of the Malayblend, but with the mongoloid element

very predominant. Their comparatively

short stature indicates considerable prim-

itive mixture also, all three short types

being represented. They practice irrigated

agriculture, and possess the general Span-ish-Filipino civilization of the lowland

pebples. Rice and fish are the staple

foods, while rice, tobacco, and manufac-tured articles are the chief commercialproducts. The Ilokos make a greater

variety of manufactured articles thanany other group in the Islands outside

the city of Manila. Large quantities of

cotton are grown and a great variety of

cotton cloths are woven. Other well-

developed manufactures are implements,

tools, and weapons ,of iron and steel;

jewelry of silver, gold, shell, ebony, cara-

bao horn, etc. ; furniture and carved wood-work; articles made of woven rattan, nito,

and other vines; carved stone-work, grind-

ing stones, metates, stone mortars, paying-

stones, etc.; salt; dye-stuffs, especially

indigo; and a variety of minor articles.

Considerable quantities of dried and pre-

served fish are also exported. The Ilokos

have a unique type of rice granary not

found elsewhere in the Islands, and the

true Iloko house is also unique in structure.

The houses of the peasants are much better

los Kankanais. Sus aldeas son mks peque-

iias y menos compactas. En los vestidos

prefieren amplias franjas de encarnado,

negro y bianco, o encarnado, bianco yamarillo. En ciertos distritos, s61o se usan

el encarnado y el bianco. Se Uevan pocos

ornamentos. Usan un vehiculo especial

de barro para llevar cargas. Los perros

son los animales que se sacrifican en las

fiestas religiosas. El lenguaje tiene dos

o mis dialectos ; el m&s impprtante ha sido

recogido por Scheerer. Ref.: Beyer (1,2);

H. Meyer (1); Sawyer (1); Scheerer (1);

Worcester (1).

Iloko: El tercer grupo filipino, por

su ndmero, que asciende a 988,841. Loc:Originariamente habitan en la costa Occi-

dental del N. de Luz6n, desde San Fernan-

do, La Uni6n, a Bangui, Ilocos Norte.

Son el' pueblo raks emigrante de las Islas

y ahora se han esparcido en niimero con-

siderable por todas las provincias de los

dos-tercios septentrionalesde Luz6n. Fuerade sus provincias nativas, " Ilocos Norte,

Ilocos Sur y La Uni6n, donde se les en-

cuentra; en mayor ntimero es en Cagayin,Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinin, Zam-bales, Tdrlac y Nueva Ecija. Car.: Cris-,

tianos. En tipo fisico los ilocanos son demezcla malaya, pero con el elemento pre-

dominante mongoloide. Sii comparativa-mente baja estatura indica tambien con-

siderable mezcla primitiva, estando repre-

sentados los tres tipos pequenps. Prac-

tican la agricultura de regadio, y poseen

la civilizaci6n hispano-filipina general enla tierra baja. El arroz y el pescado son

los principales alimentos, y el arroz, tabaco

y los artfculos manufacturados constituyen

los principales productos comerciales. Losilocanos hacen una variedad de artfculos

manufacturados mayor que cualquier otro

grupo del Archipidlago, fuera de la ciudad,de Manila. Se cultiva gran cantidad dealgod6n y tejen gran variedad de telas dealgod6n. Otras manufacturas bien desa-

rrolladas son los instrumentos y armas dehierro de acero; aljiajas de plata, oro,

concha, cuerno de carabao, etc.; mueblesde madera labrada; articulos hechos debejuco tejido, nito y otras enredaderas;piedra labrada, piedras de moler, metates,morteros de piedra, piedras para pavi-

mentos, etc.; sal; tintes, especialmenteindigo; y una variedad de otros articulos

de menor importancia. Tambien se ex-

porta considerable cantidad de pescadoseco y en conserva. Los ilocanos tienen

un tipo rinico de granero de arroz que no se

encuentra en ninguna otra parte del Archi-pi61ago, y la verdadera casa ilocana es

tambien 6nica en su estructura. Las casas

de los aldeanos estin mucho mejor cons-

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Pohlacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 47

built and neater kept than amongst mostother Filipino groups. They preserve manysocial customs and beliefs of pre-Spanishdays. The language is quite different in

structure and vocabulary from the othermore impoiftant Philippine languages. It

is uniform on the whole, though thereare a number of local dialectic differences.

There is some intonation in speaking, butnot nearly so marked as in the case of

the.Ibanag and Gaddang groups. Thereare about 500 printed works in the language,

mostly religious writings or metrical ro-

mances, and about 40 periodicals, some of

which are of a religious character and theothers secular. On the whole, the Ilokosare fervently rdigious, energetic workers,and good fighters, equaling in these re-

spects, if not exceeding,, any other groupin the Islands. Ref.: Most general workson the Philippines; Arag6n (1); Blair andRobertson (1); Reyes y Florentino (1,2);

Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1). Forlanguage see Carro (1); Naves (1); Swift(l)rWilliams (1).

llongot: Number, 6,150. Loc: Prov-ince of Nueva Vizcaya. Char.: Pagan,The Ilongots are quite uniform as to cul^

ture, but in physical type and in dialect

they may be divided into three distinct

groups: (a) Egongut group, numberingabout 2,150, occupies the east Luzonmountalins in Nueva Vizcaya, to the westand north of the town of Baler, Tayabas,and east of the headwaters of the Cagg,yanriver. Physically they differ from the

Ital6n group, next to be described, chiefly

in having a much greater amount of Ne-grito or negroid blood. In fact, groupsof quite pure Negrito and Papuan typeslive scattered among them, and a mixeddialect has grown up which differs con-

siderably from the Ital6n speech. It is

related in vocabulary to the Tagalog of

Baler and of Nueva Ecija. (b) Italdn

group, numbering abqut 2,000, occupies

the ixeadwaters of the Gagayan riVer in

Nueva Vizcaya. This is the true Ilongot

culture group. Physically they are of the

Indonesian type, with some Negrito, Ainu,

and short Mongol mixture which is espe-

cially apparent ampng the women. Themen wear long hair, and a characteristic

hair-net over the forehead. They have a

unique house-type, ornamentation, spear,

shield, etc., and they use thebow and arrow.

They practice dry agriculture only, andare entirely ignorant of weaving. Their

clothing was formerly made of tdpa, hut

now largely of commercial cloth obtained

by trade with the Ghristian Filipinos.

truidas y se conservan mucho mis limpias

que entre la mayoria de los otros gruposfilipinos. Conservan muchas costumbressociales y creencias de los dfas pre-hisparios.

El lenguaje es muy diferente en estrufctura

y vocabulario de los otros dialectos filipi-

nos mdis importantes. Es uriiforme en suconjunto aunque existe gran niimero dediferencias dial6cticas locales. Existe algu-na entonaci6n al hablar, pero ni de cercatan marcada como en el caso de los gruposIbanag y Gaddang. Existen ' unas 500obras impresas en este lenguaje, la mayorparte escritos religiosos o novelas rimadasy unos 40 peri6dicos, algunos de los cuales

son de car4cter religioso y otros seglares.

En su conjunto, los ilpcanos son ferviente-

mente religiosos, trabajadores infatigables

y buenos combatientes, igualdndo en estos

conceptos, sino excediendo, a cualquierotro grupo del Archipidlagp. Ref.: Lamayor partp de las obras generates sobreFilipinas; Arag6n (1); Blair y Robertson(1); Reyes y Florentino (1, 2); SavageLandor (1); Sawyer (1). Para el lenguajev6ase Carro (1); Naves (1); Swift (1);Williams(l).

Ilongot: Niimero, 6,150. Loc: Pro-vincia de Nueva Vizcaya. Car.: Paganos.Los Ilongotes son muy uniformes en cuantoa su cultura, pero en tipo fisico y en dialecto

pueden ser divididos en tres grupos dis-

tintos: (a) Grupo Egongut, que suma unos2,150, ocupa las montaiias orientales deLuz6n y Nueva Vizcaya, hacia el Oeste

y Norte del pueblo de Baler, TayabaS yEste de las fuentes del . rlo Cagayin.Fisicamente difiere del grupo ital6n, que sq

describiri despu^s, principalmente portener mucha mayor cantidad de sangrenegroijle o de liegrito. En realidad, gruposde tipos papiias y negritos casi puros vivenesparcidos entre ellos y se ha formado undialecto mixto que difiere considerable-

mente del lenguaje ital6n. Su vocabulariose parece al tagalo de Baler y de NuevaEcija. (b) Grupo italdn, que suma unos2,000 individuos ocupa las fuentes del rfo

Cagayin en Nueva Vizcaya. Este es el

verdadero grupo de cultura ilongote. Fisi-

camente son,del tipo indonesio, con algunamezcla de Negrito, Ainu y Mongol pequeno,que aparece especialmente entre las muje-res. Los hombres llevan el cabello largo ysobre la frente una red caracteristica pararecogerlo. Tienen un tipo de casa dnicoasi como ornamentaci6n, espada, escudo,

etc., y usan el arco y la flecha. Practicansolamehte la agricultura de secano e igrio-

. ran por complete el tejido. Su ropa estabahecha antiguamente de tapa, pero ahora engran parte es de tela comercial obtenidaen contrataci6n con los filipinos cristianos.

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48 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Their dialect is probably related to theIbanag language group, but is too little

known to say definitely, (c) Abakd groupnumbering about 2,000, occupies the south-western part of Nueva Vizcaya. Theprimitive types predominate, though therehas been considerable Indonesian mixture.There are many individuals of almostpure Ainu type, though most are stronglymixed with the short Mongol and somewith the Negrito as well. Their cultureis quite like that of the ItaI6ns and their

dialect is somewhat similar, though distinct.

They are called Ibilao by the Isinai people,

and are quite generally known by thatname. Ref. : Beyer (5) ; Blair and Robert-son (1); Blumentritt (3,6,7); Campa (2);Jones (1); Savage Landor (1); Scheerer

(4) ; Worcester (1).

Isdmal: Number, 983. Loc: SamalIslands in the gulf of Davao, Mindanao.'Char.: Pagan; but many Isimals havebeen Mohammedanized or Christianized

and are now included with other groups.Tliose that remain are noniinally Chris-tian, but practice most of the old rites.

Physically they 'are remarkable, as theyare almost the only Philippine peoplenot modern meztizos who are predom-inantly of the tall Caucasic type. Theyare mixed considerably with Indonesianblood also, and some of the women showmongoloid features. Their culture is quiteunique. The chief foods are sweet potatoesand beche-de-mer

;practically no rice is

raised. The dead are buried in coffins

which are preserved in caves and visited

at stated tirae§. Their beliefs are inter-

esting and unique. Practically nothingis known of their language. Ref.: Phil-

ippine Commission (1), Vol. Ill, page370; Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1);Schadenberg (1).

Isinai: Number, 2,647. Loc: Oncequite numerous and occupying a consider-

able area, the Isinais are now almostexclusively confined to the three townsof Aritao, Bambang, and Dupax, in theprovince of Nueva Vizcaya. ^ Char. : Chris-

tian. Physically they are predominantlyof the Malay blend, but with a very highpercentage of the short Mongol type and

' probably same Ainu mixture also. .Theypractice irrigated agriculture, and havemuch of general Spanish-Filipino culture..

They grow considerable cotton and doexcellent weaving. Their designs are

unique and characteristic. Social customsare also distinctive, and such of their

former culture as survives shows somerelationship to both the Ifugaos and the

Su dialecto probablemente se parece al

grupo del lenguaje Iba,nag, pero es dema-siado poco conocido para afirmarse categ6-

ricamente. (c) Grupo abakd, que suma unos2,000 individuos, ocupa la parte Sudoeste

de Nueva Vizcaya^ Predominan los tipos

primitivos, aunque ha habido considerable

mezcla Indonesia. Hay muchos individuos

de tipo Ainu casi puro, aunque la mayorfaestkn muy mezclados con el Mongol peque-fio y algunos tambi6n con el Negrito. Sucultura es casi igual a la de los italones y su

dialecto es algo semejante, aunque distinto.

La gente de Isinai los llama Ibilaos y muygeneralmente se les conoce por este nombre.Ref.: Beyer (5); Blair y Robertson (1);

Blumentritt (3, 6, 7) ; Campa (2) ; Jones (1)

;

Savage Landor (1); Scheerer (4); Worces-ter (1).

Isdtnal: Ndmero, 983. Loc: Islas deSAmal en el seno de Davao, Mindanao.Car.: Paganos; pero muchos isamales hansido cristianizados y mahometizados y se

incluyen ahora con otros grupos. Los quequedan son nominalmente cristianos, peropractican la mayoria de los antiguos rijos.

Flsicamehte son muy notables, pues cons-

tituyen casi el dnico pueblo filipino, queno sea de mestizos modernos, y en quepredomine el tipo cauc&sico alto. Sehallan tambi^n mezclados considerable-

mente con sangre Indonesia, y algunas

'

de las mujeres muestran caracteristicas

mongoloides. Su cultura es casi dnica.

Los principales alimentos corisisteh encamote y trepdn; pricticamente no cose-

chan arroz. Lbs'muertos son enterradosen ataudes que se preservan en cuevas y alos que se visita en determinadas 6pocas.

Sus creencias son interesantes y linicas.

Pr4cticamente nada se conoce de su len-

guaje. Ref.: Philippine Commission (1),

Vol. Ill, pigina 370; Savage Landor (1);

Sawyer (1); Schadenberg (1).

Isinai: Ndmero, 2,647. Loc: Fueronun tiempo muy numerosos y ocuparonun irea considerable, pero ahora los isinais

se hallan casi exclusivamente confinadosen los tres pueblos de Aritao, Bambang yDupax, en la provincia de Nueva Vizcaya.Car: Cristianos. Fisicamente entre ellos

predoniina la mezcla malaya, pero con unpromedio muy grande del tipo mongol bajo

y probablemente tambj^n con alguna mezclaamu. Practican la agricultura de regadfo

y poseen en gran parte la cultura generalhispano-filipina. Cosechan considerablecantidad de algod6n y tejen excelentemente.Sus disenos son rinicos y caracteristicos.

Las costumbres sociales son tambi6n dis-

tintas y la parte de ellas que sobrevivede la antigiiedad demuestra que su culturase parece algo tanto a la de los Ifugaos

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 49

Ibaloi group of the Igorots. The languagethough distinct is related to Iloko, andpossesses 5 printed and several manuscriptworks. Ref.: Beyer (5) ; Blair and Robert-son (1) ; Conant (1) ; Ferrando and Fonseca

(1); Savage Landor (1); Scheerer (3).

Ivatan: Number, 6,392. Loc: TheBatanes Islands, between Luzon and For-mosa; mostly on the islands: of Batan andItbayat. Char.: Christian. Physicallythey are now of the Malay blend, withstrong mixture of the short Mongol andAinu types., The mongoloid element is

distinctly predominant. They have muchof the general Spanish-Filipino culture,but there are many survivals of formerdkys—especially in their economic life.

They do weaving, and understand themaking of pottery. Their house typeand their ornamentation and design areespecially characteristic. Basi is the fa-

vorite drink. The language is distinctbut seems related to the Iloko group.There are several printed works of a reli-

gious character. Ref.: Blair and Robert-son (1); Dictionaries (2); Ferrando andFonseca (1); Scheerer (2).

Kalamian: Number, 11,350. Loc:Kalamianes and Kuyo Islands, province ofPalawan. Char.: Christian. In physicaltype they are now more or less of the Malayblend, but with the Indonesian elementvery predominant. Mixed Papuan typesare also numerous. Their present culture

is essentially that of the Spanish-Filipinolowlanders, and is Bisayan in type. Theypractice irrigated agriculture and do much

. fishing. Their folklore and some phasesof their social life are quite unique. Somewho are practically pagans live in theforested regions of the islands of Kalamian(or Culion) and Busuanga. They are notwell known. The language is related to

the Bisayan dialects, but is more like

the Tagbanlia speech of Palawan thananything else. A special dialect called

Agutaino is said to be spoken on the small

island of Agutaya. There is considerable

evidence that the Kalamians are Chris-

tianized Tagbaniias. Ref.: Blair andRobertson (1); Blumentritt (9); Ger6nimode la Virgen de Monserrate (1); SavageLandor (1).

Kalinga: Number, 67,450. Loc:Mostly in the subprovince of Kalinga,

and a few in the subprovince of ApAyaoand the province of Cagayan, Char.:

Pagan. The group here termed Kalinga

is a group consisting of several distinct

peoples who are now so exceedingly mixedin physical type, language, and culture

como a la de los del grupo Ibaloi de los Igo-

rotes. Su lenguaje, aunque distinto, se pa-rece al ilocano y posee 5 obras impresas yvarios manuscritos. Ref.: Beyer (5); Blair

y Robertson (1); Conant (1); Ferrando yFonseca (1) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Scheerer

(3).

Ivatan: N6mero, 6,392. Loc: Las islas

Batanes, entre Luz6n y Formosa; principal-

mente en las islas de Batan e Itbayat.

Car.: Cristianos. Ffsicamente son ahorade la mezcla malaya con gran parte de los

tipos mongol bajo y ainu. Predomina dis-

tintamente el elemento mongoloide. Tienengran parte de la cultura general hispano-

filipina, pero existen entre ellos muchosrasgos que han sobrevivido a los antiguos

dias, especialmente en su vida econ6mica.Tejen y entienden la alfareria. Son espe-

cialmente caracteristicos su tipo de casa

y su ornamentaci6n y diseno. La bebidafavorita es el basi. El lenguaje es distinto

pero parece semejante al grupo ilocano.

Hay varias obras impresas de cardcterreligioso. Ref:. Blair y Robertson (1);

Diccionarios (2); Ferrando y Fonseca (1);Scheerer (2).

Kalatnidn: Niimero, 11,350. Loc: Islas

de Cuyo y Calamidn, provincia de Palawan.Car.: Cristiknos. En su tipo fisico sonahora mis o menos de mezcla malaya, pero

predomina mucho el elemento indonesio.

Tambi6n son numerosos los tipos mestizospap lias. Su actual cultura es esencial-

mente la hispano-filipina de la tierra baja,

y su tipo es bisayo, Practican la agricul-

tura de regadio y pescan mucho. Suscantos populares y algunas fases de suvida social son casi linicos. Algunos queson pricticamente paganos viven en las

regiones montuosas de las islas de Cala,-

mi4n (o Culi6n) y Busuanga. No sonbien conocidos. El lenguaje se parece a los

dialectos bisayos,- pero mis que nada es

semejante al que hablan los Tagbaniiasde Palawan. En la pequeiia isla de Agu-taya se dice que se habla un dialecto espe-

cial llamado agutaino. Existen conside-

rables pruebas de que los calamianes sonTagbandas cristicinizados. Ref.: Blair yRobertson (1); Blumentritt (9); Ger6nimode la Virgen de Monserrate (1); SavageLai^dor (1).

Kalinga: Nrimero, 67,450. Loc: Lamayor parte en la subproviiicia de Kalinga,

y algunas en la subprovincia de Apayaoy en la provincia de Cagay4n. Car.: Pa-ganos. El grupo aqui llamado calinga

es un grupo que consiste en vat;ios pueblos

distintos que ahora se hallan tan excesiva-

mente mezclados en su tipo fisico, lenguaje

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50 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

that it is difficult if not impossible in the

state of our present knowledge to separate

the constituent groups and define their

distinguishing characteristics. The follow-

ing rough grouping must therefore be

considered as tentative only: (a) Thepagan Gaddangs who occupy the southern

part of the subprbvince of Kalinga havealready been described as a separate

ethnographic group. In language and someother features they are fairly distinct,

but in physical type and many of their

cultural traits they are difficult to distin-

guish from some I of the eastern Kalinga

groups, (b) Kaldgua, or Kaldua group:

These people dwell in the plains and foot-

hills of the Chico river valley, and are

probably similar to or identical with the

Christian Itdvi dialect group included

with the Ibanags. They also show manypoints of similarity to the Karigas, or

old Mandaya group, of eastern Mindanao,(c) , The true Kalingas of the lower Saltan,

Nabayugan, Bukao and Taliftigu river

valleys are a fairly distinct people. Manyof the men are alipoSt purely of tall Mon-gol type, while others of distinct Indonesian

types are to be found. A number of prim-

itive individuals of marked short stature

are also scattered through the group.

The blending is very irregular and seemsto be recent. The culture is a complicated

mixture which nevertheless presents manyunique and distinguishing elements. Per-

sonal ornamentation is developed to a high

degree, bright colors being preferred

especially fed, orange, and yellow. Several

features of the dress and ornamentationstrikingly resemble those of the Mohamme-dan peoples of Mindanao and Sulu. Otherfeatures are like the Apiyao, and still

others like the Gaddang. (d) The Bal-

balcLsang-Gindan group : These people live

along the Gobang and upper Saltan

rivers, and southward along the border

of the subprovince of Abra. In physical

type they are more or less like the true

Kalingas, but their culture and speech

is a blended mixture of Ap4yao, Kalinga,

Tinggian, and Bontok. Out of this mix-

ture there have been a number of curious

and unique cultural developments, (e)

Lubudgan-SumadH group: In this dis-

trict there has been an extensive Bontokmixture in all features—physical type,

culture, and language. Nevertheless,

throughout this region and in the northern

part of the subprovince of Bontok as well,

there are certain cultural and linguistic

y cultura, que es diflcil si no imposible en el

actual estado de nuestros conocimientos

separar los grupos que los constituyen ydefinir sus diversas caracterlsticas. Porconsiguiente la agrupaci6n que en lineas

generales se describe m4s abajo debe con-

siderarse s61o como una tentativa: (a) LosGaddangs paganos que ocupan la parte

Sur de la subprovincia de Calinga hansido ya descritos como un grupo etnogrifico

separado. En su lenguaje y algunas otras

caracterlsticas son realmente distintos, pero

en tipo fisico y muchas de sus circunstan-

cias culturales es dificil distinguirlos dealgunps de los grupos de calingas orientales.

(b) Grupo Calagua o Calaua: Estos indi-

viduos habitan en las llanuras y al pie delas colinas del valle del rio Chico y sonprobablen:;ente semejantes, o id6nticos a los

cristianos del grupo del dialecto Itavi inclui-

dos con los Ibanags. Tambi6n muestranmuchos puntos de semejanza con los

Caragas, o el antiguo grupo Mandaya del

Este de Mindanao, (c) Los yerdaderos

calingas de los valles del b'ajo Salt&n,

Nabayugan, Bucao y rio Talifugu congti-

tuyen un pueblo muy caracteristico. Mu-chos de los hombres son del tipo mongolalto casi puro, al paso que se encuentrantambidn otros de tipos indonesibs. Tam-bi6n se hallan esparcidos entre el grupovarios individuos primitivos de estatura

notoriamente baja. La ihezcla es muyirregular y parece ser reciente. La cultura

es una mezcla complicada que, sin embargo,presenta muchos elementos Jinicos y dis-

tintivos. Se ha desarroUado en un alto

grado la ornamentaci6n personal, siendo

preferidos los colores brillantes, especial-

mente rojo, naranja y amarillo. Variascircunstancias del vestido y la ornamenta-ci6n se parecen sorprendentemente a las

de los pueblos mahometanos de Mindanaoy Jol6. Otros detalles son parecidos a los

de los Apayabs y aun otros a los de los

Gaddang. (d) El grupo Balbaldsang-

Gindan: Estos individuos vivqn a orillas

de los rios Gobang y alto Saltan y haciael Sur a lo largo de la divisoria de la sub-provincia de Abra. En tipo fisico se

parecen mis o menos a los verdaderoscalingas, pero su cultura y lenguaje es unamezcla de apayao, calinga, Tinggian yBontoc. A consecuencia de esta mezclaha habido varios desarroUos culturales

curiosos y tinicos. (e) Grupo Lubuagan-Sumadel: En este distrito ha habido unaconsiderable mezcla de Bontoc en todoslos detalles—tipo fisico, cultura y lenguaje.

Sin embargo; en toda esta regi6n as! comoen la parte Norte de la subprovincia deBontoc, hay ciertos detalles culturales ylingiilsticos que muestran una sorpren-

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PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 51

features that bear a striking resemblanceto those of the Ifugao group so muchfarther to the south. Too little is knownof the region, at the present time, to fur-nish any adequate explanation of this,

(f) The Jlfo»gaZi-iM6o group: These peo-ple are less known than any of the otherKalinga peoples. The few in|Jividuals seenby the writer were physically of markedIndonesian type, and their clothing andornamentation possessed several uniquefeatures. The strongest resemblances toother groups were toward the Gaddangsand Kal^guas. The mixture of Kalingadialects is as confusing as their type andculture, and in passing from one district

to another most striking differences inphonetics are observed. Structurally thoseof the west seem to resemble the Ilokogroup, while, the eastern dialects are closer

to the Ibanag. We have too little infor-

mation at the present time to attempt aclassification of the Kalinga dialects, oreven to state their number. Ref.: Beyer(4) ; Blumentritt (1,17); Cole (2); Ferrandoand Fonseca (1); Wilcox (1); Worcester(1,3,4,5).

Kuldman: Nuriiber. 3,600. Loc:Along the coast of the Sarangani peninsulaand of the west side! of the gulf of Davao,from Nuin north to the Padada river.

A few are also located in the southernpart of the peninsula on the east side of

the gulf. Char.: Pagan; but they havebeen considerably influenced by Moham-medan culture. The phy^sical type is

very mixed, but the Indonesian and short

Mongol seem to predominate. There is

also evidence of Papuan and Malay blendmixture. Dry agriculture onlyj and norice was grown until recently. Fish, beche-

de-mer, sago, and sweet potatoes are the

principal foods. Their remaining ecoiiomic

culture is similar to that of the surroundingpeoples, but in their social and religious

life there are numerous unique develop-

ments. They also possess a peculiar typeof ornamentation not found elsewhere.

Little is known of their language except

that it is quite uniform throughout the

group. Ref:. Blair and Robertson (1);

Cole (4).

Lanao: Number, 58,350. Loc: Theregion around Lake Lanao in the province

of Lanao, Mindanao. Char.: Moham-medan. In physical type they are of the

Malay blend, with the Indonesian eleineiit

predominating; there are also some indi-

viduals of distinct Papuan type. Thehigher culture is the Mohammedan Malay,with its evident Indian and Arabic in-

fluence. However, in the common every-

dente semejanza con los del grupo de Ifu-

gaos, mucho mds hacia el iSur. Actual-mente se conoce tan poco de esta regi6n

que no puede darse una explicaci6n satis-

factoria de 6sto. (f) Grupo MangaU-Lvbo:Estos individuos son menos conocidos queningiin otro de Ids pueblos calingas. Lospocos individuos que ha visto el autoreran fisicamente de marcado tipo indonesio

y en su traje y ornamento poseian varias

caracterfsticas tinicas. Las semejanzas,

m4s marcadas con los otros grupos eran

con los Gaddangs y Calaguas. La mezclade los dialectos calingas es tan confusa comosu tipo y cultura, y al pasar de un distrito

a otro se observan las m4s sorprendentes

diferencias en fon6tica. Por su estructuralos del Oeste parecen semejantes al grupoilocano, al paso que los dialectos orientales

son mis parecidos al Ibanag. Poseen:;os

tan pocos informes en la actualidad, queno podemos intentar la clasificaci6n de los

dialectos calingas, ni siquiera fijar su nri-

mero. Ref.: Beyer (4) ; Blumentritt (1, 17)Cole (2) ; Ferrando y Fonseca (1) ; Wilcox(1); Worcester (1, 3, 4, S).

Kulaman: Ndmero, 3,600. Loc: A lo

largo de la costa de la Peninsula de Saran-gani y en la parte occidental del seno deDavao, desde Nuin por el Norte hasta, el

rio Padada. Tambi6n se encuentran algu-

nos en la parte sur de la Peninsula al ladooriental del seno. Car.: Paganos, pero la

cultura mahometana ha ejercidd sobre ellos

considerable influencia. El tipo fisico est4

muy mezclado, pero parecen predominar el

indonesio y el mongol pequeno. Tambi6nhay pruebas de mezcla malaya y pipiia.

S61o agricultura de secano y hasta hacepoco no cultivaban arroz. Los pr^ncipales

alimentos son pescado, beche-de-meir,

sag6 y camotes. El resto de su culturaecon6mica es semejdnte a la de los pueblosque les rodean, pero en su vida social yreligiosa existen numerogos detalles linicos.

Tambi^n poseen un tipo peculiar de orna-mentaci6n que no se encuentra eri otras

partes. Acerca de su lenguaje se conocepoco, excepto que es casi uniforme en todoel grupo. ^.ef.: Blair y Robertson (1);

Cole (4). \

Lanao: Ndmero, 58,350. Loc: Laregi6n que rodea la lagupa de Lanao, enla provincia de Lanao, Mindanao. Car.:

Mahometanos. En su tipo fisico son demezcla malaya, predominando el elementoindonesio; tambi^n hay algunos individuosde tipo paplia notorio. La mayor culturaes la malaya mahometana con su evidenteinfluencia india y ardbica. Sin embargo,en la vida ordinaria y cotidiana, en su

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52 Population of the Philippine Islands in ID16

day economic and social life there is muchthat is purely native, and some elements,that are unique and characteHstic. Thetype of hat worn by the women is like thatof the Bisayas of Bohol. Irrigated agri-

culture is practiced, and cpnsiderable quan-tities of coffee, coconuts, and hemp arealso grown. Some hemp cloth is woven,though imported cotton and silk fabrics

are more commonly worn. Polygamy andslave-holding are common. The languageis distinct, but is most closely related toMagindanao. Ref.: Most general workson the Moros; Blair and Robertson (1);Elliott (1); Saleeby (1); Savage Landor(1); Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Magindanao: Number, 79,850. Loc:Province of Cotabato, Mindanao, and afew in the provinces of Lanao and Zam-boanga. Char.: Mohammedan. The pre-dominating physical type is the Malayblend, ,but the Indonesian element is muchstronger than the mongoloid. A greatdiversity of minor types is observable;Papuan individuals are numerous, whilethe primitive types are fairly well repre-sented, especially among the lower classes.

The general higher culture is theMohammedan Malay, but much in theordinary economic and social life is evi-

dently a survival fromi pro-Mohammedandays. Irrigated agriculture is practiced;weaving and other industries are carriedon. A unique type of hat is worn. TheMagindanaos are especially expert inmetal working; they make a great variety ofsteel weapons, arid also numerous typesof bronze and brass betelnut boxes, trays,

bowls, etc. These are often decoratedwith inlaid designs in silver or gold bronze.Polygamy and slave-h'olding are common.The language is distinct and quite uniforiri,

though there are said to be several local

dialectic variations. The Arabic alpha-bet is used in writing, and there are severalprinted works in the same character.

Ref.: General works on Mindanao andthe Moros; Blair and Robertson (1);

Blumentritt (1,4); Forrest (1) Juanmarti(1,2); Porter (1); Saleeby (1,2); SavageLandor (1); Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Mandaya: Number 25,000; this is a.

very c6nservative e3timate. Loc: TheMandaya territory occupies about one-third of the province of Davao, and lies

mostly to the east and north of DavaoGulf. The purest groups are in the valleysof the Tagum and Hijo rivers, on the gulf

aspecto econ6mico^ y social, hay muchosdetalles puramente indigenas, y ciertos

elementos que son dnicos y caracterfsticos.

El tipo de sombrero que Uevan las mujereses igual al de: las bisayas de Bohol.Se practica la agricultura de ' regadlo ytambi6n se cosechah considerables canti-

dades de caf6, coco y abaci. Se teje

algun.a tela de abaci, aunque mds comdn-mente llevan trajes de seda y algodon im-portados. La esclavitudy la poligamia soncomunes entre ellos. El lenguaje es dis-

tinto, pero se parece mucho al magindanao.Ref.: La mayor parte de las obras generatessobre los moros; Blair y Robertson (1);

Elliott (1); Saleeby (1); Savage Landor(1); Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Magind£inao: Niimero, 79,850. Lac:Provincia de Cotabato, Mindanao, y algu-

nos en las provincias de Lanao y Zamboan-ga. Car.: Mahometanos. El tipo fisico

predominante es el mestizo malayo, peroel elemento indonesio es mucho mis fuerte

que el mongoloide. Se observa una granvariedad de tipos menores; los individuospaprSas son numerosos, al paso que los

tipos priinitivos estin muy extensamenterepresentados, sobre todo entre las clases

bajas. La mis elevada cultura general es

la malaya mahometani, pero en la vidasocial y econ6mica ordinaria hay evidente-mente supervivencias de los dfas pre-mahometanos. Se practica la agriculturade regadio; se dedican a tejer y, a otrasindustrias. Llevan un tipo dnico de som-brero. Los magindanaos son especial-mente id6neos en el arte de la fabricaci6nde metales; hacen una gran variedad dearmas de acero, y tambi^n numerosos tiposde cajas para betel, tazas, fuentes, etc.,

de bronce y cobre. En estas obras haygeneralmente adornos en incrustaciones Aeplata y bronce dorado. La poligamiay la esclavitud son comunes entre ellos.

El lenguaje es distinto y casi uniforme,aunque se dice que existen varias variacio-nes dialectales segiin la localidad. Alescribir se usa el alfabetoaribigo,y existenvarias obras impresas en los mismos carac-teres. Ref.: Las obras generales sobreMindanao y los moros; Blair y Robertson(1); Blumentritt (1, 4); Forrest (1); Juan-marti (1, 2); Porter (1); Saleeby (1, 2);Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1); Wor-cester (3).

Mandaya: Ndmero, 25,000; este es uncilculo muy moderado. Loc: El territorioMandaya ocupa aproximadamente un ter-cio de la provincia de Davao, y se hallasituado principalmente al E. y Norte delseno de Davao. Los grupos mis purosse hallan en los valles de los rios Tagum e

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 53

side, and from Cateel southward to Mati,on the Pacific coast side of the southeastern

peninsula of Mindanao. Those of the

upper Agusan are extensively mixed with

ManobosandManggudfigans. Char.: Pa-gan. The Mandayas are the mos); power-ful and highly cultured people of eastern

Mindanao. They may be divided into

several groups, differing considerably in

physical type and language, though the

general culture is practically the samethroughout. In physical type the great

majority of the Mandayas are of almostpure Indonesian stock with the Caucasia

element predominant: In certain local-

ities, however-^especially near the coast

there are certain small groups of so-called

Mandayas of very different type. Someof these are so markedly mongoloid that

they might at first glance be taken for pure

Chinese, while others are more like the

tall Japanese type. Though their culture

and speech are more or less Mandaya,these minor groups merit careful study

before they &re definitely classified. Prim-

itive types are found but are less commonthan among most other Philippine groups.

The Mandaya culture is very distinctive

and would not be ea,sily confused with

that of any other people, though muchof it is evidently the result of mixture

and bears some resemblance to several

other groups. The hemp cloth skirts of

the women are the best in Mindanao,and are especially distinctive in design.

Metal working is also well developed and

the objects made are of characteristic

types. The chief weapon is a short dagger

of unique pattern. No irrigated agricul-

ture is practiced. Tree houses are com-

mon in some localities. Characteristic

hats, combs, ear-plugs, silver breast or-

naments, etc., are manufactured and worn.

The mythology and religion are interesting

and elaborate; the priests are known as

ballyan. The people are divided into manysmall groups, each of which is governed

by a chief called bagani. To become a

bagani a man must have killed, in general,

at least ten persons with his own hand.

Slavery is conunon and polygamy is per-

mitted. But little is known of the Man-daya dialects; there are at least three,

diflfering considerably from one another,

Hijo, por la parte del seno, y desde Cateelhacia el Sur hasta Mati, por la parte de la

costa del Pacifico de la Peninsula Suroriental de Mindanao. Los del alto Agu-san se hallan extensamente mezclados conlos Manobos y Mangguiiigans. Car.: Pa-ganos. Los Mandayas son los mis pode-rosos y altamente cultos habitantes del

Este de Mindanao. Pueden dividirse envarios grupos, que difieren considerable-

mente en tipo fisico y lenguaje, aunque la

cultura geileral es pricticamente la mismaen todos ellos. En su tipo fisico la granmayoria de los Mandayas son de linaje

indonesio casi puro, predominando el ele-

>mento caucasico. Sin embargo', en algu-

nas localidades, especialmente cerca de la

cpsta, hay algunos pequenos grupos de los

llamados Mandayas que son de tipo muydiferente. Algunos de 6stos son tan mar-cadamente Mongoloides que podrian aprimera vista ser tomados por chinos puros,

al paso que otros se parecen mis' al tipo

japon^s alto. Aunque su cultura y len-

guaje sean mis o menos Mandayas, estos

grupos menores merecen cuidadoso estudioantes de ser definitivamente clasificados.

Se encuentran tipos primitives, pero sonmenos comunes que entre la mayorial de los

otros grupos filipinos. La cultura Man-daya es muy distinto y no se la puede

i confundir ficilmente cdn la de ningdn otro

pueblo, aunque gran parte de ella es evi-

dentemente resultado de la mezcla y se

parece algo a la de otros varios grupos.

Las faldas de tela de abaci que llevan las

mujeres son las mejores en Mindanao,

y su disefio es especialmente distintivo.

Tambien se halla muy desarroUado el

trabajo de los metales y los objetos quecon ellos hacen son de tipos caracteristicos.

El arma principal es un puiial corto de clase

tinica. No se practica la agricultura deregadio. En algunas localidades son co-munes las casas-irboles. Fabrican yllevan sombreros, peines y adornos paralas orejas y pecho, etc., caracteristicos.

La mitologia y la religi6n son interesantes

y complicadas; los sacerdotes se Uamanbalianes. Los habitantes estin divididos

en muchos grupos pequeiios, cada uno delos cuales es gobernado por un jefe Uamadobagani. Para ser bagani un individuo debehaber njuerto, por lo general, a lo menos10 personas por su propia mano. Laesclavitud es comiinyla poligamia es per-

mitida. tJnicamente se conoce muy pocoacerca de los dialectos Mandayas; hay porlo menos tres, que difieren considerable-mente uno de otrp, y probablemente varios

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54 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

and probably several others, i Ref.: Blu-mentritt (1,5); Cole (4); Garvani(l);Montano (1); Savage Landor (1).

Mangguangan: Number, 2,500. Loc:Headwaters of the Agusan river and aconsiderable area in that portion of central

Mindanao. The number given above is

intended to cover only those living in astate of comparative freedom. Thousandsof other Manggu4ngans have for manygenerations been enslaved by the Manobos,Mandayas, and other peoples, and areincluded in those groups. Char.: Pagan.Physically they are almost purely of theshort Mongol type, with probably someslight intermixture with the other primitive

types—especially the Negrito. Tall typesare rare among known members of thegroup. The native culture is very primi-

tive, and the people are timid and wild.

Those who live among or near to the

Manobos and Mandayas have acquired

a higher culture fi'om these groups,, andtheir language has also been changed.Little other than its primitive character

is known of the true Manggudngan culture,

and the language has not been • recorded.

Ref.: Garvan (1); Philippine Commis-sion (1), Vol. Ill, page 354.

Mangyan: Number, 12,250; this esti-

mate is somewhat uncertain, but is prob-

ably conservative. Loc: The whole of

the interior forested region of the island

of Mindoro. A few are still found on the

island of Tablas, and they formerly existed

on Romblon, Sibuyan, and some of the

Kalamianes Islands, but they have nowbeen absorbed into the Christian popula-

tion. Char.: Pagan. At least two very

different groups of people are included

under the term Mangyan, and they will

be separately described as follows: (a)

North group: Number, about 5,000. Phys-ically this group is of very pronouncedshort-Mongol type, with considerable Ne-grito mixture; other types form a small

minority which is chiefly the result of

mixture with lowland Filipinos. Theirculture is very primitive and the purer

types live-chiefly in wandering bands, sup-

ported by forest products and by huntingand fishing. The bow ^nd arrow is the

only weapon in common use. Very little

clothing is worn and it is made almost

exclusively of tapa. The women wear

otros. » Ref.: Blumentritt (1, 5); Cole

(4); Garvan (1); Montano (1); SavageLandor. (1).

Mangguangan: Niimero, 2,500. Loc:Fuentes del rio Agusan y una considerable

drea en aquella parte del centro de Min-danao., El ndmero senalado arriba se dalinicamente para los que viven en un estado

de libertad relativa. Miles de otros Mang-gu&figans han sido esclavizados durantemuchas generaciones por los Manobos,Mandayas y otros pueblos y est4n inclufdos

en esos grupos. Car.: Paganps. Ffsica-

mente son del tipo Mongoloide pequefLocasi puro, probablemente con alguna ligera

mezcla de los otros tipos primitives espe-

cialmente el Negrito. Entre los indivi-

duos de este grupb son raros los tipos altos.

La cultura nativa es muy primitiva y los

habitantes son timidos y salvajes. Losque viven entre los Manobos y Mandayaso cerca de ellos han adquiridp de estos

grupos una mayor cultura y su lenguaje

tambi^n ha cambiado algo. De la ver-

dadera cultura Mangguciiigan se conocepoco, excepto su car&cter primitivo, y sulenguaje no ha sido estudiado. R^i:Garvan (1); Philippine Commission (1),

Vol. Ill, pigina. 354.

Mangydn: Niimero, 12,250; este c41culo

es algo incierto, pero probablemente resulta.

moderado. Loc: Toda la regi6n monta-iiosa del interior de la isla de Mindoro.Se encuentran adem4s algunos en la isla

de Tablas, y anteriorraente existieron enRombl6n, Sibuyan y en algunas de las

islas Calamianes, pero ahora han sido yaabsorbidos por la poblaci6n cristiana.

)

Car.: Paganos. Bajo la denominaci6n deMangy&n se incluyfen por lo menos dosgrupos muy diferentes de habitantes quedeben describirse separadamente en la

forma siguiente: (a) Grupo del Norte: Nti-raero, unos 5,000. Fisicamente este grupoes de tipo Mongol bajo muy pronunciadocon considerable mezcla de Negrito ; otrostipos forman una pequena mihoria queha resultado principalmente de la mezclacon los filipinos de la tierra baja. Sucultura es muy primitiva y los tipos m^spuros viven principalmente en bandasn6madas, alimentados con productos delmonte y por la caza y pesca. El arco y laflecha es la linica arma de uso comiin,.

Usan muy poca tela, que hacen casi exclu-sivamente de tapa. Las mujeres no Uevan

1 As has been referred to elsewhere there are

certain interesting cultural and linguistic resem-blances between the Mandayas and four northern

Luzon groups—the Apayaos, the pagan Gaddangs,I the Kaligua group of the Kalingas, and the Itdlon

group of the Ilongots.

' Come ya se ha dicho enotro lugar, hay algunasinteresantes semejanzas de cultura y lenguajeentre los Ma'ndayas y cuatro grupos del Norte deLuzon—los Apayaos, los Gaddangs paganos, elgrupo Calagua de los Calingas y el grupo Italonde los Ilongotes.

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Pohlaci&n de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 55

no tapis but only a small tapa clout at-

tached to a girdle made of numerous coils

of rattan. There are several dialectsof which very little is known, (b) Southgroup: Number, about 7,250. In physicaltype this group is predominantly Indone-sian, with a strong mixture of the shortMongol and a minority of individuals of

the Malay blend. Culturally they arefar superior to the northern group, build-ing fairly substantial houses and living

semi-sedentary lives. They practice dryagriculture, wear considerable clothing,

and ornament themselves extensively.

They make excellent baskets of charac-

,teristic design, and manufa,cture numerousutensils and implements. The number of

their dialects is unknown, but the mostimportant is the Hampifigan or Bula-l&kao dialect of which vocabularies havebeen published. They have an interesting

syllabic alphabet of the old Philippine

type, and a considerable number of menare literate. They write horizontally

from left to right, on joints of bamboo.Ref.: Gardner (1); M. L. Miller (1);

Savage Landor (1) ; Schneider (1) ; Worces-ter (2,3).

Manobo: Number, 39,600. Loc:Chiefly in the Agusan river valley, Minda-nao. Most of them live in the province

of Agusan, but there are some in the prov-

inces of Surigao, Bukidnon, Davao, anda few in Cotabato. On the upper Agusanand Debabaon rivers they are extensively

mixed with Mandayas and Mangguingans,and on the Libaginon river also with At4s.

Char.: Pagan. ' The majority of this

group is of the Malay type, though a con-

siderable number of individuals are quite

purely Indonesian. This is true of the

men only, as a majority of the women are

predominantly of the short Mongol type.

Individuals of other types are compara-

tively rare. In their culture there are manyunique traits, as is evident from the care-

ful and extensive study of them made byJohn M. Garvan. Both men and womenblacken the teeth and carry a cud of to-

bacco between the lips; both sexes are

also tattooed. The clothing and orna-

ments bear a marked general resemblance

to those of the Mandayas. Considerable

cloth of ahakk fiber is woven. The prin-

cipal food products are obtained by dry

agriculture, hunting and fishing. A village

usually consists of a group of blood relatives

and their families, and is governed by a

bagdni or warrior-chief. The mythology

and religious beliefs are quite well devel-

oped. There are several closely related

tapis y dnicamente un pequeno pano detapa cenido a un cintur6n hecho con nume^rosos pliegues de bejuco. Existen yarios

dialectos de los cuales se sabe muy poco.

(b) Grupo del Sur: Niimero, 7j2S0. En el

tipo ffsico de este grupo predomina el

Indonesio con una fuerte mezcla del Mongolbajo y una minorla de individuos de mezclaMalaya. Culturalmente son muy supe-

riores a los del grupo del Norte, constru-

yendo casas bastante s61idas y viviendo

semisedentariamente. Pradtican la agricul-

tura de secano, llevan considerable ropa

y se adornan profusamente. Hacen unexcelente cesto de dibujo caracteristico

y manufacturan utensilios y herramientas.

El ndmero de sius dialectos es desconocido,pero el mis importante de ellos es el

Hampangan o Bulalikao del cual se hanpublicado vocabularies. Tienen un inte-

resante alfabeto sil&bico del antiguo tipQ

filipino, y un considerable n6mero de indi-

viduos saben leer y escribir. Escribenhorizontalmente de izquierda a derechaen ensambladuras de caiia. Ref.: Gardner(1); M. L. Miller (1); Savage Landor (1);

Schneider (1) ; Worcester (2, 3).

Manobo: Niimero, 39,600. Loc: Prin-

cipalmente en el valle del rio Agusan, Min-danao. La mayoria de ellos viven en la

provincia de Agusan pero hay algunos enla provincia de Surigao, Bukidnon, Davaoy pocos en Cotabato. En el alto Agusany en el rio de Debabaon se hallan profusa-

mente mezclados con los Mandayas yManggudiigahs y en el rio Libaganon tam-bi6n con At&s. Car.: Paganos. La ma-yoria de este grupo es del tipo Malayo,

, aunque un considerable niimero de indi-

viduos son casi indonesios puros. Estoes verdad 6nicamente refiri6ndose a los

hombres, pues en la inayoria de las mujerespredomina el tipo Mongol bajo. Losindividuos de otros tipos son relativamenteraros. En su cultura hay muchos rasgoslinicos como se ha demostrado en el cuir

dadoso y z^plio estudio que de ellos hahecho John M. Garvan. Tanto los hom-bres como las mujeres se en,egrecen los

dientes y llevan un chicote de tabacoentre los labios; ambos sexos se tatdan.

La ropa y los ornamentos en general se

parecen notoriamente a los de los Manda-yas. Se teje mucha tela de fibras de abac4.Los principales productos alimenticios se

obtienen con la agricultura de secano,

la caza y la pesca. Una aldea consiste

generalmente en un grupo de parientesconsanguineos con sus familias, y es gober-nado por un bagani o jefe guerrero. Lamitologia y las creencias religiosas se hallan

muy bien desarrolladas. Hay varios dia-

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56 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

dialects, one of which—the most widely

known—^has been carefully studied byGarvan. Ref.: Garvan (1); Philippine

Commission (1); Vol. Ill; Savage Landor

(1) Sawyer (1); Worcester (3).

Negrito and Negroid Groups: Total

number, 35,926; this estimate cannot beconsidered as accurate, though it probably

approaches the true number. The major-

ity are found on the mountain ranges near

the east and west coasts of Luzon, while

one small group is located in northern Pala-

wan and another of considerable size in

northeastern Mindana,o. The Negritos of

Negros and Panay will be discussed Under

"Non-Negroid or Semi-Negroid Hill Peo-

ples", as they have not been separated in

the present estimate, from the non-negroid

pagan population of thflse islands. All

of the negroid groups are pagan in belief,

and quite primitive in culture. Their

general characteristics are so diverse that

each geographical area will be discussed

separately, as follows:

(a) Apdyao swamp region: Number,about 4,500. Loc: The great nipa swampand included hillocks extending around

the eastern and northern portions of the

subprovince of Apdyao and along the west-

ern bordef of Cagayan. A few are also

found in the foothills to the west of this

swamp. Char.: In major physical type

these people differ markedly from mostof the other so-called Negrito groups.

The Ainu mixture is very strong, someindividuals being almost of pure type.

The majority, however^ show mixed Ne-grito and short Mongol blood, and there

are a few who are quite purely of those

types. There is much divergence in color,

some being very light with wavy hair andothers very dark with frizzled hair. All

are of low stature. The majority live

wandering about, hunting and fishing, andseem to have no settled habitations. Onthe other hand some live in small villages

or isolated dwellings j^uilt on the low hills

found within the swamp. The house

types are crude, but some of the people

use a well-made boat by the aid of which

they travel through the swamps. Theyhave probably learned the art of boat-

building from their Apdyao or Ibanag

neighbors. Those visited by the writer

spoke a dialect very harsh in phonetics

but otherwise seeming to consist chiefly

lectos muy semejantes, uno de los cuales,

el mds generalmente conocido, ha sido

estudiado cuidadosamente por Garvan,i?e/,; Garvan (1); Philippine Comhiissiop

(1); Vol. Ill; Savage Landor (1); Sawyer(1); Worcester (3).

*

Negritos y Grupos Negroides : N limero

total, 35,926; este cdlculo no puede con-

siderarse como exacto, aunque probable-

mente se aproxima al verdadero niimero.

La mayoria se encuentra en las cordilleras'

de las montanas cerca de las costas orien-

tales y occidentales de Luz6n, mientraspequenos grupos viven en el nofte dePalawan y otro de considerable magnituden el N. E. de Mindanao. De los Negritos

de Negros y Panay hablaremos bajo el

epigrafe de Monteses no Negroides o Semi-Negroides, pues en el presente cilculo nohan sido separados de la poblaci6n paganano Negroide de estas Islas. Todos los

grupos negroides son paganos por sus

creencias y muy primitivos en cultura.

Sus caracterfsticos generales son tan diver-

sas que cada 4rea geogrdfica debe ser,

disCutida por separado en la forma si-

guiente : .

(a) Regidn- pantanosa de Apayao: Nii-

mero, unos 4,500. Loc: Los grandesnipales y las colinas adyacentes que se

extienden por la parte oriental y septen-

trional de la subprovincia de Apayao y a lo

largo de la divisoria occidental de Cagaydn.Tkmbi6n se encuentran algunos al pie de las

montaiias ' del Oeste de estos pantanos.Car.: En su mayoria, el tipo fisico de estos

habitantes difiere notoriamente de la ma-yoria de los otros grupos llamados Negritos.

La mezcla de Ainu es muy fuerte siendoalgunos individuos de este tipo casi puro.La mayoria, sin embargo, da senales

de tener sangre de Negrito mezclado y deMongol bajo y hay algunos que son casi

de estos tipos puros. Hay mucha dife-

rencia en el color, Siendo algunos muy claros

con cabello undoso y otros muy obscuroscon cabello rizado. Todos son de bajaestatura. La mayoria hace una vidan6mada, caza y pesca y parece no tenerhabitaci6n fija. Por otra parte, algunosviven en alguftas aldeas o domicilios aisla-

dos construidos sobre las pequefias colinas

que se encuentran en los pantanos. Lostipofe de casa son muy primitivos, peroalgunos de los habitantes usan un botebien hecho con la ayuda del cual viajan atrav6s de los pantanos. Probablementehan aprendido el arte de construcci6nde botes de sus vecinos Apayaos e Ibanags.Los que visit6 el autor hablan un dialectomuy dspero por su fon6tica, pero quepor otra parte parece consistir principal-.

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Poblacion de las Islas FiUpinas en 1916 57

of a mixture of Ibanag and Ap5,yao words.

Nothing is known of other dialects. Ref.:

Beyer (4,6); Cole (2).

(b) Ilokos Mountains: Number, 415.

Loc: Considerable sections of the Ilo-

kos mountain region were formerly occu-

pied by Negritos but at the present timemost of them have disappeared. Thosethat remain live chiefly in Ilokos Sur andIlokos Norte in the vicinity of the Abraboundary line, while one small group is

found in the north to the south of Bangui.Practically no information regarding themis available, except some manuscript notesand a few photographs in the writer's

possession. They seem to be Negritosmixed with Tinggians in the south and withApiyaos in the north. They live in wan-dering bands and have no settled habita-

tions. Nothing is known as to their dia-

lects. Ref. : Beyer (6) ; Cole (2) ; Reed (1)

.

(c) Zambales Mountains: Number,9,186. Loc: The extensive mountain re-

gion covering a considerable portion of the

provinces of Bataan, Zambales, western

Pampanga, western Tarlak, and south-

western Pangasinan. Char.: There are

two quite different groups of peoplein this region. The 'southern group, in

Bataan, southern Zambales, western Pam-panga, and western Tarlak, is quite purely

Negrito with some intermixture with the

Ainu and short Mongol types. The aver-

age stature is very low, being not morethan 4 feet 6 inches, while 3 well-developed

adult men measured by the writer near

Florida Blanca were only 3 feet 10 inches

in height. The small percentage of tall

individuals are apparently the result of

mixture with the lowland Filipinos. Their

culture is low, but not altogether primitive.

Most of the men wear at least a clout, and

they practice a crude agriculture in clear-

ings, and build houses. A considerable

portion of the year, however, is spent in

wandering about, hunting and fishing.

On the eastern mountain slopes the dialects

are similar to the old Pamp^figan, while

on the western slopes they bear a closer

resemblance to Sambali'. The northern

group of so-called Negritos, in north-

western Tarlak, southwestern Pangasinan,

and northern Zambales, differs considera-

bly from that of the south. They are too

little known as yet to make a definite state-

ment of their Tacial affinities, but from

present knowledge there seem to be three

predominating elements—the Negrito, Pa-

mente de una mezcla de palabras Ibanags

y ApayaoS. Nada se conoce acerca de los

otros dialectos. Ref.: Beyer (4, 6); Cole

(2).

(b) Montanas de Ilocos: Niimero, 415.

Loc: Partes muy considerables de la regi6n

montaiiosa ilocana fueron antiguamenteocupados por los Negritos, pero en la

actualidad la mayoria de ellos ha desapa-recido. Los que quedan viven principal-

mente en Ilocos Sur e Ilocos Norte, yen las cercanias de la linea divisoria deAbra, mientras un pequefio grupo se en-

cuentra por el Norte al Sur de Bangui.Pr4cticamente no hay informaciones dis-,

ponibles acerca de ellos, excepto algunasnotas y manuscritos y fotografias queposee el autor. Parecen ser Negritosmezclados con Tinggians en el Sur y conApayaos en el Norte, viven en bandasn6madas y no tienen habitaciones fijas.

Nada se conoce acerca de sus dialectos.

Ref.: Beyer (6); Cole (2); Reed (1).

(c) Montanas de Zambales: Niimero,9,186. Loc: La extensa regi6n montaiiosaque cubre una gran parte de las provincias

de Bataan, Zambales, Oeste de Pampanga,Oeste de Tirlac y S.O. de Pangasinan.Car,: Hay dos grupos muy diferentes dehabitantes en esta regi6n. El grupo del Surde Bataan, Sur de Zambales, Oeste dePampanga y Oeste de Tirlac es casi pura-mente Negrito con alguna intermezcla

de los tipos Ainu y Mongol bajo. Laestatura inedia es muy baja, no excediendo

de 4 pies 6 pulgadas, mientras tres hombresadultos bien desarrollados medidos por el

autor cerca de Florida Blanca s61oi tenian

una altura de tres pies y diez pulgadas.

El pequefio promedio de individuos altos

es aparentemente resultado de la mezclacon los filipinos de la tierra baja. Sucultura es pobre, pero no del todo primi-

tiva. La mayoria de los hombres llevan

por lo menos un pano, practican una agri-

cultura primitiva en los claros de los bos-

ques, y construyen casas. Sin embargo,una considerable parte del ano la gastan

en hacer vida n6mada,' cazar y pescar.

En las laderas orientales de las montanaslos dialectos son parecidos al antiguo

Pampango, mientras en las laderas occi-

dentals se parecen mucho al Sambali.El grupo septentrional de los UamadosNegritos en el N.O. de Tdrlac, S. O. dePangasinan, y Norte de Zambales difiere

considerablemente de los del Sur. Se les

conoce muy poco, hasta ahora, para quepueda hacerse una afirmaci6n definitiva

acerca de sus afinidades raciales, pero del

estado actual de informaci6n que acerca

de elios tenemos, parece que predominanalii tres elementos—el Negrito, el Papiia

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58 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

puan, and Indonesian. The presence of

the Papuan is the most doubtful, as the

individuals taken for that type may beonly a mixture of Negrito and Indonesian.

From cultural and linguistic evidence the

extensive Indonesian element seems to

be a surviving group of pagan Sambalswho have mixed with the Negritos. Theyare much higher in culture than the south-

ern Negritos, and carry on a greater variety

of industries. Their dialects seem to bemost closely related to Sambali', but are

not well known. Ref.: Beyer (6); Gar-

van (2) ; A. B. Meyer (1) ; Reed (1) ; Sawyer(1); Worcester (1).

(d) East Luzon Mountains: Number,about 12,500. Loc: The mountain ranges

of eastern Luzon from Cape Enganosouth to Lucena, Tayabas, including the

eastern parts of the provinces of Cagayan,

Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija,

Bulakan, Rizal, Laguna, and western part

of the province of Tayabas. The greatest

number dwell in eastern Cagayan andIsafcela. Char.: A,bout two-thirds of the

region mentioned above is practically un-

explored and constitutes the largest un-

known region in the Philippines. Suchinformation as we have as to its inhabitants

has been gathered from the so-called Ne-gritos who come down to trade in the near-

est Christian towns. The remaining third

of the area mentioned is composed of a

number of scattered districts that are

better known. The most important of

these are the regions about Cape Engano,

Paliananj Kasiguran, Baler, and a few places

along the Pacific side of the southern Taya-bas coast. The negroid types living in the

interior of the islands of Polillo and Alabat

have also been visited. From the infor-

mation available the writer is of the opin-

ion that the people of this whole area are

much more Papuan than true Negrito.

The combination in .the majority type of

marked negroid features with compara-

tively tall stature is quite different from the

Negritos of the Zambales mountains.

There is probably some true Negrito

mixture as well as the Papuan, and short

Mongol blood is also in evidence amongmany individuals. Mixture with the low-

land Filipinos is evident in only a compar-

atively small percentage of those groups

that live away from the Christian barriOs.

Those who live in the lowlands to the south-

y el Indonesio. La presencia del Pap6aes la mis dudosa, pues los individuos to-

mados como caracteristicos de este tipo

pueden ser una mezcla de Negritos e

Indonesios. De las pruebas culturales

y lingiilsticas parece deducirse que el

elexriento indonesio es un grupo supervi-

viente de Sambales paganos que se hanmezclado con los Negritos. Be hallan

mucho mds elevados en su cultura que los

Negritos del Sur y tienen una gran varie-

dad de industrias. Sus dialectos parecenser muy sem^jantes al Sambali, pero noson bien conocidos. Ref.: Beyer (6);

Garvan (2); A. B. Meyer (1); Reed (1);

Sawyer (1); Worcester (1).

(d) Moiitanas del Este de Luz6n: Nlime-ro, unos 12,500. / Loc: Las cordilleras delas montaiias del Este de Luz6n desdeCabo Engano hacia el Sur de Lucena,Tayabas, incluyendo las partes orientales

de la prpvincia de Cagayin, Isabela, NuevaVizcaya, Nueva £cija, Bulacan, Rizal,

Laguna y la parte occidental de la pro-

vincia de Tayabas. El mayor niimerohabita en el Este de Cagaydn e Isabela.

Car.: Unos dos-tercibs de la regi6n arriba

mencionada se halla pr4cticamente sin

explorar y constituye la mS.s grandecomarca desconocida en Filipinas. Las

/ informaciones que tenemos acerca de sushabitantes han sido obtenidas de los llama-

dos Negritos que bajan a comerciar a las

poblaciones cristianas de las cercanfas.

La otra tercera parte del 4rea mencionadase comporie de un niimero de distritos

esparcidos que son mejor conocidos. Losmis importantes de estos distritos son los

situados en las regiones de las cercanias

de Cabo Engano, Palanan, Casiguran,Baler y algunos puntos a lo largo de la

costa del Pacifico en la parte Sur de Ta-yabas. Tambi6n han sido visitados los

tipos negroides que viven en el interior delas islas de Polillo y Alibat. De las infor-

maciones que ha podido obtener el autorse deduce que los habitantes de todas estasireas son mucho m4s Pap lias que verda-deros Negritos. La combinaci6n en el tipode la, mayoria de facciones marcadamenteNegroides con estatura relativamente altaes muy diferente de la de los Negritos delas montanas de Zambales. Existe pro-bablemente alguna mezcla de verdaderoNegrito asi como de PapiSa, y tambi6n

'

es evidente entre muchos individuos la

sangre de Mongol bajo. La mezcla conlos filipinos de la tierra baja se revelasolamente en un promedio comparati^lra-

mente pequeiio de estos grupos que vivenalejados de los barrios cristianos. Los queviven en la tierra baja al S.O. de Cabo

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PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinos en 1916 59

west of Cape Engano have considerable

Ainu mixture and are quite similar in typeto the people of the Apdyao swamp region.

Ainu mixture is not so evident to the

southward, while thePapuan type constant-

ly increases, reaching its maximum im-

portance on the islands of Polillo and Ala-

bat and the nearby coast. Near Baggao,Cagayan, there is a ^emi-sedentary groupof marked Papuan type. Very little is

known of the culture and dialects of those

groups, except in the region near thecoast—between Baler and Kasiguran. Herethe dialect is a mixture of Ilongot andTagalog. Further north, Ibanag is thepredominant elentient.» The people of the

coast region are most commonly known bythe name Dumagas or Dumagat. Ref.:

Beyer (6); Blumentritt (16); Garvan (2);

A. B. Meyer (1); Reed (1); Scheerer (S).

(e) South Luzon Mountains: Number,4,800. Loc: The naountain region of

peninsular Tayabas, Ambos Camarines,

and Albay. Char.: Chiefly of mixed Pa-

puan and Negrito type, with some evidence

of a short Mongol element. The Papuantype is probably purer here than anywhereelse in the Philippines except possibly^

among the Bataks of Palawan ; the general

culture is also suggestive of New Guinea.

Septum sticks are worn in the nose, andseveral of the wandering bands wear noclothing other than a few ornaments.

Masked dances are held in the forest, and

the bodies of the dancers are frequently

ornamented with grotesque designs in

white ashes and colored pigments. There

are a few more or less permanent settle-

ments, but many live in wandering groups

without settled habitation. Several of

the dialects have been studied by Garvan,who found them to be more or less related

to Bikol and Tagalog, according to locality.

Ref.: Beyer (6); Garvan (2); Jagor (1);

Marche (1); A. B. Meyer (1); Montano(1); Reed (1); Crone (1).

(f) Bataks of Palawan: Number, 67S.

Loc: Mountains of north-central Pala-

wan, back of the coast villages of Babuyan,Tinitian, . and Malcampo. The largest

settlement is called Tan4bang. Char.:

The ^ataks are one of the most interesting

groups in the Islands. They are of almost

pure Papuan type* with some admixture

of the short Mongol. Some individuals

* For new data on this group, see Conclusion.' Not 'Negrito, as erroneously stated by some

writers. Some individuals are markedly Austra-

loid. There is no resemblance whatever between

these Bataks and the Battas of Sumatra.

Engano tienen considerable mezcla deAinu y son muy semejarites en su tipo a los

habitantes de la regi6n pantanosa de Apa-yao. La mezcla de Ainu no es tan evidentehacia el Sur, mientras que el tipo PaplSaaumenta constantemente, llegando a sum&xima importancia en las islas de Polillo

y A14bat y en la costa adydcente. Cercade Baggao, Cagay4n, hay un grupo semi-sedentario de marcado tipo Pap ria/ Muypoco se sabe acerca de la cultura y dialectos

de estos grupos, excepto en la regi6n cer-

cana a la costa entre Baler y Casiguran.Aquf el dialecto es una mezcla de Ilongote

y Tagalog. Mis hacia el Norte, el Iba:nages el elemento mis' predominante, > Loshabitantes de la regi6n costera son miscomunmente conocidos con el nombre deDumagas o Dumagat. Ref.: Beyer (6);Blumentritt (16) ; Garvan (2) ; A. B. Meyer(1); Reed (1); Scheerer (5).

(e) Montanas del Sur de Luzon: Ndmero4,800. Loc.: La regi6n montafiosa de la

peninsula de Tayabas, Ambos Camarinesy Albay. Car.: Tipo Negrito o mestizoPaplia principalmente, con alguna evi-

dencia de elemento Mongol bajo. El tipoPap6a es probablemente aquf mis puroque? en ninguna otra parte de Filipinas,

excepto tal vez entre los Bataks de Pala-wan; la cultura general sugiere tambidnla procedencia de Nueva Guinea. Llevanen las narices palillos de septo y variasde las bandas n6madas no tienen misVestido que algunos ornamentos. Cele-

'

bran en los bosqiies bailes de mascaras y los

cuerpos de los danzantes se adornan fre-

cuentemente con dibujos grotescps enceniza' blanca y pigm^nto Colorado.' Exis-ten algunas colonias de ' caracter mis omenos permanente, pero muchos vivehen grupos n6madas sin habitaci6ri fija.

Garvah ha estudiado varios de los dialectos

que ha encontrado mis o menoS parecidosal BIcol y Tagilog, seglin la localidad.

Ref.: Beyer' (6);. Garvan (2); Jigor (1);

Marche (1) ; A.' B. Meyer (1) ; Montano (1)

;

Reed (1) ; Crone (1).

(f) Bataks de Palawan: Ntimero, 6i5.

Loc: Montanas del Norte y centro dePalawan detris de las aldeas de la costa

de Babuyan, Tinitian y Malcampo. Lacolonia mis numerosa se llama Tani-bang. Car.: Los Bataks son uno de los

mis interesantes grupos de Filipinas. Sonde tipo Papria casi puro^ con algunz^

mezcla de Mongol bajo. Algunos indi-

1 Para nuevos datos sobre este grupo, vfiase la

Conclusion.' No Negrito, como_ erroneamente dicen algunos

autores. Varios individuos son marcadamenteAustraloides. No hay ninguna semejanza entreestos Bataks y los Battas de Sumatra.

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60 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

have mixed with the Indonesian Tag-baniias. They are semi-sedentary, andcarry on a certain amount of dry agricul-

ture. Their clothing is made wholly of

tapa, while scented grasses, shells, beads,

and coils of dyed rattan are used as orna-

ments. The forward part of the head is

shaved, while the back hair is bushy anderect. The only weapon is the blowgun,and a quick-acting and deadly poison is

used on the darts. Food is usually roasted

on the coals, no cooking utensils being

used. Both polyandry and polygamy are

practiced, but the details of the social

organization are not well known and will

repay careful study. Little is known of

the dialect except that it resembles Tag-ban lia and Paluan. The general Batakculture and type is suggestive of the Semangand Sakai of the Malay Peninsula, while

certain features are reminiscent of northernAustralia. Ref.: Beyer (6); Marche (1);

E. Y. Miller. (1); Savage Landor (1);

Sawyer (1) ; Venturillo (1),

(g) Mamanud of Surigao: Number,3,850. Loc: The interior of the Surigab

peninsula, northeastern Mindanao; espe-

cially around Lake Mainit and the moun-tains back of the coast towns from Kanti-

lan to Tindag. Char.: A considerable

number of the Mamanu&s appear to be of

quite pure Negrito type, though manyOthers are mixed to a greater or lesser

extent with the Manobos surrounding

them. I suspect that there are other

types . as well—especially Papuan—butthey are too little known at the present

time to make a definite statement. Mostof those in the vicinity of Lake Mainitlive in permanent villages founded by the

Jesuit missionaries, and practice a certain

amount of agriculture. The majority of

the purer types, however, continue to

live in wandering bands without settled

habitation. Practically nothing is knownof their culture and dialects. Ref.: Beyer

(6); Blumentritt (1,10); Garvan (l);,Mon-

tano (1); Pastells (1); Philippine Com-mission (1), Vol. Ill; Sawyer '(1);

Non-Negroid or Semi-Negroid Hill

Peoples: Total number, about 46,015.

There are, in the mountain regions of

central and southern Luzon, and in the

mountains of Samar, Negros, and Panay,certain groups of non-negroid or only

partially negroid people who are difficult

to classify. Most writers have casually

dismissed them as descendants of remon-

tados, or outlaws from the Christian towns,

viduos est4n mezclados con los TagbanuasIndonesias. Son semisedentarios y tienen

algo de agricultura de secano. Sus ves-

tidos son hechos totalmente de tapa, y usancomo o'rnamento hierbas olorosas, conchas,

cuentas y rollos de bejuco seco. La parte

delantera de la cabeza la llevan afeitada,

mientras el cabello de atr4s es espeso yrecto. La 6nica arma c^ue usan es la

cerbatana y en los dardos emplean unveneno muy activo y mortifero. El ali-

mento lo hacen generalmente en las brasas

no usando utensillos de cocina. Se prac-

tican tanto la poliandria y la poligamia,pero los datos de su organiza^ei6n social

no son bien conocidos y merecen cuidadosoestudio. Se conoce poco de su dialecto,

excepto que es algo semejante al Tagbanuden Palawan. La cultura y el tipo general

de los Bataks sugiere la procedencia de los

Semang y Sakai de la peninsula Malayia,

aunque ciertos detalles recuerdan el Nortede Australia. i?e/.; Beyer (6); Marche(1); E. Y. Miller (1); Savage Landor (1);

Sawyer (1) ; Venturillo (1).

(g) Mamanuds de Surigao: Niimero,3,850. Loc: El interior de la peninsula deSurigao, N.O. de Mindanao; especial-

mente en los alrededores del lago de Mainit

V detr&s de las montafias de la poblacidnde la costa desde Cantilan a TAndag.Car.: Un considerable ntimero de los Ma-manuis parecen ser de tipo Negrito casi

puro aunque muchos otros estin mezcla-dos en mayor o menor extensi6n con los

Manobos que les rodean. Se sospecha quetambi^n hay otros tipos especialmente dePapdas, pero son tan poco conocidos en la

actualidad que no se puede hacer unaafirmaci6ri definitiva. La mayoria de los

que viven en las cercanias del Lago Mainithabitari en aldeas fundadas pbr misionerosjesuitas y practican la agricultura en cierto

grado. Sin eiribargo, la mayoria de los

tipos mks puros contintia viviendo enbandas n6madas sin habitaci6n fija. Pr4c-ticamente nada se conoce acerca de sucultura y dialecto. Ref.: Beyer (6); Blu-mentritt (1, 10); Garvan (1); Montanp(1); Pastells (1); Philippine Commission(l),Vol. III;,Sawyer(l).

Monteses No-Negroides o Semi-Ne-groides: Niimerototal,unos 46,015. Vivenen las regiones montanosas del centro y Surde Luz6n, y en las montaiias de S4mar,Negros y Panay, ciertos grupos de habi-tantes No-Negroides o s61o parcialmenteNegroides que son dificiles de clasificar.

La maybr parte de los escritores han pres-cindido de ellos considerindolos como des-cendientes de remontados o rebeldes de las

poblaciones cristianas que han huido a las

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Pohlacidn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 61

who have fled to the hills and there mixedwith wandering bands of Negritos. Whileit is doubtless true that these groups havebeen occasionally augmented by remontados,more recent and careful investigation

clearly demonstrates that the basic elementis not the Negrito but rather certain otherquite different types. All of these groupsare pagan in belief and those of Luzon

' are of low cultural development. In Ne-gros and Panay, on the other hand, there

are several quite highly developed groups.

The dialects spoken are not well knownbut seem to be related to the other Phil-

ippine languages of the vicinity. ,Eachof these geographical groups will be dis-

cussed separately, as follows:

(a) Central Luzon: Number, 4,316.

Loc: These people dwell chiefly in theregion between the Laguna de Bay and

> the Pacific coast; in the eastern part of

Rizal and Laguna; and in that section

of Tayabas bordering on the two provinces

just mentioned. There are also a numberin eastern Bulakan. Char.: Predominant-ly of short Mongol physical type, mixedwith Negritos and the lowland Filipinos

of the vicinity. One group shows strong

evidence of Papuan or Indonesian mixture,

and, in addition a culture not unlike that

of the Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya. Thegeneral life is semi-sedentary and a crude

form of dry agriculture is practiced. Thedialects are closely related to Tagalog.

Ref.: Beyer (7); Reed (1).

(b) South Luzon: Number, about 4, 600.

Loc: A small group called Katabaiigan

live in the -vicinity of Guinayangan, Ta-yabas, but the great majority are found

in Ambos Camarines. In the latter prov-

ince they are found on Mts. Isarog aind

Iriiga, the foothills between them, and at

several other places in the "Partido de

Lagonoy". Others are found near Tiwi,

Albay, and a few in northwestern Sorsogon.

Char.: Physical types of this group vary

considerably in different localities. Ne-grito or mixed Papuan blood seems to be

strongest among the people of Mt. Iriga,

while those of Mt. Isarog are the least

negroid in type. From present informa-

tion I am of opinion that the general pre-

dominating type is a mixture of short

Mongol and Papuan, with an additional

Indonesian element in certain localities.

Many individuals have also mixed with

the neighboring Bikols, and it is, possible

montaiias y alii se han mezclado con bandasn6madas de Negritos. Aunque sin dudaes exacto que estos grupos han sido aumen-tados en ocasiones por los remontados,

las investigaciones m4s recientes y cuida-

dosas claramente demuestran que el ele-

mento b&sico no es el Negrito, si no mksbien cieytos otros diferentes tipos. Todosestos grupos son paganos en sus creencias

y los de Luz6n se hallan muy poco desa-

rroUados culturalmente. En Negros yPanay por otra parte hay varios gruposmuy altamente desarroUados. Los'dialec-

tos hablados no son bien conocidos, peroparece que se asemejan a los otros lenguajes

filipinos de las cercanias. Cada uno deestos grupo^ geogr4ficos deben ser discu-

tidos separajdameiite, de la siguiente ma-nera:

(a.) Centra de Luzon: Ndmero 4,316.

Loc: Estos pueblos viven principalmenteen la regi6n situada entre la Laguna deBay y la costa del Pacifico; en la parteoriental de Rizal y Laguna; y en la parte

de Tayabas que linda con las dos provin-cias arriba mencionadas. Tambi^n hayalgunos en el Eiste de Bulacan. Car.: Pre-

domina entre ellos el tipo fisico Mongolbajo mezclado con el Negrito y los filipinos

de la tier'ra baja de las inmediaciones. Ungrupo revela fuerte mezcla.papiia o Indo-

nesia, y adem4s una cultura no poca pare-

cida a la de los ilongotes de Nueva Vizcaya.La vida' general es semi-sedentaria y se

practica una forma primitiva de agricul-

tura de secano. Los dialectos se parecenmucho al tagalo. Ref.: Beyer (7); Reed(1).

(b) Sur de.Luzdn: NAraeto, unos 4,600.

Loc: Un pequeiio grupo llamado Kata-baiigan vive en las cercanias de Guina-yaiigan, Tayabas, pero la gran mayoriase encuentra en Ambos Camarines. En la

liltima provincia se hallan en los montesIsarog e Iriga, y los valles situados entre

ellbs y en otros varios puntos del "Partidode Lagonoy". Otros se encuentran cerca

de Tiwi, Albay, y unos pocos en el N.O.de Sorsog6n. Car.: Los tipos fisicos de este

grupo varian cOnsiderablemente en las

diferentes localidades. La sangre de Ne-grito o Pap6a mestiza parece ser la mS,s

fuerte entre los habitantes del monte deIriga, mientras que los del monte Isarog

son los menos Negroides en tipo. De los

datos que poseemos al presente deduzcoque el tipo general predominante es unamezcla de Mongol bajo y Paptia con unelemento Indonesio adicional en algunaslocalidades. Muchc^s individuos tambi^nse han mezclado con los Bicoles de las

cercanias, y es posible que el elemento

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62 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

that the apparent Indonesian element

is from that source. The existence of thp

Papuan type may be regar4ed as certain,

whereas the presence of true Negritos is

somewhat doubtful. The mixed short

Mongol-Papuan type is naturally of lowor low-medium stature, and a superficial

observer might easily mistake them for

Negritos. The people of Mt. Isarog are

essentially a Malay blend type, the exact

affinities of which will require further

study to determine. Most of these groups

are serai-sedentary and carry on a certain

amount of dry agriculture. Their houses

are small but are often well built; the roof

is low and sidewalls are usually omitted.

On Mt. Isarog the dead are buried in cof-

fins made of palma brava. This group hasa comparatively high culture which merits

a careful study. The dialects of these

groups are closely related to Bikol, but are

otherwise little known. Ref.: Beyer (7).

Crone (1); Jagor (l)j Marche (1); M. L.

Miller (2); Montano (1); Puya y Ruiz (2)..

(c) Sdmar: Number, 1,420. Loc: Themountainous region of central S&mar.Char:. Nothing definite is known of this

group except that they are pagans, semi-sedentary, and grow dry crops in forest

clearings. They are said to be identical

in type with the Christianized people of

Samar, and to speak a similar dialect.

They are possibly a pagan remnant of thelocal Bisayan population. J?e/.: Beyer (7).

(d) Negros: Number, 19,258. Loc:Mountains and valleys covering a widearea throughout the central portion of theisland of Negros; 4,220 being reportedfrom Occidental Negiros and 15,038 fromOriental Negros. The great majority live

in the southern third of the island. Char.:

These people may be divided into at least

three distinct groups, exhibiting markeddifferences in physical type and culture,

though the dialects of all are quite similar

to Bisayan. The first group consists of

something over a thousand people of

marked negroid type who live scattered

though the mountainous region of northernNegros. They are said to be especially

numerous southwest of Escalante and to

the north of Kanlaon volcano. There is apossibility that many of these are true

Negritos, though from the meager collec-

tion of photographs and information at

hand I am inclined to consider them as

Papuan mixed with the short Mongoltype. Their culture is low and they live

mostly in wandering bands; one or two of

indonesio que aparece en ellos sea de esta

procedencia. La existencia del tipo pap6adebe considerarse como cierta, mientras

que la presenCia de los verdaderos Negritos

es algo dudosa. El tipo mestizo de Papday Mongol bajo es naturalmente de pequena

o media estatura y un observador superficial

puede confundirlo fAcilmepte con el Ne-grito. Los habitantes del monte Isarog

son espeqialmente de tipo mestizo malayocuyas exactas afinidades requieren nuevos-

estudios para ser determiriadas. La ma-yoria de estos grupos son semisedentarios

y practican en cierto grado la agricultura

de secano. Sus casas son pequenas perocon frecuencia estin bien construidas; el

techo es bajo y generalmente faltan los

tabiques laterales. En el monte Isarog

los n^uertos son enterrados en ataudes depalma brava. Elste grupo tiene una cul-

tura relativamente alta que merece uncuidadoso estudio. Los dialectos de estos

grupos se parecen mucho al Bicol, pero por

lo demds son poco conocidos. Ref.: Beyer

(7); Crone (1); Jagor (1); Marche (1);

M. L. Miller (2); Montano (1); Puya yRuiz (2).

(c) Sdmar: Nrimero, 1,420. Loc: Laregi6n montaiiosa del centro de S&mar.Car.: No se conoce nada definitivo acerca

de este grupo, excepto que son paganos,semisedentarios y levantan cosechas desecano en los claros de los bosques. Dicese

que son id6riticos en tipo a los habitantes

cristianizados de Sdmar, y que hablan undialecto semejante. Es posible que cons-

tituya un resto pagano de la poblaci6nbisaya local. Ref.: Beyer (7).

(d) Negros: N6mero, 19,258. Loc; Valles

y montafias que comprenden una ampliakrea por toda la parte central de la isla

de Negros; 4,220 pertenecen a NegrosOccidental y 15,038 a Negros Oriental.

La gran mayoria viven en el tercio meri-dional de la isla. Car.: Estos habitantespueden ser divididos por lo menos en tres

grupOs distintos que exhiben marcadasdiferencias en tipo fisico y cultura, aunquelos dialectos son todos ellos muy parecidosal bisayo. El primer grupo consiste enalgo m4s de 1,000 individuos de marcadotipo Negroide que viven esparcidos por la

regi6n montaiiosa del N. de Negros. Sedice que son especialmente numerosos al

.

S.O. de Escalante y al N. del Volc&n Can-la6n. Es posible que muchos de ellos seanverdaderos Negritos, aunque de la escasacolecci6n de fotografias y datos que tengoa mano deduzco que pueden considerarse

como tipo pap6a mezclado cOn el mongolbajo. Su cultura es inferior y viven en sumayoria en bandas n6madas; una o dos

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PohlaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 63

these bands have at times wandered as farsouth as the mountains west of Bais andthose north of Talon. The second groupnumbers not far from 15,000, and in phys-ical type closely resembles the ChristianBisayas of the region; that is, they areof the Malay blend With the Indonesianelement predominant. In some localities

an additional Negrito or Papuan mixtureis evident. In culture they are of mediumadvancement, practicing dry agricultureand many local industries. Their reli-

gious beliefs are highly interesting,, and aresimilar to those of the pre-Spanish Bisayas.Their villages are most nufnerous in themountains to the east and southeast of

Himamaylan. Some of the larger villages

have as many as fifty to one hundredhouses, though the average is about fifteen

to twenty. The third Negros group,numbering something over 3,000, is locatedin the southern part of the island in theregion known as the "llanuras de Tablas."These people have often been referred to as

"Moros," but from the scanty informationat hand they seem to be a pagan group of

marked Indonesian type and possessingcertain cultural resemblances to the Indo-nesian groups of Mindanao. They are

worthy of careful study. Ref.: Beyer (7)

;

Blumentritt (11,18); Echadz (1); Reed (1).

(e) Panay: Number, 16,421. Loc: Awide triatigular-shaped area covering nearly

the whole mountainous interior of the

island of Panay; 3,321 are reported from

^ Antique province, 6,313 from Capiz, and6,787 from Iloilo. Char.: As in Negrosso also in Panay we have most markedracial and cultural differences betweendifferent groups of the pagan population,

and here linguistic differences are foundas well. Unlike Negros, however, there

is no marked geographical differentiation

between the groups, but all live scattered

through the same general geographic area.

First to be considered is the negroid group

known locally as "Ati". Though further

investigation may prove the purer menibers

of this group to be true Negritos, the writer

is at present inclined to the opinion that

they are a mixture of the Papuan and short

Mongol types. They live chiefly in wan-dering bands and practice little or no agri-

culture. Little is known of their dialects,

though they are said to differ considerably

from Bisayan. One small band belonging

to this group is found on the island of

Guimaras. The second and largest group

is that knpwn locally as "Mundo", Fromall reports the Mundos do not seem to

de esas bandas a veces han llegado tanlejos por el Sur que han tocado las montafiasdel Oeste de Bais y del Norte de Tal6n.El segundo grupo asciende a no menos de15,000 habitantes y en su ;tipo fisico se

parece mucho a los bisayos cristianos de la

regidn; esto es, son de mezcla malaya conel elemento indonesio predominando. Enalgunas localidades se nota una adicional

mezcla de Negrito o Paptia. Las creencias

religiosas son muy interesantes y se parecena los de los bisayos pre-hispaios. Susaldeas son mis numerosas en las montaiias ,

al E. y S.O. de Himamaylan. Varias delas aldeas mayores cuentan hasta con 50o 100 casas, aunque el prpmedio es de 15

a 20. El tercer grupb de Negros, quesuma algo laks de 3,000 individuos, se

halla situado en la parte Sur de la isla,

en la regi6n conocida por las "llanuras deTablas". Estos habitantes con frecuenciahan sido clasificados como "moros", perode la escasa informaci6n de que podemoSdisponer parece deducirse que son un grupopagano de tipo marcadamente indonesio

y poseen ciertas semejanzas culturales conlos grupos indonesios de Mindanao. Me-recen cuidadoso estudio. Ref.: Beyer (7);Blumentritt (11,18); Echadz (1); Reed (1).

(e) Panay: Ndmero, 16,421. Loc: Unaancha 4rea en forma triangular que com-prende casi todo el interior montanoso dela isla de Panay; de ellos 3,321 viven en la

provincia de Antique, 6,313 en CApiz y6,787 en Iloilo. Car.: Como en Negros,tambi6n en Panay encontramos unas mar-cadas diferencias culturales y raciales entre

los diferentes grupos de la poblaci6n paganay aqui se encuentran ademis diferencias

lingufsticas. Sin embargo, al rev6s de lo

que sucede en Negros, no hay marcadasdiferencias geogrificas entre los grupos,pues todos ellos viven esparcidos por la

misma 4rea general. El primero que debeser estudiado es el grupo Negroide cono-cido en la localidad con el nombre "Ati".Aunque investigaciones minuciosas puedendemostrar que los individuos m&s puros deeste grupo son verdaderos Negritos, el

autor en la actualidad est4 inclinado a creer

que son de tipos mestizos Paplia y Mongolbajo. Viven principalmente en bandasn6madas y practican poco o nada la agri-

cultura. Se conoce poco de sus dialectos,

aunque se dice que difieren considerable-

mente del bisayo. Una pequefia bandaperteneciente a este grupo se encuentraen la isla de Guimaris. El segundo ymayor grupo es el que se conoce en la loca-

lidad con el nombre de "Mundo". Ajuzgar por todos los datos que tenemos, los

Mundos no parecen diferenciarse fisica-

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64 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

show any physical difference from the

Christianized Bisayas, except possibly aslightly greater nunaber of negroid andshort Mongol types. That is, they are in

general of the Malay blend with the Indo-

nesian element predominant. In culture

as in physical type they are like the secondgroup described under Negros, and are

evidently a part of a large general groupwhich seems to be a pagan remnant of

th^ pre-Spanish Bisayas. Their dialects

are similar to the P^nayan Bisaya. Thelast Panay group is locally known as "Ka-libup;an" and is said to be a mixture of

the first two. Further investigation will

be necessary before their exact status

can be determined. They are semi-seden-

tary and carry on a crude dry agriculture.

Re}.: Beyer (7); Monteclaro (1); Reed (1).

Palawan: Number, 1,940. Loc. .- South-ern Palawan. Char.: Mohammedan. In

physical type they are Tagbaniias plus

a varying amount of intermixture with the

Sulus and Samals. This people is no morethan a Mohammedanizfed section of . thePaluan dialect group of the Tagbantias;

they are closely associated with the mixedSulu and Samal Moros inhabiting southern

Palawan. Their cultuire and dialect are

mixtures oi the pagan Tagbanda with

i I the Mohammedan Malay. Ref.: Canga-Arguelles (1); Marche (1); Worcester (3).

Pampangan: Number, 337,184; sixth

largest group in, the Islands. Loc: Theprovince of Pampanga and about one-third

of the province of Tarlak. More thantwenty thousand now live in the city of

Manila. Char.: Christian. In physical

type the Pampiiigans are of the Malayblend, but with the tall mongoloid eleme;nt

very predominant. The latter 6lementhas been augmented by extensive Chinese

mixture within recent centuries. They are

tall and well built, and individuals of prim-

itive type are comparatively rare. In

the neighborhood of the Negrito country

there has been some slight mixture withthat type. The predominating culture

is the general Spanish-Filipino civilization

of the lowland peoples. Irrigated agri-

culture is practiced, and sugar arid rice

are the chief commercial products. Manylocal industries are carried on, the prin-

cipal ones being pottery making; tools

and implements of iron and steel; native

gin, roofing materials, mats, and other

nipa products; firewood and other man-' grove products; and an extensive fishing

industry. Very little weaving is donebut a considerable variety of baskets are

manufactured. The nipa houses of the

mente de Jos bisayos cristianizados, ex-

cepto tal vez en que hay un poco mayorniimero de tipos Negroides y Mongolesbajos. Esto es, son en general de mezcla

malaya predominaildo el elemento indo-

nesio. En cultura como en tipo ffsico

son iguales al segundo grupo descrito en

Negros, y evidentemente pertenecen a ungrupo general que parece ser el resto paganode los bisayos pre-hispanos. Sus dialectos

son semejantes al bisayo panayano. El

liltimo grupo de Panay se conoce local-

mente con el nombre de "Calibugan" yse dice que es una naezcla de los dos pri-

meros. Ser4rf necesarias mis investiga-

ciones antes de que se pueda determinar

su estado exacto. Son semisedentarios ypractican una agricultura de secano prj-

mitiva. Ref.: Beyer (7); Monteclaro (1);

Reed (1).

Palawan: NiSmero, 1,940. Loc: Sur

de Palawan. Car.: Mahometanos. Ensu tipo fisico son Tagbanu4s, mis un ele-

mento variable de intermezcla con los

Sulus y los Samales. Estos habitantes noson mis que una parte mahometizada del

grupo del dialecto Palawan de los Tagba-nu4s; se parecen mucho a los moros mes-tizos de Sulii y Sama:l que habitan el Sur

de Palawan. Su cultura y dialecto son

mezcla de los Tagbanuis paganos con los

Malayos mahometizados. Ref.: Canga-•ArgUelles (1); Marche (1); Worcester (3).

Pampangan: Ndmero, 337,184; el sexto

grupo de las islas por su niimero. Loc:La provincia de Pampanga y cerca de untercio de la provincia de Tirlac. Misde 20,000 viyen ahora en la ciudad deManila. Car.: Cristianos. En tipo fisico

los pampangds son de mezcla malaya pero

predominando mucho el elemento mpngo-loide alto. El liltimo elemento ha sido

aumentado profusamente con la mezclachina en las dltimas centurias. Son altos ybien constituidos y entre ellos son relativa-

mente raros los individnos del tipo primi-

tivo. En las cercanias del pais Negritoha habido una ligera mezcla con este tipo.

La cultura predominante es la civilizaci6n

general hispano-filipina de los hombresde la tierra baja. Se practica la agricul-

tura de regadio y los principales productoscomerciales son el aziicir y el arroz. Sesostienen muchas industrias locales, siendo

los principales la alfarerfa, la construcci6n

de herramientas e instrumentos de hierro

y acero, la ginebra del pais, los materiales

para techado, petates y otros productos denipa, lena y otros productos de manglares

y la pesca en grande escala. Se teje muypoco, pero se manufactura una considerable

variedad de cestos. Las casas de nipa de

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PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 65

peasantry are small and crudely built

but among the well-to-do substantialwooden structures are found. There is

here a more marked contrast than usualbetween the fine houses of the wealthyand the crude huts of the poor which sur-

round them, and as would be expectedpeonage is in a flourishing condition. Thenative folklore is extensive and interesting,

but on the whole pre-Spanish culture is

less common than among most of theother lowland peoples. The language is

quite uniform and distinct, though it bearsa structural resemblance to Tagalog, Bikol,

and Bisaya. About 270 books and pam-phlets and 7 periodicals are printed in it.

Ref.: Many general works on the Phil-

ippines; Arag6n (1); Blair and Robertson

(1); Bergaiio (1); Fernandez (1); Parker

(1); Sawyer (1).

Pangasinan: Number, 381,493; fifth

largest group in the Islands. Loc: Chieifly

in the province of Pangasinan. A feware found in northern Tarlak, northeastern

Nueva Ecija, and southern La Union.

They formerly occupied a considerably

wider area, but the Ilokos are constantly

encroaching on their territory and a gradualassimilation is taking place. Probablywithin a few generations they, together

with the Ibanags and other north LuzonChristians, will have been absorbed by the

Iloko group. Char.: Christian. They are

of very diverse racial types, though the

majority are essentially a variety of the

Malay blend. All of the primitive types

are represented, and their influence on the

general population is considerable; modi-fied Negrito and short Mongol types are

especially numerous. Indonesian types are

most common in the interior, while in the

region about the Gulf of Lingayen an exten-

sive influx of Chinese in recent centuries

doubtless accounts for the markedly pre-

dominant tall mongoloid type found there.

The general Spanish-Filipino culture pre-

vails, and irrigated agriculture is well de-

, veloped. Rice is the principal commercial

product, tobacco and sugar coming next in

importance. Local industries are numerous.

Bolinao mats are of excellent quality and

unique type, as are also the hats and

bolos produced at Calasiao. Good pottery,

baskets, and a considerable quantity of

native jewelry are manufactured- Weav-ing is a minor industry, but much indigo

and cotton is grown. Boat and ship build-

los aldeanos son pequenas y construidasde manera primitiya, pero entre la gentepudiente se encuentran buenas casas demadera. En esta regi6n existe, un con-traste mds marcado que de costumbreentre las casas buenas de los ricos y las

mezquinas chozas de los pobres que los

rodean, y como es de esperar en tales cir-

cunstancias florece el peonage. La tradi-

ci6n popular indigena es extensa e intere-

sante, pero en general la cultura pre-

hispana es menos. comdn que entre la

mayoria de los oti^os habitantes de la

tierra baja. El lenguaje es uniforme ydistinto, auiique por su estructura se pareceal Tagalo, Bfcol y Bisayo. En este len-

guaje se han impreso unos 270 libros yfolletos y 7 peri6dicos. Ref.: Muchasobras generales sobre Filipinas; Arag6n(1); Blair y Robertson (1); Bergaiio (1);

Fernindez (1) ; Parker (1) ; Sawyer (1).

Pangasindn: Ntimero, 381,493; es el

quinto grupo de las islas por su nfimero.Loc: Se encuentra principalmente en la

provincia de Pangasinan. Algunos se

hallan al N. de Tarlac, N.E. de Nueva£cija y Sur de la Uni6n. Antiguamenteocuparon una irea mucho m4s considerable,pero los Ilocanos constantemente se vanapoderando de su territorio y asimilandolesgradualmente. Probablemente dentro depoCas generaciones tanto ellos como los

Ibanags cristianos del Norte de Luz6nhabrAn sido atjsorbidos por el grupoIlocano. Car.: Cristianos. Son de muydiversos tipos raciales, aunque la mayoriaconstituyen esencialmente una variedadde la mezcla Malaya. Estdn representadostodos los tipos primitivos y su influencia

en la poblaci6n general es considerable;son especialmente numerosos los tipos deNegrito modificado y Mongol bajo. Lostipos indonesios son los m4s comunes en el

interior, mientras que en la comarca quebordea el Golfo de Lingay6n una profusaafluencia de Chinos en las recientes cen-

turias ha sido sin duda la causa de que pre-domine marcadamente alii el tipo mongo-loide alto. Prevalece la cultura generalhispano-filipina y la agricultura de regadioest4 bien desarroUada. El arroz es el

principal producto comercial sigui6ndoles

en importaci6n el tabaco y el azticar.

Las industrias locales son numerosas. Lospetates de Bolinao son de excelente calidad

y tipo tinico como tambi6n los sombrerosy bolos hechos en Calasiao. Buena alfa-

reria, cestos y considerable cantidad dealhajas del pais se fabrica allf, Los tejidos

constituyen una industria de importanciamenor, pero se cultiva mucho indigo y algo-

d6n. La construcci6n de botes y buques

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66 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

ing formerly flourished at Lingayen, andnumerous fishing craft are still produced.Many pre-Spanish customs and beliefs

survive among the mass of the people,and a rich folklore exists. The languageis quite distinct but bears a certain resem-blance to Iloko. , There are several local

dialects, while about 100 books and pam-phlets and 4 periodicals have been printedin the standard speech. Ref.: Many gen-eral works on the Philippines; Arag6n (1);

Blair and Robertson (1); Fern&ndez Cos-gaya (1); Pellicer (1); Sawyer (1).

Satnal: Nurtiber, aliout 78,700; muchconfusion between Samals and Sulus exists

in our sources of information and it is

difficult to determine the proper numberof each. The Samals are probably muchmore numerous than the Sulus. Loc:Most of the smaller islands and the coasts

of all the larger islands throughout theSulu Archipelago, and a considerable por-

tion of the coast along both sides of the

Zamboanga peninsula. Outside the Phil-

ippines there are many Samals living

along the coasts of Borneo, Celebes, andadjacent islands; they are usually known bythe name of Bajao.i Tradition states

that they spread originally from the nativestate of Johore, on the Malay Peninsula.

Char.: Mohammedan. In physical typethey are a Malay blend composed of prac-

tically every racial type to be found in

southeastern Asia and Oceanica. TheSamals were the chief of the formerMalay pirates, and gathered women andother booty from many sources. Thisaccounts for their complexity in physical

and cultural type. They build excellent

boats of unique type, and live almostentirely upon fish and other sea products.

Many Samals ornament themselves withscar-patterns and file their teeth, while

the women blacken the teeth and wear

1 This appears to be an error. The following

quotation is taken from a letter to thie writer from

Governor Frank W. Carpenter of the Department

of Mindanao and Sulu (dated March 14, 1917):

"Samals and Bajaos are not the same people anymore than Pampaiigans and Tagalogs. This I have

on the statement of Arabs and Joloanos as well as

Samals, and it is my distinct recollection that in

some British publication, Cowie's book on the Sulu

Dialect if I mistake not, I have seen comparative

vocabularies of Samal and Bajao presenting typical

differences in the names of many common objects,

acts, etc". [Mr. Charles R. Cameron states fur-

ther, that the Bajaos are the "sea gipsies" of the

Sulu Archipelago, while most of the true Samals

now live on the land. The Samals are greatly in

the majority, and are about equal in number to

the Sulus.]

floreci6 antiguamente en Lingayen y todaviase construyen muchas embarcaciones depesca^ Sobreviven entre la masa del

pueblo muchas costumbres y creencias

pre-hispanas y existe una rica tradici6n

popular indigena. El lenguaje es muydistinto, pero se parece algo al Ilocano.

Existen varies dialectos locales y se hanimpreso en el lenguaje principal unos 100

libros y folletos y 4 peri6dicos. i?e/.;

Arag6n (1); Blair y Robertson (1); Fer-

nandez Cosgaya (1); Pellicer (1); Sawyer

(1).

Sdmal: Ndmero, unos 78,700; existe

en nuestras fuentes de informaci6n muchaconfusi6n entre los Samales y los Suliis

y es dificil determinar el ndmero exacto

de cada uno. Los Samales son probable-

mente mds numerosos que los Sultis.

Loc: La mayoria de las islas pequefias

y las costas de todas las islas grandes del

Archipidlago de Jol6 y una considerable

porci6n de la costa a ambos lados de la

peninsula de Zamboanga. Fuera de Fili-

pinas existen muchos Samales que vivenen las costas de Borneo, Celebes e islas

adyacentes ; se les conoce generalmente conel nombre de Bajaos. * La tradici6n dice

que prpcedieron originariamente del estado ,

indigena de Johore en la peninsula malaya.Car.: Mahometanos. En su tipo fisico

son de mezcla malaya compuesta de casi

todos los tipos raciales que se pueden en-

contrar en el S.E. de Asia y Oceania. LosSamales ocuparon el primer lugar entre

los antiguos piratas malayos y obtenfanmujeres y botfn de muchas prpcedencias.

Esto explica la complejidad de su tipo

fisico y cultural. Construyen excelentes

botes de tipo <inico y viven casi entera-

mente del pescado y otros productos del

mar. Muchos Samales se adornan conmuestras de cicatrices y pulen sus dientes,

mientras que las mujeres ennegrecen siis

'Parece que esto constituye un error. La si-

guiente cita est4 tomada de una carta del Gober-nador Frank W. Carpenter del Departamento deMindanao y Suld escrita al autor (con fecha 14de Marzo 1917):

"Los Simales y los Bajaos no constituyen unsolo pueblo mis que puedan serlo los Pampan-gos y los Tagalos. Esto lo he deducido de las

declaraciones de los Arabes y Joloanos asi comolos Malayos, y recuerdo perfectamente que enalguna publicaci6n inglesa, el libro de Cowie sobreel dialecto Suluano, si no me equivoco, he vistovocabularios comparativos de S&mal y Bajao,presentando diferencias tfpicas en los nombresde muchos objetos comunes, actos, etc". (Mr.Charles R. Cameron dice ademis que los Bajaos sonlos "gitanos marltimos'.' del Archipi^lago de Sulu,mientras la mayoria de los verdaderos Samalesviven ahora en tierra. Los Samales son muchosmas, y por su niimero igualan aproximadamentea los de Sulii.)

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Poblaciin de las Islas Filipjnas en 1916 67

numerous unique ornaments. Both boysand girls are circumcised. Polygamy andslavery are common and the general social

organization is quite complex. Their rulers

are almost without exception Sulu chiefs,

and they recognize a general allegiance tothe Sultan of Sulu. The true Samal dia-lects are not well known and vary consider-ably in different localities. Sulu speechis the official tongue. Ref.: Many generalworks on the Moros; Blair and Robertson(1); Blumentritt (1,14); Espina (1); Phil-

- ippine Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Saleeby(2) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Worcester (2).

Sambal: Number, 56,146. Loc: Theprovince of Zambales and a portion of

western Pangasinan. They were formerlymore numerous and occupied a wider

,territory, but they are at present beinggradually absorbed by the Ilokos from thenorth and the Tagalogs from the south.Char.: 'Christian. Originally' pure Indo-nesian, but at present the group is a some-what complex blend of predominant Indo-nesian with tall mongoloid (mostly fromdirect Chinese immigration), Papuan, andthe three primitive types. Individualsrepresenting all these types are to be foundin most districts. The Sambals wereformerly divided into warring clans andwere noted headhunters, but they wereChristianized at the beginning of theeighteenth century and now enjoy thegeneral SpanishrFilipino culture of thelowland peoples. They now; practice someirrigated agriculture, but it is said to be amore or less recent development. Thereis a considerable persistence of pre-Spanish

customs and beliefs in all the more isolated

localities. The language is quite distinct

but is not uniform; it is called Sambali'.

There are three, principal dialects; the first,

called Bolinao, is spoken in the towns of

Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, in

western Pangasinan; the second, whichmay be called the Iba, or official Sambali',

is spoken in the towns from Infanta to

Iba, in northern and central Zambales;

while the third dialect, spoken in southern

Zambales, is called Tina. None of these

dialects are well known. Ref:: Blair andRobertson (1); Blumentritt (1, 2, 12);

Caiiamaque (1, 2); Philippine^ Commis-sion (1); Vol. Ill; Reed (1); Sawyer (1).

Sanggil: Number, 2,450. Loc: Thesouth coast of Mindanao from Kulut to

.Sarangani Bay, and portions of the coast

of Davao Gulf. Char.: Mohammedan.

dientes y Uevan muchos adornos .tinicos.

Tanto los niiios como las niiias son cir-

cuncisos. La poligamia y esclavitud soncomunes y la organizaci6n social generales mtiy compleja. Sus jefes son casi sin

excepci6n caudillos Suluanos y reconocen en-general fidelidad al Sultdin de Sulli. Losverdaderos dialectos Samales no son bienconocidos y varian considerablemente en las

diferentes localidades. El idioma oficial

es el lenguaje Suluano. Ref.: Blair yRobertson (1); Blumentritt (1, 14); Es-pina (1); Philippine Commission (1), Vol.Ill; Saleeby (2); Savage Landor (1);

Worcester (2).

Sambal: N6niero, 56,146. Loc: Laprovincia de Zambales y una parte del

Oeste de Pangasinin. Antiguamente eranmis numerosos y ocupaban un territorio

extenso, pero ahora van sieiido absorbidosgradualmente por los Ilocanos desde el

Norte y por los Tagalos desde el Sur. Car.;

Cristianos. Originariamente eran purosindonesios, pero en la actualidad el grupoconstituye una mezcla algo complejaen que predomina el tipo indonesio con el

mongoloide alto (la mayoria procedente deinmigraci6n China directa), Paptiasy los

tres tipos primitivos. En la mayoria delos distritos se encuentran individubs'

representando a todos estos tipos. LosSambales estaban antiguamente divididosen familias guerreras y eran corta-cabezasnotorios, pero

,fueron cristianizefdos al

principio del siglo XVIII y ahora tienenlaGultura general hispano-filipina de los

habitantes de la tierra baja. Ahora prac-tican alguna agricultura de regadio, perose dice que es de desarrollo mis o menosreciente. Se nota una considerable per-

sistencia de costumbres y creencias pre-

hispanas en todas las localidades vaks

aisladas. El lenguaje es muy distinto,

pero no es uniforme; se llaman Sambalf..Existen tres dialectos principales; el pri-

mero, llamado Bolinao, es hablado en los

pueblps de Bolinao,, Anda, Bani y Zaragozaen el Oeste de Pangasin4n ; el segundo, quepuede ser llamado Iba u oficial Sambali,es hablado en los pueblos desde Infantahasta Iba en el Norte y centro de Zambales;mientras el tercer dialecto, hablado en el

Sur de Zambales, es llamado Tina. Nin-guno de estos dialectos es bien conocido.

Ref.: Blair y Robertson (1); Blumentritt

(1, 2, 12); Caiiamaque (1, 2); Philippine

Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Reed (1);

Sawyer (1).

Sanggil: Niimero, 2,450. Loc: La costaSur de Mindanao desde Culut al seno deSarangani y parte de la costa del seno deDavao. Car.: Mahometanos. Predomina

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68 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Of predominating Indonesian blood witha complicated blending of other typesfrom diverse sources. Papuan tj^pes arenumerous. The general culture is like thatof the other Mohammedan groups, with anextensive survival of pre-Mohammedancustoms and beliefs. Their dialect is said

to be distinct, but is otherwise unknown.This group merits a careful study. Ref.:

Blumentritt (2); Montano (1); Philippine

Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Savage Lan-dor (1).

SuMnun: Number, 31,450; this esti-

mate excludes a numerous group of Chris-

tianized and Mohaihmedanized Subanuns.i

Loc: The interior of the whole Zamboangapeninsula, Mindanao. Char.: Pagan. Ofvery mixed physical type, with the Indo-

nesian predominant. Both the short andtall Mongol types are fairly numerous, butnegroid types are rare and are exclusively

Papuan. Australoid mixture is evident,

and in the Indonesian types the Caucasic

element often predominates. Present Su-

bahun culture has been affected somewhatby Mohammedan contact, but was origin-

ally quite unique. They practice dryagriculture, and build long communalhouses similar to those of Borneo. Baskets

and pottery of fair quality are made, andmetal working of a crude sprtjs carried on.

Subanuh weaving is so similar to that of

the surrounding Mohammedan groups that

it has probably been acquired from them;abaki and cotton are the fibers used.

Social customs and religions beliefs are

unique and interestiiig. The folklore showgconsiderable Indian and Mohammedan in-

fluence. Vocabularies have been recorded

of at least four Subanun dialects, and there

are probably others. No careful study of

the language has been made. Ref.: Blumen-tritt (13) ; Christie (1) ; Finley and Churchill

(1) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Sawyer (1).'-

Sulu: Number, aboiit 87,400; this

estimate is probably excessive, due to the

existing confusion between Sulus andSamals in our sources of information. It

is difficult to determine the proper num-' ber of each, but the Samals are probably

the more numerous. Loc: The island of

Jolo, most of the other larger islands of the

Sulu Archipelago, Kagayan Sulu, and a por-

tion of southerniPalawan. Outside the Phil-

ippines, Sulus are found chiefly in northern

en ellos la sangre Indonesia con una mezclacomplicada de otros tipos de diferentes

procedencias. Son numerosos los tipos

'

Paptias. La cultura general es igual a la

de los otros grupos mahometanos, conamplia supervivencia de costumbres ycreencias pre-mahometanos. Su dialecto

se dice que es distinto, pero por lo dem^ses desconocido. Este grupo merece cuida-

doso estudio. Ref.: Blumentritt (2); Mon-tano (1); Philippine Commission (1), Vol.

Ill; Savage Landor (1).

Subanvui: Ndmero, 31,450; este c41culo

excluye un numeroso grupo de Suba.nos

cristianizados y mahometizados. » Loc:El interior de toda la Peninsula de Zam-boanga, Mindanao. Car.: Paganos. Detipo flsico muy meizclado, predominando el

indonesio. Entre ellos son muy numerososlos tipos Mongoles, tanto altos como bajos,

pero los tipos Negroides son raros y exclu-

sivamente Papdas. La mezcla Austra-

loide es evidente, y en los tipos Indonesios

con frecuencia predomina el elementaCaucisico. La actual cultura de los Su-banos ha recibido eri algo la influencia del

contacto Mahometano, pero originaria-

mente era casi rinica. Practican la agri-

cultura de secano y construyen grandescasas comunales semejantes a las de Borneo.

Se hacen cestos y cacharros de buena cali-

dad y tambi^n realizan trabajos en metalpor procedimientos primitivos. Los tejidos

de los Subanos son tan semejantes a los

de los grupos Mahometanos que les rodean,que probablemente los han adquirido deellos; las fibras usadas son de abaci y algo-

d6n. Las costumbres sociales y creencias

religiosas son dnicas e interesantes. Lastradiciones populares muestran conside-

rable influencia india mahometana. Sehan recogido vocabularios por lo meriosde cuatro dialectos Subanos, y existen pro-bablemente otros. No se ha hecho cuidadosoestudio de este lenguaje. Ref.: Blumentritt

(13); Christie (1); Finley y Churchill (1);Savage Landor (1) ; Sawyer (1).

Sultl: N6mero, unos 87,400; este c41-

culo es probablemente excesivo, debido ala eonfusi6n que existe entre los SuMs ylos Samales en nuestras fuentes de infor-

maci6n. Fue dificil determinar el niSmeroexacto de cada uno, pero probablementelos Samales son los mS.s numerosos. Loc:La isla de Jol6, la mayoria de las otfas islas

grandes del Archipi61ago de Sul6, Cagay&nde SullS, y una parte del Sur de Palawan,Fuera de Filipinas los Suliis se encuentranprincipalmente en el Norte de Borneo.

' Governor Carpenter states that my estimate is

probably under the true number.'El Gobernador _ Carpenter dice que mi c&lculo

es probablemente inferior al verdadero nlimero.

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Poblacidn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 69

Borneo. Char. : The Sulus are the most pow-erful and highly cultured of Mohammedangroups. Their culture is a mixture of Mo-hammedan Malay, Indian, i Chinese, anda considerable native element. There is

^some evidence that the original inhabitants

of the Sulu islands were a pagan peoplesimilar to the Tagbaniias, and remnantsof this group—called Gimbahanun or

Gimpalau4nun—are said to still exist or

to have recently existed in the moun-tainous interior of Jolo and some of theother larger islands. In physical typethe Sulus are a Malay blend of almostthe same complicated character as the

Samals—and for much the same reason.

The diverse origin of the inmates of the

Sulu harems would furnish a reasonable

explanation for the existence of almostany type. Dry agriculture is predominant,

though some irrigation is practiced.' Agreater variety of crops is grown than any-where else in the Philippines; the soil of

the islands is fertile afld edible fruits are

especially numerous and abundant. Cloth-

ing and ornaments are typical and unique.

Some cloth of cotton and silk is wovenlocally, but the majority is imported.

Commerce is carried on with Borneo,

Celebes, and other places. Metal work-

ing in iron and steel, brass, bronze, copper,

silver and gold is especially developed. Ivory

is in common use for ornamental purposes.

"

The chief weapon is the kris, which until

recently was carried by all able-bodied men.

The lantaka, or small bronze cannon, prob-

ablyof Chinese origin, has been in use amongthe Sulus for many centuries.' Their folk-

lore is interesting and throws much light on

the tangled skein of their history. Social cul-

ture is highly developed and Mohammedanlaws are observed. The Sultanate of Sulu

formerly included northern Borneo and a

portion of Mindanao, and the prevailing

government was the product of both

Mohammedan and Indian influence. Thelanguage is likewise a complicated mix-

ture, possessing Sanskrit, Arabic, Chinese,

* Chiefly through the Malay.

2Wild elfephants formerly existed in Jolo, but

they are now extinct. There is some doubt as to

whether they were truly indigenous, or were

imported.' Mr. Charles R. Cameron states that the barons,

rather than the kris, is the typical weapon o f Sulu.

It is said by the natives to be of Chinese origin, andwas formerly an insignia of rank. Lantakas were not

manufactured in Sulu, but only in Cotabkto. Theywere used throughout the Moro area, however.

Car.: Los Suliis constituyen el grupo maho-metano laAs poderoso y mis culto. Sucultura es una mezcla de malaya maho-metana, india, i china y un elementoindigena considerable. Existen algunaspruebas de que los habitantes primitivosde las> islas de Sulli eran un pueblo paganosemejante a los Tagbanu4s y se 'dice quetodavfa existe o ha existido recientementeen el interior montaiioso de Jol6 y de algu-nas de las otras grandes islas los restos

de este grupo llamado Gimbahanrin oGimpalauaniin. Por su ti{)0 fisico los

Sulds son una mezcla malaya de casi el

mismo caricter complicado que los Sama-les y en gran parte por la misma rak6n.

El diverse origen de las pupilas de los

harenes de Sulii podria proporcionar unaexplicaci6n racional de la existencia de casi

de todos los tiposi Predomina la agri-

cultura de secano, aunque tambi^n se

practica algo, el regadio. Se cosecha unamayor variedad de sembrado que en'

ninguna otra parte de Filipinas; el suelo

de las islas es ffertil y los frutos comestiblesson especialmente nunaerosos y abundantes.Las telas y ornamentos son tipicos ylinicos. Se teje en la localidad algunatela de algod6n y seda, pero la mayoiriaes importada. Se realiza comercio conBorneo, Celebes y otros lugares. Se halla

especialmente desarroUado el trabajo enmetales de hierro y a,cero, cobre, bronce,lat6n, plata y oro. El marfil se usa comun-mente para adorno.^ El arma principal

es el cris, que hasta recientemente lleva-

ban todos los hombres fisicamente aptos^

La lantaca o pequeiio can6n de bronce,probablemente de origen chino, ha estadoen uso ehtre los Sulds por muchos siglos.'

Sus tradiciones populares son muy inte-

resantes y arrojan mucha luz sobre la

enmaraiiada madeija de su historia. Lacultura social est4 niuy desarrollada y se

observan las leyes mahometanas. La Sul-

tania de Sulti comprendi6 antiguamenteel Norte de Borneo y una parte de Min-danao y el gobierno que prevalecia eraproducto tanto de la influencia maho-metana como de la india. El lenguaje es

igualmente una mezcla cbmplicada, conte-

niendo elementos sanscritos, ardbigos, chi-

' Principalmente a travfe de la malaya.2 Existieron antiguamente en Jol6 elefantes

silvestres, pero ahora se han extiriiguido, Existenalgunas dudas acerca de si fueron realmente indi-genas o importados.

' Mr. Charles R. Cameron dice que el birong,mis que el cris, es el arma tfpica de Sulii. Dicenlos indigenas que es de origen chino, y fue antigua-mente una insignia de categoria. Las lantacasno se construyen en Sulii, sine dtiicamente en Cbta-bato. Sin embargo, se usan por todo el area de lacomarca mora.

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70 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

Malay, Bisayan, and other foreign ele-

ments, in addition to the basic native

speech. The Arabic alphabet is used in

writing. Several printed works, two peri-

odicals, and a large number of manuscriptsexist. Ref.: Most general works on theMoros; Blair and Robertson (1); Barran-tes (1); Buffum and Lyiich (1); Combos(1, 2); Espina (1); Forrest (1); Hayne9>(l);Montano (1, 2); Montero y Vidal (1, 2);

Philippine Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Sa-

leeby (1, 2, 3); Savage Landor (1); Saw-yer (1) ; Worcester (2, 3) ; Cameron (1).

Tagakadlo: Number, about 7,100. Loc:The interior of the • Sarangani penin-

sula and the west coast of the gulf of Davaofrom Nuin north to the border of the Bagoboterritory. Occupying a long narrow strip

between the Kulamans on the east and the

Bil&ans on the west. This territory lies

wholly within the provinoe of Davao.

.

Char.: Pagan. The northern group of

Tagaka61os, in the Valley of the Padadaand Bulatakay rivers, are called Kagan,or Kalagan, from their close fitting suits

of red and yellow striped cloth, and havebeen greatly influenced by contact withthe Moros. In general physical type the

Tagaka61os are a Malay blend with the

Indonesian element markedly predominant.

Short Mongol and Papuan types are also

numerous. Dry agriculture is practiced,

and the general culture with certain uniqueexceptions is quite like that of the, Kula-mans. Human sacrifice was formerly prac-

ticed. The language is distinct, thoughrelated to the other dialects of the region;

practically nothing has been publishedregarding it, or whether or not there are

subdivisions. Ref.: Cole, (4) ; Montano (1)

,

Philippine Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Sav-age Lindor (1) ; Sawyer (1)

.

Tagdlog: Number, 1,789,049; the

second largest Philippine group and the

highest in cultural development. Loc:The great majority of the Tagalogs are

found in Luzon, where they form the great-

er part of the population in the following

provinces: Tayabas, Batangas, Cavite,

Laguna, Rizal, Manila city, Batian, Bu-

lakan, and Nueva Ecija. Considerable

numbers are also f^und in northern Cama-rines, Tarlak, and southern Zambales.

In addition to Luzon the island of Marin-

duque is wholly Tagalog, while Masbateis partly so, and the coastal region of the

northern two-thirds of Mindoro. A fewindividuals are to be found, in practically

every other province of the Islands, while

nos, malayos, bisayos y otros extranjeros,

ademds del habla indlgena bisica. El

alfabeto ardbigo se usa en la escritura.

Existen varias obras impresas, dos peri6-

dicos y un gran ntimero de manuscritos.

Ref.: La mayoria de las obras referentes alos moros, Blair y Robertson (1) ; Barrantes

(1); Buffum y Lynch (1); Combos (1, 2);

Espina (1); Forrest (1); Haynes.(l); Mon-tano (1,2); Montero y Vidal (1, 2) ; Philip*

pine Commission (1), Vol. Ill; Saleebyv

(1, 2, 3); Savage Landor (1); Sawyer (1);

Worcester (2, 3) ; Cameron (1).

Tagaka61o: Ntimero, unos 7,100. Loc: -

El interior de la Peninsula de Sarangani

y la costa occidental del seno de Davaodesde Nuin hacia^el Norte hasta la divi-

soria del territorio Bagobo. Ocupan unalarga faja estrecha entre los Culamans-alEste y los Bilaans al Oeste. Este terri-

torio est4 comprendido en su integridad

dentro de la provincia de Davao. Car.:

Paganos. El grupo septentrional de Taga-kaolos, en el valle de los rios Padada yBulatakay, se llama Cagan o Calagan, pprsus acabados vestidos de tela con franjas

rojas y amarillas y sobre ellos ha influido

grandemente el contacto con lo§ moros.En tipo fisico general los Tagaka61os sonuna mezcla malaya con el elemento indo^

nesio marcadamente predominante. Lostipos Paptias y Mongol bajo son tambi6nnumerosos. Se practica la agricultura

de secano y la cultura general, con algunasexcepciones dnicas, es casi igual a la de los

Culamans. Se practicaron antiguamentelas sacrificios humanos. El lenguaje es

distinto aunque parecido a otros dialectos,

de la regi6n. PrActicamente nada se hapublicado acerca de ellos ni se sabe si

existen o no sub-divisiones. Ref.: Cole

'

(4); Montano (1); Philippine Commission(1), Vol. Ill; Savage Landor (1); Sawyer(1).

Tagalog: Niimero, 1,789,049; el segundogrupo de Filipinas por su ntimero y el

primero por su desarroUo cultural. Loc:La gran mayoria de los Tagalos se encuen-tra en Luz6n donde forman '^la mayorparte de la poblaci6n de las siguientes

provincias: Tayabas, Batangas, Cavite,Laguna; Rizal, Ciudad de Manila, Bataan,Bulacan y Nueva Ecija. Tambi6n se

encuentran un ndmero considerable en el

Norte de Camarines, Tirlac y en el Surde Zambales. Adem&s de Luz6n, la isla

de Marinduque es completamente tagala,

mientras que la de Masbate lo es en partetambi6n, asi como la regi6n costera de los

dos-tercios septentrionales de Mindoro.Algunos individuos se encuentran en casi

en todas las pf'ovincias de las islas, mientras '

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PoblaciSn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 71

numbers have emigrated to the United

States, Hawaii, Japan, the China coast,

and other foreign lands. Char.: Chris-

tian; and possessing the general Spanish-

Filipino civilization of the lowland peoples.

In a majority of the Tagalog provinces the

predominating physical type is a Malayblend with the short and tall Mongolelements exceedingly prominent. Thechief exceptions are the provinces of Ba-

tangas, Cavite, and a few minor localities,

where the Indonesian element is most in

evidence. Mixed Papuan types are quite

numerous along the Pacific coast in the

province of Tayabas. Individuals of other

types are found, and are occasionally

fairly numerous in limited areas. Thepeople of the coastal regions are muchmixed and tall types predominate, while

those of the interior are more uniform and

short types the more common. Irrigated

agriculture is practiced throughout the

Tagalog area, and rice is the principal

crop. The fishing industry is next in

importance, while the chief commercial

products are copra, sugar, and edible

fruits. Local industries are numerous and

well developed; weaving' and embroidery,

hat-making, metal-working, shoe-manufac-

ture, and jJoultry-raising are some of the

most important-^-each. of which is espe-

cially developed in particular localities, i

The nipa huts of the peasantry are small

and poorly built, but ,the dwellings of the

middle classes are of better quality and

are more neatly kept. Substantial houses

of wood and stone are to be found in all

the larger towns. The native dress has

several unique features. One of the most

remarkable is that though the women nowwear the saya, or ordinary European skirt,

they still wear a tapis of black or indigo

1 Poultry raising along the Pasig river, shoe-

making in the Mariquina valley, weaving in Batan-

gas and Cavite;" while BaUuag and Lukban are

centers of the hat industry, and Lukbanand Tayabas

are the most famous smithies. Iron ore is- mined

and smelted at Angat, in Bulakan. [Mr. Hugo H.

Miller, of the Bureau of Education, states as follows:

"With respect to the Tagalogs, my last information

would lead me to believe that Taal in Batangas is

more famous than Lukban and the town of Tayabas

for bolos. The Taal-Lemery section is probably the

most highly organized center for various handicraft

and manufacturing industries in the Islands. The

weaving of silk cloth in Baliuag might be included

in your list together with the making of chinelas

and wooden shoes in Meycawayan."]

que otros han emigrado a los EstadosUnidos, Hawaii, Jap6n, la costa de China

y otros pafses extranjeros. Car.: Cris-

tianos; poseen la civilizaci6n general his-

pano-filipina de los habitantes de la tierra

baja. En la mayoria de las provincias

tagalas, el tipo fisico predominante es ^1

mestizo malayo, siendo excesivamente noto-

rios los elementos mongoles alto y bajo.

Los principales excepciones se hallan en las

provincias de Batangas y Cavite y algunas

localidades de menor importancia donde el

elemento indonesio es muy evidente. Lostipos papdas mestizos son muy numerososen la costa del Pacifico de la provincia deTayabas. Se encuentran individubs deotros tipos que algunas veces son muynumerosos en 4reas limitadas. Los habi-tantes de las regiones costeras estcin muymezclados y predominan los tipos altos,

al paso que los del interior son mas unifor-

mes y alii se encuentran mis comunmentelos tipos bajos. Se practica en todo el

4rea tagala la agricultura de regadio y el

arroz constituye la principal cosecha.Siguen en importancia la industria de la

pesca y los principales productos comer-ciales son la copra, el azdcar y los firutos

comestibles. Las industrias locales sonnumerosas y estin bien desarroUadas,contcindose entre los principales los tejidos

y bordados, la fabricaci6n de sombreros,el trabajo en metales, la manufacturade zapatos y la cria de aves de corral, cadauna de las cuales se halla especialmentedesarrollada en determinadas localidades. ^

Las chozas de nipa de los campesinos sonpequeilas y estcin pobremente construidas,

pero las de los habitantes de la clase mediason de mejor calidad y se conservan muchom4s limpias. En casi todos los grandespueblos se encuentran buenas casas demadera y piedra. El traje indigena tiene

varias caracteristicas iSnicas. Uno de los

mis notables es que, aun cuando las mujeresllevan ahora la saya o sea la falda europeaordinaria, ademis tienen un tapis de tela

' La cria de aves de corral a lo largo del rio Pasig,

la fabricacion de zapatos en el valle de Mariquina,los tejidos en Batangas y Cavite; mientras Baliuagy Bulacin son centres de industria sombrereray Lucb4n y Tayabas tienen las m4s famosas herre-

rias. El mineral de hierro se explota y funde enAngat y Bulacan. (Mr. Hugo H. Miller, de la

Oficina de Educacion, dice lo siguiente: "Con res-

pecto a los Tagalos, mis liltiinas informaciones mellevan a creer que Taal en Batangas es m4s famosoque Lucban y el pueblo de Tayabas en la construc-cion de bolos. La seccion Taal-Lemery es probable-mente el centro mis altamente organizado para las

varias industrias manuales y manufactureras de las

Islas. El tejido de tela de seda en Baliuag puedeincluirse en esta lista junto con la manufactura dechinelas y zuecos en Meycawayan").

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n Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

cloth on the outside of the skirt.' Thepoorer and middle-class women wear an

ordinary tapis, but in the case of the well-

to-do the garment has become smaller

and smaller until it is now often only

a lace apron worn on the front of the skirt.

The Tagalogs are industrious, for a tropical

people, and are keen sportsmen. Their

social life is marked by a general equality

between the sexes, and strong mutualaffection between parents and children.

Many pre-Spanish social customs and be-

liefs still survive, and the local folklore is

interesting though probably not so exten-

sive as among the Bisayas and Ilokos.

The Tagalog language is well established

and is now more highly developed than anyother Philippine speech! More than 1500

books and paifiphlets and 80 periodicals

have been printed in it, and a greater pro-

portion of the common people are literate

than among any other Philippine group.

There are numerous local dialects differing

considerably from the,literary speech.

Ref.: All general works on the Philippines;

Arag6n (1) ; Blair and Robertson (1)

;

Blumentritt (1); Craig (1, 2); Craig andBenitez (1) ; Jagor (1) ; Le Roy (1) ; L6pez

(1) ; Mallat (1) ; H. Miller (1) ; Mohtano(1, 2); Pardo de Tavera (1); Pierce (1);

SavE^geLandor (1) ; Sawyer (1) ; Worcester

(2, 3). For a few of the best works on the

Tagalog language, see Brandstetter (1);

Calderon (1) ; Fernandez (1, 2); H6viaCampomanes (1); Lendoyro (1); Mac-Kinlay (1); Mallat (l);'Montano (1);

Noceda and Sanlucar (1) ; Pardo de Tavera

(2); Rizal (1); Serrano Laktaw (1, 2).

Tagbantia: Number, about 19,460.

Loc: The mountainous interior of the island

of Palawan. They are most numerousnear the center of the island, though found

1 The tapis, or primitive skirt, still survives in

some form or other among the women of nearly

every people of Mongol, or mixed Mongol, origin

except the pure Chinese. It is a plain rectangular

piece of cloth wound about the waist and extending

below the knees. In the case of most peoples whohave adopted other forms of dress with their advancein civilization, the tapis survives as an under-

garment, as for example, the Japanese koshimake.

Tagalog women are exceptionally notable for the

strength of, their adherenpe to native customs andtraditions, and it may well be that the wearing of

the tapis over the European dress was the result of

their pride of race. Among a people where the

women were less independent, or had less strength

of character, the native garment would be concealed,

through a certain sense of shame, under the later-

adopted 'foreign dress.

negra o fndigo encima de la falda.' Lasmujdres de las clases pobres y mediasllevan un tapis ordinario, pero, en el caso

de las acomodadas, la prenda se ha idohaciendo cada vez mds pequeiia hastaque ahora con frecuencia s61o afecta la

forma de un delantal bordado que se llevan

en la parte anterior de la falda. Lostagalos son trabajadbres, para ser un pueblotropical, y como deportistas son muy vivos.

Su vida social se caracteriza por una igual-

dad general entre los sexos y el fuerte ymutuo afecto entre padres e hijos. To-davia sobreviven muchas creencias y cos-

tumbres sociales pre-hispanas y las tradi-

ciones populares son interesantes aunqueprobablemente no tan profusas, como entrelos bisayos e ilocanos. El lenguaje tagalo,

est4 muy bien fijado y ahora se halla mksaltamente desarroUado qUe ning6n otro

de los idiomas filipinos. Hay impresosen k\ mks de 1,500 libros y folletos y 80peri6dicos y entre la masa del pueblo haymayor niSmero que sabe leer y escribir

que entre cualquier otro grupo filipino.

Existen num^rosos dialectos locales quedifieren considerablemente del lenguajeescrito. Ref.: Todas las obras generalessobre Filipinas; Arag6n (1) ; Blair y Robertson (1); Blumentritt (1); Craig (1, 2)Craig y Benitez (1) ; Jagor (1) ; Le Roy (1)

L6pez (1); Mallat (1); H. Miller (1)Montano (1, 2); Pardo de Tavera (1).Pierce (1) ; Savage Landor (1) ; Sawyer (1);Worcester (2, 3). Citand'o s61o algunasde las mejores obras sobre el idioma tagalo,vdase Brandstetter (1); Calder6n (1);Fern&ndez (1; 2); Hevia Campomanes(1) ; Lendoyro (1) ; Mackinlay (1) ; Mallat(1) ; Montano (1) ; Noceda y SanMcar(1) ; Pardo de Tavera (2) ; Rizal (1) ; SerranoLaktaw (1, 2).

Tagbanud: Niimero, unos 19,460. Loc:El interior montanoso de la isla de Palawan.Son mks numerosos cerca del centro dela isla, aunque se encuentran en toda su

1 El tapis o saya primitiva todavia sobreviveen una u otra forma entre las mujeres de casi todoslos pueblos de origen Mongol o mestizo Mongol,excepto los puramente chinos. Es una pieza detela plana y rectangular sujeta hacia el pecho y quese extiende hasta debajo de las rodillas. En elcaso de la mayoria de los pueblos que han adoptadootras formas de vestido con su adelanto en civiliza-cion, el tapis sobrevive como prenda interior, loque sucede, por ejemplo, en el koshimake japones.Las mujeres tagalas son excepcionalmente notablesppr la fuerza de su adhesion a las costumbres y tradi-ciones indigenas y bien puede ser que el Uevar eltapis sobre el vestido europeo sea el resultado de suorguUo de raza. En un pueblo donde las mujeresfueran menos independientes o tuvieran meriosentereza de caricter, la prenda indigena se ocultarfacon cierto sentimiento de vergiienza, bajo el vestidoextranjero adoptado posteriormente.

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 73

throughout its length. At one time, the

TagbaniSas probably occupied all of the

Calamianes and Cuyo Islands, as well

as Palawan, and possibly a considerable

portion of the Sulu Archipelao. However,

naost of them have now been absorbed

into the Christian and Mohammedanpopulation. Char.: Pagan. Physically the

Tagbantias are predominantly of the Indo-

nesian type, though a majority of the

women show much short Mongol mixture.

There are a few mixed Papuan types anda considerable number of the Malay blend.

There are at least three; well marked cul-

ture groups, in northern, central, andsouthern Palawan. The northern group

is the most primitive. Very little cloth-

,ing is worn, the chief garment of both

men and women being a small tapa clout.

A large part of their food is obtained from

the sea, though a primitive dry agricul-

ture is practiced. They are not known to

possess a written alphabet. The people

of .central Palawan " are much more ad-

vanced, and are usually known by the

name of Apurahuanon, or Aburlanon, after

the names of two of their largest settle-

ments. The blowgun is still their typical

weapon, but their clothing and house types

have been greatly affected by contact

with their Christian neighbors. A certain

amount of dry agriculture is practiced.

The folklore, and religious beliefs are highly

interesting, while for written communica-

tion qne of the old Philippine syllabic

,alphabets is still in use. Unlike t;he south-

ern Mangyans:—the only other Philippine

group known to still possess such an alpha-

bet—the Tagbantias write in vertical

columns, reading from top to bottom and

from right to left. The southern group

of Tagbandas speak a different dialect

and are usually known as Paluans or Pala-

wanes. Their general culture is similar

to the central group. Part of them have

been Mohammedanized and have already

been described under the name Palawan.

In the bay of San Antonio there is said

to exist another small group of people

called Kenn6; they differ considerably

from the Tagbaniias, and have not as

yet been identified. The people of Pala-

wan are deserving of careful study from

both the linguistic and cultural standpoint;

the only .Tagbanda. dialect that is well

known is that of the central group, which

bears a certain resemblance to Sulu. Ref.:

Blair and Robertson (1); Blumentritt

longitud. En un tiempo los Tagbanudsprobablemente ocuparon todas las islas

Calamianes y Cuyo, asi como Palawan,

y tal vez una considerable parte del Archi-

pifelago de SuM. Sin embargo, la mayoria '

de ellos ha sido absorbida ahora por la

poblaci6n de cristianos y mahometanos.Car.: Paganos. Por su tipO; fi'sico los

Tagbanu4s son principalmente del tipo

indonesio, aunque una mayoria de las

mujeres muestra mucha mezcla del mongolbajo. Hay algunos tipos mestizos depap6a y un considerable n6mero de mezclamalaya. Hay por lo menos tres grupos

bien determinadbs de cultura en el Norte,

centro y Sur de Palawan. El grupo del

Norte es el mcis primitivo. Lleva fnuypoca ropa, constituyendio la principal

prenda tanto de los hombres como de las

mujeres un pequeiio paiio de tapa. Unagran parte de su alimento lo obtienen del

mar, aunque se practica una .agricultura

de secano primitiva. No se sabe queposean un alfabeto escrito. Los habitan-

tes del centro de Palawan estAn mucho vaks

adelantados, y se les conoce generalmentecon el nombre de Apurahuanon o Abur-lanon, tomado de los dos nombres de sus

colonias vaks grandes. La cerbatana es

todavia su arma tipica, pero tanto los

modelos de sus casas como la clase 4^ sus

vestidos han sido afectados grandementepor el contacto de sus vecinos cristianos.

Se practica hasta cierto punto la agricul- ;

tura de secano. Sus tradiciones populares,

y las creencias religiosas son muy intere-

santes, al paso que para la comunicaci6nescrita todavia usan uno de los antiguos

alfabetos sil&bicos de Filipinas. A dife-

rertcia de los Mangyanes del Sur-r-que

constituyen el linico otro grupo filipino

qiie posee aiSn tal alfabeto,—los TagbanuAsescriben en columnas verticales leyendo

de arriba abajo y de derecha a izquierda.

El grupo de los TagbanuAs del Sur hablanun dialecto diferente y son conodidos

^

generalmente por Paluanes o Palawanes.

'

Su ctiltura general es semejante a la del

grupo central. Parte de 6lIos ha sido

mahometizada y se ha descrito bajo el

eplgrafe de Palawan. Se dice que existe

en la bahia de San Antonio otro pequeiio

grupo de habitantes llamados Kenn4;difieren considerablemente de los Tagba-nuAs y todavfa no han sido identificados.

Los habitantes de Palawan merecen cuida-

doso estudio tanto desde el punto de vista

cultural como lingiilstico; el dnico dialecto

TagbanuA que es bien conocido se hablapor el grupo central y se parece algo al deSum. Ref.: Blair y Robertson (1); Blu-

Page 80: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

74 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

(1, 9); Canga-Arguelles (1); Marche (1);

Romu41dez (2); Savage Landor (1); Saw-

yer (1); Venturillo (1); Worcester (2, 3).

Tinggian: Number, 27,648. Loc: Thesubprovince of Abra and the border dis-

tricts of the surrounding provinces; viz.,

Ilokos Norte, Ilokos Sur, and the sub-

provinces of Amburayan, Lepanto, Bontok,Kalinga, and Apayao. About 17,000 are

found in ,Abra, and the remainder in the

surrounding districts. Char.: Pagan. TheTinggians are a Malay blend people of

the Bumiese type. A large majority

are of this type or mixed with the tall

and short Mongol, other types being rare.

Thtfmongoloid element is much the strong-

est. There is considerable divergence in

culture between different Tiiiggian dis-

tricts, but this divergence seems to be large-

ly due to the diverse surrounding types

with which the purer Tinggians have mixed.

The discussion below applies chiefly to the

central district, where the true Tinggian

culture has been least affected. Bothmen and women wear long hair. Their

cloth was formerly chiefly of tapa, but

large quantities of cotton, fabrics are

now woven. The designs are unique

and instantly recognizable. Ornamentsare few, but typical. The women wear

characteristic bands of beads on the fore-

arms from wrist to elbow. Tinggian villages

were formerly enclosed by -stockades built

of fern-triee trunks, but these have mostly

disappeared along with head-hunting. Theformer head-baskets were of th^ type still

in use by the Apiyaos and by the Kaehins

of Upper Buriria. Both dry and irrigated

agriculture are now practiced. The folk-

lore is extensive and has been studied byCole, as also the interesting religious

beliefs. There is well-marked class of

,priestesses and extensive religious ritual.

The language is distinct, but belongs to

the Uoko group. Little is known as to

local dialects. Ref.: Beyer (4) ; Blair and.

Robertson (1); Cole (1, 2, 5); M. C. Cole

(1); Gironi^re (1, 2); H. Meyer (1); Reyes

y Florentino (3); Sawyer (1); Worcester

(1,3). ,

Tirurai: Number, about 7,1S0.» Loc:West coast of Mindanao from 'Cotabatosouth to the Tran river, in the province of

, Cotabato. Char.: Pagan. The Tirurais

mentritt (1, 9); Canga-Argiielfes (1); Mar-che (1); Romucildez (2); Savage Landor(1)'; Sawyer (1); Venturillo (1); Worcester

(2, 3).

Tinggidn: Niimero, 27,648. Loc: La,subprovincia de Abra y los distritos de la

divisoria de las provincias adyacentes;esto es, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur y las sub-provincias de Amburayan, Lepanto, Bon-toc, Kalinga y Apayao. Unos 17,000 se

encuentran en Abra y el resto en los dis-

tritos adyacentes. Car.: Paganos. LosTinggianes son un pueblo malayo del tipo

birmano. Una gran mayorfa son de ese

tipo o mezclado con el mongol alto y bajo,

escaseando los otros tipos. El elementomongoloide es mucho m4s fuerte. Existeconsiderable diferencia en cultura entrelos diferentes distritos de Tinggianes, peroesta divergencia parece ser debida en gran

.

parte a los diversos tipos que los rodean, conlos cuales estdn mezclados los Tinggianespuros. La discusi6n siguiente se aplica

principalmente al distrito central donde la

verdadera cultura Tinggi4n ha sido menosafectada. Tanto los hombres como .las

mujeres llevan los cabellos largos. Suvestido se hacia antiguamente casi todode tapa, pero a,hora se tejen grandes can-tidades de gdneros de algod6n. Los dise-

nos son tinicos y se reconocen al instante.

Los ornamentos son pocbs, pero tfpicos.

Las mujeres llevan caracterfsticas bandasde cuentas en los antebrazos desde la

mufieca hasta el cddo. Las /aldeas de los

Tinggianes estaban antiguamente rodeadasde estacadas construidas con troncos dehelecho, pero en su mayorfa ya.han desa-parecido, asf como tambien el corte decabezas. Las cestas que usaban antigua-mente para colocar las cabezas eran del

tipo que todavia usan los Apayaos y los

Kaehins de la alta Birmania. Se practicantanto la agricultura de secano como la deregadfo. Las tradiciones populares sonprofusas y han sido estudiadas por Cole,asi como tambi6n sus interesantes creen-cias religiosas. Existe un amplio ritual

religiose y una clase bien determinada desacerdocio. El lenguaje es distinto, peropertenece al grupo ilocano. Se conqcemuy poco acerca de los dialectos locales.

Ref.: Beyer (4); Blair y Robertson (1);Cole (1, 2, 5); M. C.'Cole (1); Gironi^re

.

(1, 2); H.. Meyer (l);^Reyes y Florentino

(3); Sawyer (1) ; Worcester (1, 3).

Tirurai: Nfimero, unos 7,150.' Loc:Costa occidental de Mindariao desde el Surde Cotabato al rio Tran, en la provincia deCo,tabato. Car.: Paganos. El tipo predo-

'Laterinformation leads me to "believe that this ' Informaci6n posterior me inclina a cfeer queestimate is much less than the true figure. este c&lculo es muy inferior a la cifra verdadera.

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Pohlacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 75

are predominantly of the short Mongoltype with some Indonesian mixture. Ne-groid types are rare. Men wear few orna-ments but women many; both sexes file

their teeth arid wear long hair. Theyare said to make artificial teeth of iron

ahd bamboo. Women wear girdles, arm-lets, and anklets of coiled brass wire;'and sometimes armlets and anklets ofshell. Clothing is made of imported cloth,as no weaving is done! The favoriteweapon is a blowgun and darts of charac-teristic .type and design. The quiver is

also unique. The houses have no side-walls and are built high above the ground.Access is had by means of a notched pole,which is drawn up at night. ^ Dry agri-culture is carried on. Sweet potatoes,maize, mountain rice, tobacco, and fruits

are the chief crops. Music and dancingare interesting and characteristic, whiletheir folklore and beliefs will repay care-ful study. The dialect bears a certainresemblance to Magindanao and' thoseof other pagan groups in southernMindanao. It is ~ characterized phonetic-ally by the use of "f", "v", and a trilled

"rr". It has been studied by Bennisar,and several pamphlets have been printedin it. Ref.: Benndsar (1, 2, 3, 4); SavageLandor (1); Sawyer (1); Tenorio (a) Si-

gayAn (1). •

Yakdn: Number, 7,290. Loc: Most of

the interior of the island of Basilan. Char.:

Nominally Mohammedan, though their

former pagan rites are still largely prac-

ticed. In physical type the Yakans are

now much mixed and are essentially aMalay blend. Originally they were prob-

ably a quite pure Indonesian mixed with

the short Mongol type. They are semi-

sedentary in culture, carrying on a cer-

tain amount of dry agriculture and living

chiefly on sweet potatoes and the products

of the chase. Women, as well as men,wear broad, baggy trousers in place of

the usual sarong. Little is known of their

social culture and dialect, and they will

repay careful study. Ref.: Blumehtritt

(14); Savage Landor (1); .Worcester (2).

Foreign Born: Number, 73,366. Loc:Scattered throughout the Islands, the

great majority living in Manila and larger

cities and towns. Char.: Though citizens

of nearly every nation are to be found in

the Philippines, the great majority of

foreign born residents fall into two classes

:

minante entre los Tirurais es el mongolbajo con alguria mezcla indonesa. Lostipos negroides son raros. Los hombresllevan pocos ornamentos, pero las mujeresmucho; ambos sexos pulen sus dientes yllevan el cabello largo. Se dice que se

hacen dientes artificiales con caiia y hierro.

Las mujeres llevan cinturones, braza-letes y aros de adorno para el tobillo hechoscon alambre de lat6n retorcido y algunosde concha. El vestido se hace con ropaimportada, pues no se teje. El armafavorita es la cerbatana y los dardos detipo y dibujo caracteristico. , Tambi6nes iSnico el modelo de aljaba. Las casasno tienen tabiques laterales y se cons-truyen muy encima del suelo. Para subira ellas hay que valerse de uh poste dentadoque por la noche se quita.' Se practicala agi-jcultura de secano. Los principalesproductos son camote, maiz, arroz silves- •

tre, tabaco y frutas. La miisica y el baileson interesantes y caracteristicos y suscreencias y tradiciones merecen cuidadosoestudio. El dialecto se parece algo al deMagindanao y a los de los otros grupospaganos del Sur de Mindanao. Fon^tica-mente se caracteriza por el uso de la "f",

la "v" y una "rr" quebrada. Ha sidoestudiado por BennAsar, y se han publicadoen su dialecto varios folletos! Ref.: Ben-ndsar (1, 2, 3, 4); Savage Landor (1);Sa-wyer (1); Tenorio (a) Sigayin (1).

Yakan: Niimero, 7,290. Loc: La ma-yorfa en el interior de la isla de Basilan.Car.: Nominalmente son mahometanos,.pero practican todavfa en gran escala susantiguos ritos paganos. Por su tipo, fisico

los Yakanes est&n ahora muy mezcladosy son esencialmente una mezcla malaya.Originariamente fueron probablemente untipo indonesio mestizo casi puro mezcladocon el mongol bajo. Sdn de cultura semi-sedentaria, teniendo algo de agricultura

de secano y viviendo principalmehte decamotes y productos de la caza. Lasmujeres, asi como los hombres, en lugardel usual sarong llevan calzpnes anchoscomo sacos. Se conoce poco acerca de sucultura .social y dialecto y merecen cuida-doso estudio. Ref.: Blumentritt (14); Sa-vage Landor (1);, Worcester (2).

Extranjeros: Niimero, 73,366. Loc:EJsparcidos por todas las Islas, viviendo la

mayoria en Manila y las grandes ciudades

y pueblos. Car.: Aunque se encuentranen Filipinas ciudadanos de casi toda^ las

naciones, la gran mayoria de los residentesextranjeros puede dividirse en dos clases:

' ' This pole and the house itself are remarkably ^ Este poste y la casa en sf misma se parecensimilar to those of the Ilongots of north-central notablemente en las de los ilongotes del Norte yLuzon. centro de Luzon.

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76 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

first, Asiatics; and second, Americans andEuropeans. Of the first class the Chineseare by far the most numerous, numberingnot far from 50,000. They are almostexclusively engaged in commercial pur-suits. Many of them are married to native

women and expect to remain permanentlyin the country. The remaining Asiatics

are chiefly Japanese and East Indians.

Unlike the Chinese, a majority of the Jap-anese residents are engaged as artisans,

agriculturists, fishermen, etc., and only

a minority in commercial pursuits. Theybring many women with them, while acomparatively small number marry in theIslands. The Japanese are immigratingmore rapidly than any other foreign

people. The East Indians are few in

number, and are chiefly engaged in com-merce or employed as watchmen, etc.

Minor Asiatics are mostly Syrians andTurks, Who engage in commercial or pro-

fessional pursuits. Of the second class,

Americans are the most numerous andSpaniards a close second. A majorityof the Americans are employed in someform or other by the Government, while

the remainder are engaged chiefly in com-merce or professional activities. Spaniards

are engaged in commerce, agriculture,

manufacturing, shipping, and all other

lines of industry. Other Europeans are

principally English, Germans, and Swiss,

-while the French, Italians, Dutch, Belgians,

Russians, Scandinavians, Portuguese, 'Rou-

manians, etc., are all represented by small

numbers. Nearly all of these are engagedin the' shipping industry or other commer--cial activities. Probably nearly nine-tenths

of the purely commercial activities of the

Islands are still in the hands of foreign bornresident&i and it is to. be hoped that Fili-

pinos will soon awake both to the economicpossibilities and necessities of their country.

A total of between ten and twelve thousandhooks and pamphlets have been printed

in the Philippines in Spanish, English,

and other non-Philippine languages; also

-about 376 periodicals, of which aJDOut 370

are in Spanish, English, or German, and6 in Chinese. Ref.: Blair and Robertson

(1); Blumentritt (15); Cole and Laufer

(1); Craig (2); Gironi6re (1); Jagor (1);

Laufer (1); Le Roy (1, 2); Sawyer (1);

"Woircester (2).•

primero, asidticos; y segundo, americanos

y europeos. De la primera clase los chinos

son con mucho los mis numerosos, ascen-

diendo a algo mas de 50,000. Se hallan

casi exclusivamente dedicados al comercio.

Muchos de ellos est4n casados con mujeresdel pais y esperan permanecer permane^-temente en las Islas. El resto de losi asi4-

ticos son principalmente japoneses e indios

orientales. Al rev6s de los chinos, la

mayoria de los japorieses residentes se

dedica a oficios de artesanos, agricultores,

Pescadores, etc., y solamente la minorfaal comercio. Traen con ellos muchas'mujeres y s61o un niimero relativamentepequeno se casa en las Islas. Los japonesesinmigran mucho m4s r^pidamente quecualquier otro pueblo extranjero. Losindios orientales son pocos en ndmero, y se

dedican principalmente al comercio o estkn

empleados como serenos, etc. Los natu-rales del Asia Menor son principalmente

sirios y turcos, dedicados al comercio odivers^s profesiones. Del segundo grupo,

los americanos son los mis numerosos,sigui^ndoles muy de cerca los espaiioles.

La mayoria de los americanos esti. em-pleada en una u otra forma por el gobierno

y el resto se dedica principalmente al

comercio o a sus profesiones. Los espa-

noles se dedican al comercio, agriculturai,.

'

la manufactura, la navegaci6n y todos los

gfeneros de industria. Los otros europeosson principalmente ingleses, alemanes ysuizos, estando representados por pequeiiosniimeros los franceses, italianos, holandeses,

belgas, rusos, escandinavos, Portugueses,romanos, etc. Casi todos ellos estdndedicados a las industrias navieras conotras actuaciones comerciales. Probable-mente cerca de nueve dfecimas partes del

trifico puramente comercial de las islas

se hallan todavia en manos de los residentes

extranjeros, y es de esperar que pronto los

filipinos comprenderin tanto las necesi-

dades como los recursos econ6micos de supais. Se han impreso un total de 10 a12,000 libros, folletos en castellano, ingl6s

y otros idiomas no filipinos; tambi^n se

harj publicado unos 376 peri(5dicos, de los .

cuales 370 son en castellano, ingl6s oaleinanes y 6 en chinos. Ref.: Blair yRobertson (1); Blumentritt (15); Cole yLaufer (1); Craig (2); Gironi6re (1);

Jagor (1); Laufer (1); Le Roy (1, 2);

Sawyer (1); Worcester (2).

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CONCLUSION CONCLUSIONIn bringing this paper to a close it seems Al terminar este estudio parece conve-

advisable to dispuss briefly certain of the niente discutir con brevedad algunas destatistics furnished, and to add such new las estadisticas proporcionadas, y anadirdata as have come to hand during the los nuevos datos que se hayan recogidocourse of the work. durante el curso de la obra.

GENERAL INCREASE OF POPULATION. AUMENTO GENERAL DE POBLACi6n

The total Philippine population as shown Segiin el censo de 1903, la' poblaci6n'by the census of 1903 was 7,635,426 on total de Filipinas era el dfa 2 de Marzo deMarch 2nd of that year, of which number ^quel ano de 7,635,426, de los cuales

6,987,686 were classed as Christian or '^.•^^?'^^^ ^^^^^}H^}i^^

'^°"^° cristianos o

^.\,;i,v«.^ o„^ AA-j TAn <-i. • ^- civilizados, y 647,740 como no cristianoscmlized,^ and 647,740 as non-Christian

.

„ ..galvajes''. Sobre la misma base, elor wild . On the same basis, the present c^lculo actual da un total de 9,503,271 enestimate exhibits a total of 9,503,271 on primero de Enero de 1916, de los cuales

January 1st, 1916, of which 8,486,713 are 8,486,713 son cristianos o relativamente

Christian or comparatively civilized, while civilizados, mientras que los otros 1,016,558

1,016,558 are non-Christian and mostly son no cristianos y en su mayor parte

semi-civilized,-the number of truly prim-semi-Civilizados quedando reducido a me-

, . I ^u i-c^ j.1. J T,, nos de cincuenta mil el numero de los ver-itive being less than fifty thousand. The jaderos primitivos. El promedib del au-average annual increase since 1903 has n^gnto anual cfesde 1903 ha sido por lotherefore been 1.75% for the Christian tanto de 1.75% pdra. la pbblaci6ri cristianapopulation and approximately 3% for the y aproximadamente de 3% por la no cfis-

non-Christians. The latter percentage is tiana. El liltimo promedio es Sin dudaof course erroneous if considered on the err6neo si se considera sobre la base del

basis of increase by birth alone, since at aumento por nacimiento linicamente; por

'least half of the actual increase among the 1° menos la mitad del aumento actual

non-Christians is due to more accurate entre los no cristianos se debe a una enume-

enumeration and not to increase of popula-raci6n mis exacta y no al aumento de pobla-

_, , /-^, • . • r . oi6n. rrobablemente el verdadero aumen-tion. The actual non-Christian birth m- ^^ ^^ ^^ cristianos por natalidad es infe-crease is probably under 1.5%. rior al 1.5%.

FUTURE increase FUTUROS AUMENTOSUnder present improving health condi- En las actuates circunstancias en que

tions, therefore) an annual birth increase ha mejorado la higiene, un aumento anualof 1.75% for the Christians and 1.5% for por natalidad de 1.75% para los cristianos

the non-Christians i^ conservative and y 1.5% para los no cristianos es moderadoreadily acceptable. On this basis, the y ficilmente aceptable. Sobre esta base,total Philippine population should be la poblaci6n total de Filipinas no debenot far from 9,670,000 at the end of the distar mucho de los 9,670,000 al fin del

present year (1916), and reach 10,000,000 presente ano (1916), y Uegard alos 10,000,-

by the end of 1918. With a continuation 000 para fines de 1918. Si contintfan las

of normal conditions, absence of epidemics, circunstancias normales, ausencia de epide-

and no marked increase in emigration or mias, y no hay marcado aumento en la

immigration, the population for the next emigraci6n q inmigracidn^ puede calcu-

forty-five years may be expected to rdughly larse en t^rminos generates que la pobla-

approximate the figures in the following ci6n en los pr6ximos 45 afios ha de acer-

table: carse a las cifras de la siguiente tabla:

End of Year Total PopulcUionFinal del Afto Toii^l de Poblacidn

1915 9,503,271

1916. 9,669,500

1917 9,838,700

1918 10,010,800

1919 10,186,000

1920 10,364,200

1921 10,545,500

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78 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

End of YearFinal del Aao

Total PopulationTotal de Poblacion

1922 .,. 10,730,000

1923...... 10,917,700

1924 ;.:. 11,108,700

1925 .;..'

11,303,100

1926'

., . 14,500,900

1927 rr :

.

. 11,702,100

1928 :; 11,906,900

1929 .;. .

'. 12,115,200

1930 .

.

12,327,200

1931.

1932.

1933.

1934.

1935.

1930.

1937.

1938.

1939.

12,542,900

12,762,400

v.... 12,985,700.' 13,212,900

\.. .., 13,444,100

;. 13,679,30d

13,918,600

..;,. 14,162,100

: . . . :

'. 14,409,900

1940.... '. .. ..: .14,662,000

1941 .• . . 14,918,600

1942..... 15,179,600

1943 15,445,200

1944 . : . . . 15,715,500

1945....: :.. 15,990,500

1946 16,270,300

1947 .'.:... 16,555,000

1948...;.. ..'..: 16,844,700,

1949! '..., 17,139,500

1950 17,439,400

1951 •.••• 17,744,600

1952...'.. . 18,055,100

1953. .'...; ,. 18,371,000

1954 ' 18,692,500

1955 19,019,600

1956 , 19,352,400

1957 19,6S>1,000

1958 20,035,600

1959 , 20,386,200

1960 20,743,000

General health conditions are intimately

associated with the economic welfare of the

mass of the people. Ethnological observa-

tions tend to show that an average group

of people in a time of peace will be healthy

and productive to the extent of about 2%normal annual increase, if they have goodfood in sufificient quantity, are sufficiently

clothed and cleanly in their habits, andare not crowded too closely together ip

towns and cities. With ' some improve-

ment in general economic conditions I

believe that the Filipinos may hope to

reach this figure, and to maintain it so

long as their country possesses sufificient

undeveloped natural resources to supportan increasing population.

El estado general de" la salud y de la

higiene se halla fntimamente relacionado

con el bienestar econ6mico de las masasdel pueblo. Las observaciones etnol6-

gicas tienden a demostrar que un grupode habitantes normales en tiempo de pazse desarrollari bien y produciri un aumentoanual normal de 2%, si tiene buen alimentoen cantidad suficiente, se halla bastante-mente abrigado, son limpios en sus cos-

tumbres y no se hallan recluidos demasiadodensamente en las ciudades y los pueblos.

Con algunas mejoras en el estado econ6-nlico general, creo que los filipinos puedenesperar llegar a esta cifra y mantenerlamientras tanto que su pais posea recursos

naturales, adn no desarroUados, suficientes

para mantener el aumento de poblaci6n.

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Poblacidn de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 79

MOVEMENT OF POPULATION MOVIMIENTO DE POBLACION

A considerable migration from province La comparaci6n de las cifras del ceinsoto province within the Islands was indi- de 1903 y de las del censo espafiol de 1877cated by the comparative figures of the y 1887 indican que existe considerablecensus of 1903 and the Spanish censuses emigraci6n de una provincia a otra dentroof 1877 and 1887. The present statistics del Archipifelago. Las actuales estadis-demonstrate the continuation of such ticas demuestran la persistencia de talesmovements, though the districts affected movimientos, aunque en algunqs casos losare in some cases not the same. distritos afectados no son los mismos.

The Bisayas, Ilokos, Tagalogs, Bikols, Los bisayos, ilocanos, tagalps, bfcolesand Pampangans are the chief expanding y pampangos son los principales pueblospeoples, 1 while the other groups are esparcidos, ' mientras los otros grupos.increasing at a less rapid rate or not at all aumentan de una manera menos ripidain the case of some of the smaller ones, o no aumentan nada, como en el caso deThe following comparative table shows los m4s pequenos. La siguiente tablathe relative increase for the larger Christian comparativa muestra el aumento relativegroups: de los mayores grupos cristianos:

Percentage ofGroup Census of 190S Present Estimate Increase Increase

Percentage deGrupo Ceruo de 1903 Cdlcalo actual Aumento aumento

Bisaya 3,219,030 3,977,210 758,180 25 .55

. Tagalog 1,460,695 1,789,049 328,354 22 .47

Iloko 803,942 988,841 184,899 23 .00

Bikol 566,365 685,309 118,944 21 .01

Pafigasinan 343,686 381,493 37,807 11 .00

Pampangan 280,984 337,184 56,200 20 .00

IBanag 153,648= 156,134 2,486 1.61

Sambal 48,823 56,146 7,323 15 .00

Bisayas are nabving out of the over- Los bisayos se mueven procediendo de los

populated districts of Bohol, Ceb6, and distritos excesivamente poblados de Bohol,Panay, and are settling in Mindanao, Cebli y Panay, y se establecen en Minda-Palawan and the unoccupied districts nao, Palawan y en los distritos no ocupadosof Samar, Leyte, and Negros. de S4mar, Leyte y Negros.

Ilokos are moving from the west coast Los ilocanos se mueven de la costa occi-

of northern Luzon to Cagayan, Isabela, dental del Norte de Luz6n a Cagayin,the Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela, la Provincia Montanosa, NuevaNueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlak, and Vizcaya, Nueva £cija, Pangasinan, TirlacZambales. y Zambales.

Tagalogs are expanding into undeveloped ^os tagalos se propagan por los terri-

, , , .^ J . • ^ AT torios locales no ocupados y se muevenbcal territory, and movmg mto Nueva j^^^j^ ^^^^^ g^jj^^^ T4rlac, ZambalesEcija, Tarlak, Zambales, and Mmdoro. y Mindoro.

The Bikols and Pampafigans are expand- Los bicoles y pampangos dirigen prin-

ing chiefly into undeveloped local territory, cipalmente su expansi6n hacia el territorio

though the Bikols are also moving into^°^^ no explotado, aunque los bicoles se

^ jtr> mueven tambien hacia Masbate y bamar,Masbate and Samar, and the Pampangans y jog pampangos hacia Tdrlac y Nuevainto Tarlak and Nueva Ecija. ficija.

The following table shows the relative La siguiente tabla demuestra el aumentogain or loss of the different provinces, o disminuci6n relatives de las diferentes

increases of under 20% indicating a prob- provincias, indicando los aumentos de

' Increasing at the rate of more than 1.5%. peryeas. No other Christian group—and probably nojther non-Christian group—equals this rate.

' In the census of 1903 the Ibanag and Ivatinire given together under the name Cagayan, with a;otal of 159,648. I have deducted 6,000, as a fair

istimate of the Ivatin in 1903.

^Aumentando a razon de mas de 1.5% al aiio.

.

Ningiin otro grupo cristiano—y probablementdningdn otro grupo no cristiano—iguala este tipo.

* En el censo de 1903, los Ibanag e Ivatanes se

incluyen juntos, bajo el nombre de Cagayan, conun total de 159,648. He deducido 6,000 como uncitlculo justo de los Ivatanes en 1903.

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80 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

able loss by emigration, and increases ofover 20% a probable galin by immigra-tion :

menos del 20% probable pdrdida por emi-

gracidn y los aumentos de mis de 20%probable aumento por inmigra€i6n:i

Population inProtinct igos

Poblaeiin enPromnda X80S

Ceb6 .

.

653,727? Pangasinan 397,902Leyte. . , 388,922Iloilo 410,315Negros Occidental. 308,272Samar 266,237

BohoL... * 269,232Ambos Camarines 239,405

Albay* 240,326Capiz...

230,721

Batangas • 257,715

Pampanga 223,754

Manila. City .\' 21-9,928

Negros Oriental ' 201,494

Bulakan 223,742

? Cagayan * ' 156,239

Tayabas ; 153,065

Ilokos Norte 178,995

Rizal ;..-.... 150,923

Laguna 148,606? Ilokos Sur. 187,411

Nueva Ecija.. 134,147Tarlak.. .; : 135,107

Antique f »e' 134,166Cavite \ .,: 134,779? La Union 137,839

Sorsog6n 120,495

? Zambales 104,549

? Isabela 76,431

Romblon • 52,848

Abra« 51,860

Palawan 35,696

Mindoro 39,582

Marinduque ' 51,674

Masbate « : 43,675

Bat4an.. 46,787

PresentBttimate

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Poblacion de las Islas Filipinas en 1916 81

third of the old province of Zambales is

now a part of Pangasinan. The increase

for Pangasinan is therefore relatively lesg,

and that of Zambales more, than the figures

in the table. Actually, there has been anextensive immigration of Ilokos into bothPangasinan and Zambales, while the pro-

portionate increase of the native Pangasi-

nans and Sambals has been less than nor-

mal, as previously shown. Cagayan, Isa-

bela, Ilokos Sur, and La Uni6n all lost

considerable territory and a certain amountof population to the present MountainProvince, created in 1908. The increase

of these provinces is therefore actually

somewhat higher than shown in the table.

Ilokos Sur is the only province showing

a decrease in population; adding the num-ber lost to the Mountain Province, the

population would be just about the samea^ in 1903,—^indicating that the normalincrease of 20%, or more, has emigrated

since that year. ^ There have been someslight changes in the boundaries of other

provinces, but in most cases they have prob-

ably not greatly affected the general result.

trional de la antigua provincia de Zambaleses ahora una parte de Pangasinan. Porlo tanto, el aumento de Pangasinan es

relativamente menor y el de Zambalesmayor que las cifras de la tabla.. Enrpalidad ha habido una extensa inmigra-ci6n de ilocanps tanto a Zambales como aPangasinin, mientras el aumento propor-cional de los pangasinanes y Sambalesindfgenas ha sido menor que el normal,como queda indicado. Cagayin, Isabela,IIocos Sur y La Uni6n han perdido con-siderable territorio y cierto niimero de habi-tantes para crear la Provincia Montanosa,que lo fue en 1908. El aumento de estasprovincias es, por lo tanto, en realidad algomayor que el indicado en la tabla. IIocosSur es Ma linica provincia que muestraun descenso en la poblaci6n ; anadiendo el

niimero de habitantes cedido por su partea la Provincia Montaiiosa, la poblaci6nviene a ser ahora casi la misma que en1903—indicando que el aumento normalde 20%, o mis, ha emigrado desde aquelano. 1 Ha habido algunos pequeiios cam-bios en la divisoria de las provincias, peroen la mayoria de los casos no han afectadoprobablemente en grande el resultadogeneral.

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION

As indicated in the discussion , of the

foreign born, immigration is at present

a negligible factor in the increase of Phil-

ippine population. Under freedom from

immigration restrictions there would doubt-

less be a considerable influx of Asiatics, •

but the exclusion of Chinese and the fact

that Indians do not seem to adapt them-

selves well to local conditions serves to

keep the present number low. The Jap-

anese, however, are coming in constantly

increasing numbers, and will soon be a

factor worthy of consideration.

Emigration, on the other hand, is grow-

ing at a rate which threatens soon to de-

prive the Philippines of a large numberof citizens. There are no accurate sta-

tistics now available as to the numberof Filipinos in foreign lands, but the

number is certainly not a small one. Thafollowing estimate has been prepared from

the information at hand, but must not be

:inmigraci6n y emigraci6n

Como se indica en la discusi6n de las

precedentes tablas, la inmigraci6n es en la

actualidad un factor poco influyente en el

aumento de la poblaci6n filipina. Bajoun r6gimen sin restricciones para la inmi-graci6n, habria indudablemente una con-siderable afluencia de asiiticos, pero la

exclusi6n de los chinos y el hecho de quelos indios no parecen adaptai-se bien alas condiciones del pais contribuyen amantener bajo el niimero actual. .Sinembargo, los japoneses acuden cada vez enniimero mayor y pronto constituirin unfactor digRo de estudio.

Por otra parte, la emigraci6n aumentaen proporciones tales que amenaza prontoprivar a las Islas de un gran niimero deciudadanos. No existen actUalmente esta-

disticas exactas para poder conocer el

niimero de filipinos que viven en paises

extranjeros, pero ciertamenteno es pequeno.El siguiente cilculo ha sido preparado conla informaci6n disponible, pero debe ser

>The census of 1903, Vol. II, p. 20, gives acomparison by provinces with the censuses of 1887

and 1876 which may be consulted with advantage

in connection with the above table. The figures

there given refer to the Christian population only.

' El censo de 1903, Vol. II, pig. 20, da una com-paraci6n por provincias con los censos de 1887 y 1876que puede consultarse ventajosamente en relacioncon la precedente tabla. Las cifras que se dan allf

se refieren solamente a la poblacion cristiana.

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S2 'Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

considered as more than a conservativeguess at the true number:

considerado mks bien como un c&lculo

moderado que como un ndmero verdadero

:

^«. of Filipino*

China (including Hongkong) 60,000Hawaii, Guam, and other Pacific islands

^45,000

United States, Canada, Mexico, and Cuba -. 30,000Indo-China and Siafti 20,000

Japan (including Formosa and Korea) 15,000

Dutch East Indies 12,000

Malay Peninsula. . 6,000

Spain. . 4,000South Aiperica. . 3,500Indian Empire (including Ceylon and Burma) 1,200

England.. . 1,000

France .....! 500Other countries 1,800

Total Filipinos in Foreign Countries 200,000

Present emigration is chiefly to Hawaii,the United' States, and South America;lesser numbers go to Japan and the Chinacoast.

La emigracion actual se dirige principal-

mente a Hawaii, los Estados Unidos yAmerica del Sur; en niimero inferior vatambi6n a Jap6n y a la costa de China.

ILATER ESTIMATES

Since the statistical tables in Part Onewere compiled, I have received certain

additional data on a few of the non-Christian groups.

The following new estimate for the De-partment of Mindanao and Sulu wasprepared by Mr. Charles , R. Cameron,and quoted by Gov. Frank W. Carpenterin a memorandum submitted to the late

Philippine Commission on October 4,

1916.1

ULTIMOS CALCULOS

Desde que se compilaron las tablas

estadisticas de la Priniera. Parte, he reci-

bido ciertos datos adiciohales acerca dealgunos grupos no cristianos.

El siguiente nuevo cdlculo para el De-partamfento de Mindanao y SuM ha sido

preparado por Mr. Charles R. Cameron,y repetido por el Gobernador Frank W.Carpenter en un memorandum sometidoa la antigua Comisi6n de Filipinas el 4de Octubre de 1916. i

Province

Prorineia

Agusah ....

Bukidnon .

.

Cotabato. .

.

DavaoLanao.v^:^Sulu:. .W'\Zamboanga,

Population According PreaetUto Census of Estimated

IBOS PopulationPoilaeiin eegiln Cdleufo actualel Cento de 190S de lapohUuA6n

28,193

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Poblacion de las Islas FiUpinas en 1916 S3

the total population at not less than 700,-

000. In accounting for the discrepancybetween present figures and those of thecensus of 1903, he makes the followingstatement:

"* * * (In the) Mountain Provinceand Nueva Vizcaya * * * in 1903 thecensus enumerators, owing to distances,

lack of communication^ and unfriendli-

ness of the people, were unable to givean exact idea of the population, whereasin the Christian provinces it was possible

to accurately enumerate the population.But those conditions which in 1903militated against accuracy in the takingof the census in the Mountain Provinceand Nueva Vizcaya were present in thesuperlative form in the territory com-prised in the Department of Mindanaoand Sulu. It was far more difficult

to enumerate people in the old Moro' Province, scattered over four or five

times the area of the Mountain Province,

including swamps and impenetrable jun-

gles with inhabitants so hostile that

2,000 troops were insufficient for its

pacification. The enumerators in Min-danao and Sulu made no attempt to

take the actual population, but remainedin their homes and made 'intelligent

guesses'. Some of these enumeratorsare still living in Mindanao and feel

-certain that a large number of Morosin Lanao and Cotabato were entirely

omitted from the estiinates, the greater

portion of those provinces being at the

timte unexplored.

"Furthermore, the increase in populai

lation * * * owing to steady imiiiigra-

tion is enormous' '

.

Futther information on the population of

the eastern Luzon mountain region has

also been recently received from Capt.

Wilfred i Turnbull, P. C. The new data

would seem to indicate that my estimate

of the; Negrito and negroid population of

that region is considerably under the true

number. The existence of Papuan types

is confirmed, but there seem to be many true

Negritos also. Capt. Turnbull reports

what he considers to be a true Negrito

speech. He is acquainted with Tagalog

and Ilongot but not with Ibanag and there

remains the possibility that it may be

the latter tongue. This region would

furnish a rich field for careful ethnological

and linguistic exploration.

que la poblaci6n total no baja de 700,000

habitantes. Con respecto a la discrepancia

entre las actuales cifras y las del censo

del903, observa lo siguiente:

"* * * (En la) Provincia Montanosay Nueva Vizcaya * * * en 1903 los enil-

meradores del censo, debido a las distan-

cias, falta de comunicaciones y hostilidad

de los habitantes, no pudieron dar una idea

exacta de la poblaci6n, mientras que en las

provincias cristianas fue posible enumerarcon exactitud los habitantes. Pero ese

estado de cosas que en 1903 prevalecia

contra la exactitud en la formaci6n 4el

censo de la Provincia Montanpsa y NuevaVizcaya existfa en grado superlativo en el

ferritorio comprendido en el Departamentode Mindanao y Sulti. Era mucho ' mds

,

diffcil enumerar los habitantes de la antigua,

Provincia Mora, esparcidos en una krea.

4 o S veces mayor que la Provincia Mon-tanosa, incluyendo manglares e impene-

trables cogonales, con habitantes tan hos-

tiles que dos mil soldados no bastabanpara su pacificaci6n. Los enumeradoresen Mindanao y SuliS no intentaron obtener

la cifra verdadera de los habitantes sino

que permanecieron en sus casas e hicieron

"c41culos inteligentes". Algunos de esos

enumeradores viven todavfa en Mindanaoy tienen por seguro que un gran niimero demoros en Lanao y Cotabato fueron com-pletamente omitidos del cdlculo, siendo

entonces la mayor parte de estas provincias

inexploradas.

"AdemAs, el aumento en la poblaci6n * * *

debido a la constante inmigraci6n, es

enorme".

Tambi6n se ha recibido recientemente

del Capit&n Wilfred Turnbull, de la Policfa

Insular, nueva informaCi6n acerca de los

habitantes de la regi6n montaiiosa del Estede Luz6n. Los nuevos datos parecenindicar que mis cMculos acerca de la p©bla-

ci6n Negrito y Negroide de esta regi6n

son considerablemente inferiores al ver-

dadero niimero. Se confirma la existencia

de tipos papiSas, pero tambi6n parece

haber muchos negritos verdaderos. ElCapitdn Turnbull da cuenta de los queconsidera ser un verdadero lenguaje ne-

grito. Conoce el tagalo y el ilongote

pero no el ibanag y existe por lo tanto la

posibilidad de que pueda tratarse de esta

liltima lengua. Esta regi(3n proporcio-

naria un rico campo para la cuidadosaexploraci6n etnol6gica y lingiiistica.

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84 Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916

DOUBTFUL ACCURACY OF HEALTHREPORTS

On page 117 of the report of the Bureauof Health for 1915,^ there is given a tableof population by provinces compiled fromcomparative birth and death statistics

since the census of 1903. Only 34 prov-inces and 2 separate subprpvinces are

listed, the remainder being omitted fromthe table. Of the 36 units listed 11 comewithin twenty thousand of the populationas given in the present estimate, while theremaining 25 show a discrepancy of morethan that number above or below myfigures. Only 5^ show a difference of morethan fifty thousand. For purposes ofcomparison the Health report is herereproduced in the original order, togetherwith the present estimate:

Province or Subprovince

Provincia o Subprovincia

AbraAgusan '

Albay....Ambos Camarines.AntiqueBataan.BatanesBatangasBohoL. \

BulacanCagayanCapiz.

CaviteCebuIlocos NorteIlocos SurIloilo

Isabela

Laguna . . ;

LeyteMisamisNueva Ecija

Nueva Vizcaya . . .

Negros Oriental..

,

Negros Occidental.

PalawanPampangaPangasinanRizal

Romblon

1 "Report of the Philippine Health Service:1915", by J. D. Long, M. D., Director of Health,Manila: Bureau of Printinfr, 1916.' ' Evidently only the Christian population is cov-ered by the figures for Agusan, Nueva Vizcaya, andPalawan, and I have quoted the present estimatecorrespondingly. Whether or not non-Christiansare included in the other provinces is doubtful, butI have included them in the figures for the presentestimate.

DUDOSA EXACTITXJD DE LA INFORMAC16n

DE SANIDAD

En la pigina 117 de la memoria de la

oficina de Sanidad de 191S,> sedaunatablade la poblaci6n por provincias compiladas

con las estadisticas comparadas de nata-

lidad y mortalidad desde el censo de 1903.

Solamente se incluyen 34 provincias y 2

subprovincias separadas; el resto en la

tabla estkn omitidas. De las 36 unidadescatalogadas, 11 resultan con una diferencia

menor de 20,000 habitantes comparadascon el presente cilculo, al paso que las

otras 25 muestran una discrepancia mayorque esa cifra en aumento o disminuci6ii delas irdas. tjnicamente 5 dan una diferencia

de mks de 50,000. Con objeto de que puedaservir para comparaci6n, se reproduce acontinuaci6n el informe de la Sanidad ensu orden original al lado del presente c&lculo:

HedUh Report

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Poblacidn de las Islas Filipinas en .1916 85

Province or Subprovince Health ReportInforme de

Provincia o Subprovirutia aanidad

Samar 365,549Surigao 84,058

Tarlak .,. 139,971

Tayabas 202,652

Uni6n 132,230

Zambales 58,678

Preaent EatimattCdlculo

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86 Population of the Philippine Islands iii 1916

This compares favorably with my esti-

mate of 266,246, compiled from a different

source.

FUTURE INVESTIGATION

In describing the various Philippine

ethnographic groups I have endeavoredto indicate those that are comparativelywell known, and those others whith are

little known and which offer interesting

fields for further investigation.

The Philippines contain individuals andgroups as primitive in type and culture

as are to be found in any region of the world

—with the exception, perhaps, of Australia.

They contain also groups that are civilized,

and others in all stages of intermediate

development. Almost the whole history

of human econoniic and spcial evolution

may still be studied in actual existence

within the boundaries of the Archipelago;.

but the inroads of civilization are rapidy

and this condition will not last. It is to

be hoped, therefore, that educated Fili-

pinos will awake to the importance of

preserving for future generations the his-

tory of their own race, and that scientists

of other countries may grasp the fleeting

opportuhity to record knowledge of intertest

to the world at large.

GENERAL RESULTS

In concluding, I wish only to express

the belief that whatever the faults of the

present,paper—and they are many—one

fact has been fairly well brought out

:

That is, the feasibility of obtaining a fairly^

accurate estimate of the Philippine popu-

lation, and of the languages and dialects

spoken, at a comparatively small expense

and within about six months' time.

It is hoped that in the present papererrors have sufificiently balanced one an-

other so that the general result is not far

from accurate.!

Esta tabla se compara favorablementecon mi c41culo de 266,246, basado en datosdistintos.

investigaci6n futuraAl describir los varios grupos etnogrd-

ficos filipinos, he tratado de indicar aquellos

que son relativamente bien conocidos yaquellos otros que son poco conocidos y queofrecen interesante cambio para ulteriores

investigaciones,

Las Islas Filipinas cpntienen individuos

y grupos tan primitivos en tipo y culturacomo pueden, encontrarse en cualquieraotra regi6n del mundo, exceptuando acasoAustralia. Contienen tarabi6n grupos queestin civilizados y otros en todos los estadosde desarrollo intermedio. Casi toda al

historia de la evoluci6n econ6mica y social

humana puede estudiarse todavia comoactualraente existe dentro de los limites

del Archipi61ago; pero los avances de la

civilizaci6n son tan rdpidos que tal estadode cosas no durard mucho tiempo. Es deesperar, por lo tanto, que los filipinos

instruidos reconozcan la iraportanda deconservar para las futuras generaciones, la

historia de su propia raza y que los hombresde ciencias de otros paises se aprovechende una ocasi6n que se acaba a fin de obtenerconocimientos de inter6s para todo el

mundo en general.

RESULTADOS GENERALES

Para terminar deseo expresar dnica-mente la creencia de que, sean cuales fuerenlas faltas de este trabajo—^y son muchas

ha quedado perfectamente demostrado unhecho: Esto es, la posibilidad de obtenerun cilculo miiy aproximado de la pobla-cifSn de Filipinas y de los idiomas y dia-

lectos que se hablanj a un costo relativa-

mente pequeno y en el espacio de unosseis meses.

Esp6rase que en el actual trabajo los

errores hayan quedado tan suficientementecompensados uno por otro, que el resultadogeneral no est6 m.uy lejos del verdadero.

»

* Special thanks are due to Mr. Cecilio I. Lim,assistant curator of the Museum, for assistance in

compiling data and reading proof; and^ to Mr.Victor Gomez, student assistant in the Departmentof Anthropology, for care, in copying the manu-scripts.

' Debo especialmente_ gratitud al Sr. , CecilioI. Lim, conservador auxiliar del Museo, por la ayudaque me ha prestado en unir los datos y corregir las

pruebas; y al Sr. Victor G6mez, auxiliar estudiant£del Departamento de Antropologfa, por su cuidadoen'copiar los manuscritos.

Page 93: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAFIA

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

(bibliografia)

All of the works cited in the body of this paper are given in the following list.

A complete ethnographical bibliography of the Philippines would fill a large volume,so references have been made only to titles of considerable importance. Of the latter,

the list is sufficiently complete, though consultation of other literature would benecessary in case of intensive study of any particular group. The titles here listed

are in the writer's possession, while practically all of those that are printed mayalso be found in the Philippine Library and in most of the larger libraries of Europeand America.!

AragSn, Ildefonso de.

1. "Descripcion geogrifica y topografica de la

Ysla de Luzon o Nueva Castilla._Con las par-

ticulates de las diez y seis provincias o partidosque comprehende". Manila: En la imprentade Manuel Memije, por Anastacio Gonzaga,ano de 1819-1821. (2), 14, SO," (10), 21, 3825, 59 pp. 6 folded maps. Small 4to.

Barrantes, Vicente.

1. "Guerras piraticas de Filipinas contra Min-danaos y Joloanos". Madrid: Imprenta deManuel G. Hernandez, 1878. xvi, 448 pp. 8vo.

Barton, Roy Franklin.

1. "The Harvest Feast of the Kiangan Ifugao".Reprinted from The Philippine Journal ofScience. Vol. VI; Section , D, pp. 81-106.

8 plates. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1911.

Benedict, Laura Watson.

1. "Bagobo Myths". Reprinted from TheJournal of American Folklore, Vol. XXVI, 1913.

Pp. 13-63.

2. "A Study of Bagobo Ceremonial, Magic andMyth". Reprinted from the Annals of the

New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXV,pp. 1-308. 8 plates. Published May ISth, 1916.

Benndsar, Guillermo.

'1. "Diccionariotiruray-espanol. Primera parte".Manila: Tipo-litograffa de Chofre y compaiifa,

1892. VI, (2) 5-201 pp. 8vo.

2. "Diccionario espanol-tiruray. Segunda par-

te". Manila: Tipo-litografJa de Chofr6 yC.a, 1893. 175 pp. 8vo.

3. "Observaciones graraaticales sobre la_ lengua

tiruray por un P. misionero". Manila: M.P^rez, hijo, 1892. (2), 54, (2) pp. 8vo.

4. "Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana en Cas-

tellano y Tiruray, por un P. misionero de la

ICompaiiia de Jesus". Manila: M. Perez,

hijo, 1888. 57 pp. 16mo.

Bergano, Diego.

1. "Arte.de la lengua Pampanga". (Bacolor?):

Imprenta de la Compania de Jesus, por DonSebastian Lopez Sabino, Aiio de 1729. (22),

363, (12) pp. 4to. (A second edition in Sam-paloc, 1736. 219 pp. 4to.)

2. "Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en

romance". (Second edition). Reimpreso: Ma-nila. Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier, 1860.

(16), 343 pp. Folio. (First edition: Manila,

1732. (18), 399, (1), 88 pp. Folio).

Beyer, H. Otley.

1. "Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples

of the Philippines". Reprinted from The Phil-

1 The writer has in preparation a fairly complete

bibliography of the ethnographic and linguistic liter-

ature of the Philippines. An attempt will be madeto indicate the extent and contents of each work,

and the library or private collection where found.

ippine Journal of Science, Vol. VIII, SectionD, pp. 85-118. 4 plates. Manila: Bureau ofPrinting, 1913.

2. "History and Ethnography of the IgorotPeoples". A collection of 120 manuscriptsrelating to the language and culture of the Igo-rot group. Bound in 5 volumes contarpmgapproximately 500 typewritten pages each,and about 200 plates. Manila: 1913. Un-published.'

3. "History and Ethnography of the BontokPeople". A collection of 80 manuscripts andabout 400 plates. Bound in 8 volumes. Ma-nila: 1913-16. Unpublished.

4. "History and Ethnography of the Itneg-Kalinga Peoples". About 60 manuscripts and300 plates. Bound in 4 volumes. Manila:1913-16. Unpublished.

5. "History and Ethnography of the Isinai-

Ilongot Peoples". About 40 manuscripts and120 plates. Bound in 4 volumes. Manila:1913-16. Unpublished.

6. "The Negritos and other Aboriginal Peoplesof the Philippines; a collection of sources".

About 100 manuscripts and 200 plates. Bbundin 7 volumes. Manila: 1916-17. Unpublished.

7. "Non-Negroid Hill Peoples of the Philippines;

a collection of Sources". About 80 manuscriptsand 50 plates. Bound in 4 volumes. Manna:1916-17, Unpublished.

Beyer, H. Otley, and Barton, Roy Franklin.

. 1. "An Ifugao Burial Ceremony". Reprintedfrom The Philippine Journal of Science, Vol.

VI, Section D, pp. 227-252. 10 plates. Ma-nila: Bureau of Printing, 1911.

2. "History and Ethnography of the IfugaoPeople". A collection of about 250 manu-scripts and 400 plates. Bound in 20 volumes.Manila: 1912-16. Unpublished.

Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander1. "The Philippine Islands: 1493-1898" A

collection of sources. Cleveland, Ohio: TheArthur H. Clark Company, 1903-1909. 55vols. 8 vo. Plates and maps.

Blumentritt,^ Ferdinand.

1. "Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philip-

pinen". Mit einer Karte der Philippinen.

Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1882. (4), 69 pp. 4 to.

(Erganzungsheft No. 67 zu Petermann's Mit

2. "List of the native tribes of the Philippines

and of the languages spoken by them". Trans-lated, with introduction and notes, by O..T.Mason. In Smithsonian Institution; Annualreport, 1899. Pp. 527-547. Plates, and folded

map. Washington: Government Printing of-

fice, 1901. (Original German edition, Berlin,

1 This and the following manuscript collections are as

yet incomplete, and will be added to from time to time.The plates mentioned are original photographs, boundwith the text.

2 Blumentritt published more than 250 other papersbesides those here listed, most of them dealing withPhilippine ethnography.

Page 96: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

90 Bibliography

1890| Spanish edition, Madrid, 1891; secondEnglish edition, in Craig and Benitez (1),

pp. 107-117, Manila, 1916.)3. ''Die Eingebornen Luzon (Philippinen). Ausdem Nachksse des G..Wailis". In DeutscheRundschau fur Geographic und StatisHk, Vol. 6,

pp. 436-443,, 490-498. Wein, 1884.

4. "Die Maguindanaos". In Ausland, Vol. 64,

pp. 886-892. Stuttgart, 1891. (Spanish edition,Madrid, 1893.)

5. "Die Mandayas. Nach dem Spanischen desDon Francisco Javier de Moya"- In Globus,

Vol. 43, pp. S7-60. Braunschweig, 1883.6. "Gaddanen, Ilongoten, Ibilaos und Negritos

des. Valle de Cagayan (Luzon)". 8 pp. 8 vo.

Wien, 1884. ("Tirada aparte del holetin dela Sociedad antropol6gica de Viena, 1884,tomo XIV, No. del 11 Marzo".—Pofdo de

,, Tavera.)7. "ICatechismus der katholischen Glauben-

slehre in der Ilongoten-Sprache verfasst vonP., Fyay Francisco de la Zarza", etc. 30 pp.8vo. Wien, 1893.

8. "Die Bagobos"- In Globus, Vol. 42, pp. 219-

2i22. Braunschweig, 1882.

9. "Uebefr die . Eingebornen der Insel Palawanund der Inselgruppe der Calamianen". InGlobu^, Vol. 59, pp. 166-168, 181-184. Braun-schweig, 1891.

10. "Die Nachrichten der Jesuitenmissioriare P.

Francisco Sanchez, P. Llovera und P. Peruga:Ueber die Negritos von Mindanao oder die

Mamanuas". In Internationales Archiv furEthnographie, Vol. 9, pp. 251-252. Leiden,

1896.

11. "Die Comandancia politico-militar Esca-

lante der Insel Negros (Philippinen)". InPetermann's Mittheilungen, Gotha, 1885, pp.121-122.

12. "Hochzeitsbrauche der Zambalen (Luzon).

Nach dem Folklore de Zambales". In Globus,

Vol. 4$, pp. 125. Braunschweig, 1886.

13. "Die Subanos". In Ausland, Vol. 63, pp.392-395. Stuttgart, 1890.

14. "Yikanen und Simal-laut der Insel Basilan

(Philippinen)". In Ausland, Vol. 65, pp. 818"-

821. Stuttgart, 1892.

15. "Die Chinesen auf den Philippinen. Einehistorische Skizze". Reprinted from Jahres-

berichte der Communal-Oberreaischule von Leit-

meritz, 1879. 33 pp. 8 vo.

16 "Die Negritos von Baler". In Kaiserlich-

konigliche geographische Gesellschaft in Wein;Mittheilungen, Vol. 27, pp. 317-321. Wien,1884.

17. '.'Die Calingas". In Ausland, Vol. 64, pp.328-331. Stuttgart, 1891.

18. "Die Bergstamme der Insel Negros (Phil-

ippinen)". In Kaiserlich-konigliche geographische

Gesellschaft in Wien; Mittheilungen, Vol. 32,

pp. 508-515. Wien, 1889. ,

Brandstetter, Renward.1. "Tagalen und . Madagassen". Luzern: J.

Eisenring, 1902. 85 pp. 8 vo.

Buffum, Katharine G., and Lynch, Charles.

1. "Joloano Moro". Manila: E. C. McCuUough.& Co., 1914. (6), 138 pp. Large 8 vo.

CalderSn, Sofronio G.1. "Pocket Dictionary. English-Sijanish-Taga-

log". Manila: Imprenta, libreria y pape-

leria de Prixedes Sayo, Vda. de Soriano, 1914.

343 pp. 12mo. (A large and more complete

8 vo. edition is in press by J. Martinez, Manila,

1916.)

Cameron, Charles R.1. "Sulu Writing". Zamboanga: Sulu Press,

1917. VIII, 161 pp. Sm. 4 to.

Campa, Buenaventura.

1. "Los Mayoyaos y la raza Ifugao". Madrid:En la imprenta de la viuda de M. Minuesa delos Rios, 1894. (Cover date 1895.) 165 pp.16mo. (Also published in El Correo Sinp-

Annamita, 1892-93; and in La PoUtica de Es-pana en FiUpinas, 1894. An annotated.

English translation by H. Gtley Beyer is nowin preparation for the press.)

2. "Una Visita a Hks Rancherias de Ilongotes".

In El Correo Sino-Annamita, Vol. 25, pp. 561-

646. Map. Manila, 1891.

Carlga-Arguelles y Villalba, Felipe.

1. "La isla de la Paragua. Estudio geografico-

polftico-sociar'j Madrid: Establecimiento ti- '

pogrifico de Fortanet, 1888. 88pp. 8vq..

(Also published in the Boletin de la Sociedad

geogrdfica de Madrid, Vols. 23-24. 1887-88.)

Canamague, Francisco.

1. "Lais islas FiUpinas. (De todo un poco)".Madrid: Librerfa de Fernando Fe, etc., 1880.

236 pp. Map. 12mo.

2. "La provincia de Zambales (Luzon.) Mono-grafia, con mapa". In Boletin de la Sociedad

geogr4fica de Madrid, Vol. 9, pp. 256-292.

Madrid) 1886. (French edition, Paris, 1882.)

Carrp, Andres.

1. "Vocabulario iloco-eSpaiiol, trabajado porvaries religiosos del orden de N. P. S. Agustin".2nd ed. Manila: Establecimiento tipo-lito-

grafico de M. Pferez, hijo, 1888. (2), xii, 294,

(1) pp. Folio. (First edition, Manila, 1849:)

Castano, Jos6.

1. "Breve noticia acerca del origen, religi6n,

creencias y supersticiones de los antiguos In-

dies del Bfcol". Madrid: (Impr. de la viudade M. Minuesa de los Rios), 1895, 57 pp. 12mo.(In Archivo del bibUSfilo jiKpind, by W. E.Retana, Vol. I, Madrid, 1895.)

Census:^

1. "Census of the Philippine Islands: 1903".

Compiled and published by the United StatesBureau of the Census, Washington, 1905.4 vols. Plates and ihaps. (Spanish edition

ditto.)

Christie, Emerson Brewer.

1. "The Subanuns of Sindangan Bay". In'

Bureau of Science; Division of Eihonology Pub-Ucation^, Vol. .VI, pp.. 1-121, plates 1-29.

Map. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909.

Clapp, Walter Clayton.

1. "A Vocabulary of the Igorot Language asSpoken by the Bontok Igorots. Igorot-EngliSh'

and English-lgorot". In Bureau of ScienceJDivision of Ethnology Publications, Vol, V,' pp.141-236, Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1908.

Cole, Fay Cooper.

1. "The Tinggian". Reprinted from The Phil-ippine Journal of Science, Vol. Ill, Sfection A,pp. 197-213. 9 plates. Manila: Bureau of

Printing, 1908.

2. "Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of

Northwestern Luzon". In American Anthro-pologist, new series. Vol.. XI, pp. 329-347. Mapand 5 plates. Lancaster, Pa., 1909.

3. "The Bagobos of Davao Gulf". Reprintedfrom The Philippine Journal of Science, Vol.VI, Section D, pp. 127-137. 4 plates. Manila:Bureau of Printing, 1911.

4. "The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Min-danao". In Field Museum of Natural History,

Page 97: Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916.pdf

Biblidgrdfia 91

Anthropolomcal Series, Vol. XII, pp. 48-203.Map and 76 plates.' Index. Chicago, 1913.

5. "Traditions of the Tinguian. A study in

Philippine Folk-lore". In Field Museum of

Natural History, Anthropological Series, Vol.XIV, pp. 1-226. Chicago, 1915.

Cole, Fay Cooper, and Laufer, Berthold.

1. "Chinese Pottery in the Philippines". InField Museum of Natural History, Anthropo-logical Series, Vol. XII, pp. 1-47. 22 plates;

Chicago, 1912.

Cole, Mabel Cook.1. "Philippine Folk Tales". Chicago: A. C.McClurg & Co., 1916, xv, (1), 218 pp. 8 vo. .

Plates.

CombSs, Francisco.

1. "Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Jolo,

y sus Adyacentes", etc. Madrid: Por los

herederos de Pablo de Val, 1667. 567 pp.Folio.

2. "Historia de Mindanao y Jolo por el P.-

Francisco Combos de la Companfa de Jesus.Obra publicada en Madrid en 1667 y que ahoracon la colaboraci6n del P. Pastells de la mismaCompania saca nuevamente a luz W. E. Re-tana". With copious notes. Madrid: (Irii-

prenta de la viuda de M. Minuesa de los Rios),

1897. (4) pp., cvliv cols., 10 pp., 800 cols.,

(1) p. Folio.

Conant, Carlos Everett.

1, "Grammatical notes on the Isinai language(Philippines)". Reprinted from The Journal

of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 35, pp.289-292. 1915.

Craig, Austin.

1. "Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,

Philippine Patriot". Manila: Philippine Edu-cation Company, 1913. xv, (1) 287 pp. Plates.

Large 8vo. (Printed by the World Book Co.,

Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.)

2. "The Former Philippines thru Foreign

Eyes". Manila: Philippine Education Co.,

Inc., 1916. (12), 552 pp. 8vo. (Printed byE. C. McCullough & Co., Manila.)

Craig, Austin, and Benitez, Conrado,

1. "Philippine Progress Prior to 1898". Ma-nila: Philippine Education Co., Inc., 1916.

(8), 136 pp., and 12 maps. 8vo. (Printed

by E. C. McCullough & Co.» Manila.)

Crone, Frank Linder.

1. ''The Non-Christians of Ambos Camarines".

Manila, 1912. (3), ,60, 23 pp., typewritten.

Unpublished manuscript, (Copies in Phil-

ippine Library and Beyer Collection of Fili-

piniana.)

Dictionaries:

1. "Diccionario espafiol-ibanag 6 sea tesauro

hispano-cagayan, sacado de los manuscritos

antiguos y nuevamente corregido y anadido en

gran parte per los religiosos dominicos minis-

tros en aquella provtncia". Manila: Imp. de

Ramirez y Giraudier, 1867. 511 pp. 4to.

2. "Diccionario espanol-ibatin, por varios PP.

Dominicos misibneros de las Islas Batanes".

Manila: Imprenta de Sto. Tomds, 1914. (2),

, jcviii, 574 pp. 8vo. (With an introduction byProf. Otto Scheerer.)

Echaliz, Robustiano.

1. "Apuntes de la isla de Negros". Manila:

Tipo-litograffa de Chafr6 y companfa, 1894.

(6), 191, (4) pp. 8vo.

Elliott, Charles Winslow.1. "A vocabulary and phrase book of the LanaoMoro dialect". In Bureau of Science; Division

of Ethnology Publications, Vol. V, pp. 301-328.Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1913.

Encarnacion, Juan Felix de la.

1. "Diccionario bisaya-espanol". 3rd ed. Ma-nila: Tipografia de Amigos del Pais", 1885.

(8), 437 pp. Folio. (First edition^ Manila,1851.)

2. "Diccionario espanol-bisaya''. 3rd ed. Ma-nila: Tipografia de "Amigos del Pais", 1885.

(2), 349 pp. Folio. (First edition, Manila,1852.)

Encina, Francisco.

1. "Gramatica bisaya-cebuana. Reformada porNicolas Gonzalez de S. Vicente Ferrer, Agus-tino recoleto". Manila: Imp. de "Amigos del

Pais," 1885. 160, 44, (2) pp. 8vo. (First

edition of Encina's "Arte", Manila, 1836.)

Espina, Miguel A.1. "Apuntes para hacer un libro sobre Jolo"-Manila: Imprenta y litografia de M. Perez,hijo, 1888. 899, (9) pp. 8vo.. Maps andcharts.

' Fausto de Cuevas, Jos6 Maria.

1. "Arte nuevo de la lengua ibanag". 2nd ed.Manila: M. Sanchez, 1854, 23, 366; 25 pp.Small 8vo. (First edition, Manila, 1826.)

Ferndndez, E.1. "Nuevo vocabulario 6 Manual de conversacio-

nes en espanol tagalo y pampango". Binondo:M. Perez^ 1876. 80 pp. 8vo. (Second editionManila, 1882; fifth edition, Manila, 1901.)

2. "Vocabulario, tagalo-castellano". . Manila:Establecimiento tipogr&iico de Estebdn Balbas,1883. 118, (1) pp. 16mo. (Ninth edition,

Manila, 1911; tenth edition, Manila, 1915.)

Fernandez Cosgaya, Lorenzo.

1. "Diccionario pangasinan-espanol. Aumen-tado, ordenado y reformadopoi- Pedro Vila-

nova". Manila: Establecimiento tipograiico

del Colegio de Santo Tomis, a cargo, de BabilSal6, 1865. (8), 330, (2), 121 pp. 4to.,

Ferrando, Juan, and Fonseca, Joaquin.

1. "Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas

Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japoh, China,Tung-kin y Formosa", etc. Madrid: Imprentay estereotlpia de M. Rivadeneyra,, 1870-72.

6 vols. 8vo. '

Figiieroal Antonio: . . - ,,

1. "Arte del idioma Visaya de Samar y Leyte".Binondo: Imprenta de Bruno Gonzalez, Mof'a's,

1870, 135 pp. 4to. (Second edition, Binondo,1872.)

Finley, John Park, and Churchill, William.

1. "The Subanu. Studies of a Sub-Visajjan

Mountain Folk of Mindanao", Publication

No. 184 of the Carnegie Institution of Washing-ton. 1913. V, (1), 236 pp. 2 maps., Large8vo.

Forrest, Thomas.1. "A voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccasfrom Balambangan; including an account of

Magindanao, Soo Loo, and other islands; andillustrated with thirty copperplates. ._ , Towhich is added a vocabulary of the Ma:giitdanao

tongue". London: Printed by G. Scott; andsold by J. Robson. 1779. (xjdii), (1) 388, 13,

(2) pp. Plates and maps. 4to.

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92 Bibliography

Gardner, Fletcher.

1. "The Hampangan Mangyans of Mindoro"Bulalakao, 1905. 60 typewritten pages. Un-published. (Copies in the records of theBureau of Science and the Beyer Collection ofFilipiniana.)

Garvan, John M.1. "Ethnography of the Manobo Peoples ofEastern Mindanao". Manila, 1912. Two vol-umes, containing about 1200 typewritten pages.Unpublished. The best monograph' yet pro-duced relating to a single Philippine group.(Copies in the Bureau of Science and the BeyerCollection of Filipiniana.) \

2. "Negrito Vocabularies". With notes by E.E. Schneider. Manila, 1914. One volume,containing about 500 typewritten pages. Un-published. Consists of 5 extensive vocabulariespersonally collected by Garvan, together witha compilation of all known Negrito vocabu-laries collected by other authors, and compara-tive notes on the same. (Copies in the Bureauof Science and the Beyer Collection of Fili-

piniana.)

Geronimo de la Virgen de Monserrate.

1. "Vocabulario castellano-calamiano por el

padre fray Jeronimo de la Virgen de Monserrate.Escrito en 1789". Madrid, 1895. 18 pp.12mo. . (In Archive del bibUdfilo fiUpino, porW. E. Retana. Vol. 2, pp. 207-224. Madrid,1896.)

GironiSre, Paul de la.

1. "Vingt annfees aux Philippines. Souvenirsde Jala-Jala". Paris: Comptoir des Impri-meurs Unis, 1853. (2), 339 pp. Plates andmap. 12mo. (English editions, London, 1853,

1854; New York, 1854, 1865.)

2. "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton auxiles Philippines", etc. -^ Paris: Comptoir desIraprimeurs-Unis, 1855. (2), 458 pp. Plates

and maps. Large 8vo. (Second edition,

Paris, 1857.)

Gisbert, Mateo.

1. "Diccionarioespaiiol-bagobo". Manila: Esta-blecimiento tipogrifico de J. Marty, 1892.

vii, 188 pp. 4to.

2. "Diccionario bagobo-espanol". Manila: Es-tablecimiento de Ramirez y C.a, 1892. (2),

64, (4) pp. 8vo.

Gonzaga, Encarnacion J.

1. "Bisayan Literature". Manila, 1917. (Manu-script of 156 typewritten pages.)

Haynes, T. H.

1. "English, Sulu, and Malay vocabulary".

In Journal of the Straits branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society, December, 1885, No. 16 pp.321-384; Dec, 1886, No. 18, pp. 193-239.

Hhia-Campomanes, Jos6.

1. "Lecciones de gramitica hispano-tagala".

2nd ed. Manila: Establecimiento tipografico del

Colegio de Santo Tomas, 1877. 256 pp. 8vo.

(First edition, Manila, 1872; third edition,

Manila, 1883; ninth edition, Manila, 1912.)

Jagor, Feodor.

1. "Reisen in den Philippinen". Berlin: Weid-mannsche Buchhandlung, 1873. xvi, 381 pp.Map. 8vo. (Spanish edition, Madrid, 1875;

1st English editipn, London, 1875; 2ndEnglish editipn, in Craig (2), Manila, 1916.)

Jenks, Albert Ernest.

1. "The Bontoc Igorot". Manila: Bureau ofPublic Printing, 1905. 266 pp. 155 plates andmaps. Large 8vo. (Vol. I, Philippine Ethno-logical Survey Publications.)

Jones, William.

1. Letters, reports, and other data xelating tothe Ital6n group of Ilongots. In Rideout,

Henry Milner. "Williain Jones". New York:Frederick A. Stokes Conipany, 1912. (6) 212

(1) pp. Plates. 8vo.

Juanmarti, Jacinto.1. "Diccionario Moro Maguindanao-Egpanol".Manila: Tipografia "Amigos del Pals", 1892.

270, (4) 242 pp. 8vo.2. "Gramitica de la lengua de Maguindanao

seglin se habla en el centro y en la costa sur dela isla de Mindanao". Manila: Imprenta"Amigos del Pais", 1892. 110, (2) pp. 12mo.

Laufer, Berthold.1. "The Relations of the Chinese to the Phil-

' ippine Islands". In Smithsonian MiscellaneousCollections: quarterly issue; Vol. 50, pp. 248-284.

Washington,, 1907.

Lendoyro, Constantino.1. "The Tagalog Language". Manila: Impren-

ta de "El Mercantil", 1902. 387, 59 viii pp.4to. (Second edition, enlarged and improved,Manila, 1909.)

ie i?oy, James A.1. "Philippine Life in Town and Country".New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons,"The Knickerbocker Press", 1907. x, (2),

311 pp. Plates. Folded map. 12mo.(Published November, 1905; reprinted Jan-nuary, 1906.)

2. "The Americans in the Philippines". Bostonand New York: Houghton Mifflin Company."The Riverside Press, Cambridge", 1914. 2

vols. Large 8vo. Portrait and maps.

Lisboa, Marcos de.' 1. "Vocabulario de la Lengua Bicol". 2nd ed.

Manila; Establecimiento tipogrifico del Cole-gio de Santo Tom&s, 1865; 417, 104 pp.Folio. (First edition, Manila, 1754.)

Lopez, Francisco.1. "Gramdtica ilocana. Corregida y aumentadapor el P. Carro". 3rd ed. Malab6n: (Asilode huferfanos), 1895. xvi, 354, (2) pp. 8vo.(This -is really the fourth edition, as previouseditions of Lopez's "Arte" appeared at Manilain 1627, and Sampaloc in 1792 and 1793.)

Lozano y Megia, Raymundo.1. "Cursos de lengua (bisaya-) panayana".Manila: Imp. del colegio de Santo Tom4s,a cargo de P. Memije, 1876. 231 pp. 8vo.

MacKinlay, W. E. W.1. "A handbook and grammar of the Tagaloglanguage". WE^shington: Government Print-ing Office, 1905. 264 pp. 6 folded charts. 8vo.(War Department, Document No. 260, office

of the Chief of Staff.)

Mallat, Jean.1. "Les Philippines": etc. Paris: Arthus Ber-

trand, 1846. 2 vols., 8vo. Atlas, folio.

Malumbres, Julian.1. "Vocabulario en Gaddan, Espanol e Ingles".Manila: Imprenta de Santo Tomis, 1911. 91pp. 8vo.

2. "Vocabulario en Castellano, Ingles e Ifugaodel Quiangan". Imprenta de Santo TomSs,1911. 60 pp. 8vo.

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Bibliografig, 93

Marche, Alfred.

1. "Lucon et Palaouan. Six anndes de voyagesaux Philippines". Paris: Hachette et cie.,1887. vi, 406 pp. Illustrations, and 2 maps.12mo.

, Mentrida, Alonso de.

1._"Arte de la lengua bisaya-hiligayn?. de la

isla^ de Panay. Corregido y aumentado porJose Aparicio". Tambobong: Asilo de Hu6r-fanos, 1894. xviii, 270, (6) pp. 8vo. (A pre-vious edition Is dated Manila, 1818.)

2. "Diccionario de la lengua bisaya, hiligueina

y haraya de la isla de Panay". (Manila):En la imprenta de Manuel y de Felis IDayot,por Tom4s Oliva, aiio de 1841-1842. (2), 827pp.^ Folio. Pages 461-827 consist of "Diccio-nario hispano-bisaya", by JuMn Martin, withindependent title-page. (First edition, Manila,1637.)

.Meyer, Adolf Bernhard.1.

_"The distribution of the Negritos in the Phil-

ippine Islands and elsewhere". (Translated byC. S. Fox.) Dresden: Stengel & Co., 1899.92, (3) pp. 8vo.

Meyer, Hans.1. "EineWeltreise". Leipzig: VerlagdesBiblio-graphischen Instituts, 1885. S43, (1) pp. 8vo.Map and illustrations. Appendix entitled"Die Igorroten", pp. S0S-S43. (Another edi-tion in Leipzig und Wien, 1890.)

Miller, Edward Y.1. "The Bataks of Palawan". (Manila: Bureau

of Public Printing, 1905.) In PhilippineEthnological Survey Publications, Vol. II, .pp.179-189. 6 plates.

Miller, Hugo H.1. "Economic Conditions in the Philippines".Boston: "The Athenaeum 'Press", Ginn andCpmpany, Proprietors, (1913). vii, (1) 373pp. 8vo.

Miller, Merton L.1. "The Mangyans of Mindoro". Reprintedfrom The Philippine Journal of Science, Vol,VII, Section D, pp. 135-156. 10 plates. Ma-nila, Bureau of Printing, 1912,

2. "The Non-Christian People of Ambos Cama-rines". Reprinted from The Philippine Journalof Science, Vol. VI, Section Dj pp. 321-325.

^ 4 plates. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1911.

Montana, Joseph.1. "Rapport a M. le ministre de I'instruction

publique sur une Mission aux lies Philippineset en Malaisie (1879-1881)". (Paris: Impri-merie nationale, 1885.) 271-479 pp. Platesand maps. Svol (Reprinted from Archivesdes missions scientifiques et littSraires, Vol. 11.)

2. "Voyage aux Philippines et en Malaisie".Paris: Hachette et cie, 1886. viii, 351, (2) pp.Plates and folded map. 8vo.

Monteclaro, Pedro Alcantara.1. "Maragtis", etc. (Iloilo): Pina-imprenta sg"El Tiempo", 1907. (2), 51 pp. Small 4to.

(A history of the island of Panay, in the Pa-nayan or Hiligainon dialect.)

Montero y Vidal, Jose._

1. "Historia de la piraterla malayo-mahometanaen Mindanao, Jolo y Borneo". Madrid: Im-prenta de M. Tello, 1888. 2 vols. 8vo.

2. "Historia general de Filipinas desde el des-

cubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestros

dias". Madrid: Imprenta y fundaci6n deManuel Tello, 1887-1895. 3 vols. 8vo.

'Naves, Jose.1. "Gramitica hispano-ilocana". Manila: Im-prenta de "Amigos del Pais", 1876. (2), 469,(2), 8 pp. 8vo. (Another edition, Tambo-bong, 1892.)

Noceda, Juan de, and Sanlucar, Pedro de.1. "Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala", etc.

Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier,1860. (18), 642 pp. Folio. (First edition,Manila, 1754; second edition, Valladolid, 1832.)

Nolasco de Medio, Pedro.1. "Gramatica Ibanag-Castellana". 2nd ed,Manila: Imprenta de Santo Tomas, 1892.397 pp. 12mo.

'

Pardo de Tavera, T. H.1. "Las costumbres de los Tagalos de Filipinas,

segfin el Padre Plasencia". Madrid: TipografiadeManuel Gines Hernandez, 1892. 20 pp. 8vo.(First published in the Revista contempordnea,Madrid, June 15, 1892. Dutch translation byKern, The Hague, 1892. German translationby Blumentritt, Berlin, 1893.)

2. "El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog". Paris:Parent, 1887. 55 pp. 8vo. .

Parker, Luther.1 .

''An English-Spanish-Pampango Dictionary' '.

Manila: The American Book and News Co.,1905. 164 pp. 12mo.

Pastells, Pablo.1. "Labor evangelica de los obreros de la Com-

pania de Jesus en las Islas Filipinas por el P.Francisco Colin de la misma Compaiiia. Nue-va edicion ilustrada con copia de notas y docu-mentos para la critica de la historia general dela soberanfa de Espaiia en Filipinas". Bar-celona: Imprenta y litografia de Henrich yCompaiifa, 1904. 3 vols. 4to.

PelUcer, Mariano.1. "Arte de la leng;ua pangasinana o caboloan;

corregido, aumentado, y llevando en si mismoel compendio". Reimpreso en Manila: En la

imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tom&s, a cargode Juan Cortada, 1862. 176, (4) pp. 8vo.(First edition, Manila, 1840?)

Perez, Angel.1. "Igorrotes: estudio geografico y etnografico

sobre algunos distritos del norte de Luzon",etc. Manila: Imp. de El MercantU, 1902.

Tomoprimero (but ho others printed.) XXI,(5), 419, (1) pp. 8vo. Plates.

Philippine Commission.1. "Report of the Philippine Commission to the

President". , (January 31, 1900; and Dec. 20,

1900). Washington: Government Printing Of-fice, 1900-1901. 4 vols. 8vo. Plates, folded

sheets, and maps. Atlas. Folio.

Pierce, Charles C.1. "The races of the Philippines—the Tagals".In American Academy of Political and Social

Science; Annals, Vol. 18, (1901), pp. 21-39.

Porter, Ralph S.

1. "A Primer and Vocabulary of the MoroDialect. (Magindanau)", etc. Washington:Government Printing OflSce, 1903, 77 pp. 8vo.

Puya y Ruiz, Adolfo.1. "Filipinas. Descripci6n general de la pro-

vincia de Cagayan", Manila: M. Perez, hijo,

1885. 78, (2) pp. Folded maps. 16mo.2. "Camarines Sur. Descripcion general de

esta provincia en Luzon", Manila: "LaOceania espaiiola", 1887. 263 pp. Folded map16mo.

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94 bibliography

Reed, William Allan.

1. "Negritos of Zambales". Manila: Bureau ofPublic Printing, 1904. 90 pp. 62 plates.Large 8vo. (Also in Philippine EthnologicalSurvey Publications, Vol. II, pp. 1-83. Manila,

Reyes y Florentino, Isabelode los. I

1. "El Folk-Lore Filipino". !Manila: Imprentade Santa Cruz, 1889. 2 vols. Small 8vo.

2. "Historia de Ilocos". 2nd ed. Manila:Establecimiento tipografico "La Opinion, 1890.2 vols. Small 8vo. (First printed in Manilanewspapers in 1888.)

3. "Die Tinguianen (Luzon)". In Kaiserlich-konigliche geographisthe Gesellschaft in Wien;Mittheilungen, Vol. 30, pp. S-14, 69-77, 138-154.Wien, 1887. (Translated from the Spanishby F. Blumentritt, with notes.)

Rizal, Jose.1. "Die transcription des Tagalog". Reprintedfrom Bijdragen tot de tool-, land-en volken-kunde van Nederlandsch-Indie, Vol. 42, pp.311-320. 's Gravenhage, 1893. (Translatedfrom the Spanish by F. Blumentritt.)

Robertson, James Alexander.1. "The I^orots of Lepanto". Reprinted fromThe Philippijie Journal of Science, Vol. IX,Section D,\ pp. 465-530. 9 platps, and map.Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1914.

Rodriguez, Ramon.1. "Diccionario ibanag-espanol", etc. Manila:Imprenta de los, Amigos del Pais, 1854. 280,72, (4) pp. Folio.

RjomuAldes, Norberto.1. "Bisayan Grammar", etc. (Samar-Leyte dia-

lect.) Takloban, Leyte: "Pag Pahayag", 1908.136 pp. 8 vo.

2. "Tagbanwa Alphabet, with some reforms",etc. Manila: Cultura Filipina, 1914. xiv, 24pp. ^

8vo.

5o/ee6y, Najeeb Mitry.. 1. > ''Studies in Moro History, Law, and Reli-

gion". Manila: Bureau of Public Printing,1905. 107 pp. 16 plates. Folded diagrams.Large 8vo. {Philippine Ethnological SurveyPublications, Vol. IV, pp. 1-107.)

, 2. "The History of Sulu". Manila: Bureau of

Printing, 1908. (2), 283 pp. Maps anddiagrams. Large 8vo. (Bureau of Science:Division of Ethnology Publications, Vol.« IV,pp. 1(J9-391.)

3. "Origin of the Malayan Filipinos". Manila:(Methodist Publishing Co.),' 1912. In Papersof the Philippine Academy , Vol. I, pp. 1-37. 8vo.

Salvador, Celedonio.I. "Final report on th? iQvesjtigation of theDumagat People. Based on the suggestiveoutline prepared by H. Otley Beyer, Bureau of

Science". Manila, 1913. .60 typewritten pages.10 maps, diagrams, etc. Unpublished. (Copiesin the records of the Bureau of Education,and in the Beyer Collection of Filipiniana.)

San Agustin, Andres de.

1. "Arte de la lengua bicol. Dalo a luz co-rregidb y adicionado en obsequio a sus her-

manos Manuel M. Crespo". Manila: Ramirezy Giraudier, 1879. xii, 239, (2) pp. 8vo.(First edition, Manila, 1647; another edition,

Sampaloc, 1795.)

Sanchez de la Rosa, Antonio.1. "Diccionario espaiiol-bisaya para las pro-

vincias de Simar y Leyte. Corregido y aumen-tado por el R. P. Fr. Antonio Valeriario Alc4-zar". 3rd ed. Manila: Imp. y Lit. de Santos

y Bernal, 1914. 630, (8) pp. 4to. (Anotheredition, Manila, 1895.)

2. "Diccionario bisaya-espafiol para las provin-,

cias de S&mar y Leyte. Corregido y aumen-tado por el R. P. Fr. Antonio Valeriano Alcizar.3rd ed. Manila: Imp. y Lit. de Santos y Bernal,1914. 440 pp. Colored map. 4to. (Anotheredition, Manila, 1895.)

Savage Landor, A. Henry.1. "The Gems of the East", etc. New_ Yorkand London: Harper & Brothers, Publishers,

1904. xiii, (3), 567 pp. 8vo. Plates, foldedmap, and folded diagrams.

Sawyer, Frederick H.1. "The Inhabitants of the Philippines". NewYork: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900. xxviii,

422 pp. 8vo. Plates, and folded map.

Schadenberg, Alexander.1. "Die Bewohner von Sud-Mindanao und der

Insel Samal". In Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie,

Vol. 17, pp. 8-37, 45-57. Plates and map.Berlin, 1885. ,

Scheerer, Otto.1. "The Nabaloi Dialect", la Philippine Ethno-

logical Survey Publications, Vol. II, pp. 85-178.

Map, and 23 plates. Manila: Bureau of PublicPrinting, 1905. Large 8vo.

2. "The Batan dialect as a member of the Phil-

ippine group of languages". In Bureau ofScience; Division of Ethnology Publications,Vol. V, pp. 1-131. Folded diagrams. Manila:Bureau of Printing, 1908. Large 8vb.

3. "On the particles of relation of the Isinai

language". Manila, 1913. 200 typewritten' pages. Unpublished. (Copies in the recordsof the Bureau of Science, the University of thePhilippines, the Beyer Collection of Filipiniana,and the private collection of Professor Scheerer.)

4. "On a quinary notation among the Ilongots ofnorthern Luzon". Reprinted from The Phil-

'

ippine Journal of Science, Vol. VI, Section D,pp. 47-49. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 191.1.

5. "Linguistic travelling notes from Cagayan(Luzon)". Reprinted from Anthropos, Vol. 4,

pp. ,801-804. Wien, 1909.

Schneider, E. E. >

1. "Notes on the Mangyan Language". Re-printed from The Philippine Journal of Science,Vol. VII, Section D, pp. 157-178. Manila:Bureau of Printing, 1912.

Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm.1. "The first grammar of the language spokenby the Bontoc Igorot, with a vocabulary andtexts", etc. Chicago: The Open Court Pub-lishing Company, 1909. xxiv, 592 pp. 13plates. Large 4to.

Serrano Laktaw, Pedro.1. "Diccionario hispano-tagalogt Primera par-

te". Manila: Estab. tipogrifico de La Opini6n,1889, 620, (4) pp. 4to.

2. "Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano. Segunda,parte". Manila: Santos y Bernal, 1914.1392 pp. 8vo.

Swift, Henry.1. "A Study of the Iloco Language". Washing-

'

ton: Byron S. Adams, Printer, 1909. 172 pp.8vo. (War Department, Document No. 327,Office of the Chief ofStaflP.)

Tenorio (a) Sigaydn, Jos6.1. "Costumbres de los indios tirurayes, tradu-

cidas al espaiiol y anotadas por un padremisionero de la Compaiifa de Jesus". Manila:Amigbs del Pals, 1892. 91 pp. 8vo.

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Bibliografia 95

'anoverbergh, Morice.1. "A grammar of Lepanto Igorot as it is spokenat Bauko". Manila: Bureau of Printing,1916. 97 pp. Large 8vo. (In Bureau ofScience; Division of Ethnology Publications,Vol. V, pp. 331-425.)

''enturillo, Manuel Hugo.1. "Manners and Customs of the Tagbanuasand other Tribes of the Island of Palawan"-In Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.48, pp. S14-S58 .... Paper No. 1700. Washing-ton: Government Printing Office, 1907. (Trans-lated from the Spanish by Mrs. E. Y. Miller.)

'"Ulamor, Ignacio.

1. "Ordalia". Mahila:' Imprenta de I. R.Morales, 1913. L4 pp. 8vo.

Hllaverde, Juan Fernandez.1. "The Ifugaos of Quiangan and Vicinity".Reprinted from The Philippine Journal ofScience, Vol. IV, Section A, pp. 237-262. IS

,

plates. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909.(Translated from the Spanish by Dean C.Worcester; with notes and an addendum byLevi E. Case.)

2. "Supersticiones de los Igorrotes Ifugaos".In El Correo Sino Annamita, Vol. 38, pp,281-455. Folded chart and index. 8vo. Ma-nila : Imprenta de Santo Tom4s,1912. (Editedwith an introduction and notes, by JulianMalumbres.) '

,

VaUrman, Margaret P.

1. "A Vocabulary of Bontoc stems and theirderivatives". Manila: Bureau of Printing,1913. 63 pp. Large 8vo. (/» Bureau ofScience; Division of Ethnology Publications,Vol. V, pp. 239-300.)

Villcox, Cornells DeWitt. -

1. "The Head Hunters of Northern Luzon.From Ifugao to Kalinga. A Ride Throughthe Mountains of Northern Luzon. With anAppendix on the ' Independence of the Phil-ippines' ': Kansas City, Mo. , U. S. A. : FranklinHudson Publishing Co., 1912. 304 pp. Plates.8vo.

Villiams, Harold W.1. "Grammatische Skizze der Ilocano-Sprache".Munchen: Straub, 1904. 82 pp. 8vo.

Vorcester, Dean Conant.1. "The Non-Christian Tribes of NorthernLuzon". Reprinted from The PhilippineJournal of Science, Vol. I, pp. 791-875. 67plates. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1906.

2. "The Philippine Islands and their People".New York: The Macmillan Company, 1898.xix, (1) 529 pp. Map, and illustrations. ' Large8vo. (Several later reprints, but text tin-

changed.)3. "The Philippines Past and Present". NewYork: The Macmillan Company, 1914. 2

vols. 128 plates. 8vo. (Second edition, withan additional chapter, 1915.)

4. "Head-hunters of Northern Luzon". In TheNational Geographic Magazine, Vol. 23, pp.833-930. With 102 illustrations and map.Washington, D. C, 1912.

, S, "The Non-Christian Peoples of the PhilippineIslands". In The National Geographic Maga-zine, Vol. 24, pp. 1157-1256. With 32 pp. ofillustrations in eight colors. Washington, 1913.

Wright, Hamilton M.1. "A Handbook of the Philippines". Chicago:A. C. McClurg & Co., 1907. xvii, (1), 431 pp.3 maps and 150 illustrations. 8vo. (Secondedition, September, 1908.)

'

ADDENDAThe following additional titles, though not

specifically cited in the previous pages, are ofspecial interest to students interested in Philippineethnography and linguistics:

Artigas y Cueva, Manuel.1. "Resefia de la Provincia de Leyte. Estu-

dio hist6rico bio-bibliogr4fico". Manila: Im-prenta "Cultura Filipina", 1914. (4), 463,(1), III pp. 8vo.

2. "Historia de Filipinas". Manila: Imp."La Pilarica", Raon 303, Sta. Cruz, 1916.687 pp. 12mo. \

Blake, Frank R.(Several papers on Philippine linguistits,

published chiefly in American scientific jour-nals. Specific citations not available.)

Conant, Carlos Everett. ,

(Several additional papers on Philippinelinguistics; specific citations not available.)

Lacalle y Sanchez, Jose de.

1. "Tierras y Razas del archipielago filipino".

Manila: Establecimiento tipogrifico del Co-legio de Santo Tom4s, a cargo de D. GervasioMemije, 1886. 290, (5) pp. 8vo.

Marcilla y Martin, Cipriano.

1., Estudio de _los antiguos alfabetos filipinos".

Malabon: Tipo-litografia del Asilo de huer-,

fanos, 1895. 107,, (2); pp. Facsimiles andfolded diagrams. 4to.

Ponce y Collantes, Mariano.1. "El Folk-lore Bulaqueno". In Reyes y Flo-

rentino, Isabelo de los, (1); Vol. II, pp. 41-80.Manila, 1889.

Robertson, James Alexander.2. "The social structure of, and ideas of lawamong, early PlSlippine peoples; and a re-

cently-discovered pre-Hispajiic criminal codeof the Philippine Islands". Reprinted fromThe Pacific OceaH in History, by H. MorseStephens' and Herbert E. Bolton; New York:the Macmillan Company, 1917. Pp. 160-

191. 8vo. I

Veyra, Jaime C. de, a!nd Ponce, Mariano.1. "Efem6rides 'Filipinas" (Con prologo deEpifanio de los Santos). Vol. I. Manila:1914, Imprenta y Libreria de I. R. Mora-les. XX, 342 pp. 8vo. (Vol. II not yetpublished.) '

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