the philippine islands vol 1 - blair robertson

7/24/2019 The Philippine Islands VOL 1 - Blair Robertson

1/374Publ

icDomain

/http://www.hathitrust.org/acce

ss_use#pd

The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; / explorations by early navigators,

descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records

of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscrip

showing the political, economic, commericial and religious conditions

of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to

the beginning of the nineteenth century;

Blair, Emma Helen, d. 1911.

Cleveland, Ohio, : The A. H. Clark company, 1903-09.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afk2830.0001.001

Public Domain

http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is

not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use,

and redistribute the wo rk in part or in w hole. It is possible

that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of

the authors of individual portions of the work, suchas illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over

these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent

use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained

independently of anything we can address.


2/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


3/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


4/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


5/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


6/374

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


7/374

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


8/374

s on , a m es l e a n d e r, e d s. T h e

,3 translationsfromcontemporaneousbooksandmanuscripts,withhistoricalintroduction

l o rd o u rn e. n 5 5 .

- 6, 0 . 4 . n e t, e ac h.

worke erundertakeninPhilippinehistor inan

editorsha ereliedingreatmeasureonfriar

ll digestallthematerialtosecurethebest

Prof. ourne sintroductionof70pagesisthe

raphonPhilippinehistor inthe nglishlanguage.

3-18 8,thoughatfirstpro ectedtoendwith1803.

J . . e ro ) ; n g . i st . . 1 : 60 A . F . t e ua rt a t io n

0 5

eb .1 0

/

p//

g/

_

p


9/374

/

p//

g/

_

p


10/374


11/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


12/374

N E S L A N D

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


13/374

ndsetsareprinted,

d.

-.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


14/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


15/374

o -B ib l iote ca de U ltra m a r,M a drid

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


16/374

E

9 3 -1803

rl N a iga tors ,De scrip t ionso f the

es,the irH isto r a ndRe co rdso f

relatedin contemporaneous

sho wingthe P o l itica l , co no mic,C o m m ercia la ndR e l ig io usCo nd it io nso f tho se

stre lat io nswith uro pea n

gof the N ine tee nthCe ntur

D FR O M TH E O R I G N A L S

M MA H E L E N B L A I R a nd

A N D R R O B E R T O N , w it h hi st or ic al i nt ro du ct io n an d ad di ti on al n ot es b D W A R D G A Y L O R D

hm a ps,po rtra itsa ndo the ri l lustra t io ns

1 52

ompan

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


17/374


18/374


19/374

N E S L A N D

ineofDemarcation:

rlos of pain,and

g al V i t or i a, F e br u ar

: e t r ac t f ro m t he r e co r ds

rshipof the

A p ri l 1 - M a 3 ,

ownershipof

o Co lo n ,

b as t ia n C a b o to , a nd u a n V e s pu c ci B a d a o

2 00

sde le ga te sa tthe

. C a rl os o f

r ch 2 1 a nd A p r il

arlos of painand

ug al Z a r a go a , A p ri l

. A l e a nd er V I ; R o m e,

01 .. .. . 2 r

Fe rna o de M aga lhae s.

oraneousdocuments

o nto Fale ro a ndMa ga lha e s.Ca rlo s o f pa in V a l la do l id ,

a ste l la pa ra l- re iD .

p a in B a r ce l on a ,

. . .. 2 7 6

de Ca rta ge na.C a rlo s

eon a, A p r i l 6, 5 1 . . 28 0

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


20/374


21/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


22/374

T O N S

haes photographicreproductionfrompaintinginthe

tramar,Madrid.

M a galha e s pho togra phicf a cs im ile ,f ro m o rigina lM .inA rch i o Ge ne ralde nd ia s, e i l le ..273

s nsulis photographicfacsimile,fromcop ofthefirst

b ra r . . . .. 3 0 3

neA rchipelago.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


23/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


24/374

E FA C E

ed tatesofA mericainto

the introductionof

rientalaffairs,andthe

canauthorit inthePhilippinearchipelago,allrender thehistor ofthose

speoplesatopic ofengrossinginterestandimportancetothereading

oscholars,historians,and

ork-itsmaterialcarefull selectedandarrangedfroma astmassof

hedmanuscriptsis

theintentionandhopeof

problemswhichconfront

the P h il ipp ine s a ndo f f u rn ish inga uthent ica ndtrustworth m a teria l f o ra

h istor o f the is lands.Fo r

rsre pro duce m a inl in ng l ish tra ns la t io n co ntem po ra ne ousdo cume ntswh ich

sourcesof Philippine

h P op e A l e a n de r V I ' s l i ne

he pa n isha ndthe P ortugue se do min io ns in the Ne wW o rld i 9 3 ,the

archipelagoisthustraced

an threecenturies,comprisingthegreaterpart ofthe panishregime.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


25/374


26/374

E FA C E

a t iona sto so urcesa nd lo ca tio n

dtherein fullerdetails,

be g i e n in the o lume de o te dto P hi l ippine b ib lio graph ,a tthe e ndo f the

t h e d i to r s ha e r e ce i e d

nda id f ro m scho la rs,h isto ria ns,a rch i is ts ,l ibra rians,a nd ta te o ff icials a nd

icsoftheR omanC atholic

religiousorders. special

o wingpe rsons: Ho n . o hn

f t at e, W a s hi ng to n r . D. u an

p a ni s h e g at i on , W a s hi n gt o n H o n . B e l la m t o re r , la t e U . . M i ni s te r t o

er t t a nt o n i c k le s , se c re t ar o f

r id D r . T h om a s C o o ke M i dd l et o n, O . . A . , V i l l an o a C o l le g e, P e nn . R e .

. ., t. gnatiusC ollege,

o hn . W y n ne , . . , A p o st le sh ip o f

R e . U b a ld us P an do lf i, O . . F .,

g n at i us F . H o r s t ma n n, C l e e l an d

M e ssm e r,Gre e nBa ,W is .

a rr o O r d6 on e , O . . A . , C o l eg io d e

, p a in R e . P a bl o P as t el l s,

el o na , p a in C h a rl e s Fr a nk l in

ntofW esternR eser eU ni ersit ; Frederick .Turner,Directorof the chool

rs it o f W is co ns in R i c h ar d T. l

. R e i ns c h, o f t he c h oo l o f

cie nce ,U n i e rs it o f W isco ns in dwa rdG.Bo urne ,P rof e ssoro f H isto r ,

H e r be r t Pu t na m l i br a ri a n ,

. e e P hi l li p s, A . P . C .

nson ,a ndo thero f f icia ls , ib ra r

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


27/374


28/374

E FA C E

e . R u do lf . Me e r, . . , R om e,

ra ka mi , m pe ri al U n i e rs it ,

.D. V icenteV ignau B alester,

is to rico -N a cio nal,M a drid

m on o ne s , Mi n is t er o f P ub l ic n s tr u ct i on , M ad r id r . D . W . . R e t an a , C i i l G o e r no r o f pr o i n ce o f H u e s ca , p a in r . D . C l e m en t e

d i re c to r a n d r . D . . a n ch e G a rr i g6 s l i br a ri a n , o f C o m p af i a Ge n er a l de

rcelona R e . uliusA larcon, . .,R e . oa uin ancho, . .,R e . .M.de

la te R e . o se M ar ia V e l e ,

. T. M. O b es o, . . , B i lb ao R e .

D i re c to r o f O b s er a t or , M a ni l a,

o o p e , O . . A . , a n d F ra A n t on i o B l a nc o , O . . A . , C o l eg i o de A g u s t in o s, V a l la d ol i d r . A n t o n io R o d ri g ue V i l la , B i b l i ot e ca d e

a H isto ria ,M adrid r.

o , i b ra r ia n , R e a l A c a d em i a

do f ficia lso f B ib l iote ca

r.Ga brielP e re ira ,D ire cto ro f

i sb on r . P. A . d A z e e do ,

a c i o na l T o rr e d o To m bo ,

Du a rt e R a m a lh o O r t i ga o d i re c to r a n d r . o r da o A . d e F r e it a s o f fi c ia l , B i b li o th e ca R e a l da A j u d a, i s bo n o f fi c ia l s of A c a de m ia

i s bo n a n d of f ic i al s o f U . .

M a drid.

B L A I R

X A N D R R O B E R T O N

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


29/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


30/374

L N TR O DU C T O N

u rn e

econfrontedwithtwo

heir ownconfinesand

g solution theother,

nde e nm o re impe ra ti e l

unremittingeffortforits

re so m e e ightm il lio nso f

e d f ro m a rio ussa a ge tribe s

ccl ima t i e d ,d iscip l inedto

e d l i f e ,Christ ia ni e d ,a ndb

ng l ish la ngua ge bro ught

ccessibletotheirancestors.

o rtune o f warthe a re no w

ha ru l ingra ce,in it ,bu tno t

lstatus,o ppre ssedb the

edand fetteredb race

a re s i o rse e nm il l io nso f

wereraised frombarbarism,

nne rso f ci i l i e d l i f e ,Christ ia ni e d ,a ndtraine dto la bo rb C a thol icm iss io na rie sth ree ce nturie sa go.A co m mo nre l igio na nda

a e e f f a ce d in la rge me a sure

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


31/374

N E S L A N D

dconstitutedthema

lle stse nse o f the wo rda pe cu l iar

ue a sthe o nl la rge ma sso f

h ris tia n it inm o dernt im es.

eA frican,beenbroughtwithin

be ingtorn f ro m the irna tura l

led thro ughsla e r ; but ,in

tedfromgeneral contact

ce ntt im e s,the ha e be e n

ntteaching,parental

ngde otionofthemissionariesintoa wholeunlikean similarbod

he ,to o ,b the f o rtune so f

u le rsa ndgu ide sa nda gainst

retoalienhands.To

them to go e rnthem se l e s

pe rp le ing ,no risthe pro b lem m a de e asie ro rclea re rb the cla sho f co ntrad icto r e st ima te so f the ircu lture a ndca pacit wh ich

rt warfare.

roughandintelligenta

a la ndsocia le o lu t io na sa

ro m a stud o f the irh isto r .

g ro prob le m the h isto rica l

accessibleandthe sla er

eminentattentioninthe

sto r . n the P h i l ipp ine ue st io n ,ho we e r,a ltho ughthe so urcesa re no le ss

e the a re a ndha e be e n

ng ,o nthe o ne ha nd,to the

blicationscontainingthem,

beingin alanguage

l it t le stud ied in the U n ite d

ources, scatteredandinac

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


32/374

S T O R I C A L N T R O DU C T O N 21

reproducethemandinterpret

guage ,a ndto m ake itpo ss ib le

bl icl ib rarie sa ndthe le a ders in

a e a tha ndthe com ple te a nd

tureand lifeofthemillionsin theFar astwhomwemustunderstandin

ce ,isa ne nte rprise large in its

ood.

ea thatunderliesthis

tionwillnotdiscussthe

o da no rP h il ipp ine l i f e

,no rwil l i tg i e a

la ndss ince the con ue st .For

be re f erre dto re ce nt

Fo re ma n, a w e r,o r

s l ike those o f B o wringa nd

ublishedintheseries. The

sra the rto gi e the d isco e r

l ipp ine sthe irse tting in the

d isco e r ,to re ie wthe

e ntso f the e a rl co n ue ro rs

ctthe go e rnm enta ndco mm e rce of the is la ndsbe f ore the re o lu t io na r cha nge s

to g i e s u ch a s u r e , e e n

hilippinelife andculture

llbringintorelief their

ssible,to showthat

Philippinesma bedr

o f the P h il ipp ine pe o p le isa sub e cto f de epa ndsingu la rin te re st.

situationandinhabitants

rld,but,for thefirstthree

d .h isto r ,the we re ina

o f i re c a, a n d no w t he w h ir l il - & l t r & l t - f

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


33/374

N E S L A N D

emintheirpoliticalrelations totheW esternH emisphere.A sadependenc

co nstitu tedthe e tre m e weste rn

o m inio nsa ndwere co m mo nl

s l an d s L a s s l as d e l

e r a ndco n ue stro unde d

eo gra ph ica le te nt f arsurpa sse da n th ingthe wo rldha dthe nse e n . W he n

wa sst i l le a rl a f terno o nof

a n i la ,a ndP h il ip I wa sthe

boa stthatthe sunne e rse t

86-1522,the two l it t le po we rs

a ha de te ndedthe irswa

e m bra ce dthe glo be .T he wa

unparalleledachie ement

e o t io nof the P o rtugue se Prince

tor,who ga e h is l i f e to the a d a nce me nto f ge ogra ph ica ld isco e r a ndo f P ortugue se co mm e rce.T he e p lo rat io no f the we stco a st

o f the na iga torswho sa i led

st nd ie s,a ndo uto f the a d1T he P h i l ipp ine s la nds,M o lucca s, ia m ,Ca m bo d ia, a pa n,

o f th e i t e en t h C e n t ur , b A n t o n io d e

ie t , o n do n , 8 6 8, p . 2 65 . T hi s w il l b e

ptre o f pa inha scom e to e te nd itse lf

o kson ,f ro m itsrisingto itsse tt ing .

e ndo f the e a r 8 4 the M a ni la n

erthatof pain,thatis, Manilatime

ss lo wertha nM a drid t im e.Fina l l ,with

hb isho p in18 4 ,the th irt - f i rsto f De ce mbe rwa sdroppe da ndthe P h i l ipp inestra nsfe rre d,so to spe a k,

sphere.ThenceforwardManilatimewas

f M a drid t im e . a go r: Re ise n inde n

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


34/374

S T O R I C A L N T R O DU C T O N

th A fricagrewthe

rda s.

the f i f tee nthce ntur the

g pta ndb the T urksto

nd ie sheldo uta gre atpri e

a ll - se a route to the p ice

Dia a ndV a sco da Gam a

ortugal, butthesolution

o l u m bu s a nd a c ce p te d i n 1 9 2

l d, t h e n d ie s o f th e W e s t.

ealoustoretainhis

nde a ste rne p lo rat io n ,a nd

pa in ,des iro usto bu i ld their

dun uestionedfoundations,alikeappealedtothePopefor adefinitionof

ationoftheirclaims.The

a ndwitha spacio us l ibe ra l it P o pe Ale a nde rVI g ra nte dFe rd ina nda nd

p lo re andto ta ke posse ssio no f

d heathenpartsofthe

edrawnnorthand south

a sto f that l ine the rightso f

plorationsandthegrants

rmed.

ofthePhilippinesbegins

lsa ndthe tre at o f T o rde s i l la s ,f o ro uto f the m gre wM age l lan s o a ge a nd

slands a ndwitho utthem the

tha e be e no ccup ie db

f a l lena pre to the Dutcha s

lwasd issa tis f iedwith the

aca t ionB u l ls .He he ld tha t

p a in a n d Po r tu g al i n 1 7 h a d

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


35/374

N E S L A N D

e ldo f o ce a n icd isco e r ,

he Ca na rie s a ndhe f e lt tha ta

undred le a gue swe sto f the

sa n in fr ingem e nto nh isrigh tsbut

arrassmentinthatitwould

ua te sea ro o m f orthe ir

ha rd l a l id the se co nd,

e a nd ,a sCo lum busha de st ima te dthe dista nce f ro m the C a na rie sto the ne w

ndre d le ague s,the C a tho lic

edto m a ke co nce ss ions.B y

s, u n e 7, 4 9 4 , i t w as a g re e d

ne shou ldbe dra wnthre e

e a gueswe sto f the Ca pe V e rde

a cce pte dthe princip le o f the

e dthe bo undar to a po s it io nsuppo se dto be half -wa be twee nthe Ca pe V e rde

d isco e re d is la ndso f Cipa ngu

u l lsno rin the T re a t o f

specificreferencetoan

a roundthe g lobe o rto a d i is io n

me ntse em sto ha e co nte mpla teda f re e f ie ld f o rthe e p lo rat io na ndco n ue sto f the unkno wnpa rtso f the world ,to the e astwa rd f o rP o rtuga l,a ndto the we stwa rd f o r pa in . f

enegotiationsrelatingto thesebulls

es i l la ssee H a rrisse : D ip lo m a ticH isto r

9 4 , . . D a ws o n: T h e i n es o f D em ar c at i on

a n d th e T re a t o f T or d es i ll a s, o r . G .

is to rica lCrit icism .T he te tsa re printe d

o lumbusinh is in te r ie wwith the ing

na : C h r o ni c a d e l r e o a o I , C o l le c ao

d e H i s t or i a Po r tu g ue e , i i, p . 7 7 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


36/374


37/374

N E S L A N D

pro ba ble ,a sthe h isto rian

thiscorrespondence,sugguests,that erraosomewhate aggeratedthedistancefromMalaccatothe Moluccas,andsoplanted

f ru it inM age l lan sm ind .8

gueseactuall attained

a s co N u f e d e B a l b oa , f ir s t of

s e t e e s u po n t he g r ea t o u th e a .

to o ce rta in tha tthe P o rtugue se

he lando f clo e s,pe ppe r,

absenceofknowledgeof

e a rtha ndwitha nundere st ima te o f itss i e ge ne ral l p re a i l ing,the in f o rm a t iontha tthe p ice s la nds la f a rto the e asto f nd ia

f M a ge lla n the o rig inalp ro e ct

e lando f sp ice sb the we stwa rdroute .T hathe la id th isp la nbe f ore the ing

oodreasonto belie e,but

f o ritsre al i a t io n,l ike

ga lf o r pa in . t isno wtha t

a t,a sthe M o lucca s l ie so f ar

r e pr o ba b l i n t he p a ni s h ha l f of

che df ro m the we st ,m a be

o l icking.N o a ppe alf o r

uldbemoreeffecti e,and

anandhis financialbacker

cedupo n it in theirpe t it io n to

cle a rl in the a ccountb M a im il ianusT ra ns l a nuso f M age l lan spre se nta t iono f

bo thshowe dC a e sartha ttho ugh

ure whe therM a la cca wa swith in

n iardso rthe P ortugue se ,be 8Gu il le ma rd ,M a ge l la n,p .7 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


38/374


39/374


40/374


41/374


42/374


43/374

N E S L A N D

o lucca s,a ndtha tto a o id

le g it im a te o rp io usre aso nf o rthe e pe d it io nshou ldbe a ssigne dsucha sthe re scue o f sa i lo rswho hadbe e n lo sto nthe is la nds inpre io use pe d itio nso rthe de te rmina t iono f the lo ngitude of the

2

u e l th a t i n g Ph i li p

d,to shuth ise e sto the a ppl ica t io no f the T re a t o f Z a ra go a to the P h i lipp ine s.

ce spice sthe P ortugue se ha d

nowmadenoeffectual

shco n ue sto f the is la nds.23

crownof painin1580

e d e e r o b st a cl e , an d w he n t he

ditsindependencein16 0

dri e n f ro m the p ice

.

rateindetail thehistor

o f e ga sp i. te sta bl ishedthe

i l ipp ine sa nd la id the

a nento rga ni a t io n. na

nenterprise.Theshipswere

the m o stparte u ippedhe re .

gu ide db m e nwho l i e d in

rko f e ga spiduringthe

nt it le sh im to a p la ce a mo ngthe

ers . n f a cthe ha sno ri a l .

nd fourhundredmen,

ugustin ia nm onks,re inf o rced

.

568 ,a P o rtugue se s ua dronde spatche db

lucca sa ppe a redo f f C e buto dri e the

sa a n sla nds.T he co m ma ndersa t is fie d

o tests .M o nte ro V ida l: H ist .Ge n .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


44/374


45/374

N E S L A N D

am o n with e ga spi,wo n

he slo wl - a d a ncingt ide o f

estof theB rothers,

a ch ing inV isa a nwith in

openedauspiciousl in

be ga nh iswo rk,witha n iece o f

e,whowas bapti edwith

tca m e the con e rs iono f the

ho ha dse r e da s in te rpre tera nd

roughoutallthat countr .

tca m e with the ba pt ism o f

openedthedoorto

the e a m ple o f T upa shad

nce tha twith in the spa no f

n iardsho u ldha e f in ishe d

g thepowerofthe

e che ckedh isa d a nce in the

ereligion oftheprophet

in1276, hadreached

ndthence wa sspre a d ingste a di l no rthwa rdto Bo rne o a ndthe P hi l ippine s. o lo S u lu a ndM inda na o succumbe d in the

dwhe n e ga spibe ga nthe co n ue sto f u o n in157 he f o undm an M o ham m e da nswhose se tt le m e nto rco n e rs ionha dgro wn

withB o rneo .A sthe o ld

Gri a l a re m a rks,a ndh is

o rga andb the m o de rn

da l:27 o we l lro o te dwa s

e r si o n is b a se d o n Gr i a l a s c o nt e mp o ra r n a rr a ti e s e e R e t an a s Z u i ni g a, i i , p p. 2 1 - 2 20 .

p . 5 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


46/374


rri a lo f the pa n ia rdsbe en

wou ldha e be co me M o o rs,a s

a e no tco m e unde rthe

pp ine s. 28

le ga cie so f the rel ig io us

e e nthce ntur tha t itha sf i e da

tonicandthe atinmind,

le f o rthe a e ra ge inte l lect .

fC atholicandProtestant,of

n ia rd ,ha e le f t indel ib le trace s

h ich in te ns if ra ce pre ud ice a ndm isunde rsta nd ing .T he ng l ishm a no r

ontemptupontheeconomic

o f the pa n ia rd tha t e i lsh is

anda ch ie e m e nts .

sof nglishcoloni ationinA mericaareoftenforgottenandonl the

pa n ishco lo n i a t io na re

odwhich elapsedbetween

pa n isha ndo f the ng l ish

ealsweredisplacedb

e e a lta tio no f the com m e rcia l idea l ng la ndto o kthe lea d .C o lo n ie s ,f ro m

o rthe propa gat io no f Christ ia n it a nd incide nta l l f o rthe product io no f we a lth ,

f o rindustriala ndco m me rcialde e lo pme nta nd incide nta l l f o rChrist ia n

btha scontribute d a st l

andto progress,butithas

po pu la t io ns.T he pa n ish

e a n d ci i l i e t h e na t i e r a ce s ,

m e f o r pa n ia rds,a ndthe

a, i i , p . 22 2 M o rg a , H a k lu t o c ie t e d it i on ,

V ida l ,i ,p .60 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


47/374

N E S L A N D

dedelaboratesafeguardsfor

d ia ns.M a n o f the se we re a

pre se r a t io na ndci i l i a t io n

e i c o, C e n tr a l an d o u th

l l in the P h il ipp ine ssta ndout

allowancesand ualificationsha ebeenmade,withthe fate,pastand

ig ine s inN o rthAm e rica ,the

e wZ e a la nd ,a ndAustra l ia ,a nd

e in theirre spe ct i e te ndencie sa nd

ng l ishs ste m s.T he co ntra stbe twe e nthe e ff e ctsof the pa n ishco n ue st in

ico ,a ndthe P h i l ipp ine sref le cts

hum a ne po l ic o f the go e rnme nt.T he ra a ge so f the f irstco n u istado res,it

okplacebeforethecrown

o lon ia lpo lic .

f o rP rote stantwrite rsto spe a k

icmissions,butit mustnot

e a nd ng la ndwe re co n e rte dto Christ ia nit b s im ila rm e tho ds.T he

ho le sa le ba pt ism sa ndco n e rs ionsa nda C hrist ia n it no te e nskin -de e p,but

chChrist ia n it wa so nce pro pa ga te d inwhata re the ru lingC hristia nna t io nso f

n the o the rha nd ,m ighta skf or

e e arl Ge rma ns,o rthe Ang lo a o nswo ulde e rha e be e nco n e rte dto Christ ia nit b the me thodse m plo e db P rote stants .

a ethpirrealsignificance

pt i e f o rthe pa tie nt

olo ws.Christ ia n it ha s

sa nd iske pta l i e b Christ ia n

theimpro ementwhich

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


48/374


nanotherinthe obser ance

hasread theoldPenitential

e e ide nce sthe a f f o rdo f the

act ice sandrite sa mo ngthe

e e a rl M idd le Age swil lno t

ingthestillimperfect

sionsofthelast three

mpa rt ialh isto r ra iseda bo e

ousprepossessions,aftera

e a rso f the pa n ishco n ue st inAm e rica o rwith the firstge ne ra t io no rtwo o f

sthe co n e rs iona ndci i l i a -

the f o rt e a rsf ol lo wing

m . : be p - n i cu n ce d a n ac h ie e m en t

. A ne a m inat io no f

A a t h - " y - e n ds o f t he e a rt h

mallbandof missionaries

a lthe rea so nsfo rth is e rd ict .

essingforthis purpose,

t ru l cla ssicsur e o f the

the o pe ningo f the se e ntee nthce ntur writ tenb a m a no f schoia rl t ra ining

ntoniodeMorga,who

ht e a rs in the go e rnme nt

hepopulationofthe

o the Go e rno ra ndthe f irst ust ice to be

co urt A ud ie ncia o n itsre o rga n i a t io n.

s Ph i li p in a s - Me i c i ad n d os , a nn o 6 0 ,

t w a s re p ri n te d i n Pa r is i n 8 0 w i th

pno a utho ra ndpa trio t ,Dr. o se Ri a la nd

B lum entrit t.R i a lt r ie sto sho wtha tthe

ded inci i l i a t io nunde r pa n ishru le cf .

nh isZiun i iga ,i i ,p .277.T he re f e re nce sto

Ha klu t o cie t e d it io n .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


49/374

N E S L A N D

tra ste dt pe swh ichst i l lsu r i e - the M a la a ndthe N e grito .A f te rthe intro duct io no f Christ ia nit the na ti e swe re co mm o nl

rreligionas ndians

, M o or s 0 M o ha m me d an n a ti e s , a n d H e a th e n G e nt i le s o r n f id e ls . T he

a swe re no theldwitha n

ie ldedto the e f f ortso f the

tasteforthe spectacular

e db the p ictu re s ue a nd

hechurch.

gani ationwasdeficient

wellestablishednati e

es ofsmallgroupssomethinglikeclans. Theheadshipofthesegroupsor

a r a ndthe a utho rit o f the

wasdespotic.3lThissocial

f a ci li ta tedthe co n ue st

o n ,e ff e ct i e l supporte db

tt le a ctua lb loo dshed , pa n ish

erim pose duponthe se rela t i e l

ssentialfeatureswerepreser edasapart ofthecolonialadministrati e

wasa na turala da ptat io no f

w pa in .Bu i ld inguponthe

the ba ranga a sa un it the

m ilia ri e a nda ccusto m the

a ge l i f e a ndto m ode ra te la bo r.

itionscouldreligioustraining

so e rs ightbe pro ide d .

monl calledpueblosor

ce o f the f am il iarna m e in pa in f or

7 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


50/374

H I S T O R I C A L N TR O DU C T O N

nswho ra na wa to e sca pe

e d l i f e we re sa id to ta ke to

.

nce a ndto m e e tthe e pe nse so f go e rnm ente e r nd ia n fa m il wa s

reals,aboutonedollar,and

entthepeoplewere setoff

glikefeudal holdings

tribute f ro m som e o f the e nco m ienda swe ntto the king .Othe rsha dbee ngra nte d

f f ice rso rto the o ff icia ls .32T he

om i en d as i n t he s l an d s in 1 5 I "

f te r t he c o n u e st o f u o n r e e a ls

he wo rko f ci i l i a t io n. n

e wasa ca the dra la ndthe

teriesfortheA ustin,Dominican,andFranciscanFriars, andahouseforthe

a ine da ho spita lf o r pa n iards the re wasa lso a ho spita lf or nd ians in the

brothers.Thegarrison

redsoldiers. TheC hinese

edsometwohundred shops

ttwo tho usa nd . n the

sa co n e nto f Fra ncisca ns

swho pro ide dChrist ia n

c o n e r te d a n gl e e s C h i ne s e X

la a ndthe a d a ce ntreg io nn ine

dtentributeswere collected,indicatingatotalof somethirt thousandsi

so u lsunde rthe re lig io us instruct io no f thirte enm iss iona ries m in ist ro sde do ctrina ,

o na ste rie s . n the o ldpro 32M o rga ,p .323 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


51/374

N E S L A N D

eestimatedpopulationwas

ightm iss iona ries inP a nga sinan

miss iona ries in lo co s78,520

s inCa ga a na ndthe Ba bu a n is la nds 6 ,000sou lsbutno m iss io na rie s in a

l s wi t h tw e nt - s e e n m i s si o na r ie s

eswith the is lando f C a ta ndua nes86,6 0so u lswith f i f te enm iss iona ries ,e tc.,m akinga to talf o rthe is landso f 66 , 03tribute so r667 ,612so ulsunde ro ne hundre da ndf o rt m iss io na rie s ,

e were A ugust in ia ns,n ine Do min ica ns,f o rt - two Francisca ns.T he ing se nco mie ndasnum bere dth irt - o ne a ndthe pri a te o nes

s i .3

is t ine rario ,the e arl ie st

s la nds 1585 ,sa s: A cco rdingunto the co m m ono p in iona tth isda the re

dmorethanfourehundred

ndashadbeenproducti e

pre ss ion in pa n ishA m e rica ,no rwa sita lto ge the rd i e stedo f the se e i ls in

mentoftributes,too,was

nd in the e arl ie rda sthe

nt l d ra f te d f o rf o rce d la bor,but

d,and later,theclerg

catesofhumanetreatmentand

esandthemilitar authorities.Thissolicitudeofthemissionariesfortheir

co m ie ndase iste nte se nFi l ip ina se ld ia 31

e t a na : A r c h i o d e l B i b li o fi l o Fi l ip i no , i ,

s t o r o f t he G r ea t a nd A M i gh t i n gd o m

o c ie t e d it i on , i i, p . 2 6 3.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


52/374


rongs fromwhichthe

re cle a rl d isp la e d in the

de la sFi l ipina so f Dom ingo de a la a r,the f irstb ishop ,who ha sbee nst le d

the P h i l ipp ine s. 3

dness,C hristianlo e,

essofthemissionariesthat

estoftheislandsis abundantl

o bser e rso f a rio usna t iona l it ie sa ndpe rio ds,36butthe m ostco n incingde m o nstra tio n isthe ridicu lous l sm a llm il i tar f o rce tha t

t the pre st ige o f the Ca tho l ic

o r ga n i e d i n 5 0 f o r th e -

umberedfourhundred

an o l d i c er o o f N e w p a in

s A r c hi o , i ii , p p. 3 - 5 .

ldha e be e nthe a lo ra ndconsta nc

h iswo rth co m pa n io nso e rca me the

f the a po sto lic e a lo f the m iss io na rie shad

tions,andaidedtoconsolidatethe enterprise.

n uerors the whowithoutan other

sga ine do e rthe go odwil lo f the is la nders ,

m e to be belo e d ,a ndga e the king ,a s it

m il lio nsm ore o f submiss i e a ndChrist ia n

d e C o m n , t a te o f t he P h il i pp i ne s l an d s, e t c. ,

a l t on , o n do n , 18 2 1, p . 2 0 . C o m n

ro f the R o a lP h i l ipp ine Co m pa n f o r

nd isdescribedb h is la teste d itor, e no r

ista de Fi lip inas,a sa m a no f e te ns i e

the so cia lscie nce s. R e ta na cha ra cte ri e s

e me rito e tra o rd ina rio , Z n f i iga ,i i ,pp .

C' e stpa rla se ule in f lue nce de la rel ig io n

sP h il ipp ine s,e tce tte in f lue nce pourra se ule le s

lippines,histoire,geographie,moeurs,agriculture,industrieet commercedesC oloniesespagnolesdans

at , P ar i s, 1 8 6 , i , p . 0 . m a s a t h at

bestofall themodernworksonthe

s amanofscientifictraining who

d the m a fte ra pre para to r re s idence in

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


53/374

N E S L A N D

n c a da f r ai l e te n ia e l r e e n

a l une e rcito ente ro " ne a ch f riarin the P h i l ipp inesthe ingha da

ole a rm . 38T he e f fo rtso f

nomeansrestrictedtoreligiousteaching, butwerealsodirectedto promotethe

ancementoftheislands.

natetastefor musicofthe

ch ild re n pa n ish .3 T he in troduce d impro e m e nts in rice cu ltu re ,b rought

ro m Am e rica a ndde e lo ped

andcoffee,and sugarcane.

omicplantsbroughtto the

ardso wesits in tro duct ion to go e rnm enta ge nc . 0

sland kingdomofN ew

inate db Ph i l ip I ,in1603

M o rga in ite sso me co m pariso nwithB o sto n,N e w o rk,o rP h i la de lph ia in

.T he cit wa ssurro undedb

ethreemilesincircuit.

abastion,eachwith agarrisonofa fewsoldiers.Thego ernmentrosldence

f hewnstoneandspacious

uildings,the cathedral,

three orderswereofthe

u its ,be s ide spro id ingspe cia l

e mbe rso f the iro rder,co nducte da co l le ge f o rthe e duca tio no f pa n ish o uth.

ollegehadbeen ordered

5 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


54/374


5 b ut i t w as 6 0 o be f or e i t wa s

a r li e r th a n th i s in 5 3 t h er e

on e ntscho o lf o rg irls , 2 the

ana . npro is io nsf o rthe

tthe o pe ningo f the se e nte enthce ntur wa sf a rina d a nce o f a n cit in the

re tha na ce ntur a nda ha lf

rst the ro a lho sp ita lf o r

alattendantsandnurses

the ndiansadministered

f o urla b ro the rswho were

ariesandwhoseskill had

medicineand surger ;

h i ch t o ok i n s ic k s l a e s , g a e

ortionedorphangirls, and

s a nd la st l ,the ho sp ita lf o r

ese sho pke e pers in the C h ine se

the wa lls the ho uses,m a in l o f

paniards,numberedabout

e substa nt ia lbu ild ings,the ga i l d re sse dpe o ple ,the a bunda nce o f pro is io nsa ndo ther

madeManila,as Morga

nsm o stpra isedb the strange rs

a,i i ,p .2 0 .

a,i i ,p .2 4 .

pitalinthethirteencolonieswas the

ta l,inco rpora te d in1751.P a t ie n tswe re f irst

l l, H i s t o r o f P en n s l a n ia , p p. 0 - 1 1 .

ospital inN ewA msterdamin 658,

spita lwa sthe first institu t io no f the kind

wa sf o unde d in1771,butpa t ie ntswe re no t

or i al H i s t o r o f N e w o r k, i , p . 0 7 .

thetreatmentofgeneraldiseasesin

nthcentur .TheMassachusettsGeneral

in18 I .M e m o ria lH isto r o f Bo sto n ,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


55/374

E S L A N D

the wo rld . 5T he re were

lands, e go ia a ndCa e re s

o f t h e m os t h ol n a me o f

e o lde st pa n ishse tt lem e nt in the

ta ndth ird the pa n ish inha bita ntsnum bere da bouttwo hundre da nd in

undre d . n a nt isim o no mbre

e su itcol le ge.

po sse sse da na lpha betbe f o re

n ia rdsa ndthe kno wledge o f

air l ge nera lthe ha dno

kind . 6A e su itprie stwho

e ighte e n e a rs ,writ ingnotf a r

b tha tt ime the T a galsha d

uagefromlefttorightinsteadof perpendicularl aswastheirformercustom,

m ere l f o rco rre spo nde nce.

n the ndianlanguageswere

ssio na rie so nre l ig io n . 7

co de a nA nto n io who we ntto the P h i l ipp ine s in172 ,sa stha t upto the pre se ntt im e there ha sno tbee n

latingtoreligion,ceremonial,orthe

s. C hro nica sde la A po sto l ica P ro incia de a nGre go rio ,e tc. S a m polo c,ne arM a n i la,1735 ,i ,pp .

d fr om R e t an a s Z u n i ga , ii , p. 2 4 .

ea e sf o rpa pe ra nda n iro nst lusf o ra pe n.

urse rt ue po urs e scrire le sunsa u a utres,ca r

o ir e s n de i r e s d a u cu n e c i en c e n os

e desl i re se n la la ngue de s s le sde scho se s

e la t io nde s s le sP hi l ipp ine s,Fa ite pa run

d em eu r e i8 a n s, i n T he e n ot s V o a g es C u r ie u .

h e R e l a t io n ) . T h is n a rr a ti e i s o ne

reproductionoftheold Tagalalphabet.

e su ita ndda te s ita bout16 0: p .13o f the

a ppende dto Arch i o de lB ib l iof i lo Fi l ip ino ,

aontheTagallanguageaccordingto

n inC h ir ino sR e la cio nde la s s la sFi l ip ina s,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


56/374


usl i fe o f the co n e rte d nd ia nsthe Fria rsandM o rga spe a ko nthe who le with

M a rt in gna cio in158

ba pt ise d ,do o rece i e the f a th

aregood C hristians,and

e we re holpe nwithgo o d

tural l the pa n ishso ld iers le f t

se a m pleso f C hristia n it

he sto r o f the re turn f ro m

ti e - a stra nge ca se ,the

sse o f a true th inone o f the se

o rme rco untr m e no f the

o f he a e n ,wh ich wa sthe

mforthwithrecei edthe

d idde la i t ,sa ing ,thatbe ca use the re we re pa n iardso u ldie rs ing lor ,the

ause the wo u ldnotbe in

s: nstr ictestt ru th

e ta ke na go odf o o t ing ,a s

d ispo s it iona ndge n ius,a nd

rro rso f theirpa ga nism a ndthe

e l igio n the ha e go tgo o d

sofwood,well constructed,

rnaments,andallthe

e r ice ,cro sse s,ca nd le sticks ,

e r,m a n bro the rho odsa nd

inthesacramentsandbeing

ice ,a ndcare inm a inta in inga nd

withgre a to be d ie nce a ndre spe ct the a lso g i e f o rthe pra e rsa ndburia lso f

t o ri e o f th e i n gd o me o f C h i n a, o l um e i i,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


57/374

N E S L A N D

s withallpunctualit and

ne ra t io n la terthe re po rto f the

s o s an g ui n e: T h e r e ce i e

heirlackof intellectualpenetrationsa esthemfromsoundingthedifficultiesof

a re to o care le sso f f u lf i ll ing the

t wh ichthe pro fe ssa nd

db fearofchastisementand

en.Drunkennessand

es t o w hi c h th e a r e mo s t gi e n

e ne nt ire l e ra d ica te db the

1T ha tthese e f f ortswe re subse ue nt l cro wne dwitha la rge m e a sure o f success is

n i e rsa ltest im on to the te mpe rate ha b itso f the Fi l ipino s.

do f Ph i l ippine h isto r ha sbe en

e rta in l no succee d ingge ne rat io nsawsuchcha nge sa nda d a nce me nt. twa s

e a te stpo wera ndthe s lowde cl ine

tudethatsoonafflictedthe

to re a ctupo nthe co lon .

lldegreetheconse uence

o wh ichthe countr wa s

o re ta inandso l idi f i tspo wer

theburdenof newestablishmentsinA mericaandthePhilippines.Thatin

en pa n iardswe re acco m plish ing

e minga no rienta lpeo p le

e nism to Christ ia n it a nd

le m ighto f the m othe r-co untr

edina tremendousconflictin

l i gi e u , T h e e n ot , o l um e i i, p . 7 o f th e

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


58/374


nand desolationtothe

cesunderherdominion,and

growth,isoneof the

istor .

eg f o r e a rs t o s ta t h e ti d e of

ressingfreedomofthought

nd ua ra nt in inghe rse lf a nd

newideas,conser atism

itandtheorgansof go ernmentbecameossified.Policiesofcommercialrestrictionwhichwere ustifiableoratleastrationall

e e nthce ntur la stedo n ,pro of

mpro e m e nt,unt i l the eightee nthce ntur a nd la ter.C o nse ue ntl f ro m the

nthce ntur a t the pe rio do f the

s ofFrance,H olland,and

co lo n ie sf indthe m sel e sunder

ch incre as ing l ha m pe rs

f ctual l b lo cksthe ira d a nce me nt.

panishpossessionsand

epowersbecamemore

T he insupe rab le co nse r a t ism of the ho m e go e rnm entga e l it t le o ppo rtun it

aclassof energeticandprogressi ecolonialofficials,andfinancialcorruption

e colo n ialci i lse r ice .

enceofthe spiritofprof

idea s,f a i lure to de e lo preso urces,a ndthe pre a le nce o f briber a ndco rrupt ion

sure a bunda nta nde mpha tic

e ntda f o rthe pa n ish

n a n s u r e o f t hi s s s t em w e

terriblecostsofprogressin -

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


59/374


60/374


.T he we re f ounde dand

stscfreligion ratherthanof

he we re a na d a nce do utpo sto f Christ ia nit whe nce the m iss io na r f o rces

ghthegreatempiresof

ha rd l ha dthe nat i e so f the

o the labo rso f the f r ia rswhe n

o na d e nturo us l in to

rs de a ths in a pa n . ne a m iningthe pol it icala dm inistra tio no f the P hi l ippine s,then ,we m ustbe prepa re dto find ita so rto f

ch the l i ingbo d ise ccles ia stica l .Aga instth issub e ct ion to the in f lue nce a nd

e ne rge t icgo e rno rsre be l le d ,

he pa n ishdo m ina t io n ische cke redwithstrugg le sbetwe e nthe ci i la ndre l ig io us

na sm a llscale the m e dia a lco ntestso f P o pe sa nd m pe ro rs . .

sa re of ne ce ssit a da pta t ions

tionstonew functions.

aininthesi teenthcentur was

ra li e dm o na rch but

o mso n l pa rt ia l l we lded

s iono f the sa me so e re ign ,the

sam e re l igio n .T he ingo f

ofotherkingdomsoutsideof

ue nt l whe nthe N e wW o rld

gan i a t io n itwassubd i ide d

gdomsandcaptainciesgeneralineach ofwhichtheadministrati emachiner

a dmin istra t i e m a ch ine r o f

withthis procedurethePhilippineislandswereconstituteda kingdomandplaced

ernorandcaptaingeneral,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


61/374

N E S L A N D

ro a la nd l imite do nl b

e upre me C o urt the Aud ie ncia a ndb the o rde alo f the re s ide ncia atthe e p ira tio no f h iste rm o f o f f ice .A m o ngh ise te ns i e

ppo in tingpo werwh iche mbra ceda l lb ra nche so f the ci i lse r ice in the is la nds.

the P res ide nto f the A ud ie ncia .2H issa la r wa s 8 ,o o o 3a e a r,buth is inco m e

nte db g if tso rbribe s.5 T he

ofthe Go ernorimposed

n th e o pi n io n o f t he F r e n ch

e re the o nl sa f egua rd

spot ism , e tZ unf i iga ,a ge nera t ion la te rprono unce d itse f fo rts in th isd ire ctio nge nera l l ine ff e ctua l.55T he re s ide ncia to wh ich

G o e r no r , se e M or g a, p p . 3 4 - 3 5 .

ro duct ion the pa n ish pe so isre ndere d

e ade rwil lbea rinm indthe a r ingpurcha s ingpowe ro f the dol la r.T o a rri e a ta na ppro im a te e u i a le nt

m ult ip l ie rf o rthe s i te e ntha nde a rl se e ntee nthce nturies ,a ndf i e f o rthe m idd le o f the e ighte enthce ntur .

em be re dtha tthe o f f icia lco nscie nce in the

e nthce nturie swa snotso se ns iti e in re ga rd

p e ct e d to b e t od a . e G e nt i l wr i te s : e s

corrompent ournellementleursgraces,

dentguerepourleuren demander,sans

a ntdura me a ud o r se u le tuni ue m o e n

b le s.U nso ire ta nta l le o ir le Go u e rneur,

- ilde m a nde de sno u e l le sde m a se nte u i l

illede erredechopine,mesurede

ne de pa i l let te sd o r,i lm e la f it o ire nm e

npre se ntdo nto nra o it re gale ce o ur-la m e m e

o nde e ste . V o a ge da ns e sM e rsde

1,i i ,pp . 52- 53 . e Ge nt i lwas in the P h i l ipp inesa bo ute ighte e nmo nths in1766-67o na scie nt i ficm iss io n .

thereis oneofthemostthoroughand

f o rthe e ighte e nthce ntur .A sa la m a n

ie wsa re a usef u lo f f se ta ga insttho se o f the

. T h e R o a l A u d i e nc e w as e s ta b li s he d

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


62/374

I S T O R I C A L N T R O DU C T O N

wasan institutionpeculiar

pa n ishco lo nia ls ste m. t

e a m e tho db wh icho ff icia ls

untabilit forallactsduring

relianceisplacedupon

inspiredandformulated

e lf- go e rn ingco m m unit ies ,upo n

elections.Thestrengthof

bo th inf use s igo rin to the se

sthe iref f e cti e ne ssa sthe

he da so f the f o rma t io nof the

o ndthe sea the re we re ne ithe r

ess, andthecriticismof

ed it io n.T o a l lo wa co nte st in

he go e rno r spo we rsduringh is

b e rs i e o f h isa utho rit .

with inbo undsb re a l i ing

ntwa simpe nd ing ,whe ne e r o ne ,e e nthe po ore st nd ian ,m ight inperf e ctsecurit

n.56 nthePhilippines

e rno rlaste ds i m o nthsa nd

ccessorandall thecharges

pa in .57 T he ta l ian tra to re stra in the despo t ism o f the Go e rnors ,wh ich ithasne e r

ent le me no f the go wna re a lwa swe a k-kne e d

e ndthe m unde rgua rdto pa in ,packthe m

take a ce nsusof the nd ia nso rim priso n

ne se e ra lt ime swithouta n se riousco nse ue nce s. Z iu f i iga : sta d ism o de la s s la sFi l ip ina so m isV ia ge s

a ,i ,p .2 4 .

e re ne d icto s ,publ ica ren , p re gona re n las

ue e ngana no t icia de lo s nd io s,pa ra

st icia de susa gra io sco ne nte ra l ibe rta d.

. v , l e x v i ii o f th e R e co pi la ci on d e e e s

nd ia s.

, t i t . v , l e i i .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


63/374


64/374


65/374


66/374


o inceswasintopueblos-

e rno ro rgobe rnado rcil lo .

n ndianandwaselected

st im e the righto f su f fra ge

o e d b a l l ma r ri e d n d ia n s, 6 8

twa sre str icte dto th irtee n

ado rci llo wa sco mm o nl ca l le d

ught i l e a ct ingthe ho m age a nd ince nse

thetownsunderhis urisdiction,as

es,respectablefortheirac uirementsand

ntheiro wnna t i e p la ce s,wo u ldpo ss ib l

s r a n t th e e r m a n wh o m in t h e Ph i li p pi n es

co urt ,a ndo be a sa so e re ign . ta te o f the

n do n , 18 2 1, p . 9 4 .

e le ct io nwh ichhe sawin the to wno f

nd fi e hundred inha b ita nts,in the l it t le

wh ich l ie s usto f f the no rthshore o f

l de scrip t iono f sucha lo cale le ct ion tha t

n f ul l . t to o kp la ce in the to wnhouse .At

no ro rh ispro y ,o nh isrigh tthe pa stor

a r who isthe in te rprete r.Al l the

ga ,the Go be rna dorci l lo a ndtho se who ha e

e ta ke ntheirp la ceso nthe be nche s. n the

a be a s,a nds i o f the e -Go be rna do rci l lo s

se nb lo t to se r e a se le cto rs .T he Gobe rna do rci l lo ino f fice m a kesthe th irte e nth.T he re stnowle a e the

anha sre a dthe ru le sa nde ho rtedthe

co nscie nt io us l ,the go o ne b o ne to

na me so na ba l lot .W ho e e rre ce i e s

otesisforthwithnominatedforGobernadorcilloforthe ensuing ear,ifthepastor ortheelectorsmakeno

ssub e ctto the conf irma t io nof the superio r

matterof coursesincetheinfluenceof

ntanunsuitablechoice.Thesameprocess

onoftheotherlocalofficials e ceptthat

ascalledin thathemightmakean

io ns.T he who le tra nsact io nwas e r

e ise n inde nP h i l ipp inen ,B e rl in, 873 ,P P

sa cco unto f th iss ste m o f loca la dm in istra t io n isthe cle a resto f tho se ha e f o und in ng l ishbo o ks.A

s l an d s, o n do n , 18 5 , p p . 8 - 3 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


67/374

N E S L A N D

inthe pue blo sthe pe op le

m f o rt to f i f t t r ibute s

rthe supe r is io no f cabe a s

dso f ba ra nga re prese ntthe

rcla norga n i a t io nandwe re

utesof theirgroups.

f cabe a de ba ra nga wa sno

be ca me ge ne ra l l e le ct i e .~7

adorcilloweremadeup of

ee nca be a sde ba ranga

e a rso f ser ice be cam e e ligib le

e rno r.

wnsin the isla ndsthe lo ca l

rto thatwh ichpre a i le d in

wa sde ri e d f ro m pa in .

akenasan e ample.The

do cha pte r co ns iste do f two

egidores,aregistrar, and

we re ust ices,a ndwe re

hehouseholdersb thecorporation.Theregidoreswere aldermenandwith

heldoffice permanentl

hesepermanentpositionsin

t andsoldorinherited.7

stical administration,

ta lo rga nso f the P hi l ipp ine

m .T o the m o derne e the is la nds

the d id to the Frenchscient is t

e t itwa so n l th ro ughthe

co uncilwith the o the rC a be a spre se nte da nam e to the supe rio rautho rit f o ra ppoin tm ent .B o wring,

o de la s s la sFi l ip ina s,i ,p .2 5 .C f .M a l lat ,i ,p .358 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


68/374


69/374

N E S L A N D

2 5 2, 6 3

4 I , 9 3

2 0 , 52 7

9 , 7 80

5338

a rishe sa nd 0 ,i6so u ls .77

o we e r,f a i l to g i e a co rre ct

onderanceofthereligious

prie stswe re m o st l nd ia ns

h ing l ike the in flue nce o f the

i/

i l la ge sthe f riarsbo re swa

theshepherdoftheflock.

d these pre cinctso nl o n

notto be se e nsa e to suppre ssd isorde rs. pa n ia rdswe re no ta l lo we dto l i e

isitorswerecarefull

n ishwa sl it t le kno wn in the

ra te wa sthe na tura l in te rm e dia r

weenthenati esandthe

so m e pro ince sthe re we re

sthe a lca lde m a o ra ndthe

ilipinas,B ibliotecaH istoricaFilipina,

- 56 .De lga do wro te in1750-51 . o m e wha td if fe re nt f igure sare g i e nb e Ge nt i lo n the ba s iso f the

p . 82 .H isto ta l is705 , 03pe rsons.

.

i , t i t. i i i , le x i . M or g a, p . 3 3 0.

com m a nda t ionspo ss ib le ,i la rr i e e nco re

l a p eu p la d e pa r o ui o u s o a g e , o u s la i ss e

n d ie n s. o r s u e o u s pa r le e n s a

n d ie n u i e nt e nd u n p eu l e C a s t i ll a n, s i c e

a u a i s u e o u s co n e r si e t r o p lo n g- t em p s a e c

e ndre da nsla la ngue dupa s,de ne o us

la n ,m aisda nssa la ngue : r nd ie no be it .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


70/374


71/374


72/374


73/374


74/374

I S T O R I C A L N T R O DU C T O N

mm e rce wasin te rdicte dbetwe e nNe w pa ina ndP e ru . 3A co m me rce na tura l l

twe e nthe P h i l ipp ine sa ndN e w

hinsuch narrowlimits

f i ts . twa s l ike a lo tte r in

rew a pri e . n the se gre a t ,pro f itse e r pa n iardwa se nt it le d to share inpro po rt ion to h isca p ita lo rsta nding in the co mm unit ..

ss,from thebeginningsof

d indi idua l industr a nd

egrowthof panish

t i la ndZ un iga g i e de ta ile d

ofconductingthis state

mitshad beenraisedto

o o ,o o o re spe ct i e l fo rthe o utgo ing

h e ca p ac i t o f t he e s se l w as

abaleabouttwoand onehalffeetlong,si teeninchesbroadandtwo feethigh.

ldca rr f o urtho usa ndo f these

packedwithgoodsupto a

ndtwent - f i e do l lars .T he

aboletaor ticket.The

swas determinedatthe

dm ade upo f the go e rno r,a t to rne -ge ne ra l ,the de a no f the aud ie ncia ,o ne a lca lde,o ne re g ido ra nde ightcit i e ns. 7

andthe saleoftickets

i ii .

.

u f i iga ,i ,pp .271-27 . E lba rco de Aca pu lco ha s ido la ca usa de ue lo se spano le sha a na ba ndo nado la s

n du s tr i al e s de l a s s l as . b i d. , p . 4 3 .

03-230 Z iun iga ,i ,p .266f f .

5 C a r er i , V o a g e R o u nd t h e W o rl d ,

ge s, i , p . 7 7.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


75/374

N E S L A N D

to s i ths .T icke tswe re ord inari l wo rth in the la te re ighte enthce ntur in t im e s

oonehundreddollars, and

to upwa rdso f thre e hundre d

l lsusthat in1766the so ld f or

ore,and thatthegalleon

be o ndthe l imit . a cho f f icia la sthe pe r u is ite o f h iso f f ice ha dt icke ts .T he

eight.

notcaretotake a entureinthe o agedisposedoftheirtickets to

whoborrowedmone ,

o rpo ra t io ns,a ttwe nt - f i e to

um to bu the m upandwho

astwoorthreehundred.10~

apulcogalleonwasthefattest

e Go e rno r,who be stowe d

rhe de sire dto m a ke happ f o r

a se u i a le ntto a g if to f f ro m

1lT h iswa sm ade upf ro m

assage-mone ofpassengers,fromthesaleof hisfreighttickets,and fromthe

a pta inArgue l le sto ldC a re ri

ss io nswo u lda m o untto

ndthat ina l lhe wo u ldm ake

i lo twou ldcle ar 20 ,000a ndthe

02T he pa of the sa i lorswa sthree

205.

.

a ge s, i , p . 9 1 . a m aw ar e th at g ra e

o f Ge m ell iC a re ri s t ra e lse iste d in the

o be rtso nsa s itse e msno wto be a re ce i e d

ra s kno w,o nno go ode ide nce tha t

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


76/374


s,o f wh ichse e nt - f i e do l la rswa sa d a nce dbe f o re the sta rt .T he m e rchants

hundreda ndf i f t to two hundre dpe rce nt .T he pa sse ngerf a re a tthe e ndo f the

as I , oo o f or t he o a ge t o

e ha rdest ,a nd 500f o rthe

o a g e to A c a p u lc o l as t ed t w o

T he o rdina r t im e f orthe

s s e e n t - f i e t o n in e t d a s . 10

o f hi s o a g e is a i i d p ic t ur e

o ce a ntra e l,whe ncab in

wo rse tha nca tt le to da .

w h ic h i s en o ug h t o de s tr o a m a n,

th ingas lo nga she l i e s "

ho e nture dthro ugh it ,f o ur,

105

o f ta l ,a ndtha th is fa m o usGiro de lM o ndo

us o a g e. N o t e 1 5 0, H i s to r o f

ficchargesagainstC arerirelatetohis

nc e s in C h i na . e e P re o s t s H i s t o ir e d es

6 - 7 0. H i s d es c ri p ti o n of t h e Ph i li p pi n es a n d of

u lc o i s fu l l of d e ta i ls t h at h a e e e r a p pe a ra n ce

sona lo bser a t io n. n f a ct , do no tse e

partof hisbookisnot authentic.The

wh ichconta insa de ta i leda cco unto f the

to A ca pu lco writ tenbe f o re C a re ripub l ishe d

na sB ib l iogra f ia spa hola de Fi l ipina s is

dodelDoctorD. PedroC ubero ebastian,ofwhichanedition waspublishedin1682in N aples,

b u t C a r er i s a c co u nt i s n o mo r e li k e C u b e ro s

nso f the sa m e o a ge a re boundto be

i e e r s aw C u b er o e b as t ia n s n a rr a ti e .

a re rim e nt ionsthe ca se o f a Do m inica n

o l la rs f o rthe e a ste rnpa ssa ge.O p .cit .p .

e sa sthe usualf a re f o rca bina ndd ie twas

ndre ddo l lars .

o a ge s, i , p. 9 9 .

e t C a r e r i ha d n o su c h e p e ri e nc e a s be f el l

hs o a g e. W h e n t he w e re n e ar i ng t h e en d

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


77/374


78/374

H I S T O R I C A L N TR O DU C T O N

stablishmentofdirect

a ina ndtra de with uro pe

n1766.108T he se e pe d itio ns

p lace wa sta ken in 785b

o m p an , o r ga n i e d w it h a

ndgra ntedthe m o nopo l o f

na ndthe is la nds. ~ 9 T he

dthein asionoftheir

o rt t rade ,a nde mba rrasse dthe

a sm ucha sthe co u ld. ~

8 3 0.

t w o c en t ur i es t h e o u th

a nuf a cture swasre se r e d

p a in , b ut t h e pr o te c ti o n di d n ot

str f ro m de ca a ndd idre tard

sso f o uthAm e rica .

the Ph i l ippine sa l im ite dtra de

f whichwe re the pe r u is ites

g in the P hi l ipp ine sa ndcontribute dto the re l ig iouse ndowm e nts.B utth is

rm a nenta d a nta ge to the

wa sto o m uch l ike sto ck o bb ing ,a ndsa ppe da l lsp ir i to f industr .Z iun iga

e ma de a f e wrich ina sho rt

butthe we re e r f e w

e pa n iards inM a n ila

undre dworth 4 0 ,000,the

i ng s p a o r in p o e r t . '

ne co u ldse e in the stree tso f

e rt a nda skinga lm s,the

i i ,p .122.

.

f t he P h il i pp i ne s l an d s, p p . 83 - 7 .

2 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


79/374


80/374


37reportedthatthere

e o p le e m plo e d inM e ico

lk importedfromC hina.

romotedb therela ationof

two u lda lso be f o rthe a d a nta ge o f the nd ia nso f P e ru to be a ble to bu f o r

en f ro m the Ph i l ippine s,ra the r

urchasethatofR ouenat

B utsuchre aso n ingwa sre ce i e dthe na sito fte n isno w,a ndno gre a tchange

wo ce nturie s.

n re ie wthe po lit ical ,

rcialadministrationofthee.

m e a nda ge nera lsur e

ngresu ltso f the s ste m a sa

de .T h is ise spe cia l l ne cessa r o na ccounto f the trad it iona la ndwide l

he pa n ishco lo n ia ls ste m

w h er e a s s t em o f op p re s si o n

e rea s,a sa m a tte ro f f a ct ,the

s ste m o f laws,a lwa sim pe de dthe ef f e ctua le p lo ita t io nof the re source so f the ir

humaneinitstreatmentof

thertheFrenchor nglish

e e a rl co n u istado re s

hh ide o uscrue lt ,the pa n ish

m o re s ste ma t ical l a nd

ectthe m tha na n o therco lo n i ingpo wer. n the t im e o f the f irstco n ue ststhings

rthe hom e go e rnme nt in those

ca t io n,a ndthe ho rro rso f the

di t os d e l A r c h i o d e n d ia s , , p p . 7 5 -7 7 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


81/374


82/374

L N TR O DU C T O N

mission illagerswasto

o ta tio nsf rom un im pe a cha b le

wide kno wle dge o f the O rie nt ,

ra t iona ndpro of o f th is ie w.

orerofthePacific, a

la in1787,wro te : T hre e

edifferentislandsand

sne a rl a th irdo f the m .T hese

wa in f e rio rto tho se o f

a te the soi lwith in tel l igence ,the

akers,smiths, ewelers,

ha e go ne thro ughthe ir

f o undthe m kind ,hosp itab le ,

t ion la te rthe ng l ishm a n

f the nd ia nArch ipe la go ,

of t h e u l ta n o f a a a s B r i t i sh

onbetweenthecondition

oftheotherislandsof the

re fu lre f lect io n .

ha tthe nd ia nadm in istra tio n -

rnme ntso f u ro pe,a ndtha t

plesoflegislationand

astunderstood,-onetoo,

skil l f u ll e e cuted ,sho u ld ,

ro e dthe le ast in urio usto

rit o f the na ti e inha bita nts

ndo ubte d l ,ha sbe e nthe

sco nne ct io nwith the P h i l ipp ines,witha l l i ts ice s,f o ll ie s ,a nd i l l ibera l i t ie s a nd

eseislands affordsan

t h e fa c t. A l m os t e e r 1 1 7 V o a g e de a P e ro u se a u to u r du M o nd e , Pa r is , 7 7 , i i , p.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


83/374

N E S L A N D

rch ipe la go is,a t th isda ,in

ndci i l i a t io n,ina wo rse

ea nsco nne ctedthe m se l e s

ack. ThePhilippines

i n ci i l i a t io n , we a lt h , an d

co e re dm osto f the tribe s

sa a ge s,in f e riorto a l l the

shing,atthesametime, an

e n o inga re spe cta ble sha re

m f o rtso f a ci i l i e dsta te.

a re a tpre se ntsuperio rin

a n o f the o the rra ces.T h is is

i e f a ct . 118

wfurdin1820was echoed

o ra t ime incha rge of the principa lho sp ita l inM an i la ,in18 6 ,whe nhe e pre sse d

antsofthePhilippines

p ie r,a ndm o re p lacid l i f e tha n

lon ie so f a n o the rnat io n . 1

wh o w as l o ng G o e r no r o f

re sse dwith the a bse nce o f

e aking , f o unda kinda nd

a i l ing ,- f r iend l in te rco urse

beensought,-the lines

a t io n le ssm arke da nd im118H isto r o f the nd ia nArch ipe lago ,e tc.,b o hnCra wf urd ,

8 20 , o l. i i, p p. 4 7 - 8 .

e h ism e a n ing .H iswo rdsa re : C e s inst itu t ions i .e .,the lo cala dm inistrat io n s isa gese ts ipa te rne l le s

gne la co nser a t io nd une co lon ie do nt le sha b ita nts

s ,de p lusde l ibe rte,de bo nheure tde tra n u i l lete ue ce u d a ucune a utre nat io n . i ,p .357 .Cf .a lso h is f ina l

e de sP h il ipp ine se strho mm e le p lusheure u

but ,i ln e stpa sd e tre i a nte nso cie te

m po t u e l ui . I e s t li b re , i l es t h eu r eu e t n e

le e r. i i ,p .36 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


84/374

T O R I C A L N T R O DU C T O N

enta lco untries . ha e se e n

ia rd ,M e st i o a nd nd ian

d ie r.N o do ubta co m m o n

bo nd butto h im who ha s

sandrepulsionsofcaste in

nworld-caste, thegreat

ndfreeintercourseof

pinesisacontrast worth

sstr iking in itsge ne ra lbe a ring

rd ict is tha to f the Germ a n

i s it e d th e i sl a nd s i n 8 5 - 8 6 0.

e gl o r o f h a i n g ra i se d t o a

o f ci i l i a t io n , im p ro i n g

peoplewhich shefoundon

stra ctedb pe tt wa rsa nd

f ro m o utside e ne m ie s,

ws,the inhab ita ntso f tho se

a who le ,ha e no do ubt

elifeduringrecentc enturiesthanthepeopleofan tropicalcountr whether

pea nru le .T his is to be

thepeculiarconditions

e sf ro m ruth le sse p lo ita t io n. e tthe m o nksco ntributeda ne sse nt ia lpa rt to

amongthecommonpeople,

pp i ne s l an d s, o n do n , 18 5 , p . 8 . C f .

ng l ishe ng inee r,Fre dericH . a w e r,

f or f o ur t ee n e a rs . T h e is l an d s we r e

p a in , e t p a ni a rd s a nd n a ti e s l i e d t og e th e r

do no tknowwhe re co u ld f inda co lo n

e da sm uchso cia l l with the nat i e s .No t

e o f po s itio nm ustd ism o untto sa lu te the

t inB rit ish nd ia ,whe re the ng l ishwo ma nha sno wm ade the gu lf be twe enB rit ishandna t i e in to a

nha b ita ntsof the P h i l ipp ines,N e w o rk,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


85/374


86/374


mletfeelsand knowslittle

para b le f ro m directa ndf o reign

andifundersuch arule

e to te rm it ,be rare ,d isaf f e ctio n

d ia ,the a bse nce o f f a m ine s..

e a tt r ibu te s inpa rt to the

d ings. N o tso m uchwhia t

r wh a t th e h a e n o t, m a ke s t he

nes,the absenceof

the abse nce o f uro pea n

o pea nca p ita l is tsett le rs ,a

entralfactories,afew

co m bina t io nso f o rga n i e d

e ,a ndal lthe e ua b le

dproduction,ofownership

e sto the po ore stco tta ge r

to ta lco lo n a bunda nce to

e d ,d ispla ce d,upse t to be

bo ur,pa uperism ,go e rnme nt

a t io n. u ro pe,ga in f u

re a pthe ha r e st butto the

atiatePhilippineA rchipelago,whatwouldremainbutthe stubble,but

se r ? 122

eragewell-beingofthe

s t em w h om s h al l u o te i s

he n at i e s fa re d ba dl a t th e

he pa n ishA dm inistra tio n

npaintedinthe darkest

o ndem ne d. twa sinde ed

ndwhatgo e rnm ent isno t

e, i 8 78 , p p. 6 , 1 6 7. T h is a r ti c le i s r ep r in t ed i n P al g ra e s U l s s es , o r c e ne s i n Ma n a n ds .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


87/374

N E S L A N D

e itwa sbe hindthe a ge, e t

points.

aucra c wa ssubst itu te d f o r

the re e nue ua drup le db

Fi l ip ino swe re a sha pp a

f o und ina n co lo n .T he

p l ie d the l i e d inco m pe te nce ,i f no t ina f flue nce cu lt i a t io nwase te nded ,

i n cr e as e d. - e t u s be u s t

rDutchco lo n ,po pu late d

a re with the P h i l ipp inesa sthe

2 3

nts,deri edfromsucha

e a su ff icien tpro o f tha to ur

a n ishco lo n ia ls ste m a re

o f re is io naspo pu laride a s

tha tthe pa n ishm iss ion

f ula ndbe ne o le nta sa nage nc

plewithin thepaleof

a t io n,co u ldno tbe rega rdeda spe rm ane ntun le ssth is l if e is lo o kedupo nsimp l a sa

.As a ne ducat i e s ste m it

itco u ld train to a ce rta in

ro long itbe o ndthat

gca re f u l l nurture dch i ldho o dto the gra e ,ne e ra l lo wing it to be d ispla ce d

.Thelegalstatusof the

wa stha to f m inors ,a ndno

rthe ira rr i inga ttheir

lo o kedupo nthese wa rdsof

ch i ldre no f the church ,a nd

f the P h i l ipp ines,pp . i , i i i .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


88/374


nce o f hero rd inance se e n

s s a s : T h e on l t h ou g ht w as t o m ak e C h r i s ti a ns a n d ne e r c it i e n s. T h is

pa rishe s,a ndsub e cte dto

tra a ga ntobse r a nce s. a ch

she db the ro d.Fa i lu re

m assha s its f i e dpe nalt ,a nd

edtomenandwomenat

o rdero f the pa stor. 12 e

ce ne ina l it t le i l la ge a f e w

o ne unda a f te rno o nhe

nd ianwo m e n,f o l lo winga

ppedatthechurchdoor

m a ss.125

r isionanddisciplineso/

peopleinthecolon

u l ingcla ss ,a nd a P e ro use

e o f ind i idua l l ibe rt in the

i s e n o e d : in u i si t or s a nd

nce s the o ido rs j udgeso f

a te a f fa irs the go e rno r,the

e nts a ne curs ionto the

co m e be f o re his urisdict io n

andcharmingcountr in

rbe auco upd incl ina t ione td e m presse m entpo ur

rsde Fe te se t o le mnite s ma ispo uro u ir la

e ptes,po urse co nf e sse re tco m munie rlors ue

nne ,i l f a u te mplo e rle f o ue t,e t le stra iter

le . Quo te db e Ge nt i l,i i ,p .6 ,f ro m

e a nA nto n io sC hro n ica sde la Apo sto l ica

go rio ,e tc.,co m mo nl kno wna sthe Fra ncisca n

e me m bere dtha t ino uro wnco untr in the

egedisciplinewasstillenforcedb corporal

hata tte nda nce upo nchurchwa sco m pu lso r ,

l ishe dchurch ,a s inN e w ng la nd .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


89/374

N E S L A N D

he la sttha ta f re e m anwo u ld

6

ne wo u ldnatura ll suppo se ,

ce o f suchse dulo uso e rs ight ,

mpossible. Progressin

ndeed, uiteeffectuall

eGentilgi esaninterestingaccountof theconditionsofscientificknowledgeat thetwoU ni ersitiesinManila. These

helast refugeofthe

odsthathadbeen discarded

she ng ine e rf ra nkl co n f esse dto

ce s pa inwa sa hundre d e a rs

nM an i la the we re a hundre d e a rsbeh ind pa in. N o th ingo f e le ctricit

a ndm a kinge pe rime nts in

t h e n u i si t io n . e G e nt i l

ecte dthatthe pro f esso ro f M athe ma t icsa tthe e su itCo l le ge st il lhe ld to the P to le ma ic

ndthe sma llnumbe ro f

we mustclearthemofthe

ness.T he ira cti i t ,o n

gthe cl im a te wasre m a rka b le . 28A ne a m ina t io no f .T .M e d ina sm o nume nta lwork12 o nprin ting inM a n ila a ndo f

0 .

5 , 7 .

e la ssitude o f the bo d re a ctsupo nthe

cingreg io no ne cano n l e ge tate . nsa n it

o f ha rdstud a nde ce ss i e a pp l ica t io n.

nM a n ila de sde suso rigene sha sta 81o ,

8 6 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


90/374


1 3 r e e a ls n e ar l f i e h u nd r ed

he isla ndsbef o re 8o o .

countoftheworkssent or

ication,whichwould necessaril comprisealargeproportionofthose ofgeneral

cluding ofcoursethemost

seshouldbeadded no

sanddictionariesofthe

miss iona r h istorie s ,tha tha e

1T he m o na st icpre sse s in the

ch ie f l use d f orthe pro duct io n

ation,suchascatechisms,

m art rdo ms,l i e so f sa ints ,

d-bookstothe nati e

nualso f de o t io n,ro sa ries ,

hristiandoctrine,storiesof

e tra ns la te d f orthe nd ia ns.

u ts i t in the T a gal,a nd

e e a ch in the Visa a n ,

ca n,P a na a n ,a ndP anga sina n

e r a c io n es a a m pr e nt a e n Ma n il a , Ma d dr i d, 8 9 .

is tso f the se ,se e Blum e ntrit t spri a te l

ppina,Theileiandii.

s ide re d ,a s ingu la rf acttha t ina l l tha t

o f pa rtso f the B ib le ,e ce pto f course

hrasesinthecatechismanddoctrinals.

first-handB iblicalstud inthePhilippinesundertheold regimethathascometom noticeinthebibliographiesofMedinaand R etanaisthis,that uandelaC oncepcionthehistorianleftinmanuscripta translationoftheH ol

a m pre nta e nM a n ila ,p .221 .T h is f a i lu re

to the nat i e la ngua ge swa sno tpe cu lia r

h il ipp ine s.P rote stantH o l la nd ,f a rbe h ind pa in inpro id ing f orna t i e e ducat io n ,wa se ua l l o ppose d

ib le . v e na s la te a sthe se co ndor

u the N e wT e sta m entwa sco nside red

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


91/374

I P P N E S L A N D V ol.

e rte d ,the kno wle dge o f re a ding

rall diffusedinthe

e co mm o npe op le o f .- u ro pe, 33we ha e the s ingula rre sult tha tthe isla nds

m o re peo p le who cou ldre ad ,

a n butpurel re l igio us

co m m unit in the wo rld .

ethersafetoassumethatin

thelistofprintedtranslations

e sco mprisede e r th ingo f

a i la ble f o rre a ding f o rthe

,ino rde rto pro mo te the lea rn ingo f pa n ish ,ha dpro hib iteda tt im e sthe prin t ing

Furthe rm o re,Z un i iga sa se p l icitl tha t a f te rthe com ingo f the pa n iardsthe

o n h a e h a d co m ed i es ,

em s,a nde e r kindo f

ed f ro m the pa n ish ,without

twho hasco m pose de e na n

n ,Zunf iga de scribesa e u lo g ist ic

se db a Fi l ip ino i l la ge rto

T h is lo a,a sth isspe cie so f co mpo sitio nwa sca lle d ,wa srep le te with re f e re nce sto the

e s,the tra e lso f Aristo t le ,the unf o ra re o lu t io na r wo rk,a ndHe rrB ruckner,who tra nsla te d it,ha d

Go e rnm ent. Gu i l le ma rd ,M a la s ia

ago e s,p .12 .

the e lem e ntswere m o re gene ra ll ta ught

r d ist r ictso f u ro pe i,p .386 a nd

the Archb ishopo f M a n i la : T he re a re

sArga s,Da la gue te ,Bo lo ho n ,Ce bu ,a ndse e ra l in the pro ince o f lo i lo,whe re no ta s ing le bo o rg irlca nbe

dwrite ,a na d a ntage o f wh ich f ew

a st . b id .,p .388 .

00 .

.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


92/374


dotherincidentsin ancient

catesomeknowledgeat

do f Christ ia ndoctrine,e e n

o m a ke itse e m be o ndthe

ha eA ristotledrownhimselfinchagrin atnotbeingableto measurethe

e P l in th ro wh im se lf into

lto in e st iga te the cause so f its

te re stso f the nd ia nsf o und

o we e rin the a dapta t io no f

se nta tio no nre l ig io usho l ida s.

erta iningde scrip t iono f the se

a l l m a de upf ro m thre e o r

hematerialsofwhich were

e ntha tthe m o sa icse e m eda

swere alwa sMoorsand

ncenteredin thedesireof

t ia nprince sseso ro f C hristia ns

sses.T he C hristia na ppe a rs

r ice e rsa .T he he ro

butthe irpa re ntso ppo se

o ercomethedifficulties

ris t ia nprince sswa sco mpa ra ti e l e a s .A wa ro pportunel b re akso ut in

a lo r,the M o o risco n e rte dandba pt i e d ,a ndthe we dd ing f o l lows.T he

na C hristia nprince lo e sa

h e c an n e e r f or s ak e h is

e m an .H e is im priso ne d,

attempttoescape, which

f e o ri f the sce ne is la id

ce ss isco n e rte dand

na rm ,o rthe prince d ie sa

usua l l p ro ide dwitha

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


93/374


94/374


with pa n ish to co m pensa te

cu larkno wle dge wa se n o e db e r f e w nd ia ns in the co untr d ist r icts

m a in l wh i le ser a ntso f the

mm o no p in io no f the pa n ish

purpose l ne g lecte d instruct ingthe nd ia ns in pa n ish ,ino rde rto perpe tua te the irho lduponthe m butZ uf i iga re pe lsth is

nt r ue . 4 0

a s im pract ica ble f o rthe nd ia nsto le a rn pa n ishunde rthe m iss ions ste m.Fo r

e e ra lhundre df am il iesto

ishwa sa n im poss ib il i t .A

sesmightbelearned,but

o rco nsta nto re e nf re ue nt

generalcon ersation

ntsinit farbelowthose

choolchildreninGerman

e e na co mpu lsor stud .l1

s ste m iso la tedthe pue blo s

atlarge,itof necessit

ge o f pa n ishwo u ldbe

ch nd ia nsa s l i e d inM a n ila

60 - 6i . C o m m od o re A l a a w a s on h i s wa

a t io nso f the o lca no o f T a a l.

e lonune Ordo nna nce duR o i,re nou e le e

o rdo nne a u R e l ig ie u d e nse igne rle

n d ie n s m a is a M a e s te , m o n t un a ni m em e nt

a M a ni l le , n a p o in t e nc o re e t e ob e ie u s u a

, ii , p. 8 . C f . Z u nf ii ga , s ta di sm o, i , pp . 2 9 - 30 0.

nce sse e Re ta na sno te sto Ziun i iga ,i i,

ie wse pre sse dte n e a rsa go upo nthe impra ctica b il i t o f supp la nt ingto a n e te ntthe Ta ga l la ngua ge b

o nside ra t io nsa ppl e ua l l we l lto

, p . 5 f f .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


95/374

N E S L A N D

neditin thehouseholdsof

with its f orce dtransp lant ing

nsb wh ich large m a sse so f

e be e n l i fte d in to the circle o f

e ndo we dwitha uro pea n

ult isse cured in the f u ture

rthe Fi lip ino,itca nbe a cco mplishe do n l b the trans la tio no f ng l isho r

eTagaland otherlanguages,onascalenot lessgenerousthanthework of

he l ite ra ture o f re l igio us

orkofnot lessthantwo

o f a tru l m iss io na r de o t ion .

e d i n it s g en e ra l a sp e ct s t he

es,andsuppliedthenecessar materialuponwhichtobasea udgmentofthis

the ad a ncem e nto f ci i l i a t io n. n th issur e ce rtain th ingssta ndo ut in

iona l udgme nto f the pa n ish

n ue stwashum a ne ,a nd

ss io na rie sm o re tha nb wa rrio rs .

sbene olent,althoughtheadministrationwasnotfree fromthetaintoffinancial

s la ndsno rthe ir inha b it ta ntswe re e p lo ite d .T he colo n in f a ctwa sa con- sta ntcha rge upo nthe trea sur o f N e w pa in .T he ..succe sso f the e nte rprise wa snotm e a sure db the e po rtsa nd im po rts ,butb the numbe ro f so ulsput in

io n.T he pe o ple re ce i e dthe be ne f itsof C hrist ia nci i l i a t io n,a s itwa sundersto od in

ha t r el i gi o us r e i a l w hi c h we

io n .T hisC hrist ia n it im pose dthe f aitha ndthe obse r a nce so f the m e d ia e a l

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


96/374


ilippineislanderswho

t itd id f o rthe Fra nkso rA ng le s

r. t ta m e dthe ir l i e s ,e le -~r

en,establishedthe C hristian,

m the l ite ra ture o f the de o t io na l

e a i l f o r th e se b l es s in g s. T h e

twa sine pe nsi e ,a ndthe rel ig io use sta b lishm entwa sm a inl supporte db the

rs .Church f e e sm a ha e

e ,butthe o cca s io nsf o rsuch -

etenantsofthe churchestatesfoundthefriarseas landlords.Z nifiigadescribesagreatestateof theA ugustiniansnearManila

lwasno to e r 1 ,500,wh i le

timatedtobe notlessthan

about fourthousand

o no f wo me nwa sf u ll a sgo o d

nd ia nso f the P h i lipp ine sa s

o ple o f uro pe.B utco nspicuo usa m o ngthe a ch ie e m e ntso f the co n ue sta nd

in thefieldofhumanitarian

rthe conditionsinother

es,ha ebeentheprohibitionofsla er andtheunremittingeffortstoeradicateits disguisedforms.Thesealoneareasufficient

m o t i e s in the pa n isha nd

neandnot commercial...

fthecomfortableprosperit

hole underthe o ld pa n ish

growthofthepopulation.

ue stthe popu la tio n ina l l

2 - 13 .

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


97/374


98/374

S T O R I C A L N TR O D U C T O N 87

ppineshasdisappeared

m o re tha na ge ne ra t io n the pe o ple ha e pa ssedf ro m a li f e whichwa sso re mo te

o rar wo rld thatthe m ight

ng in the m idd le a ge s insom e

pro tecte d f rom the ph sica l

tualstrifeof theoutside

io uso f the pro gresso f

he m se l e ssudden l p lunge d

emalongresistlessl .

db lo od ,a ne wa ndstra nge l i fe

he f a ce the struggle f o r

onswhichspareno weakness

d le ne sso rinca pacit to the

tcomenomancantell.

andofsociale olutionit

fprofoundinterest.

O R D B O U R N E

E R S I T , O ctober, 9 0 2.

e m per, u ie thum o r,h is lo e o f na ture a nd

ke h is T ra e ls a wo rktha twou ldbe

a ce in the l ite rature o f a n co untr .A n

ppearin thepresentseries.

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


99/374PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


100/374

O L U M

inearchipelagoisfitl

ngagroupofdocuments

a nde rVI ' s ine o f De ma rca tio nbe twe e nthe respe cti e do m inio nso f

e re cent l - d isco e re dN e w

tro e rs iesre ga rdingth is l ine

sa rise n ,a ndso lit t le o nthe sub e ctha sa ppe a red in the ng l ish to ngue,tha twe ha e

foreourreadersthemore

tsrelatingthereto,of

she re g i e n .

ander sB ulls-two dated

e fo u rt h d a o f M a , 4 9 3 .

monl knownas ntercetera

a ndsin the W e st ,re ce nt l

e d isco e re d,wh icha re h ithe rto

he dom in iono f a n C hrist ia nprince .T he se co nd E x im ie de o t io nis ,a lso

o pa in the sam e rights in tho se

orm e rl be e nco nf e rredo n

grantsaresupersededb

I n te rca ete ra ,wh iche stab l ishe s

a ndgra ntsto pa ina l l lands

h ichwe re no ta lre a d in the

ist ia nprince . t i l la nothe r

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


101/374

N E S L A N D

m be r 2 5 of t h e sa m e e a r a u th o ri e s p a in t o e t e nd h e r so e r ei g nt a l so o e r l an d s

e dto the a st ,includ ing nd ia

ngboththeDemarcation

cessionstoPortugal.Thelatterpower sremonstrancesagainstthisinfringement

otheTreat ofTordesillas

) ,inwh ich ,b m utua la gre em e ntbetwe e nthe so e re igns,a ne wline of de m a rca t ion is

wo hundreda ndse e nt

tha to f Ale a nde rVI ; and

tedA pri l15 , 4 9 5 m a ke ssuita b le arra nge m e ntsf o ra scie nt i f ica nde u ita ble de term inat io no f th isbo unda r .T he f inala ct io no f the

t te r i s in d ic a te d b a B u l l of e o

o e m be r 3 , S I 4 ) g r an t ed t o

lp re io uspapa lg if tsto tha t

st ,a ndgra ntsto herbo th

rie sa ndco n ue sts,the re a nd

gbetween painand

rsh ipo f the M o lucca so r

le t te rso f Ca rlo s to h isa m ba ssa do rsa t isbo n,Fe brua r a ndDece m ber 8 ,1523

oi a, F e br u ar 1 , 1 5 2 ) , t h e

i s co n e n ed A p r il I - Ma 3 ,

u e st i on a n d th a t bo d f i e s t he

ree hundreda ndse e nt

nto n io ,the m o stwe ste rl o f the

. I n th isco nne ct iona re pre sente dthe op in ionso f He rna ndo Co lo n , e ba stia n

te nt udge s a nd le tte rsf ro m

nishde putie s . T h isse tt lem e nt

M o lucca sa re re l in u ished

o f Z a r a go a A p r il 2 2 ,

PublicDomain


ss_use#pd


102/374

t in ingpo ssess io no f the P h i l ipp ine

erm so f thattre a t p la cedthe m

o n.

w ha t e ar l ie r d at e , we n o te i n ci d en t al l t h e B u l l o f A l e a n de r V I E x i m ic e , N o e m be r 6 , 5 0 o w h ic h a ut h or i e s t he p a ni s h

eso nthe na t i e sa nd inha b itants

e dposse ssio ns in the weste rn

sum m ar o f the l i f e and o a ge so f Ferna o de M aga lhae s co m mo nl kno wn

ps e s ar e g i e n o fm a n d o cu m en t s

the philippine islands vol 1 - blair robertson

Documents