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POPULATION AND RELATED ISSUES

comes from “populous”, the Greek word for people. is considered as both an influence on society and also a phenomenon which is subject to social influence. from the demographic point of view, it simply means the number of people living in a given area.

WHAT IS POPULATION?

the science of population.is defined as the study of the size, distribution, composition and changes in population. represents a fundamental approach to the understanding of human society.Is usually regarded as subdiscipline of sociology because population dynamics are strongly affected by social factors.

WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?

There is no stable population. Some populations increase and others decrease. The size of given population may change rapidly while others may change much more slowly. In some populations, there is a high proportion of people under fifteen. Most population have more females than males in the older generation. These and other population characters are results of many factors which may be biological, demographic, social, economic, political or cultural.

DETERMINANTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS

Population growth – means increase in the size of population.

THE WORLD PICTURE

For over a million years, the growth of the world’s population was negligible. It took mankind four million years to reach one billion in the early 1800’s. From 1804, when the world passed the 1 billion mark, it took 124 years to reach 2 billion. We entered the end of the 20th century with a population of less than 2 billion. And towards the end of this century, the world population reached 6 billion. The United Nations Population Fund (UNPF) designated October 12, 1999, as the “Day of 6 Billion”.

THE PHILIPPINE SITUATIONThe Philippine is one of the fastest-

growing countries in the world. It is the 13th most populous country, the 8th in Asia and the third in Southeast Asia. In territorial size, the Philippines ranks 56th in the world and 13th in Asia. The Philippines contains 1 percent of the world’s population and 1.8 percent of Asia’s population. The growth of the Philippine population from 1903 to 2010 is shown in the table. (Source: National Statistic Reports, various years)

COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGEFertilityMortalityMigration

FERTILITY a demographic phenomenon greatly responsible for setting population trends.means that a woman has actually given birth to a live child.It tells how many children the average woman is bearing.Fertility is actual reproduction, whereas fecundity is potential reproduction.

Demographers have developed several methods to measure fertility:o Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – computed by dividing the number of live births during a calendar year to the midyear population of the same period, expressed per 1,000 population.o General Fertility Rate (GFR) – more refined measure of fertility; the number of births occurring in a calendar year to 1,000 women of childbearing ages (15-49).

Differential Fertility

the fertility of each of the various social groups comprising a given population.

Factor influencing fertility differentials: Education. The higher the educational attainment, especially that of a woman, the lower is the number of children. Occupation of the father and income. Fathers of high paying occupations have fewer children. Rural-Urban Differential. Fertility is higher in rural areas. The difference is probably due to the fact that the rural couples cannot readily get information and facilities for family planning. Age at marriage. Delayed marriage means lesser exposure to fertility and therefore reduces the number of children born to a woman. Ambition. Ambition is the desire to maintain or to secure a good social status. For many couples with good social status, it is easier to maintain that status and ensure the same status to their children if families are relatively small.

MORTALITY refers to death.

It is a negative component of population change.

Is an indicator of health conditions of a given society.

Measures of mortality: Crude Death Rate (CDR) – the number of deaths per 1,000 population. Age-Specific Death Rate – the number of deaths of persons in a given age-group per 1,000 population of that age-group. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – computed by dividing the total number of deaths of age 0 by the total population of the same age; it is expressed as the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births; it indicates how many babies die before reaching the age one. Death Rate by Cause of Death – commonly expressed in terms of death from a given country expressed in terms of deaths from a given disease (cause of death) per 1,000 population.Maternal Mortality Rate – states the number of mothers dying per 1,000 live births.

MIGRATIONThe movement of people from one area to another

to settle permanently.

Two General Kinds of Migration International MigrationInternal Migration

International Migration – the movement of people from one country to another to settle permanently.

Immigration – the coming into the country of which the person is not a citizen for permanent residence. Emigration – the going from one’s country for permanent residence in another country.

Internal Migration – the movement of people from one part of the country to another for permanent residence. Internal migration may be out-migration or in-migration.

Age Composition –refers to the relative proportions of people at various age levels. The proportions in the different age groups (children, adults, aged) vary greatly from time to time and from society to society. Data on a population’s age structure provide a basis of varies demographic analysis which may lead to an approximation of the characteristics of the future population. Sex Composition – refers to the differences in sex-make up which is determined by sex ratio (the proportion of males over females).

POPULATION STRUCTURE: Age and sex Composition