political law quizzer 1-2-20081

8/11/2019 Political Law Quizzer 1-2-20081

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Pre-Bar Quizzer in Political Law(Doctinal Rulings, Requisites and Definitions 11)

July, 2008

Prepared by

ATTY. LARRY D. GACAYAN

Professor of LawUNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF LAW Baguio City

(POLITICAL LAW REVIEW, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II )

BAR REVIEWER (Political Law)

Cosmopolitan Re iew Cente! (CRC)Baguio City B!anc"# $C# Baguio City

Baguio Powe!"aus Law Re iew Cente! Baguio City

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PART I---Constitution of Government

1. Define Political Law

It is t"at &!anc" o' pu&lic law w"ic" eals wit" t"e o!gani ation anope!ations o' t"e go e!nmental o!gans o' t"e *tate an e'ines t"e!elations o' t"e *tate wit" t"e in"a&itants o' its te!!ito!y+ PEOPLEVS! PERFECTO" #$ P%i&! ''()

2. What are included in Political Law? Constitutional Law, A minist!ati e Law Law o' Pu&lic O''ice!s Law on Pu&lic Co!po!ation Election Law

3. What is the doctrine of constitutional supremacy?

$n e! t"e oct!ine o' constitutional sup!emacy# i' a lawo! cont!act iolates any no!m o' t"e constitution t"at law o! cont!act w"et"e! p!omulgate &y t"e legislati e o! &y t"ee-ecuti e &!anc" o! ente!e into &y p!i ate pe!sons 'o! p!i ate

pu!poses is null an oi an wit"out any 'o!ce an e''ect+."us# since t"e Constitution is t"e 'un amental# pa!amount an

/ ."e e-aminee is p!esume to "a e maste!e t"e Constitutional p!o isions+


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sup!eme law o' t"e nation# it is eeme w!itten in e e!y statutean cont!act+

4. What are the requisites for the e ercise of !people"s initiati#e$ toamend the %onstitution?

It is p!o i e un e! *ection 0# A!t+ 1VII o' t"e Constitution w"ic" p!o i es t"at 2Amen ments to t"is Constitution may li3ewise &e i!ectly p!opose &y t"e people t"!oug" initiati e upon a petition o' at least /04 o' t"e total num&e! o' !egiste!e ote!s# o' w"ic" e e!y legislati e ist!ict must

&e !ep!esente &y at least 54 o' t"e !egiste!e ote! t"e!ein+6 ."e Cong!esss"all p!o i e 'o! t"e implementation o' t"e e-e!cise o' t"is !ig"t+

&. 's there a law which would pro#ide for the mechanism for the people to propose amendments to the %onstitution by people"s initiati#e?

W"ile Cong!ess "a enacte RA 7859 pu!po!te ly to p!o i e t"emec"anisms 'o! t"e people:s e-e!cise t"e powe! to amen t"e Constitution

&y people:s initiati e# t"e *up!eme Cou!t in ;IRIA; *A=.IAGO# et al+ Vs+ CO;ELEC# G+R+ =o+ /08509# ;a!c" /?# /??8 @une / # /??8# t"e *up!eme Cou!t "el t"at RA *($+ is in,om &ete"

in./e0u.te or 1.ntin2 in essenti.& terms .n/ ,on/itions insof.r .s

initi.tive on .men/ments to t%e Constitution is ,on,erne/! Its &.,un.eon t%is su3st.ntive m.tter .re f.t.& .n/ ,.nnot 3e ,ure/ 345em o1erin26 t%e CO7ELEC to romu&2.te su,% ru&es .n/re2u&.tions .s m.4 3e ne,ess.r4 to ,.rr4 t%e ur oses of t%is .,t!

In LA78INO VS! CO7ELEC" %o1ever" t%e Su reme Court onNovem3er 9:" 9;;*" in t%e 7inute Reso&ution of t%e etitioner


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0+ C"anging t"e 'o!m o' go e!nment '!om p!esi ential to pa!liamenta!y is an act o' REVI*I=G t"e Constitution w"ic" is not alloweun e! A!t+ 1VII# *ection 0+ People:s initiati e may only &e allowe to

p!opose amen ments to t"e Constitution# not !e ision+

6. What are the requisites before an amendment to the %onstitutionby !people"s initiati#e$ is sufficient in form and in substance?

In t"e case o' RA$L L+ LA;BI=O an ERICO B+ A$;E=.A


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-. )ay %on/ress propose amendments to the %onstitution while at the same time callin/ for a %onstitutional %on#ention to amend the%onstitution?

Yes, there is no prohibition for Congress to proposeamendments to the Constitution and at the same time call for the convening of a Constitutional Convention to amend the Constitution. The word or inthe provision Congress, upon a vote of of all its members; ! "#$ %constitutional Convention under &ection ', %rt. ()** also means %+ .- +/%01& )&. C 2101C, 0/ *CRA 88D 3

,. What is the !Doctrine of Proper 8ubmission$ in connection with proposed amendments to the %onstitution?

octrine of 4roper &ubmission means all the proposed amendments to the Constitution shall be presented to the people for theratification or re5ection at the same time, not piecemeal. -T 01+T*+ )&.C 2101C, 6' &C!% 78#3

:;! >%.t is t%e .r,%i e&.2i, /o,trine or .r,%i e&.2o t%eor4?

It is t"e 0 n sentence o' *ection /# A!t+ I o' t"e Constitution w"ic"

states t"at 2t"e wate!s a!oun # &etween an connecting t"e islan s o' t"ea!c"ipelago# !ega! less o' t"ei! &!ea t" an imensions# 'o!m pa!t o' t"einte!nal wate!s o' t"e P"ilippines+6

11. What are the elements of !state$?

As "el in C 001CT ! )&. C%24 & !91 %, 6# &C!% #:, theelements o' a state a!e+

/+ people 0+ te!!ito!y 5+ so e!eignty D+ go e!nment

12. *re the two(fold function of /o#ernment as enumerated by the 8upreme %ourt in 0*%*9' +8. 9*%:%:; 1 and %onstituent =)andatory> unctions5 still applicabletoday?

+o more as held in %CC % )&. C9 C , :8 &C!%


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%s held in *n !e> SATURNINO 8ER7UDE@" :#+ SCRA :*;" t"esame is e Ju!e+ A go e!nment 'o!me as a !esult o' a people:s !e olution# isconsi e!e e Ju!e i' it is al!ea y accepte &y t"e 'amily o' nations o! ot"e!

count!ies li3e t"e $nite *tates# G!eat B!itain# Ge!many# apan# an ot"e!s+

:#! >%.t .re t%e t%ree $) =in/s of /e f.,to 2overnment?

As "el in CO I7 CHA7 VS! VALDE@ TAN EH" (+ P%i&! ::$"t"e t"!ee (5) 3in s o' e 'acto go e!nments a!e

a+ ."e 'i!st# o! go e!nment e 'acto in a p!ope! legalsense# is t"at go e!nment t"at gets possession ancont!ol o'# o! usu!ps# &y 'o!ce o! &y t"e oice o' t"e maJo!ity# t"e !ig"t'ul legal go e!nments anmaintains itsel' against t"e will o' t"e latte!# suc"as t"e go e!nment o' Englan un e! t"eCommonwealt"# 'i!st &y Pa!liament an late! &yC!omwell as P!otecto!+

&+ ."e secon is t"at w"ic" is esta&lis"e anmaintaine &y milita!y 'o!ces w"o in a e anoccupy a te!!ito!y o' t"e enemy in t"e cou!se o' wa!# an w"ic" is enominate a go e!nment o'

pa!amount 'o!ce# as t"e cases o' Castine# in ;aine#w"ic" was !e uce to B!itis" possession in t"e wa! o' /K/0# an .ampico# ;e-ico# occupie u!ingt"e wa! wit" ;e-ico# &y t"e t!oops o' t"e $nite*tates+

c+ An t"e t"i! is t"at esta&lis"e as an in epen entgo e!nment &y t"e in"a&itants o' a count!y w"o!ise in insu!!ection against t"e pa!ent state o' suc"as t"e go e!nment o' t"e *out"e!n Con'e e!acy in!e olt not conce!ne in t"e p!esent case wit" t"e'i!st 3in # &ut only wit" t"e secon an t"i! 3in so' e 'acto go e!nments+

But t"e!e is anot"e! esc!iption o' go e!nment# calle also &y pu&licists ago e!nment e 'acto# &ut w"ic" mig"t# pe!"aps# &emo!e aptly enominate a go e!nment o'

pa!amount 'o!ce+ Its istinguis"ing c"a!acte!isticsa!e

(/)# t"at its e-istence is maintaine &y acti emilita!y powe! wit" t"e te!!ito!ies# an against t"e!ig"t'ul aut"o!ity o' an esta&lis"e an law'ulgo e!nment, an

(0)# t"at w"ile it e-ists it necessa!ily &eo&eye in ci il matte!s &y p!i ate citi ens w"o# &yacts o' o&e ience !en e!e in su&mission to suc"'o!ce# o not &ecome !esponsi&le# o! w!ong oe!s#

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'o! t"ose acts# t"oug" not wa!!ante &y t"e laws o' t"e !ig"t'ul go e!nment+

1&. What is the postliminy theory or us postliminium?

W"en a 'o!eign powe! occupies a state an e-e!cises t"e powe!s o' go e!nment# t"e political laws o' t"e sai state a!e eeme automaticallysuspen e &ut t"e 'o!me! go e!nment automatically comes to li'e an will

&e in 'o!ce an in e''ect again upon t"e !e>esta&lis"ment o' t"e 'o!me! go e!nment+ (.aylo!# Inte!national Law# p+ 7/9+)

16. What is the doctrine of so#erei/nty as !auto limitation$?

In t"e succinct language o' elline3# it is t"e p!ope!ty o' a state>'o!ce ue to w"ic" it "as t"e e-clusi e capacity o' legalsel'> ete!mination an sel'>!est!iction !B A st.te t%en" if it,%ooses to" m.4 refr.in from t%e e er,ise of 1%.t ot%er1iseis i&&imit.3&e ,om eten,e!B ."e opinion was at pains to pointout t"oug" t"at e en t"en# t"e!e is at t"e most iminution o'

Ju!is ictional !ig"ts# not its isappea!ance+ (Cite in Reagan s+Commissione!# 41 401 )&. / , ?: &C!% 67< and C 22*&&* +1! )&. ! @1!T& +, '6: &C!% :=73

1 . What is the !incorporation theory$ or the !'ncorporation%lause$ of the %onstitution?

It is t"e p!inciple em&o ie in *ection 0# A!ticle II o' t"e Constitutionw"ic" states t"at 2 T%e P%i&i ines ./o ts t%e 2ener.&&4 .,,e te/rin,i &es of intern.tion.& &.1 .s .rt of t%e &.1 of t%e &.n/6!

(7E OFF VS! DIRECTOR OF PRISONS" ; P%i&! (;" URODA VS!ALANDONI" '$ P%i& :(: # an AGUSTIN VS! EDU" '' SCRA : +)!

1-. 'n case of conflict between a constitutional ri/ht of a citi en and a /enerally accepted principle of international law; which shall pre#ail?

In t"e case o'REYES VS! 8AGATSING":9+ SCRA ++$ # t"e *up!eme Cou!t "el t"att"e constitutional !ig"t s"all p!e ail+ ."oug" A!ticle 00 o' t"e ViennaCon ention on


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not acceptable because it is his obligation to 5oin the armed forces inconnection with the defense of the &tate provision of the Constitution.

0 . 's the !separation of church and state$ a myth or a reality?

It is a !eality as s"own &y t"e 'ollowing p!o isions o' t"e Constitution+

/+ ART! III" Se,! +! =o law s"all &e ma e !especting anesta&lis"ment o' !eligion# o! p!o"i&iting t"e '!ee e-e!cise t"e!eo'+."e '!ee e-e!cise an enJoyment o' !eligious p!o'ession anwo!s"ip# wit"out isc!imination o! p!e'e!ence# s"all 'o!e e! &eallowe + =O RELIGIO$* .E*. * ALL BE REM$IRE< FOR . E E1ERCI*E OF CIVIL OR POLI.ICAL RIG .*+

0+ ART! VI" Se,! 9' $)! C"a!ita&le institutions# c"u!c"es# mos ues#non>p!o'it cemete!iesNactually# i!ectly an e-clusi ely use 'o! !eligious# c"a!ita&le# o! e ucational pu!poses s"all &e e-empt'!om ta-ation+

5+ ART! VI" Se,! 9 ! 9)! =o pu&lic money o! p!ope!ty s"all &eapp!op!iate # applie # pai # 'o! t"e &ene'it# i!ectly o! in i!ectly#'o! t"e use# &ene'it# o! suppo!t o' any sect# c"u!c"# enomination

o! !eligion# e-cept w"en suc" p!iest# ministe!++ is assigne to t"ea!me 'o!ces# o! to any penal institution# o! go e!nmento!p"anage o! lep!osa!ium+

D+ART! I " C" 9 +)! Religious enominations an sects s"all not &e!egiste!e Nas political pa!ties+ (=O.E Religious o!gani ationsa!e also p!o"i&ite ion connection wit" secto!al !ep!esentati esun e! A!t+ VI)

9+ ART! IV" Se,! $ $ )+ At t"e option in w!iting &y pa!ents#!eligion s"all &e allowe to &e taug"t to t"ei! c"il !en inelementa!y an "ig" sc"ools wit"in t"e !egula! class "ou!s &yinst!ucto!s esignate o! app!o e &y !eligious aut"o!ities tow"ic" sai c"il !en &elong# wit"out a itional cost to t"ego e!nment+

21. What are the factors to be considered by the Philippines indealin/ with other nations?

As p!o i e in *ection 8 o' A!t+ II# ."e P"ilippines s"all pu!sue anin epen ent 'o!eign policy+ In its !elations wit" ot"e! states t"e pa!amountconsi e!ation s"all &e H/ n.tion.& soverei2nt4" 9 territori.& inte2rit4" $n.tion.& interest" .n/ # t%e ri2%t to se&f-/etermin.tion"

22. 's there absolute prohibition for the Philippines to be equipped with nuclear weapons?

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=o# as state in *ection K# A!t+ II# 2t"e P"ilippines# consistent withthe national interest # a opts an pu!sues a policy o' '!ee om '!om nuclea! weapons in its te!!ito!y+6 As suc"# i' it is consistent wit" national inte!est# t"e

same is not p!o"i&ite +

23. 's !di#orce$ prohibited by the 1,- Philippine %onstitution?

Fat"e! Be!nas opines t"at t"e p!o ision o' t"e Constitution (*ection/0# A!t+ III) w"ic" p!o i es in pa!t t"at t"e 2*tate s"all st!engt"en t"e'amily6 oes not ta3e a stan on i o!ce t"oug" it appea!s t"at a i o!ce lawwoul 2&!ea36 t"e 'amily instea o' 2st!engt"ening6 it+ As suc"# a


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2 . Do we practice the free enterprise system in the Philippines or isit the welfare state concept? Distin/uish the two.

As "el in ACCFA V*+ C$GCO# 5 *CRA 7D? t "e P"ilippinesne e! p!actice t"e '!ee ente!p!ise system+ It is t"e wel'a!e>state conceptw"ic" is &eing 'ollowe as s"own &y t"e constitutional p!o ision on ag!a!ian!e'o!m# "ousing# p!otection to la&o!N (=O.E# "owe e!# t"at t"e /?K8Constitution "a e p!o isions w"ic" p!o i e 'o! 2'!ee ente!p!ise)+ ."e saioct!ine was !eite!ate in P ILIPPI=E COCO=$. elega&ility o' legislati e powe!s

2,. What are the constitutionally allowed !dele/ation of le/islati#e power$ by %on/ress?

."e pe!missi&le elegation o' legislati e powe! is+

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/ ) Se,! 9$ 9) of Arti,&e VI (Eme!gency powe!s to t"eP!esi ent in case o' wa! o! ot"e! national eme!gency# 'o! a limite

pe!io an su&Ject to suc" !est!ictions as Cong!ess may p!o i e# to

e-e!cise powe!s necessa!y an p!ope! to ca!!y out a ecla!e national policy+ $nless soone! wit" !awn &y Resolution o' Cong!ess# suc" powe!s s"all cease upon t"e ne-t a Jou!nment t"e!eo'+

0) Se,! 9' 9) of Arti,&e VI! ."e Cong!ess may &y law#aut"o!i e t"e P!esi ent to 'i- wit"in speci'ie limits# an su&Ject tosuc" limitations an !est!ictions as it may impose# ta!i'' !ates# impo!tan e-po!t uotas# tonnage an w"a!'age ues# an ot"e! uties o! imposts wit"in t"e '!amewo!3 o' t"e national e elopment p!og!am o' t"e go e!nment+

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"a lost "is P"ilippine Citi ens"ip &y !en e!ing se! ice to# o! acceptingcommission in# t"e A!me Fo!ces o' t"e $nite *tates# o! a'te! sepa!ation'!om t"e A!me Fo!ces o' t"e $nite states# ac ui!e $* citi ens"ip# ;A

REACM$IRE P ILIPPI=E CI.IQE=* IP B .A I=G A= OA. OFALLEGIA=CE .O . E REP$BLIC OF . E P ILIPPI=E* A=; *rticle +' appears to /i#e such e clusi#e power to each Bouse only for disorderly beha#ior; and with the concurrence of 2E3 of all itsmembers; suspend or e pel a )ember. * penalty of suspension; whenimposed; shall mot e ceed si ty days?

es# t"is was t"e !ulings o' t"e *up!eme Cou!t in t"e cases o' 7IRIA7 DEFENSOR .n/ REP! PAREDES VS! SANDIGAN8AYAN!RA $;: . &ies to .&& 2overnment offi,ers .n/ em &o4ees!

36. 'n case of conflict between the entries in a ournal of both Bouses of %on/ress and e traneous e#idence li@e affida#its of witnesses;which shall pre#ail?

%s held in 9.&. vs. 4 +&, :6 4hil. 7#=

, the 5ournal prevails over eEtraneous evidence liBe accounts of newspaper 5ournalists and reporters as to what the proceedings all about.

3 . 'n case of conflict between the ournal and the enrolled bill;which shall pre#ail F

*n C%&C 4G*0. )&. *21+1/, 7 &C!% :67, it was held b the&upreme Court that ."e en!olle &ill p!e ails o e! t"e Jou!nal+ I' t"een!olle &ill p!o i es t"at it is u!ea 'o!mal e"y e is t"e one e-empt'!om ta-# an not u!ea an 'o!mal e"y e w"ic" appea!s in t"e

Jou!nal w"ic" was !eally app!o e # t"e 'o!me! p!e ails an onlyC$RA.IVE LEGI*LA.IO= CO$L< C A=GE . E *A;E#

=O. $


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significantl reducing the other, the number of representatives of thedifferent parties in the Commission on %ppointments ma also bechanged in proportion to their actual memberships. -+ T1> *n

Cunanan vs. Tan, the membership of the &enators was onltemporar so as not to result in the change of membership in theCommission on %ppointments3

3-(a. )ay a political party LDP5 replace its representati#e in the Bouse of 7epresentati#es Clectoral %ommission who; in a preliminary #otin/ in a protest case a/ainst an LDP )ember; #oted in fa#or of the other party and a/ainst the candidate of his #ery own

party?

Hhile as a rule the different political parties ma change their representatives in the 1lectoral Tribunal or Commission on

%ppointments, it ma not change a 2ember who completel heard and participated in a particular case "and has alread indicated his vote tothe members of the tribunal$ and replace him with another who has no

participation therein, eEcept onl to vote for a part Imate who isinvolved in the protest. &uch would be a travest of 5ustice. -@ + C )&. 4*+1 %, &eptember #


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compelled to answer questions re/ardin/ his con#ersations with the President on matters sub ect of the in#esti/ationEinquiry in aid of le/islation?

=o i' t"e con e!sations a!e co e!e &y t"e 2e-ecuti e p!i ilege6+

4 t"e $+*+ Cou!t !ecogni e a g!eat pu&lic inte!est in p!ese! ing5t%e ,onfi/enti.&it4 of ,onvers.tions t%.t t.=e &.,e in t%e Presi/ent &ealed Case, 6 =3 t"e $+*+ Cou!t o' Appeals el e eepe!+ It!ule t"at t"e!e a!e two (0) 3in s o' e-ecuti e p!i ilege, one is t"eresi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e an # t"e ot"e! is t"e /e&i3er.tivero,ess rivi&e2e + ."e 'o!me! pe!tains to 5,ommuni,.tions" /o,umentsor ot%er m.teri.&s t%.t ref&e,t resi/enti.& /e,ision-m.=in2 .n//e&i3er.tions .n/ t%.t t%e Presi/ent 3e&ieves s%ou&/ rem.in,onfi/enti.&!6 ."e latte! inclu es M./visor4 o inions" re,ommen/.tions.n/ /e&i3er.tions ,om risin2 .rt of . ro,ess 34 1%i,% 2overnment.&/e,isions .n/ o&i,ies .re formu&.te/!6

Acco! ingly# t"ey a!e c"a!acte!i e &y ma!3e istinctions+Presi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e applies to /e,ision-m.=in2 of t%ePresi/ent w"ile# t"e /e&i3er.tive ro,ess rivi&e2e # to /e,ision-m.=in2 of e e,utive offi,i.&s + ."e first is !oote in t"e constitutional p!inciple o' sepa!ation o' powe! an t"e P!esi ent:s uni ue constitutional !ole,t"e se,on/ on common law p!i ilege+ $nli3e t"e /e&i3er.tive ro,essrivi&e2e # t"e resi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e applies to

/o,uments in t%eir entiret4" .n/ ,overs fin.& .n/ ost-/e,ision.&m.teri.&s .s 1e&& .s re-/e&i3er.tive ones 9H5/ As a conse uence#cong!essional o! Ju icial negation o' t"e resi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tionsrivi&e2e is always su&Ject to g!eate! sc!utiny t"an enial o' t"e /e&i3er.tivero,ess rivi&e2e +

0 H0K CR* Repo!t 'o! Cong!ess# P!esi ential Claims o' E-ecuti e P!i ilege isto!y# Law#P!actice an Recent &ealed Case +o + ?7>5/0D# une /8# /??8+9H5/ *d.

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As may &e gleane '!om t"e a&o e iscussion# t"e claim o' e-ecuti e p!i ilege is "ig"ly !ecogni e in cases w"e!e t"e su&Ject o' in ui!y !elates toa powe! te-tually committe &y t"e Constitution to t"e P!esi ent# suc" as t"e

a!ea o' milita!y an 'o!eign !elations+ $n e! ou! Constitution# t"e P!esi entis t"e !eposito!y o' t"e comman e!>in>c"ie'# /5HD appointing# /DHD/ pa! oning# /9HD0 an iplomatic /7HD5 powe!s+ Consistent wit" t"e oct!ine o' sepa!ation o'

powe!s# t"e in'o!mation !elating to t"ese powe!s may enJoy g!eate! con'i entiality t"an ot"e!s+

."e a&o e cases# especially# +iEon, *n !e &ealed Case an Kudicial Hatch, some"ow p!o i e t"e elements o' resi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tionsrivi&e2e # to wit

:) ."e p!otecte communication must !elate to a2 uintessential an non> elega&le p!esi ential powe!+6

9) ."e communication must &e aut"o!e o! 2solicite an!ecei e 6 &y a close a iso! o' t"e P!esi ent o! t"eP!esi ent "imsel'+ ."e Ju icial test is t"at an a iso! must

&e in 2ope!ational p!o-imity6 wit" t"e P!esi ent+

$) ."e resi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e !emains a

uali'ie p!i ilege t"at may &e o e!come &y a s"owing o' a e uate nee # suc" t"at t"e in'o!mation soug"t 2li3elycontains impo!tant e i ence6 an &y t"e una aila&ility o' t"e in'o!mation elsew"e!e &y an app!op!iate in estigatingaut"o!ity+ /8HDD

*imply put# t"e &ases a!e resi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e ane-ecuti e p!i ilege on matte!s !elating to /i &om.,4 or forei2n re&.tions +

$sing t"e a&o e elements# we a!e con ince t"at# in ee # t"ecommunications elicite &y t"e t"!ee (5) uestions a!e co e!e &y t"eresi/enti.& ,ommuni,.tions rivi&e2e + irst # t"e communications !elateto a 2 uintessential an non> elega&le powe!6 o' t"e P!esi ent# i+e+ t"e

powe! to ente! into an e-ecuti e ag!eement wit" ot"e! count!ies+ ."isaut"o!ity o' t"e P!esi ent to ente! into eEecutive agreements wit"out t"econcu!!ence o' t"e Legislatu!e "as t!a itionally &een !ecogni e inP"ilippine Ju!isp!u ence+ /KHD9 8econd; t"e communications a!e 2!ecei e 6

&y a close a iso! o' t"e P!esi ent+ $n e! t"e 2ope!ational p!o-imity6 test# petitione! can &e consi e!e a close a iso!# &eing a mem&e! o' P!esi ent

A!!oyo:s ca&inet+ %nd third # t"e!e is no a e uate s"owing o' a compellingnee t"at woul Justi'y t"e limitation o' t"e p!i ilege an o' t"eun.v.i&.3i&it4 o' t"e in'o!mation elsew"e!e &y an app!op!iate in estigating/5 HD *ection /K# A!ticle VII+/D HD/ *ection /7# A!ticle VII+/9 HD0 *ection /?# A!ticle VII+/7 HD5 *ection 0 an 0/# A!ticle VII+/8HDD CR* Repo!t 'o! Cong!ess# P!esi ential Claims o' E-ecuti e P!i ilege isto!y# Law P!actice anRecent


17/83

aut"o!ity+

NOTEJ In Ni on" t%e US

Su reme Court %e&/ t%.t invo,.tionof 5e e,utive rivi&e2e6 isun.v.i&in2 if it invo&ves t%e,ommission of . ,rime .n/ t%ere is.&re./4 . en/in2 ,rimin.& ,.se!)

We see no ispute on t"is+ It is settle in 9nited &tates v. +iEon '= = 4->

t"at 2 emonst!ate # speci'ic nee 'o! e i ence in en/in2 ,rimin.& tri.& 6outweig"s t"e P!esi ent:s 2gene!ali e inte!est in con'i entiality+6owe e!# t"e p!esent case:s istinction wit" t"e +iEon case is e!y e i ent+In +iEon # t"e!e is a pen ing c!iminal p!ocee ing w"e!e t"e in'o!mationis !e ueste an it is t"e eman s o' ue p!ocess o' law an t"e 'ai! a minist!ation o' c!iminal Justice t"at t"e in'o!mation &e isclose + ."isis t"e !eason w"y t"e $+*+ Cou!t was uic3 to 2 &imit t%e s,o e of its/e,ision! 6 It st!esse t"at it is 5not ,on,erne/ %ere 1it% t%e 3.&.n,e3et1een t%e Presi/ent


18/83

Cong!ess+ In estigations con ucte solely 'o! t"e pe!sonal agg!an i emento' t"e in estigato!s o! to punis" t"ose in estigate a!e in e'ensi&le+

41. )ay local le/islati#e bodies #alidly cite a person in contempt of court as what %on/ress could do5 for refusin/ to appear therein or toanswer the questions of the members thereof?

=o+ In =EGRO* ORIE=.AL II ELEC.RIC COOPERA.IVE V*+*A=GG$=IA=G PA=GL$=G*O< OF VA. Law isconstitutional e en i' t"e same was t"e VER*IO= w"ic" came '!om t"e *enate#not '!om t"e ouse o' Rep!esentati es+ ."is is so &ecause t"e *enate is allowe

to 2p!opose amen ments6 to &ills w"ic" must e-clusi ely o!iginate '!om t"eouse o' Rep!esentati es+)

43. When is transfer of appropriations allowed by the %onstitution

Only t"ose co e!e &y *ection 09 H9 w"ic" p!o i es t"at 2=o laws"all &e passe aut"o!i ing any t!ans'e! o' app!op!iations, "owe e!# t"eP!esi ent# t"e P!esi ent o' t"e *enate# t"e *pea3e! o' t"e "ouse o' Rep!esentati es# t"e C"ie' Justice o' t"e *up!eme Cou!t# an t"e "ea s o' t"econstitutional commissions may# &y law# &e aut"o!i e to augment any itemin t"e gene!al app!op!iations law 'o! t"ei! !especti e o''ices '!om sa ings inot"e! items o' t"ei! !especti e app!op!iations+6

44. What is the so(called !e ecuti#e impoundment$?

It means t"at alt"oug" an item o' app!op!iation is not etoe &y t"eP!esi ent# "e "owe e! !e'uses 'o! w"ate e! !eason# to spen 'un s ma e

possi&le &y Cong!ess+ It is t"e 'ailu!e to spen o! o&ligate &u get aut"o!ityo' any type+ P!oponents o' impoun ment "a e in o3e at least t"!ee (5)

p!incipal sou!ces o' aut"o!ity o' t"e P!esi ent+ H/ aut"o!ity to impoungi en to "im &y Cong!ess# eit"e! e-p!essly o! implie ly, H0 t"e e-ecuti e

powe! !awn '!om "is powe! as Comman e!>in>c"ie', an H5 t"e Fait"'ule-ecution clause o' t"e Constitution+ =ote t"at in t"is case t"e *C "el t"att"e Count!ysi e


19/83

p!opose an i enti'ie &y sai *enato!s an Cong!essmen+ (P ILCO=*AV*+ E=RIM$EQ# 059 *CRA 9 7)

4&. )ay the President refuse to enforce a law on the /round that inhis opinion it is unconstitutional?

=o+ Ot"e!wise# "e will &e iolating t"e oct!ine o' sepa!ation o' powe!s &ecause &y oing so# "e will &e a!!ogating unto "imsel' t"e powe! tointe!p!et t"e law# not me!ely to implement it+ ( 0.&. 2 + L C . )&.

G%!!*& +, 6: 4hil.:J3 #3 )MT. )&. &4!*+ 1!, ?8 4hil. ?#=, read also the separateopinion.

46. Fhe President of the Philippines; by *dministrati#e :rder;mandates the !*D:PF':9 : * 9*F':9*L %:)P FC7'GCD

'DC9F' '%*F':9 7C C7C9%C 8H8FC)$ and appropriatin/ fundstherefore?'s this within his !e ecuti#e power$?

=o as "el &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t in BLA* OPLE V*+ R$BE=.ORRE*# E. AL+# G+R+ =o+ /087K9# uly 05# /??K# t"e AO esta&lis"es asystem o' i enti'ication t"at is all>encompassing in scope# a''ects t"e li'e anli&e!ty o' e e!y Filipino citi ens an 'o!eign !esi ents an t"e!e'o!e# it is

suppose to &e a law passe &y Cong!ess t"at implements it# not &y anA minist!ati e O! e! issue &y t"e P!esi ent+ A minist!ati e Powe!# w"ic"is suppose to &e e-e!cise &y t"e P!esi ent# is conce!ne wit" t"e wo!3 o' applying policies an en'o!cing o! e!s as ete!mine &y p!ope! go e!nmental o!gans+ It ena&les t"e P!esi ent to 'i- a uni'o!m stan a! o' a minist!ati e e''iciency an c"ec3 t"e o''icial con uct o' "is agents+P!escin ing '!om t"e 'o!egoing p!ecepts# AO 5 K in ol es a su&Ject t"at isnot app!op!iate to &e co e!e &y an A minist!ati e O! e!+ An a minist!ati eo! e! is an o! inance issue &y t"e P!esi ent w"ic" !elates to speci'icaspects in t"e a minist!ati e ope!ation o' t"e go e!nment+ It must &e in"a!mony wit" t"e law an s"oul &e 'o! t"e sole pu!pose o' implementingt"e law an ca!!ying out t"e legislati e policy+ ."e su&Ject o' AO 5 Kt"e!e'o!e is &eyon t"e powe! o' t"e P!esi ent to issue an it is a usu!pationo' legislati e powe!+

4 . What is the !totality test$ used by the 8upreme %ourt in holdin/ that former President Ioseph Cstrada resi/ned as President on Ianuary2


20/83

*ince &ot" ouses o' Cong!ess "a !ecogni e t"at A!!oyo is t"eP!esi ent w"en t"ey passe Resolution 2e-p!essing t"ei! suppo!t to t"ea minist!ation o' e! E-cellency Glo!ia ;acapagal A!!oyo# P!esi ent o' t"e

P"ilippines6 w"ic" was passe on anua!y 0D# 0 /, anot"e! !esolutionate anua!y 0D# 0 / 2e-p!essing 'ull suppo!t to t"e assumption into o''ice

&y VP A!!oyo as P!esi ent o' t"e P"ilippines6, an t"e Resolution ateFe&!ua!y 8# 0 / 2con'i!ming P!esi ent A!!oyo:s nomination o' *enato! .eopisto Guingona# !+ as Vice P!esi ent o' t"e P"ilippines6# "e! go e!nmentis e Ju!e+

4,. )ay the President ma@es appointment to #acancies in the udiciary within two months immediately before the ne t presidential election and up to the end of his term$ in order to comply with therequirement of 8ections 4 and -; *rt. +''' for him to fill up #acancies inthe udiciary within ,< days from the submission of the list of nominees bythe Iudicial and 0ar %ouncil?

=o+ *ection /9# A!ticle VII applies only to tempo!a!y appointmentsto e-ecuti e positions w"en continue acancies t"e!ein will p!eJu ice

pu&lic se! ice o! en ange! pu&lic sa'ety an not to t"e Ju icia!y+

&


21/83

coul assume o''ice+ Cong!ess# t"!oug" a law cannot impose ont"e P!esi ent t"e o&ligation o' automatically appointing t"e$n e!sec!eta!y as "e! alte! ego+ e must &e o' t"e P!esi ent:s

con'i ence an p!o i e t"at t"e tempo!a!y appointment oes note-cee one (/) yea!+

."e!e is a nee to istinguis" a inte!im appointments anappointments in an acting capacity+ W"ile &ot" a!e e''ecti e uponacceptance# a inte!im appointments a!e e-ten e only u!ing t"e!ecess o' Cong!ess# w"e!eas acting appointments may &e e-ten eany time t"at t"e!e is a acancy+ ;o!eo e!# a inte!im appointmentsa!e su&mitte to t"e Commission on Appointments 'o! con'i!mationo! !eJection, acting appointments a!e not su&mitte to t"eCommission on appointments+ Acting appointments a!e a way o' tempo!a!ily ci!cum enting t"e nee o' con'i!mation &y t"eCommission on Appointments+

&2. What is the !ta@e care power$ of the President of the Philippines?

It is t"e powe! o' t"e P!esi ent un e! *ection /8# A!t+ VII w"ic" p!o i es t"at ."e P!esi ent s"all "a e cont!ol o' all t"e e-ecuti e

epa!tments # &u!eaus an o''ices+ He s%.&& ensure t%.t t%e &.1s 3ef.it%fu&&4 e e,ute/!

&3. What is the power of control of the President. Distin/uish it from power of super#ision +

Cont!ol "as &een e'ine as t"e powe! o' an o''ice! to alte! o! mo i'y o! nulli'y o! set asi e w"at a su&o! inate o''ice! "a one in t"e

pe!'o!mance o' "is uties an to su&stitute t"e Ju gment o' t"e 'o!me! 'o! test o' t"e latte!+ *upe! ision on t"e ot"e! "an means o e!seeing o! t"e

powe! o! aut"o!ity o' an o''ice! to see t"at su&o! inate o''ice!s pe!'o!m t"ei! uties+ (;O=


22/83

.ssists t%e Presi/ent! Un/er our ,onstitution.& set-u " t%eE e,utive Se,ret.r4 .,ts for .n/ in 3e%.&f of t%e Presi/entJ .n/ 34.ut%orit4 of t%e Presi/ent" %e %.s un/is ute/ uris/i,tion to

.ffirm" mo/if4" or even reverse .n4 or/er of t%e Se,ret.r4 of N.tur.& Resour,es .n/ ot%er C.3inet Se,ret.ries + W"e!e t"eE-ecuti e *ec!eta!y acts &y aut"o!ity o' t"e P!esi ent "is ecision ist"at o' t"e P!esi ent+ (Lacson>;agallanes Co+# Inc+ s+ Pano# 0/*CRA K?9)+

&6. What are the differences between the power of the President todeclare martial law or suspend the pri#ile/e of the writ of habeascorpus under the 1,- %onstitution and the pre#ious %onstitutions?

$n e! t"e /?K8 P"ilippine Constitution# suc" acts o' t"e P!esi entmay &e !e iewe not only &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t &ut also t"e Cong!ess o' t"e P"ilippines+ P!e iously# suc" woul &e consi e!e 2political uestion6w"ic" is &eyon t"e !e iew powe!s o' t"e cou!ts+ Li3ewise# t"e!e is ae'inite pe!io 'o! t"e sai suspension unli3e &e'o!e an mo!e

impo!tantly# t"e g!oun s a!e only in asion an !e&ellion W E= . EP$BLIC *AFE. REM$IRE* I.+ ."e *up!eme Cou!t may !e iew# in anapp!op!iate p!ocee ing 'ile &y any citi en# t"e su''iciency o' t"e 'actual

&asis o' t"e p!oclamation o' ma!tial law o! suspension o' t"e p!i ilege o'

t"e w!it o! t"e e-tension t"e!eo'# an must p!omulgate its ecisiont"e!eon wit"in 5 ays '!om its 'iling+

A state o' ma!tial law oes not suspen t"e ope!ation o' t"eConstitution# no! supplant t"e 'unctioning o' t"e ci il cou!ts o! legislati eassem&lies# no! aut"o!i e t"e con'e!ment o' Ju!is iction on milita!y cou!tsan agencies o e! ci ilians w"e!e ci il cou!ts a!e a&le to 'unction# no! automatically suspen t"e p!i ilege o' t"e w!it+

."e suspension o' t"e p!i ilege o' t"e w!it s"all apply only to pe!sons Ju icially c"a!ge 'o! !e&ellion o! o''enses in"e!ent in o! i!ectly connectewit" in asion+


23/83

*"e also !elie on *ection /8# A!ticle 1II# a p!o ision on t"e *tate:se-t!ao! ina!y powe! to ta3e o e! p!i ately>owne pu&lic utility an &usinessa''ecte wit" pu&lic inte!est+ ."e *up!eme Cou!t !ule t"at t"e assaile PP

/ /8 is unconstitutional inso'a! as it g!ants P!esi ent A!!oyo t"e aut"o!ity to p!omulgate 2 ec!ees+6 Legislati e powe! is peculia!ly wit"in t"e p!o inceo' t"e Legislatu!e+ *ection /# A!ticle VI catego!ically states t"at 2Ht "elegislati e powe! s"all &e este in t"e Cong!ess o' t"e P"ilippines w"ic"s"all consist o' a *enate an a ouse o' Rep!esentati es+6 .o &e su!e#neit"e! ;a!tial Law no! a state o' !e&ellion no! a state o' eme!gency can

Justi'y P!esi ent A!!oyo:s e-e!cise o' legislati e powe! &y issuing ec!ees+Li3ewise# t"e e-e!cise o' eme!gency powe!s# suc" as t"e ta3ing o e!

o' p!i ately owne pu&lic utility o! &usiness a''ecte wit" pu&lic inte!est# isalso unconstitutional+ ."is !e ui!es a elegation '!om Cong!ess+

&-. What are the requisites of udicial re#iew?

Cou!ts may e-e!cise t"e powe! o' Ju icial !e iew only w"en t"e'ollowing !e uisites a!e p!esent first, t"e!e must &e an actual case o! cont!o e!sy, second, petitione!s "a e to !aise a uestion o' unconstitutionality, third, t"e constitutional uestion must &e !aise at t"eea!liest oppo!tunity, an fourth, t"e ecision o' t"e constitutional uestionmust &e necessa!y to t"e ete!mination o' t"e case itsel'+

&,. When may the courts still #alidly decide moot and academiccases?

A moot an aca emic case is one t"at ceases to p!esent a Justicia&lecont!o e!sy &y i!tue o' supe! ening e ents# 0 so t"at a ecla!ation t"e!eonwoul &e o' no p!actical use o! alue+ Gene!ally# cou!ts ecline Ju!is ictiono e! suc" case 0/ o! ismiss it on g!oun o' mootness+ ."e 5moot .n/.,./emi, 6 p!inciple is not a magical 'o!mula t"at can automaticallyissua e t"e cou!ts in !esol ing a case+ Cou!ts will eci e cases# ot"e!wise

moot an aca emic# i'

first, t"e!e is a g!a e iolation o' t"e Constitution ( Provin,e of 8.t.n2.s vs! Romu&o" !R! No! :+9((#" 7.4 9(" 9;;#" #9 SCRA($* )+

second # t"e e-ceptional c"a!acte! o' t"e situation an t"e pa!amount pu&lic inte!est is in ol e L.,son vs! PereK" G!R! No!:#((';" 7.4 :;" 9;;:" $+( SCRA (+*)

third, w"en constitutional issue !aise !e ui!es 'o!mulation o' cont!olling p!inciples to gui e t"e &enc"# t"e &a!# an t"e pu&lic(Provin,e of 8.t.n2.s vs! Romu&o ), an

fourth, t"e case is capa&le o' !epetition yet e a ing !e iew( *lbaJa #. %ommission on Clections; G!R! No! :*$$;9" u&4 9$"

0 4rovince of @atangas v. !omulo # G+R+ =o+ /9088D# ;ay 08# 0 D# D0? *CRA 857+

0/ !o al Cargo Corporation v. Civil %eronautics @oard, G+R+ =os+ / 5 99>97# anua!y 07# 0 D# D0/ *CRA 0/, )da. e abao v. Court of %ppeals # supra +

2323


24/83

9;;#" #$+ SCRA '" *cop #. Auin/ona; Ir.; G!R! No! :$#'++" u&49" 9;;9" $'$ SCRA +((" 8anla@as #. C ecuti#e 8ecretary " G!R!No! :+ ;'+" Fe3ru.r4 $" 9;;#" #9: SCRA *+*! )

6


25/83

."is Cou!t a opte t"e 5/ire,t in ur46 test in ou! Ju!is iction+ In 4eople v. )era #08 it "el t"at t"e pe!son w"o impugns t"e ali ity o' a statutemust "a e 2 . erson.& .n/ su3st.nti.& interest in t%e ,.se su,% t%.t %e

%.s sust.ine/" or 1i&& sust.in /ire,t in ur4 .s . resu&t +6 ."e )era oct!inewas up"el in a litany o' cases# suc" as# Custodio v. 4resident of the&enate#0K 2anila !ace Gorse TrainersA %ssociation v. e la uente #0?

4ascual v. &ecretar of 4ublic HorBs 5 an %ntiIChinese 0eague of the 4hilippines v. eliE. 5/

owe e!# &eing a me!e p!oce u!al tec"nicality# t"e !e ui!ement o' locus standi may &e wai e &y t"e Cou!t in t"e e-e!cise o' its isc!etion+."is was one in t"e : # Emer2en,4 Po1ers C.ses" %raneta v.

inglasan #50 w"e!e t"e 2 tr.ns,en/ent.& im ort.n,e 6 o' t"e cases p!omptet"e Cou!t to act li&e!ally+ *uc" li&e!ality was neit"e! a !a!ity no! acci ental+In %Nuino v. Comelec #55 t"is Cou!t !esol e to pass upon t"e issues !aiseue to t"e 2 f.r-re.,%in2 im &i,.tions 6 o' t"e petition notwit"stan ing itscatego!ical statement t"at petitione! t"e!ein "a no pe!sonality to 'ile t"esuit+ In ee # t"e!e is a c"ain o' cases w"e!e t"is li&e!al policy "as &eeno&se! e # allowing o! ina!y citi ens# mem&e!s o' Cong!ess# an ci ico!gani ations to p!osecute actions in ol ing t"e constitutionality o! ali ityo' laws# !egulations an !ulings+ 5D

."us# t"e Cou!t "as a opte a !ule t"at e en w"e!e t"e petitione!s"a e 'aile to s"ow i!ect inJu!y# t"ey "a e &een allowe to sue un e! t"e

p!inciple o' 2 tr.ns,en/ent.& im ort.n,e +6 Pe!tinent a!e t"e 'ollowingcases

08 79 P"il+ 97 (/?58)+

0K G+R+ =o+ //8# =o em&e! 8# /?D9 ($n!epo!te )+

0? G+R+ =o+ 0?D8# anua!y //# /?9? ($n!epo!te )+

5 // P"il+ 55/ (/?7 )+

5/ 88 P"il+ / /0 (/?D8)+

50 KD P"il+ 57K (/?D?) ."e Cou!t "el 2A&o e all# t"e t!anscen ental impo!tance to t"e pu&lic o' t"ese cases eman s t"at t"ey &e settle p!omptly an e'initely# &!us"ing asi e# i' we must# tec"nicalities o' p!oce u!e+6

55 L>=o+ D D# anua!y 5/# /?89# 70 *CRA 089+

5D FaJada #. Fu#era , G+R+ =o+ 75?/9# Ap!il 0D# /?K9# /57 *CRA 08# w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at w"e!e t"e uestion is one o' pu&lic uty an t"een'o!cement o' a pu&lic !ig"t# t"e people a!e t"e !eal pa!ty in inte!est# an it is su''icient t"at t"e petitione! is a citi en inte!este in t"e e-ecution o' t"e law,

Le/aspi #. %i#il 8er#ice %ommission , G+R+ =o+ 80//?# ;ay 0?# /?K8# /9 *CRA 95 # w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at in cases in ol ing anasse!tion o' a pu&lic !ig"t# t"e !e ui!ement o' pe!sonal inte!est is satis'ie &y t"e me!e 'act t"at t"e petitione! is a citi en an pa!t o' t"e gene!al

pu&lic w"ic" possesses t"e !ig"t+

Kapatiran n/ m/a 9a/lilin/@od sa Pamahalaan n/ Pilipinas; 'nc. #. Fan , L+ =o+ K/5//# une 5 # /?KK# /75 *CRA 58/# w"e!e t"e Cou!t "elt"at o&Jections to ta-paye!s: lac3 o' pe!sonality to sue may &e is!ega! e in ete!mining t"e ali ity o' t"e VA. law,

*lbano #. 7eyes , G+R+ =o+ K599/# uly //# /?K?# /89 *CRA 07D# w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at w"ile no e-pen itu!e o' pu&lic 'un s was in ol e

un e! t"e uestione cont!act# nonet"eless consi e!ing its impo!tant !ole in t"e economic e elopment o' t"e count!y an t"e magnitu e o' t"e'inancial consi e!ation in ol e # pu&lic inte!est was e'initely in ol e an t"is clot"e petitione! wit" t"e legal pe!sonality un e! t"e isclosu!e p!o ision o' t"e Constitution to uestion it+

*ssociation of 8mall Landowners in the Philippines; 'nc. #. 8ec. of */rarian 7eform; G+R+ =o+ 8K8D0# uly /D# /?K?# /89 *CRA 5D5# w"e!et"e Cou!t !ule t"at w"ile petitione!s a!e st!ictly spea3ing# not co e!e &y t"e e'inition o' a 2p!ope! pa!ty#6 nonet"eless# it "as t"e isc!etion towai e t"e !e ui!ement# in ete!mining t"e ali ity o' t"e implementation o' t"e CARP+

Aon ales #. )acarai/; Ir !# G+R+ =o+ K8757# =o em&e! /?# /?? # /?/ *CRA D90# w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at it enJoys t"e open isc!etion toente!tain ta-paye!:s suit o! not an t"at a mem&e! o' t"e *enate "as t"e !e uisite pe!sonality to &!ing a suit w"e!e a constitutional issue is !aise +

)aceda #. )acarai/; Ir ., G+R+ =o+ KK0?/# ;ay 5/# /??/# /?8 *CRA 88/# w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at petitione! as a ta-paye!# "as t"e pe!sonalityto 'ile t"e instant petition# as t"e issues in ol e # pe!tains to illegal e-pen itu!e o' pu&lic money,

:smeJa #. %omelec , G+R+ =o+ / 5/K# / 5 K# / D/8#/ D0 # uly 5 # /??/# /?? *CRA 89 # w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at w"e!e se!iousconstitutional uestions a!e in ol e # t"e 2t!anscen ental impo!tance6 to t"e pu&lic o' t"e cases in ol e eman s t"at t"ey &e settle p!omptlyan e'initely# &!us"ing asi e tec"nicalities o' p!oce u!es,

De Auia #. %omelec , G+R+ =o+ / D8/0# ;ay 7# /??0# 0 K *CRA D0 # w"e!e t"e Cou!t "el t"at t"e impo!tance o' t"e issues in ol econce!ning as it oes t"e political e-e!cise o' uali'ie ote!s a''ecte &y t"e appo!tionment# necessitates t"e &!us"ing asi e o' t"e p!oce u!al!e ui!ement o' locus standi +

2525


26/83


27/83

In Oilosba an, *nc. v. 2orato #5? t"e Cou!t !ule t"at t"e status o' Oilosba an as a people:s o!gani ation oes not gi e it t"e !e uisite pe!sonality to uestion t"e ali ity o' t"e on>line lotte!y cont!act# mo!e so

w"e!e it oes not !aise any issue o' constitutionality+ ;o!eo e!# it cannotsue as a ta-paye! a&sent any allegation t"at pu&lic 'un s a!e &eing misuse +

=o! can it sue as a conce!ne citi en as it oes not allege any speci'ic inJu!yit "as su''e!e +

In Telecommunications and @roadcast %ttorne s of the 4hilippines, *nc. v. Comelec #D t"e Cou!t !eite!ate t"e 2 i!ect inJu!y6 test wit" !espect toconce!ne citi ens: cases in ol ing constitutional issues+ It "el t"at 2t"e!emust &e a s"owing t"at t"e citi en pe!sonally su''e!e some actual o! t"!eatene inJu!y a!ising '!om t"e allege illegal o''icial act+6

In 0acson v. 4ereD #D/ t"e Cou!t !ule t"at one o' t"e petitione!s# 0abanng emoBratiBong 4ilipino (Lin>inte!est as it "a notemonst!ate any inJu!y to itsel' o! to its lea e!s# mem&e!s o! suppo!te!s+

In &anlaBas v. 1Eecutive &ecretar #D0 t"e Cou!t !ule t"at only t"e petitione!s w"o a!e mem&e!s o' Cong!ess "a e stan ing to sue# as t"ey claimt"at t"e P!esi ent:s ecla!ation o' a state o' !e&ellion is . usur .tion of t%eemer2en,4 o1ers of Con2ress" t%us im .irin2 t%eir &e2is&.tive o1ers +As to petitione!s &anlaBas, 4artido 2anggagawa, and &ocial Kustice&ociet # t"e Cou!t ecla!e t"em to &e e oi o' stan ing# e uating t"emwit" t"e L

owne pu&lic utility o! &usiness a''ecte wit" pu&lic inte!est+."e P!esi ent cannot eci e w"et"e! e-ceptional ci!cumstances e-istwa!!anting t"e ta3e o e! o' p!i ately>owne pu&lic utility o! &usinessa''ecte wit" pu&lic inte!est+ =o! can "e ete!mine w"en suc" e-ceptionalci!cumstances "a e cease + Li3ewise# 1it%out &e2is&.tion , t"e P!esi ent "asno powe! to point out t"e types o' &usinesses a''ecte wit" pu&lic inte!est5? G+R+ =o+ //K?/ # =o em&e! /7# /??9# 09 *CRA /5 +

D G+R+ =o+ /50?00# Ap!il 0/# /??K# 0K? *CRA 558+

D/ G+R+ =o+ /D88K # /D88K/# /D88??# /D8K/ # ;ay / # 0 /# 598 *CRA 897+

D0 G+R+ =o+ /9? K9# Fe&!ua!y 5# 0 D# D0/ *CRA 797+

2727


28/83

t"at s"oul &e ta3en o e!+ In s"o!t# t"e P!esi ent "as no a&solute aut"o!ityto e-e!cise all t"e powe!s o' t"e *tate un e! *ection /8# A!ticle VII in t"ea&sence o' an eme!gency powe!s act passe &y Cong!ess+

75 . What are the limitations of the President"s power of e ecuti#eclemency?

."e same is not a aila&le in cases o' impeac"ment as well as iolationo' election laws# !ules an !egulations wit"out t"e 'a o!a&le!ecommen ation o' t"e Commission on Elections+ (*ection /?# A!t+ VII an*ection 9# A!t+ I1>C))

64. Distin/uish pardon from amnesty +

As "el in BARRIOM$I=.O V*+ FER=A=


29/83

6&. 's it required for the person applyin/ for amnesty to admit his /uilt before his amnesty application be considered?

Ye,s as held in )1!% )&. 41 401, 7 &C!% '?#. Be'o!e one mayali ly apply 'o! e-ecuti e clemency (pa! on o! amnesty) "e ;$*.A


30/83

&!eac"e one o' t"e con itions o' "is pa!ole &y committing a ulte!y w"ile "ewas con itionally at li&e!ty# was &in ing an conclusi e upon "im+

6,. What are the requisites before the President or hisrepresentati#es may #alidly contract or /uarantee forei/n loans?

$n e! *ection 0 # A!t+ VII# t"e P!esi ent may cont!act o! gua!antee'o!eign loans on &e"al' o' t"e Repu&lic o' t"e P"ilippines su&Ject to t"e'ollowing con itions

a+ t"e!e must &e p!io! concu!!ence o' t"e ;oneta!y Boa! , &+ su&Ject to suc" limitations as may &e p!o i e 'o! &y law+

Fu!t"e!# t"e ;oneta!y Boa! s"all# wit"in 5 ays '!om t"e en o' e e!y ua!te! o' t"e calen a! yea!# su&mit to t"e Cong!ess a complete !epo!to' its ecisions on applications 'o! loans to &e cont!acte o! gua!antee &yt"e go e!nment o! go e!nment owne an cont!olle co!po!ations w"ic"woul "a e t"e e''ect o' inc!easing t"e 'o!eign e&t# an containing ot"e! matte!s as may &e p!o i e 'o! &y law+

political+

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31/83

In .ana a s+ Cuenco# / 5 P"il+# political uestion was e'ine asuestions to &e answe!e &y t"e people in t"ei! so e!eign capacity o! in!ega! to w"ic" 'ull isc!etiona!y aut"o!ity is este to t"e e-ecuti e o!

legislati e &!anc" o' t"e go e!nment+

O! in Gon ales s+ CO;ELEC# 0/ *CRA 88D # w"en t"e c!u- o' t"e p!o&lem eals wit" t"e wis om o' an act# it is political)+

3. What is the e tent of the fiscal autonomy /ranted to the udiciaryunder the 1,- %onstitution?

As p!o i e un e! *ection 5# At+ VIII# t"e Ju icia!y s"all enJoy'iscal autonomy an as suc" app!op!iations 'o! t"e Ju icia!y may not

&e !e uce &y t"e legislatu!e &elow t"e amount app!op!iate 'o! t"e p!e ious yea! an # a'te! app!o al# s"all &e automatically an !egula!ly!elease +

4. What are the cases to be decided by the 8upreme %ourt en banc?

All cases in ol ing t"e constitutionality o' a t!eaty# inte!national o! e-ecuti e ag!eement# o! law# w"ic" s"all &e "ea! &y t"e *up!emeCou!t en &anc# inclu ing t"ose in ol ing t"e constitutionality#

application# o! ope!ation o' p!esi ential ec!ees# p!oclamations# o! e!s#inst!uctions# o! inances# an ot"e! !egulations# s"all &e eci e wit"t"e concu!!ence o' a maJo!ity o' t"e mem&e!s w"o actually too3 pa!t int"e eli&e!ations on t"e issues in t"e case an ote t"e!eon+ Also# nooct!ine o! p!inciple o' law lai own &y t"e cou!t en &anc o! ini ision may &e mo i'ie o! !e e!se e-cept &y t"e cou!t sitting en

&anc+

Also i' two (0) i isions o' t"e *up!eme Cou!t "a e con'lictingecisions# t"e same s"all &e !esol e &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t en &anc+Cases !e'e!!e to &y t"e i ision to t"e &anc in ol ing no el uestionso' law # t"e same s"all &e eci e &y t"e en &anc accepte &y t"elatte!+Finally# ismissal o' Ju ges an is&a!ment o' lawye!s a!e alsoeci e &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t en &anc+

89+ W"at a!e t"e powe!s o' t"e *up!eme Cou!t

As enume!ate in A!t+ VIII# *ection 9# t "e *up!eme Cou!t s"all "a e

t"e 'ollowing powe!s

:) E er,ise ori2in.& uris/i,tion over ,.ses .ffe,tin2.m3.ss./ors" ot%er u3&i, ministers .n/ ,onsu&s" .n/over etitions for ,ertior.ri" ro%i3ition" m.n/.mus" 0uo1.rr.nto" .n/ %.3e.s ,or us!

9)Revie1" revise" reverse" mo/if4" or .ffirm on . e.& or,ertior.ri .s t%e &.1 or t%e Ru&es of Court m.4 rovi/e"fin.& u/2ments .n/ or/ers of &o1er ,ourts inJ

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.)A&& ,.ses in 1%i,% t%e ,onstitution.&it4 orv.&i/it4 of .n4 tre.t4" intern.tion.& or

e e,utive .2reement" &.1" resi/enti.&/e,ree" ro,&.m.tion" or/er" instru,tion"or/in.n,e" or re2u&.tion is in 0uestion

3)A&& ,.ses invo&vin2 t%e &e2.&it4 of .n4 t. "im ost" .ssessment" or to&&" or .n4 en.&t4im ose/ in re&.tion t%ereto

,) A&& ,.ses in 1%i,% t%e uris/i,tion of .n4&o1er ,ourt is in issue

/)A&& ,rimin.& ,.ses in 1%i,% t%e en.&t4im ose/ is re,&usion er etu. or %i2%er

e) A&& ,.ses in 1%i,% on&4 .n error or 0uestionof &.1 is invo&ve/!

$) Assi2n tem or.ri&4 u/2es of &o1er ,ourts to ot%erst.tions .s u3&i, interest m.4 re0uire! Su,% tem or.r4.ssi2nment s%.&& not e ,ee/ * mont%s 1it%out t%e,onsent of t%e u/2e ,on,erne/!

#)Or/er . ,%.n2e of venue or &.,e of tri.& to .voi/ .mis,.rri.2e of usti,e!

+) Promu&2.te ru&es ,on,ernin2 t%e rote,tion .n/enfor,ement of ,onstitution.& ri2%ts" &e./in2 " r.,ti,e ".n/ ro,e/ure in .&& ,ourts" t%e ./mission to t%e r.,ti,eof &.1" t%e Inte2r.te/ 8.r" .n/ &e2.& .ssist.n,e to t%eun/er rivi&e2e/! Su,% ru&es s%.&& rovi/e . sim &ifie/.n/ ine ensive ro,e/ure for t%e s ee/4 /is osition of ,.ses" s%.&& 3e uniform for .&& ,ourts of t%e s.me 2r./e".n/ s%.&& not /iminis%" in,re.se or mo/if4 su3st.ntiveri2%ts! Ru&es of ro,e/ure of s e,i.& ,ourts .n/ 0u.si-

u/i,i.& 3o/ies s%.&& rem.in effe,tive un&ess /is. rove/34 t%e Su reme Court!

*)A oint .&& offi,i.&s .n/ em &o4ees of t%e u/i,i.r4 in.,,or/.n,e 1it% t%e ,ivi& servi,e &.1!

6. What is the !writ of amparo$?

It is a w!it issue &y t"e cou!ts 'o! t"e rote,tion .n/enfor,ement of t%e ,onstitution.& ri2%ts of . erson un/er/etention! Se,tion + +)" Art! VIII)

. What are the 3(fold unctions of Iudicial 7e#iew?

."ese a!e t"e/) legitimi ing 'unction0) c"ec3ing 'unction5) sym&olic o! e ucational 'unction

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-. )ay inferior courts also e ercise the power of udicial re#iewdeclarin/ a law; treaty; etc. unconstitutional5 in the li/ht of the

requirements of 8ection 4 25 of *rticle +''' that not e#en any of the

8upreme %ourt"s three 35 di#isions; sittin/ separately could not declare alaw; treaty; etc.; unconstitutional?

es &ecause t"e powe! o' Ju icial !e iew is Just a pa!t o' Ju icial powe! w"ic" is a aila&le to all cou!ts (*ection /# A!t+ VIII)+ Li3ewise# ass"own &y *ection 9 H0 (a)# t"e ecision o' lowe! cou!ts ecla!ing a lawunconstitutional is su&Ject to !e iew &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t+ ( YNOT VS!IAC" 7.r,% 9;" : '()

,. What is the !operati#e fact doctrine$?

It simply means t"at t"e ecla!ation o' unconstitutionality o' a law#t!eaty# etc+# is p!ospecti e+ As suc"# all acts one in connection wit" t"e sailaw &e'o!e its ecla!ation o' unconstitutionality s"all &e consi e!e legal#ali an &in ing+ It is only t"e ecla!ation o' unconstitutionality w"ic" ist"e 2ope!ati e 'act6 w"ic" woul stop t"e people '!om complying wit" its

p!o isions+ ( 1 % @%Y%+* )&. 4+@, :J &C!% 6#=3

-


34/83

=o+ T%e mem3ers of t%e Su reme Court .n/ ot%er ,ourtsest.3&is%e/ 34 &.1 s%.&& not 3e /esi2n.te/ to .n4 .2en,4 erformin20u.si- u/i,i.& or ./ministr.tive fun,tions! *+ !1> K9 1 ! 0

2%+/%+ , ctober ?, '=JJ3

KD+ A!e t"e i''e!ent a minist!ati e an uasi>Ju icial &o ies(CO;ELEC# =LRC# =APOLCO;# ;ILI.AR CO;;I**IO=*) &oun

&y t"e !e ui!ement o' Se,tion :#" Art! VIII t%.t 5No /e,ision s%.&& 3eren/ere/ 34 .n4 ,ourt 1it%out e ressin2 t%erein ,&e.r&4 .n/ /istin,t&4t%e f.,ts .n/ t%e &.1 on 1%i,% it is 3.se/6?

No! It . &ies on&4 to t%e ,ourts .s /efine/ or in,&u/e/ 34 Se,tion:" Art! VIII! %*! !%+C1 )&. C%!!%&C & , 'J &C!% '?? " ) % 1

1&4*!*T9 )&. C *, 67 &C!% :?6 " @9&C%Y+ )&. 1+!*01, '8# &C!% 7 " 2%+ C% )&. C 2101C, ''# &C!% #7: " )%00% 0* )&. *+C* + ,'#' &C!% #8? " +%4 0C 2 )&. 0 , '#7 &C!% 7?, +9+%0 )&. C%,'B o' t"e Constitution# t"e ci il se! iceem&!aces all &!anc"es# su& i isions# inst!umentalities# an agencies o' t"ego e!nment# inclu ing go e!nment owne an cont!olle co!po!ationsWI. ORIGI=AL C AR.ER*+

--. What are the requirements before one may be appointed in theci#il ser#ice? C ceptions?

3434


35/83


36/83

Yes, as held in C% *1+T1 )&. &%+T &, '6# &C!% 9';" t%eProvin,i.& Le2.& Offi,er is . rim.ri&4 ,onfi/enti.& offi,e" 3ut not %is.ssist.nt! T%e s.me 1.s reiter.te/ in &%2& + )&. C%, '6? &C!% 1%ere

it 1.s %e&/ t%.t T%e Cit4 Le2.& offi,er is . rim.ri&4 ,onfi/enti.&offi,er!

,4. )ay /o#Mt. employees form unions for purposes of collecti#ebar/ainin/ and to stri@e a/ainst the /o#ernment?

As "el in %00*%+C1 )T. H !O1!& )&. 2 01, '#6 &C!%and 1Eecutive rder +o. 'J8 , Kune ', '=J7, government emplo ees ma

form unions but not authoriDed to striBe or demand for collective bargaining agreement with the government. authoriDing govt. emplo ees to

form unions.

,&. )ay /o#ernment employees be remo#ed without cause as aresult of a /o#ernment reor/ani ation?

=o+ ."is is clea! '!om RA 7797# une / # /?KK # w"ic" is 2An act to p!otect t"e secu!ity o' tenu!e o' ci il se! ice o''ice!s an employees in t"eimplementation o' go e!nment !eo!gani ation+6 ."e!e must &e 'ullcompliance o' t"e ue p!ocess !e ui!ement+ It must &e &ase on Just cause

an wit" ue p!ocess+( %!* )&. 2*& +, %ugust J, '=J= # 0 !1/% )&.+ 4*+, ebruar #


37/83

/! Re2u&.te t%e en o4ment or uti&iK.tion of .&& fr.n,%ises for t%eo er.tion of tr.ns ort.tion .n/ ot%er u3&i, uti&ities" me/i. of ,ommuni,.tion!!

,-. Which court has urisdiction o#er election cases in#ol#in/ municipal and baran/ay officials

Election cases in ol ing municipal o''icial s"all &e 'ile &e'o!e t"eR.C w"ose ecision may &e appeale to t"e CO;ELEC+ ."ose in ol ing

&a!angay o''icials s"all &e 'ile wit" t"e ;.C w"ose ecision is li3ewisesu&Ject to appeal to t"e CO;ELEC w"ose ecision in &ot" instances is 'inalan not appeala&le+

,,. Where must election cases in#ol#in/ city and pro#incial officialsbe filed?

It must &e 'ile wit" t"e CO;ELEC# not wit" t"e cou!ts+

1te!m limit o' electe local o''icials applica&le to a te!mac ui!e t"!oug" succession

No" t%e $-term &imit . &ies on&4 if t%e offi,i.& 1.s DULYELECTED to t%e s.i/ osition for t%ree $) ,onse,utive terms" not 34su,,ession! BE= A;I= BOR A V*+ CO;ELEC# an O*E .+ CAPCO#R+# G+R+ =o+ /55D?9# *eptem&e! 5# /??K)

3737


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39/83

institutions of %i2%er &e.rnin2 s%.&& en o4 .,./emi, free/om Art! V"Se,tion ' : " : ($ Constitution! 6

1


40/83

Constitution which includes the provision that the &tate cannot be sued without its consent, it has consented or waived said right to sue3.

113. Bow may the 8tate /i#es its consent to be sued?

E-p!essly w"en t"e!e is a law allowing it an implie ly w"en it ente!sinto a cont!act wit" an in i i ual &ecause in t"e latte!# it escen e to t"ele el o' an in i i ual ma3ing it suscepti&le to counte!claims o! suits+

114. )ay the /o#ernment be sued in the e ercise of its /o#ernmental functions?

es i' t"e go e!nment agency "as a c"a!te! w"ic" allows it to &e sue +( !%Y )&. C * @90%C%+, ''8 &C!% 6?


41/83

P ART 2---C ONSTITUTION O F L IBERT

1. Define police power.

It is t"e powe! este in t"e legislatu!e &y t"e Constitution to ma3e#o! ain# esta&lis" all manne! o' w"olesome an !easona&le laws 'o! t"e gooan wel'a!e o' t"e *tate an its people+ ( ER7ITA 7ALATE HOTEL VS!CITY 7AYOR" u&4 $:" : *()

2. What are the basic purposesEaspects of police powerN

a+ to p!omote t"e gene!al wel'a!e# com'o!t an con enience o' t"e people, (A**OCIA.IO= OF *;ALL LA=


42/83

5+ P!ope!ties con emne un e! police powe! a!e usuallyno-ious o! inten e 'o! no-ious pu!pose, "ence # nocompensation s"all &e pai + Li3ewise# in t"e e-e!cise o'

police powe!# p!ope!ty !ig"ts o' p!i ate in i i uals a!esu&Jecte to !est!aints an &u! ens in o! e! to secu!e t"egene!al com'o!t# "ealt" an p!ospe!ity o' t"e state+(>>!e ui!es t"e int!insic ali ity o' t"e lawin inte!'e!ing wit" t"e !ig"ts o' t"e pe!son to li'e# li&e!ty o!

p!ope!ty+ In s"o!t# it is to ete!mine w"et"e! it "as a aligo e!nmental o&Jecti e li3e 'o! t"e inte!est o' t"e pu&lic as againstme!e pa!ticula! class+

&+ P!oce u!al ue p!ocess>>>one w"ic" "ea!s &e'o!e it con emns# o! t"e p!oce u!e as pointe out &y


43/83

As "el in .IBA V*+ CIR# 7? P"il+ 759# t"e !e uisites a!e

a+ t"e !ig"t to a "ea!ing w"ic" inclu es t"e !ig"t to p!esente i ence,

&+ t"e t!i&unal must consi e! t"e e i ence p!esente ,c+ t"e ecision must "a e somet"ing to suppo!t itsel',+ t"e e i ence must &e su&stantial,e+ t"e ecision must &e &ase on t"e e i ence p!esente u!ing t"e

"ea!ing,'+ t"e t!i&unal o! &o y must act on its own in epen ent

consi e!ation o' t"e law o! 'acts,g+ t"e &oa! o! &o y s"all in all cont!o e!sial uestions# !en e! its

ecision in suc" a manne! t"at t"e pa!ties to t"e p!ocee ingscan 3now t"e a!ious issues in ol e +

,. 'f an accused was represented by a non(lawyer durin/ the trial of his criminal case; what ri/ht of the said accused was #iolated? 's heentitled to a new trial?

I' an accuse was !ep!esente &y a non>lawye! u!ing t"e t!ial (t"oug""e t"oug"t t"at "e was a lawye!)# "is !ig"t to ue p!ocess was iolate

an t"e!e'o!e entitle to a new t!ial+ (


44/83

/+ =otice, an0+ ea!ing

12. 's due process satisfied in administrati#e proceedin/s if therespondent is not assisted by counsel?

."e!e is no law# w"et"e! t"e Ci il *e! ice Act o! t"e A minist!ati eCo e o' /?K8# w"ic" p!o i es t"at a !espon ent in an a minist!ati e cases"oul &e assiste &y counsel in o! e! t"at t"e p!ocee ings t"e!ein isconsi e!e ali + =ot only# t"at# petitione! "e!ein was gi en t"e oppo!tunityse e!al times to engage t"e se! ices o' a lawye! to assist "im &ut "econ'i ently in'o!me t"e in estigato!s t"at "e coul p!otect "imsel'+LU7I UED VS! E ENEA" 9'9 SCRA :9+)

13. What are the requisites for a #alid classification

As "el in People s+ Cayat# 7K P"il+ /0# t"e !e uisites a!e

a+ ."e!e must &e !eal an su&stantial istinctions, &+ It must &e ge!mane tot "e pu!poses o' t"e law,c+ It must not &e limite to e-isting con itions only, an+ It must apply e ually to all mem&e!s o' t"e same class+

14. 's there #iolation of the equal protection clause if policemenwho are char/ed of a criminal offense punishable for more than si 65

years will remain suspended until after the his acquittal unli@e other public officers whose ma imum suspension e#en when facin/ /raft and corrupt char/es is only three 35 months?

=o t"e!e is o iolation+ In I;AGA= V*+ PEOPLE# t"e *up!emeCou!t "el t"at t"e 'act t"at policemen c"a!ge wit" a c!iminal o''ense

punis"a&le &y mo!e t"an 7 yea!s a!e to &e suspen e u!ing t"e enti!eu!ation o' t"e case unli3e ot"e! go e!nment employees is ali since it!ests on ali classi'ication &ecause policemen ca!!y weapons an t"e

&a ge o' t"e law w"ic" can &e use to "a!ass o! intimi ate witnessesagainst t"em+

1&. What are the requisites of a #alid search warrant or warrant of arrest?

No se.r,% 1.rr.nt or 1.rr.nt of .rrest s%.&& issue e ,e t u on

ro3.3&e ,.use to 3e /etermine/ erson.&&4 34 t%e u/2e .ftere .min.tion un/er o.t% or .ffirm.tion of t%e ,om &.in.nt .n/ t%e1itnesses %e m.4 ro/u,e" .n/ .rti,u&.r&4 /es,ri3in2 t%e &.,e to 3ese.r,%e/ .n/ t%e ersons or t%in2s to 3e seiKe/! Se,tion 9" Art! III)

In .//ition" Ru&e :9* of t%e Ru&es on Crimin.& Pro,e/ure re0uirest%.t no 1.rr.nt s%.&& 3e issue/ for more t%.n one :) s e,ifi, offense.n/ t%.t in t%e im &ement.tion of . se.r,% 1.rr.nt 1%en t%e

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res on/ent is not resent" 1itnesses .re re0uire/! Fin.&&4" . Cir,u&.rissue/ 34 t%e Su reme Court re0uires t%.t no 1.rr.nt or 1.rr.nt of .rrest s%.&& 3e im &emente/ /urin2 t%e ni2%t" 1ee=-en/s or %o&i/.4s"

e ,e t in e ,e tion.& ,ir,umst.n,es!

=O.E $n e! t"e uman *ecu!ity Act Anti>.e!!o!ism Law# Repu&lic Act =o+ ?580# App!o eon ;a!c" 7# 0 8 an e''ecti e on uly /9# 0 8(."is Law s"all &e automatically suspen e one(/) mont" &e'o!e an two (0) mont"s a'te! t"e"ol ing o' any election) a pe!son may &e ta3eninto custo y &y t"e police i' t"e!e is a w!ittenaut"o!i ation &y t"e Anti>.e!!o!ism Council ansuc" etention may &e e-ten e upon w!ittenapp!o al o' t"e Commission o' uman Rig"ts incase o' actual o! imminent te!!o!ist attac3++

8ec. 1-. Pe!io o' etention wit"out Ju icial wa!!ant o' a!!est+>."e p!o isions o' A!ticle /09 o' t"e Re ise Penal Co e#notwit"stan ing# any police o! law en'o!cement pe!sonnel#1%o" %.vin2 3een /u&4 .ut%oriKe/ in 1ritin2 34 t%e Anti-Terrorism Coun,i& "as ta3en custo y o' a pe!son c"a!ge wit"

o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ism o! t"e c!ime o' conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism s"all# WI. O$. I=C$RRI=GA= CRI;I=AL LIABILI. FOR


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&!oug"t &e'o!e "im to t"e p!ope! cou!t t"at "as Ju!is iction o e! t"e case o' t"e pe!son t"us a!!este +

."e Ju ge s"all 'o!t"wit" su&mit "is !epo!t wit"in 5calen a! ays '!om t"e time t"e suspect was &!oug"t to "is "e! !esi ence o! o''ice+

Imme iately a'te! ta3ing custo y o' a pe!son c"a!gewit" o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy tocommit te!!o!ism# t"e police o! law en'o!cement pe!sonnel s"allnoti'y in w!iting t"e Ju ge o' t"e cou!t nea!est t"e place o' app!e"ension o! a!!est, p!o i e # ."at w"e!e t"e a!!est is ma eu!ing *atu! ays# *un ays# "oli ays o! a'te! o''ice "ou!s# t"ew!itten notice s"all &e se! e at t"e !esi ence o' t"e Ju genea!est t"e place w"e!e t"e accuse was a!!este + ."e penaltyo' / yea!s an / ay to /0 yea!s imp!isonment s"all &eimpose upon t"e police o! law en'o!cement pe!sonnel w"o'ails to noti'y any Ju ge as p!o i e in t"e p!ece ing pa!ag!ap"+

8ection 1,. Pe!io o'


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1 . What are the different instances when a warrantless search and

sei ure is allowed under our e istin/ urisprudence?

Wa!!antless sea!c" is allowe in t"e 'ollowing instances

/+ customs sea!c"es,0+ sea!c"es o' mo ing e"icle,5+ sei u!e o' e i ence in plain iew,D+ consente sea!c"es,9+ sea!c" inci ental to a law'ul a!!est, an7+ stop an '!is3 measu!es+ (PEOPLE V*+ AR$.A# 0KK

*CRA 707)

1-. )ay a ud/e deputi e his %ler@ of %ourt to ta@e the deposition of the applicant for a search warrant sub ect to clarificatory questions after his hearin/ in other cases?

=o+ As "el in Bac"e s+ Rui # 58 *CRA K05# t"e e-amination o' t"ecomplainant ant t"e witnesses "e may p!o uce must &e one pe!sonally &yt"e Ju ge+ Ot"e!wise# t"e wa!!ant s"all &e oi + As suc"# t"e *C "el inPE=


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/?85 Constitution to issue wa!!ants to ot"e! !espon ent o''ice!s as to may &eaut"o!i e &y law oes not !e ui!e t"e Ju ge to pe!sonally e-amine t"ecomplainant an "is witness in "is ete!mination o' p!o&a&le cause 'o! t"e

issuance o' a wa!!ant o' a!!est+W"at t"e Constitution un e!sco!es is t"ee-clusi e an pe!sonal !esponsi&ility o' t"e issuing Ju ge to satis'y "imsel' o' t"e e-istence o' p!o&a&le cause+ Following esta&lis"e oct!ine an

p!oce u!es# "e s"all

(/) pe!sonally e aluate t"e !epo!ts an t"e suppo!tingocuments su&mitte &y t"e 'iscal !ega! ing t"e e-istence o' p!o&a&lecause an # on t"e &asis t"e!eo'# issue a wa!!ant o' a!!est,

(0) I' on t"e &asis t"e!eo' "e 'in s no p!o&a&le cause# "emay is!ega! t"e 'iscalSs !epo!t an !e ui!e t"e su&mission o' suppo!ting a''i a its o' witnesses to ai "im in a!!i ing at aconclusion as to t"e e-istence o' p!o&a&le cause+

."e case o' People s+ ono!a&le En!i ue B+ Inting !eite!atest"e 'ollowing oct!ines

(/) ."e ete!mination o' p!o&a&le cause is a 'unction o' t"e Ju ge+ It is not 'o! t"e P!o incial Fiscal o! P!osecuto! no! 'o! t"e

Election *upe! iso! to asce!tain+ Only t"e Ju ge alone ma3es t"isetemination+

(0) ."e p!elimina!y in ui!y ma e &y t"e p!osecuto! oesnot &in t"e Ju ge+ It me!ely assist "im to ma3e t"e ete!mination o'

p!o&a&le cause+ ."e Ju ge oes not "a e to 'ollow w"at t"e p!osecuto!Ss p!esent to "im+ By itsel'# t"e p!osecuto!Ss ce!ti'ication o' p!o&a&le cause is ine''ectual+ It is t"e !epo!t# t"e a''i a its# t"et!ansc!ipts o' stenog!ap"ic notes# an all ot"e! suppo!ting ocuments

&e"in t"e p!osecuto!Ss ce!ti'ication w"ic" a!e mate!ial in assisting t"e Ju ge to ma3e "is ete!mination+

(5) P!elimina!y in ui!y s"oul &e istinguis"e '!om t"e p!elimina!y in estigation p!ope!+ W"ile t"e 'o!me! see3s to ete!mine p!o&a&le cause 'o! t"e issuance o' wa!!ant o' a!!est# t"e latte! asce!tains w"et"e! t"e o''en e! s"oul &e "el 'o! t!ial o! &e !elease +

22. *s to the requirement that the ud/e must !personally$ determine probable cause; must he e amine the complainant and his

witnesses face to face in order to comply with the said constitutional pro#ision?

It epen s+

In connection wit" t"e issuance o' a *EARC WARRA=.# "e must pe!sonally e-amine t"e complainant an t"e witnesses# wit" sea!c"inguestions# 'ace to 'ace+

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In connection wit" t"e issuance o' a wa!!ant o' a!!est# "owe e!# t"ewo! 5 erson.&&4 6 a'te! t"e wo! ete!mine oes not necessa!ily mean t"att"e Ju ge s"oul e-amine t"e complainant an "is witnesses pe!sonally o!

'ace to 'ace &e'o!e issuing t"e wa!!ant o' a!!est &ut t"e e-clusi e!esponsi&ility on t"e pa!t o' sai Ju ge to satis'y "imsel' o' t"e e-istence o'

p!o&a&le cause+ As suc"# t"e!e is no nee to e-amine t"e complainant an "iswitnesses 'ace to 'ace+ It is su''icient i' t"e Ju ge is con ince o' t"ee-istence o' p!o&a&le cause upon !ea ing t"e a''i a its o! eposition o' t"ecomplainant an "is witnesses+ SOLIVEN VS! 7A ASIAR" :*( SCRA$ $

23. 's the ud/e bound by the findin/s of e istence of !probablecause$ by the Prosecutor as indicated in his %ertification in theinformation so that the issuance of a warrant of arrest is only ministerial?

'f not satisfied of the e istence of probable cause; may the ud/e requirethe Prosecutor to submit additional e#idence

."e Ju ge is not &oun &y t"e 'in ings o' t"e P!osecuto! &ecause t"esai 'in ing is only 2p!o&a&le cause6 t"at a c!ime was committe + P!o&a&lecause to Justi'y t"e issuance o' a wa!!ant o' a!!est is a Ju icial 'unctioneste only in t"e Ju ge+ In 'act# "e can !e ui!e t"e P!osecuto! to su&mita itional e i ence i' "e is not con ince o' t"e e-istence o' p!o&a&le 'o!

t"e issuance o' a wa!!ant o' a!!est+ (P+ s+ Villanue a# // *CRA D79, Place! s+ Villanue a# /07 *CRA D75)+

24. 's :peration Kap@ap bein/ done by the police because thesuspect has somethin/ bul/in/ in his waist and @eeps on touchin/ hisabdomen as if touchin/ a /un #alid?

As "el in PEOPLE V*+ ;E=GO.E# G+R+ =o+ K8 9?# une# /??0#0/ *CRA /8D# 2OPERA.IO= AP AP6 o! wa!!antless sea!c" wit"out

p!o&a&le cause is unconstitutional+ *uc" sea!c" is ali only i' co e!e &y*ection 9# A!ticle //5 o' t"e Rules o' Cou!t w"ic" p!o i es

*ec+ 9+ A!!est wit"out wa!!ant, w"en law'ul+> A peaceo''ice! o! p!i ate pe!son may# wit"out wa!!ant# a!!est a pe!son

(a) W"en# in "is p!esence# t"e pe!son to &e a!!este"as committe # is actually committing# o! is attempting tocommit an o''ense,

(&) W"en an o''ense "as in 'act Just &eencommitte # an "e "as pe!sonal 3nowle ge o' 'actsin icating t"at t"e pe!son to &e a!!este "as committe it,an

(c) W"en t"e pe!son to &e a!!este is a p!isone! w"o "as escape '!om a penal esta&lis"ment o! placew"e!e "e is se! ing 'inal Ju gment o! tempo!a!ily

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con'ine w"ile "is case is pen ing# o! "as escape w"ile &eing t!ans'e!!e '!om one con'inement to anot"e!+

Compa!e t"is case to ;A=ALILI V*+ PEOPLE# Octo&e! ?# /??8+ ."e policemen saw se e!al suspicious loo3ing men at awn w"o !an w"en t"eywent nea! t"em+ As t"e policemen !an a'te! t"em# an unlicense 'i!ea!m wascon'iscate + ."e sea!c" was ecla!e ali &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t+ =ote#"owe e!# t"at in ;ALACA. V*+ CA# 0K5 *CRA /9?# t"e *C "el t"at me!esuspicions not su''icient to ali ate wa!!antless a!!est+

9+! 7.4 t%e I&oi&o Po&i,e .rrests 1it%out 1.rr.nt or se.r,% t%eerson /isem3.r=in2 from . s%i .ssen2er 1it%out 1.rr.nt 3.se/so&e&4 on .n inform.tion re&.4e/ to t%em 34 .n inform.nt t%.t t%esus e,tappellant on t"e &asis solelyo' w"at Reynal o Cast!o "a tol "im an not &ecause "e saw t"e accuse >appellant commit t"e c!ime c"a!ge against "im+ In ee # t"e p!osecutiona mitte t"at t"e!e was no wa!!ant o' a!!est issue against accuse >appellantw"en t"e latte! was ta3en into custo y+ Consi e!ing t"at t"e accuse >appellant was not committing a c!ime at t"e time "e was a!!este no! i t"ea!!esting o''ice! "a e any pe!sonal 3nowle ge o' 'acts in icating t"ataccuse >appellant committe a c!ime# "is a!!est wit"out a wa!!ant cannot &e

Justi'ie +

2 . What is the effect on the ille/ality of the arrest by the subsequent act of the accused in postin/ bond for his pro#isional liberty and enterin/

a plea durin/ his arrai/nment?

By ente!ing a plea o' not guilty u!ing t"e a!!aignment# t"e accuse >appellant wai e "is !ig"t to !aise t"e issue o' illegality o' "is a!!est+ I. I*

=OW *E..LE< . A. OB EC.IO= .O A WARRA=. OF ARRE*. OR . E PROCE


51/83

RE=


52/83

31. )ay the police authorities #alidly search the rented apartment of a suspect without a search warrant or without the consent of the said

person 0 F W'FB FBC %:98C9F : FBC :W9C7 : FBC

*P*7F)C9F?

=o+ PEOPLE V*+


53/83

3&. )ay the police and military authorities #alidly search theciti ens without warrant in chec@points set up by them? What is the e tent of the search that they may conduct?

In RICAR


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55/83


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t!ac3e own# tappe # listene to# inte!cepte o! !eco! e an # in case o' !a io# elect!onic# o! telep"one (w"et"e! wi!eless o! ot"e!wise)

communications# messages# con e!sations#iscussions# o! spo3en o! w!itten wo! s# t"e

elect!onic t!ansmission systems o! t"e telep"onenum&e!s to &e t!ac3e own# tappe # listene to#inte!cepte # an !eco! e an t"ei! locations i' t"e

pe!son suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism is not 'ully 3nown#suc" pe!son s"all &e su&Ject to continuoussu! eillance p!o i e t"e!e is !easona&le g!ounto o so,

."e i entity (name an a !ess# an t"e police o! law en'o!cement o!gani ation) o' t"e mem&e!s o' "is team Ju icially aut"o!i e to t!ac3 own# tap#listen to# inte!cept# an !eco! t"e communications#messages# con e!sations# iscussions# o! spo3en o! w!itten wo! s,

."e o''ense o! o''enses committe # o! &eingcommitte # o! soug"t to &e p!e ente , an

."e lengt" o' time w"ic" t"e aut"o!i ation s"all &euse o! ca!!ie out+

8ection. 1e-ten i&le pe!io # w"ic" s"all not e-cee 5 ays'!om t"e e-pi!ation o' t"e o!iginal pe!io N."e e->pa!teapplication 'o! !enewal "as &een uly aut"o!i e &y t"e Anti>te!!o!ism Council in w!iting+

42. nder the Buman 8ecurity *ctE*nti(Ferrorism Law; 7epublic *ct 9o. ,3 2; *ppro#ed on )arch 6; 2


57/83

."e Justices o' CA esignate as special cou!t to "an le anti>te!!o!ismcases a'te! satis'ying t"emsel es o' t"e e-istence o' p!o&a&le cause in a"ea!ing calle 'o! t"at pu!pose t"at

A pe!son c"a!ge wit" o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism,

O' a Ju icially ecla!e an outlawe te!!o!ist o!gani ation o! g!oup o' pe!sons,

O' a mem&e! o' suc" Ju icially ecla!e an outlaweo!gani ation# association o! g!oup o' pe!sons# may aut"o!i e inw!iting any police o! law en'o!cement o''ice! an t"e mem&e!so' "is team uly aut"o!i e in w!iting &y t"e anti>te!!o!ism

council to/+ e-amine o! cause t"e e-amination o'# t"e eposits# placements# t!ust accounts# assets# an !eco! s in a &an3 o! 'inancial institution, an

0+ gat"e! o! cause t"e gat"e!ing o' any !ele ant in'o!mationa&out suc" eposits# placements# t!ust accounts# assets#an !eco! s '!om a &an3 o! 'inancial institution+ ."e &an3 o! 'inancial institution s"all not !e'use to allow suc"e-amination o! to p!o i e t"e esi!e in'o!mation# w"enso o! e!e &y an se! e wit" t"e w!itten o! e! o' t"eCou!t o' Appeals+

8ec. 2- + Application to e-amine eposits# accounts an !eco! s+

."e w!itten o! e! o' t"e CA aut"o!i ing t"e e-amination o' &an3 eposits# placements# t!ust accounts# assets an !eco! s

A pe!son c"a!ge wit" o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism,


O' a mem&e! o' suc" Ju icially ecla!e an outlaweo!gani ation# association o! g!oup o' pe!sons# in a &an3 o! 'inancial institution>

>* ALL O=L BE GRA=.E< B . E A$. ORIQI=GPAR.E APPLICA.IO= .O . A.EFFEC. OF A POLICE OR LAW E=FORCE;E=. OFFICIAL w"o "as

&een uly aut"o!i e &y t"e Anti>.e!!o!ism Council to 'ile suc" e->pa!teapplication an upon e-amination un e! oat" o! a''i!mation o' t"e applicantan "is witnesses "e may p!o uce to esta&lis" t"e 'acts t"at will Justi'y t"enee an u!gency o' e-amining an '!ee ing t"e &an3 eposits# placements#t!ust accounts# assets an !eco! s

O' A pe!son c"a!ge wit" o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ismo! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism,

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O' a mem&e! o' suc" Ju icially ecla!e an outlawe

o!gani ation# association o! g!oup o' pe!sons+

43. )ay a wife #alidly sei e the diaries; chec@s and /reetin/ cardsof the alle/ed paramours of her husband and use the same as e#idence ina le/al separation case between them?

As "el in @ULUETA VS! CA" Fe3ru.r4 :;" : * # t"e e i enceo&taine &y t"e wi'e w"o 'o!ci&ly opene t"e !awe!s at t"e clinic o' "e! octo!>"us&an an too3 ia!ies# c"ec3s an g!eeting ca! s o' "is allege

pa!amou!s is ina missi&le as e i ence+ ."is is so &ecause t"e intimacies o' "us&an an wi'e oes not Justi'y t"e &!ea3ing o' ca&inets to ete!minema!ital in'i elity+

43. 's the freedom of speech and e pression affected by the Buman 8ecurity *ct?

es# un e! 8ection 26 o' t"e law# it p!o i es t"at pe!sons w"o "a e &een c"a!ge wit" te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism>>>e en i' t"ey "a e &een g!ante &ail &ecause e i ence o' guilt is not st!ongUcan &e2P!o"i&ite '!om using any cellula! p"ones# compute!s# o! ot"e! means o' communications wit" people outsi e t"ei! !esi ence+6

44. What is the rule on criticisms on the acts of public officers?

A pu&lic o''icial s"oul not &e too onion>s3inne wit" !e'e!ence tocomments upon "is o''icial acts+ ."e inte!est o' t"e go e!nment an t"esociety eman s 'ull iscussion o' pu&lic a''ai!s+ ($* s+ Bustos# 58 P"il+85/)

4&. )ay the abo#e rule applicable to pri#ate indi#iduals who are public fi/ures or pri#ate indi#iduals who are candidates for public office?

As "el &y t"e *up!eme Cou!t in t"e case o' BAG$IO ;I


59/83

for t%eir suffr.2es! T%e im ort.n,e to t%eSt.te .n/ to so,iet4 of su,% /is,ussions isso v.st" .n/ t%e ./v.nt.2es /erive/ so

2re.t" t%.t t%e4 more t%.n ,ounter3.&.n,et%e in,onvenien,e of riv.te ersons1%ose ,on/u,t m.4 3e invo&ve/" .n/o,,.sion.& in ur4 to t%e re ut.tions of in/ivi/u.&s must 4ie&/ to t%e u3&i,1e&f.re" .&t%ou2% .t times su,% in ur4m.4 3e 2re.t! T%e u3&i, 3enefit fromu3&i,it4 is so 2re.t .n/ t%e ,%.n,e of

in ur4 to riv.te ,%.r.,ter so sm.&&" t%.tsu,% /is,ussion must 3e rivi&e2e/! 5

C&e.r&4" t%e 0uestione/ .rti,&es ,onstitute f.ir ,omment on .m.tter of u3&i, interest .s it /e.&t 1it% t%e ,%.r.,ter of t%e riv.teres on/ent 1%o 1.s runnin2 for t%e to e&e,tive ost in 8.2uio Cit4 .tt%.t time!

46. )ay the %:)CLC% #alidly prohibit columnists; radioannouncers and F+ commentator for commentin/ for or a/ainst any issuedurin/ the plebiscite period since they can air their #iews in a pro/ram

sponsored by the %:)CLC% itself

=o# suc" woul &e an un ue inte!'e!ence on t"e '!ee om o' e-p!ession+ I. I* *.ILL A RE*.RIC.IO= O= . E COL$;=I*.#A==O$=CER OR CO;;E=.A.OR:* C OICE OF . E FOR$;W ERE E ;A E1PRE** I* VIEW+ Ple&iscite issues a!e matte!s o'

pu&lic conce!n an impo!tance+ ."e peopleSs !ig"t to &e in'o!me an to &ea&le to '!eely an intelligently ma3e a ecision woul &e &ette! se! e &yaccess to an una&!i ge iscussion o' t"e issues# I=CL$


60/83

/+ W"et"e! t"e a e!age pe!son applying to contempo!a!ycommunity stan a! s woul 'in t"e wo!3 appeals to p!u!ient

inte!est,0+ W"et"e! t"e wo!3 epicts o! esc!i&es a patently o''ensi e

se-ual con uct,5+ W"et"e! t"e wo!3 as a w"ole lac3s se!ious lite!a!y # a!tistic#

political o! scienti'ic alue+

4,. )ay the %ity )ayor order the confiscation without a searchwarrant ma/a ines which he belie#es to be obscene? What is the correct

procedure for him to follow?

=o+ (Pita s+ CA# /8K *CRA 570)+ A City ;ayo! may not o! e! t"ewa!!antless sei u!e o' maga ines w"ic" "e &elie es to &e o&scene,ot"e!wise# "e will &ecome t"e complainant# p!osecuto! an Ju ge at t"e sametime+ e s"oul o&tain a sea!c" wa!!ant '!om a Ju ge &y 'ollowing t"e

p!oce u!e lai own &y t"e Rules on "ow to secu!e a sea!c" wa!!ant+

&ITHOUT INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO STRI E! 8.n2.&is.n vs!CA" 9(* SCRA *: )

&1. What is the procedure to be followed in the application of rally permits before the %ity or )unicipal )ayor in accordance with 0P 0ilan/

--


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!e'usal o! mo i'ication t"at t"e clea! an p!esent ange! test &e t"e stan a!'o! t"e ecision !eac"e + I' "e is o' t"e iew t"at t"e!e is suc" an imminentan g!a e ange! o' a su&stanti e e il# t"e applicants must &e "ea! on t"e

matte!+ ."e!ea'te!# "is ecision# w"et"e! 'a o!a&le o! a e!se# must &et!ansmitte to t"em at t"e ea!liest oppo!tunity+ ."us i' so min e # t"ey can"a e !ecou!se to t"e p!ope! Ju icial aut"o!ity+ ( 8AYAN" ARAPATAN"ILUSANG 7AG8U8U ID NG PILIPINAS 7P)" .n/GA8RIELA s+ EDUARDO ER7ITA # in "is capacity as E-ecuti e*ec!eta!y# ;anila City ;ayo! LITO ATIEN@A # C"ie' o' t"e P"ilippine

=ational Police# Gen+ ARTURO 7! LO7I8AO" NCRPO C"ie' 7. !Gen! VIDAL UEROL" an Weste!n Police calle cali&!ate p!eempti e !esponse

policy# t"e policy o' ispe!sing !allyists t"!oug" wate! cannons# "as no placein ou! legal 'i!mament an must &e st!uc3 own as a a!3ness t"at s"!ou s'!ee om+ It me!ely con'uses ou! people an is use &y some police agents to

Justi'y a&uses+ On t"e ot"e! "an # B+P+ =o+ KK cannot &e con emne asunconstitutional, it oes not cu!tail o! un uly !est!ict '!ee oms, it me!ely!egulates t"e use o' pu&lic places as to t"e time# place an manne! o' assem&lies+ Fa! '!om &eing insi ious# 2ma-imum tole!ance6 is 'o! t"e

&ene'it o' !allyists# not t"e go e!nment+ ."e elegation to t"e mayo!s o' t"e powe! to issue !ally 2pe!mits6 is ali &ecause it is su&Ject to t"econstitutionally>soun 2clea! an p!esent ange!6 stan a! + 8AYAN"ARAPATAN" ILUSANG 7AG8U8U ID NG PILIPINAS 7P)".n/ GA8RIELA s+ EDUARDO ER7ITA # in "is capacity as E-ecuti e

*ec!eta!y# ;anila City ;ayo! LITO ATIEN@A # C"ie' o' t"e P"ilippine =ational Police# Gen+ ARTURO 7! LO7I8AO" NCRPO C"ie' 7. !Gen! VIDAL UEROL" an Weste!n Police


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&-. )ay a Ieho#ah"s Witnesses )ember who is the %ourt 'nterpreter of 7F% 0ranch 2&3; Las Pinas %ity; be held liable for !/rossly

immoral conduct$ for li#in/ with a married man while her #ery ownmarria/e was still subsistin/

=o+ As "el in ESTRADA VS! SOLEDAD ESCRITOR" # 9 SCRA: Reso&ution of t%e 7otion for Re,onsi/er.tion)" #;' SCRA :" t%eSu reme Court %e&/ t%.t s%e is not &i.3&e for g!ossly immo!al con uct

&ecause

*"e is a mem&e! o' t"e e"o a":s Witnesses an t"e Watc" .owe! *ociety,

."at t"e conJugal a!!angement was in con'o!mity wit" t"ei! !eligious &elie's,

."at t"e conJugal a!!angement wit" Muilapio "as t"e app!o al o' "e! cong!egation+

Esc!ito! li3ewise claime t"at s"e "a e-ecute a2


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es# 8ection 26 p!o i es t"at pe!sons w"o "a e &een c"a!ge wit"te!!o!ism o! conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism>>>e en i' t"ey "a e &een g!ante

&ail &ecause e i ence o' guilt is not st!ongUcan &e


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an in su&stance, an H0 t"e / 4 o' t"e ma!3et alue o' t"e p!ope!tysoug"t to &e e-p!op!iate must 'i!st &e pai to t"e owne! o' t"e

p!ope!ty+ ( REPU8LIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS! UDGE

GINGOYON" #(' SCRA #(#)

9! In o! ina!y e-p!op!iation cases# t"e !ule is t"at in t"e case o' BIGLA=G>AWA V*+ $appointe commissione!s+(;anoto3 s+ CA# ;ay 0/#/?K8)

."e 'acto!s to &e consi e!e in ete!mining t"e Justcompensation ma!3et alue a!e

/+ cost o' ac uisition,0+ t"e cu!!ent alue o' li3e p!oe!ties,5+ its actual o! potential uses,D+ pa!ticula! case o' lan s,9+ t"ei! si e# s"ape# location, an7+ t"e ta- ecla!ations t"e!eon+

6666


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Finally# note t"at as "el in t"e case o' Repu&lic s+ *antos# /D/*CRA 5 # t"e ma!3et alue as !ecommen e &y t"e &oa! o'

commissione!s appointe &y t"e cou!t we!e at &est only A


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9+ ."at w"et"e! o! not t"e pe!son a!!este "as a lawye!# # "emust &e in'o!me t"at no custo ial in estigation in any 'o!m

s"all &e con ucte e-cept in t"e p!esence o' "is counsel o! a'te! a ali wai e! "as &een ma e,

7+ ."e pe!son a!!este must &e in'o!me t"at# at any time# "e"as t"e !ig"t to communicate o! con'e! &y t"e moste-pe ient means>>>telep"one# !a io# lette! o! messenge!>>>wit" "is lawye! (eit"e! !etaine o! appointe )# any mem&e! o' "is imme iate 'amily, o! any me ical octo!# p!iest o! ministe! c"osen &y "im o! &y any one '!om "is imme iate'amily o! &y "is counsel# o! &e isite &y con'e! wit" ulyacc!e ite national o! inte!national non>go e!nmentalo!gani ation+ I. * ALL BE . E RE*PO=*IBILI. OF. E OFFICER .O E=*$RE . A. . I* I*ACCO;PLI* E


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."e !ig"ts a!e em&o ie un e! *ection 0/ t"e!eo' w"ic"states

8ection 21 + Rig"ts o' a pe!son un e! custo ial etention+> ."emoment a pe!son c"a!ge wit" o! suspecte o' t"e c!ime o' te!!o!ismo! t"e c!ime o' conspi!acy to commit te!!o!ism is app!e"en e o! a!!este an etaine # "e s"all 'o!t"wit" &e in'o!me &y t"e a!!esting

police o! law en'o!cement o''ice!s to w"ose custo y t"e pe!sonconce!ne is &!oug"t# o' "is o! "e! !ig"t

/+ to &e in'o!me o' t"e natu!e an cause o' "is a!!est# to!emain silent an to "a e competent an in epen entcounsel p!e'e!a&ly o' "is own c"oice+ I' t"e pe!soncannot a''o! t"e se! ices o' counsel o' "is o! "e! c"oice# t"e police o! law en'o!cement o''ice!s conce!nes"all imme iately contact t"e '!ee legal assistance unit o' t"e IBP o! t"e Pu&lic atto!ney:s o''ice (PAO)+ It s"all &et"e uty o' t"e '!ee legal assistance unit o' t"e IBP o! t"ePAO:s t"us contacte to imme iately isit t"e pe!sonetaine an p!o i e "im wit" legal assistance+ ."ese!ig"ts cannot &e wai e e-cept in w!iting an in t"e

p!esence o' t"e counsel o' c"oice,

0+ in'o!me o' t"e cause o! causes o' "is etention in t"e p!esence o' "is legal counsel,

5+ allowe to communicate '!eely wit" "is legal counsel anto con'e! wit" t"em at any time wit"out !est!iction,

D+ allowe to communicate '!eely an p!i ately wit"out!est!ictions wit" t"e mem&e!s o' "is 'amily o! wit" "isnea!est !elati es an &e isite &y t"em, an

9+ allowe '!eely to a ail o' t"e se! ices o' a p"ysician o! p"ysicians o' c"oice+

&. *re the abo#e ri/hts a#ailable to a suspect if he is under in#esti/ation but by a pri#ate person?

=o+ (. E PEOPLE OF . E P ILIPPI=E* V*+ O*E .I=G LA=$ # R+# et al+# D89 *CRA 0DK)+ ."e claim t"at "is a''i a it is ina missi&lein e i ence in acco! ance wit" section /0 H/ o' t"e Bill o' Rig"ts is nottena&le+ ."e 2in estigation6 un e! sai p!o ision !e'e!s to 2custo ialin estigation w"e!e a suspect "as al!ea y &een ta3en into police custo yan t"at t"e in estigating o''ice!s &egin to as3 uestions to elicit in'o!mation

an con'essions o! a missions '!om t"e

political law quizzer 1-2-20081

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