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PLS221 Capsicum Foto del: The Chile Pepper Institute, NMSU, http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome.html ?t=CHILE Slide 2 Spooner et al 2008 Slide 3 C. annuum C. baccatum C. pubescens C. frutescens C. chinense Origin & domestication Slide 4 m C. annuum (var. glabriusculum) chacoense galapagence Slide 5 Moscone at al 2007 X=13 Slide 6 Specific traits Slide 7 Slide 8 C. annuum C. chinense C. frutescens The Chile Pepper Institute, NMSU, http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome. html?t=CHILE Slide 9 C. baccatum Slide 10 C. pubescens Rocoto, locoto, chile manzano Slide 11 Slide 12 Wild species related to C. pubescens C. eximium & C. cardenasii Slide 13 C. cardenasii Slide 14 C. tovari C. spp Wild species Slide 15 Capsicum galapagoense Slide 16 Genetic Diversity of Chiltepins Slide 17 Variety Clasificacion Non-pungent (sweet): Bell pepper, pimento, paprika, yellow wax 2x acreage than hot peppers Hot peppers (pungent): NewMex type (Anaheim, Largo Verde), jalapeo, ancho, serrano, Tabasco, habanero etc Paprika in USA is a product: chile powder from non- pungent NewMex types In Europe it is a variety, in Hungary are sweet and hot paprika Bosland et al. 1996. Capsicum pepper varieties and classification Slide 18 Bosland et al. 1996. Capsicum pepper varieties and classification Slide 19 Genes controlling main traits of Capsicums > 292 described genes for: Morphology,Physiology,Sterility Disease and pest resistance Wang D & P Bosland (2006) HortScience 41:1169-1187 Slide 20 Pepper Trisomics Slide 21 Paran et al Mol. Breed. 13:251-61 Capsicum linkage maps, 2262 markers Slide 22 Plant height: dwafs: dw-1, dw-2, dw-3, dw-4, dw-5, dw-6, dw-7, dw-8 Tall: tal Leaf shape : ~31 genes Flowers: Multiple Flowers: Mf-1, Mf-2, Mf-3 Fruit shape: 6 genes: O round; up-1, up2, upright; pf parthenocarpy Immature fruit color: sw1 sulfur white; sw2 yellow-green; sw3 light green, A & MoA, F purple Sample of important genes Slide 23 y cl c1 c2 Y Cl C1 C2 red Y Cl c1 C2 light rrd Y Cl C1 c2 orange Y Cl c1 c2 light orange Y cl C1 C2 chocolate y Cl C1 C2 yellow y Cl c1 C2 light yellow y Cl C1 c2 lemon yellow y Cl c1 c2 white y cl - - olive green Mature fruit color Slide 24 Y (Ccs) capsanthin y capsorubin synthase, y= zeaxanthin chrom 6 C2: (phytoene synthase), chrom 4 Molecular basis cl: clorophyll retention Unknown function chrom 1 Slide 25 Heat or Pungencycapsaicinoid alkaloids Most abundant: Heat or Pungency: capsaicinoid alkaloids Most abundant: Capsaicin & Dihydrocapsaicin Slide 26 TypespeciesScoville units HabaneroC. chinense210,000 TabascoC. frutescens120,000 Thai HotC. annuum60,000 JalapeoC. annuum25,000 AmarilloC. baccatum17,000 SerranoC. annuum4,000 BellC. annuum0 Guiness record: Bhut Jolokia de la India, con 1,001,304 US, http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm Slide 27 Steward et al. Plant J. 2005 Capsaicinoid synthesis Slide 28 The Known Capsaicinoids *Capsaicin * Homocapsaicin *Norcapsaicin Nornorcapsaicin Bis-homocapsaicin Tris-homocapsaicin Tetra-homocapsaicin Slide 29 The Known Capsaicinoids *Dihydrocapsaicin * Homodihydrocapsaicin Nordihydrocapsaicin Nornordihydrocapsaicin 3-nor-dihydrocapsaicin Tris-homodihydrocapsaicin Bis-homodihydrocapsaicin Tetra-homodihydrocapsaicin Slide 30 The Known Capsaicinoids Isomers of Dihydrocapsaicin Tetra-homodihydrocapsaicin Tris-homodihydrocapsaicin Nordihydrocapsaicin Nornordihydrocapsaicin Slide 31 SB2-66, candidate gene Pun1 Stewart et al., 2005, The Plant J. 42:675-688 SB2-66 sequence co- localized with Pun1 in F2 mapping pop C. frutescens BG 2816 (Pun1/Pun1) x C. annum Maor (pun1/pun1) Mapped on chromosome 2 DNA seq variation between sween and hot varieties Slide 32 Genomic DNA Sequence and structure of Pun1 Genomic DNA Sequence and structure of Pun1 locus Acyltransferase Deletion of 25Kb in sweet types (recessive) of C. annuum Slide 33 6 QTL control amount of capsaicinoids Ben-Chaim et al Slide 34 Fruit shape and size Zygier et al., 2005 Theor Appl Genet 111:437-445 Ben Chaim et al. 2003b Theor Appl. Genet 106:889-894 Slide 35 Conservation of QTL on chrom 2 & 4 in Capsicum (3 species) & tomato Slide 36 QTL for fruit size (3) fw2.1 (major effect), fw-4.1 y fw4.2 Same locations as tomato QTL for fruit shape (6) fs3.1 y fs10.1 (major effects) not conserved in tomato fs2.1 (minor effect), associated to fw2.1 fs4.1 y fs4.2 (minor effects) associated with fw.4.1 & fw4.2 respectively. fs8.1 (minor effect) Slide 37 Nematode resistence (Meloidogyne spp) Djian-Caporalino et al 2007. Theor Appl Genet 114:473-486 6 resistance genes on chrom 9 Me1, Me3 & Me 7 wide spectrum, plus N Slide 38 Marker assisted selection for nematode resistance Slide 39 Virus Resistence TMV: gene L (or Tm), multiple alleles CMV: gene cm, plus 7 QTL restrict virus movement Caranta et al 2002 Theor Appl Genet 104:586-591 Potyvirus (PVY, TEV Pep-moV, PVMV, CVMV, PVE) Genes prv-1, prv-3,prv-5, pvr-6, prv8 (recessive), Prv-4, Pvr-7, Pn-1 (dominant) Markers available for prv-1, chromos 3 Yeam et al 2005. Theor Appl Genet 112:178-86 TSWS (tomato spotted wilt topovirus) Gene Tsw, marker available, chrom 10 Slide 40 Resistance to other diseases Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas) Genes Bs-1, Bs-2, Bs-3, Bs-4, Xcv (dominant) Bs-5, bs-6, gds (recessive) Markers available for Bs-2,Bs-3 Phytophtora Gene Psr, Pfr 6 QTL: Phyto4.1,5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1 Antracnosis: genes Anr-1 al -5. Oidium: genes lmr-1 al 3, + 7 QTL Slide 41 Cytoplasmic male sterility Gulyas et al 2006. Breeding Sci 56:331-4 C. annuum rf in cytoplasm S Restorer Rf Markers distinguishing sterile and fertile plants Slide 42 Pepper cms Kim & Kim 2005 Slide 43 Fruit taste and aroma Very little know on inheritance of compounds determining these traits Specific flavor Bell-pepper (2-isobutyl 3 methoxypyrazine, decadienal) habanero, jalapeo, baccatum yellow pepper? habanero, jalapeo, baccatum yellow pepper? Species specific? Changes during fruit maturation? Slide 44 baccatum (yellow) chinense (habanero) annuum (jalapeo) Negre & Quiros,unpub Slide 45 #Compound Jalapeo (C. annuum) Habanero (C. chinense) Amarillo (C. baccatum) 1Hexyl 2-methylbutanoate xxx 2 -himachalene xx 33-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate xx 4Hexyl 2-methylpropanoate xx 5cis-3-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoate xx 6Hexyl 3-methylbutanoate xx 7Hexylhexanoate xx 8 -cubebene xx 9 cis- -ocimene x 10Isocaryophyllene x 11 -himachalene x 124-methylpentanol x 13cis-3-hexenol x 14Hexanol x 15Heptanol x 165-methyl 6-heptenol x 17Pentyl 3-methylbutanoate x 183,5-dimethylcyclohexene x 192,2-dimethylheptylpropanoate x 202-methylheptylbutanoate x 213,3-dimethylcyclohexanol x 22Octyl 3-methylbutanoate x 23cis-5-octenol x 24 -ionone x + 12 others specific to yellow Slide 46 Available to Capsicum breeder Allows to obtain homozygous lines, including RI. Twin seedlings (traditional) Anther culture Doubled Haploides Slide 47 Transgenesis Agrobacterium transformation difficult in Capsicum annuumDificulties: 1) Shoot regeneration is genotype dependent 2) Low efficiency of infection by Agrobacteriumin cot/hypocots 2) Low efficiency of infection by Agrobacterium in cot/hypocots Virus resistence obtained experimentally Lee et al (2004) Plant Cell Rept 23:50-58 Slide 48 Celestial smile The Chile Pepper Institute, NMSU, http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome.html?t=CHILE