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Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of disturbance in Yunnan, SW China Min CAO Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Page 1: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of disturbance in

Yunnan, SW China

Min CAO

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Page 2: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Points

Floristic BackgroundMajor EcosystemsDisturbanceEcosystem Assessment

Page 3: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Natural environment

Location: 21o08’32”-29o15’08”N97o31’39”-106o11’47”E

Bordered with Vietnam, Laos & MyanmarElevation: 76 m - 6740 m (6664 m difference)Size: 394,000 km2 ( 4.1% of China )About 600 rivers belong to 6 major river systems (Yangtze R., Pear R., Red. R., Mekong R., Salwin R., Irrawaddy R.) Population: 44.15 Million (2004)

Page 4: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Natural environmentClimate: Monsoon

City LatitudeAltitude

(m)

28º27’ 3485

1890

552

25º01’

22º00’

TypeAverage

temperature(℃)

Average precipitation

(mm)

Deqing Subalpine 4.7 664

Kunming Subtropics 14.7 1094

Jinghong Tropics 21.7 1211

Rainy: May – Oct.; Dry: Nov. – Apr.

Page 5: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Floristic BackgroundFloristic Background

Magnolia Magnolia officinalisofficinalis

Page 6: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Number of plant species

Taxonomic categories

No. of species in Yunnan

No. of species in

China

Proportion (Y/C)

Mosses and liverworts 1,500 2,600 58%

Ferns 1,500 2,500 60%

Seed plants 17,000 30,000 57%

Page 7: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Areas (x 1000 km2)

394

1200

560

230

36

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Yunnan Xizang(Tibet)

Sichuan Guangxi Taiwan

Page 8: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Seed plants: Genus

2136

1145

1491 1549

1100

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Yunnan Xizang(Tibet)

Sichuan Guangxi Taiwan

Page 9: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Seed plants: Species14000

5296

8541

5463

4300

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Yunnan Xizang(Tibet)

Sichuan Guangxi Taiwan

Page 10: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Endemic genera

China Yunnan

224

83

0

50

100

150

200

250

Page 11: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Com

p osi

tion

of th

e pr

o vi n

cial

f lor

a at

the

l eve

l of g

e nu s Distribution Patterns No. of genera

in YunnanProportion

(%)No. of genera

in China1. Cosmopolitan 92 -- 1072. Pantropic 313 16.54 3733. Trop. Amer. & Asia disjuncted 70 3.70 964. Old World Tropics 124 6.55 1625. Trop. Asia to Trop. Australia 99 5.23 1526. Trop. Asia to Trop. Africa 126 6.66 1607. Trop. Asia (Indo-Malaysia) 439 23.21 5708. North Temperate 226 11.95 2979. E. Asia & N. Amer. disjuncted 76 4.02 12010. Old World Temperate 91 4.80 16311. Temperate Asia 18 0.95 5812. Mediterranean, W. Asia to C. Asia 24 1.27 16913. C. Asia 5 0.26 11314. E. Asia 198 10.47 29415. Endemic to China 83 4.39 224

Total 1984 100 3058

61.89%

Page 12: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Demarcation line

HolarcticHolarctic

PaleotropicPaleotropic

Page 13: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Subalpin

Major Forest Ecosystems

Subtropical

Tropical

Page 14: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Shorea wangtianshuea

Tropical seasonal rain forestSouth Yunnan

Page 15: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Evergreen broad-leaved forest – subtropical mountains

Middle Yunnan

Page 16: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Northwest Yunnan

Abies georgeiSubalpine coniferous forest

Page 17: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500
Page 18: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Jinghong

Menghai

Mengla

XTBGMyanmar

Total land area: 19,124 km2

0.2% of China

Page 19: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

人口与森林覆盖率

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1949 1953 1956 1958 1962 1966 1968 1972 1979 1982 1985 1994 1995 1996 1998

人口（人）

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

森林覆盖率（

%）

Population (persons) Forest cover (%)

Population andforest of

Xishuangbanna

Page 20: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Rubber plantation

Page 21: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Mountain agriculture

Page 22: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Imperata cylindrica Chromolaena odorata

Secondary Communities

Macaranga denticulata Thysanolaena maxima

Page 23: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Soil seed bank

RestorationSeed rain

Seedling bank

Resprouting

Page 24: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Third group in mature forest: Nonconstituent?

Nonconstituent

WeedExotic

Page 25: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Asynchronism in forest growth

Above ground

Climax Pioneer

Nonconstituent

Under ground

Pioneer

Page 26: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Shift: Underground → Aboveground

Climax Pioneer

Pioneer

Disturbance

Nonconstituent

Page 27: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Major findings

•Extraordinarily larger soil seed banks

•More nonconstituent components

•Increasing proportion of woody species in SSB with forest succession

•Decreasing similarity of SSB to above-ground vegetation

Page 28: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Implications

1. Disturbance assessment (Quantifingdisturbance)

2. Forest fragmentation (Surveying edge effect)

3. Vegetation restoration (Examining potentials of forest restoration)

4. Detecting biological invasion

Monitoring Ecosystem Processes Underground !

Page 29: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Forest ecosystem

assessment?

Linking the temperate with

the tropics

A FEA Network in continental SE Asia?

Page 30: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Thank you

Page 31: Plant diversity, forest ecosystems and influence forecasts of ......Taxonomic categories No. of species in Yunnan No. of species in China Proportion (Y/C) Mosses and liverworts 1,500

Forest growth cycle in time

BuildingPioneer Climax

Gap Mature


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