introduction to bryology joannes a. janssens hornworts liverworts mosses life cycle paleobotany moss...
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION TO BRYOLOGY
Joannes A. Janssens
• HORNWORTS
• LIVERWORTS
• MOSSES
• life cycle
• paleobotany
• moss flora
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HORNWORTS
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LIVERWORTS
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MOSSES
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The Life Cycle of Bryophytes
• bryophytes are diplohaplontic plants with a heteromorphic alternation of generations
• within the sporangium spores are formed by meiosis
• protonema and gametophores develop after germination
• antheridia and archegonia produce sperm and eggs
• after fertilization a new, attached sporophyte is formed
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spor
gam
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spor
gam
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gam
spor
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spor
gam
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gam
spor
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STREPTOPHYTE EVOLUTION
origin of embryophytes(Charophyceae)
Anthocerotophyta
Polysporangiophyta
Bryophyta
Marchiantiophyta
flavonoidsloss of pyrenoid
jacketsmulticellular sporophyte
calyptraestalked gametangia
loss of columella and stomataseta reduction
• vascular tissue• branched sporophyte• isomorphic phases• stoma
?
?
?
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The Paleobotanical Record of Bryophytes
• Sporognites (Paleozoic, Devonian)
• Diettertia montanensis (Mesozoic, Cretaceous)
• Aulacomnium heterostichoides (Tertiary, Eocene)
• Calliergon aftonianum (Pliocene-interglacial Pleistocene)
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Sporognites Halle (1913, 1936)
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Diettertia montanensis Brown & Robinson (1974)
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Aulacomnium
heterostichoides
Janssens et al.
(1979),
compared with
A.
heterostichum
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Calliergon aftonianum Steere
(1942)
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The Paleobotanical Record of Bryophytes: Conclusions
• earliest fossils are all liverworts (Silurian-Devonian), mosses are Carboniferous-Permian, hornworts first evidence only in Cretaceous
• no Paleozoic fossils can be attributed to any known class of bryophytes
• Mesozoic fossils suggest explosive evolution, and many lineages are presently extinct
• most present-day classes originated in Cretaceous (co-evolution with Angiosperms?) but no extant genera are known before the Eocene
• Tertiary fossils are very similar to extant taxa; present-day ranges were established
• Quaternary fossils are indistinguishable from present-day modifications of living species