planning for low carbon development in cities [compatibility mode]

Planning for Low Carbon Planning for Low Carbon Planning for Low Carbon Planning for Low Carbon

Development in CitiesDevelopment in CitiesDevelopment in CitiesDevelopment in Cities

Rajendra P Sharma

[email protected]

• Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s

land surface, and house 75% of

the human population

• Cities account for a considerable

portion of a country’s energy

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

portion of a country’s energy

consumption. [2/3 of worldwide

energy usage and GHG emissions]

• Most production, trade and

transportation activities usually

are located in these areas. [80%

of Asia’s GDP is produced by

Asian cities]Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)

• Growing built environment

• Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.

• Increasing volumes of waste generated

• Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems -

producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.

• Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban

systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs

• Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns

• Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services

Energy for Sustainable Development

Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address

development issues related to Key input for

Economic

development issues related to

economic growth, environment

and social equity simultaneously

Key input foreconomic growth

Social

Environmental

Poverty alleviation

and gender

Impacts of energyproduction and use

Low Carbon Growth

Green Economy Green Economy Green Economy Green Economy Safety &Safety &Safety &Safety &WelfareWelfareWelfareWelfare

Integrated Approach

to Low Carbon Development

Sustainable Development

HealthyEcosystemsZero Waste Low Carbon

Sustainable Energy Supply Sustainable Energy Supply Sustainable Energy Supply Sustainable Energy Supply

Environmental governance Environmental governance Environmental governance Environmental governance

Zero WasteZero WasteZero WasteZero Waste

Low Carbon FootprintLow Carbon FootprintLow Carbon FootprintLow Carbon Footprint

Transport &Transport &Transport &Transport &CommunicationsCommunicationsCommunicationsCommunications

JobsJobsJobsJobs

Energy Energy Energy Energy SupplySupplySupplySupply

WelfareWelfareWelfareWelfare

Economy &Economy &Economy &Economy &CompetitivenessCompetitivenessCompetitivenessCompetitiveness

Health &Health &Health &Health &EducationEducationEducationEducation

HousingHousingHousingHousing

Access to Nature Access to Nature Access to Nature Access to Nature

Green BuildingsGreen BuildingsGreen BuildingsGreen Buildings Clean Water QualityClean Water QualityClean Water QualityClean Water Quality

Clean Water QuantityClean Water QuantityClean Water QuantityClean Water Quantity Green TransportGreen TransportGreen TransportGreen Transport Clean AirClean AirClean AirClean Air

Energy and Urban Forms

Resources,

technology,

geography,

politics

Energy

SourcesNature, location, availability,

price, distribution

Spatial

StructuresLocation, shape, size, density,

communications, mixed land

use

Socio-economic

and political

factors

Feedback

Energy needs

stimulate new

developments

Energy

DemandUseful energy, delivered

energy, primary energy,

transport, heat, light, motive

power

Alternative

Supply Systems

Feasibility

Level of

development,

socio-economic

factorsRef: Owens, S., Energy , Planning and Urban Form (1986)

Energy Technology GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants

Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Available Resources

Resource Utilization

Waste Generation

Decomposition and/or

Accumulation of Waste

Waste Conversion/Recycling

Based on Bianpoen. “The City as an Ecological Region “(1990)

Ecosystems approach – The inter-relationship of natural and man-made elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards improved quality of city life.

Transport SystemsTransport SystemsTransport SystemsTransport Systems

Waste Water Waste Water Waste Water Waste Water

Parks & WaterwaysParks & WaterwaysParks & WaterwaysParks & Waterways

SystemsSystemsSystemsSystems

Water Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

Urban SystemsUrban SystemsUrban SystemsUrban Systemsrequire energy to functionrequire energy to functionrequire energy to functionrequire energy to function

CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication


Building SystemsBuilding SystemsBuilding SystemsBuilding Systems Energy Supply Energy Supply Energy Supply Energy Supply


Waste Water Waste Water Waste Water Waste Water


Solid Waste Solid Waste Solid Waste Solid Waste

Management Management Management Management



• Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and land);

Difficult and costly to modify.

• Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as high as

10% of the city’s GDP.

• Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total energy

consumption and 30% of GHG emissions.

• Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased

competitiveness, etc.).

• The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future

energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).

Energy Consuming Urban SystemsEnergy Consuming Urban SystemsEnergy Consuming Urban SystemsEnergy Consuming Urban Systems

� Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and

arrangement of cities are planned.

� Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health,


economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.

� The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built

for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on

how these are designed, operated and maintained.

� Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and

sustain socio-economic development goals.

Are Are Are Are these systems designed these systems designed these systems designed these systems designed and operated for and operated for and operated for and operated for energy efficiency?energy efficiency?energy efficiency?energy efficiency?

• Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming

• Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are

from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts

Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts

Combination of land use factors

(shape, size)

Travel requirements (distance &

frequency)

Variation up to 150%

Interspersion of activities Travel requirements (distance) Variation up to 130%

Urban area shape Travel requirements Variation of up to 20%

Density/clustering of trip ends Public transport use Energy savings up to 20%

Density/mix uses/built form CHP applications Energy savings of 15%

Layout/orientation/design Passive cooling/heating Energy savings up to 20%

Siting/layout/landscaping Microclimate optimization Energy savings of at least 5%

Ref: BC Energy Aware Committee, Introduction to Community Energy Planning (www.energyaware.bc.ca)

Increasing Carbon FootprintIncreasing Carbon FootprintIncreasing Carbon FootprintIncreasing Carbon Footprint

• Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private transport

• Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices

• Poor urban planning, management and governance

• What is the challenge?What is the challenge?What is the challenge?What is the challenge? Managing a city’s development thatManaging a city’s development thatManaging a city’s development thatManaging a city’s development that:

� Maximizes low-carbon energy sources

Climate Change Challenges in Cities

Maximizes low-carbon energy sources

� Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services

� Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP

Vulnerability to Climate ExtremesVulnerability to Climate ExtremesVulnerability to Climate ExtremesVulnerability to Climate Extremes

• Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains

• Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity and frequency

• Sea level rise; Poor suffer more

• New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-migrants”

ChallengesChallengesChallengesChallenges

• Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support

environmentally sustainable development in cities

• Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement

integrated sustainable development actions


integrated sustainable development actions

• Lack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable

urban development

• Lack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable

development applications at the urban level

• Lack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable

technologies and practices on sustainable urban development

Energy Planning in Cities

City with internal energy production and supply system

City with external energy supply system

Sustainable Energy in CitiesSustainable Energy in CitiesSustainable Energy in CitiesSustainable Energy in Cities7.341.91

18.6810.670.90

0.07

CommercialSector Use

AgricultureSector Use

ResidentialSector Use

Industrial Sector Use

InstitutionalSector Use

To stock

8.06

OutsideSales

Total EnergySupply

Total EnergyConsumption

83.47Petroleum 63.9

Natural Gas 6.4

Coal 3.7

Hydro Energy 2.9

Biomass Energy 2.9

City Energy BalanceCity Energy BalanceCity Energy BalanceCity Energy Balance

43.97 TransportSector Use

1.257.15

Own Use andT&D Losses

ConversionLosses

100.00 83.47Petroleum 63.9 Products

Electricity 20.2

City Energy System - Low Carbon Development

• Support policies on the

application of energy efficiency

and renewable energy

• Smart urban form and spatial

development

• Energy efficient industries and

Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development

• Energy efficient industries and

buildings

• Low carbon vehicles and public

transport-oriented systems

• Low carbon waste management

and urban services

• Energy efficient appliances

• Financial/fiscal incentives for EE

and RE applications

* PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH ** PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH ** PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH ** PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH *Source: www.rainharvest.co.za

Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development PlanningIntegrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development PlanningIntegrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development PlanningIntegrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning

• Energy – an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development

in urban communities

• EIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.

• Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for


• Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for

integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.

• Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and

energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.

• Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGEMAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGEMAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGEMAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban

development planning process.

• Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planning

• POLITICAL SupportPOLITICAL SupportPOLITICAL SupportPOLITICAL Support – success of an energy-integrated urban development

plan is ensured by this.

Land Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Analysis of Urban Development

Concerns

Energy Issues (supply, consumption,

demand) Analysis=

Urban Development Goal, Objectives &

Criteria Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and

Criteria=

Urban Development Surveys & Analysis

of Sectoral Plans & Profiles

Energy Survey Data (supply,

consumption, demand) and Database=

Alternative Growth Scenarios and

Solutions FormulationEnergy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios &

Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios

& Proposed Solutions= Energy

Integrated

Integrating Energy in Urban Development PlanningUrban

Urban Development Policy Formulation

& Sectoral Policies & Regulations

Formulated & Enforced Energy Policies &

Plans/Programs=

Urban Development & Sectoral Policy

Impact Analysis

Energy-Environment Impact Assessment

Results=

Urban Development and Sectoral Policy

Support Activities Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation &

Results=

Urban Plans & Programs Implementation

and Management Strategies

Urban Development & Sectoral Plans

Implementation

Urban Development and Sectoral Plans

Monitoring & Management

Energy Consumption Monitoring &

Management=

Energy-Integrated

Urban Development

Plan Management

Urban

Development

Planning

Energy Management Plan and Energy

Projects Implementation=

Land Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Land Use Problem Analysis

Land Use Goal, Objectives & Criteria

Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and

Criteria=

Land Use Surveys & Database

Development & Analysis

Energy Survey Data (supply,

consumption, demand)=

Alternative Growth Scenarios and

Solutions FormulationEnergy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios &

Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios

& Proposed Solutions=

Energy

Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning

Solutions Analysis & Proposed Solutions=

Land Use Policy Formulation (based on

Analyses)

Existing Energy Policies &

Plans/Programs=

Land Use Policy Impact AnalysisEnergy-Environment Links Assessment

Results=

Land Use Policy Support Activities

Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation &

Results=

Land Use Management & Plan

Implementation Strategies Development

Land Use Plan Implementation

Land Use Monitoring & ManagementEnergy Consumption Monitoring &

Management=

Energy-Integrated

Land Use Plan

Management

Energy

Integrated Land

Use Planning

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:

1.1.1.1. Land Land Land Land Use and Transport PlanningUse and Transport PlanningUse and Transport PlanningUse and Transport Planning

Contiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout;

traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.

2.2.2.2. Site Planning and Building DesignSite Planning and Building DesignSite Planning and Building DesignSite Planning and Building Design

Building efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations;

pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.

3.3.3.3. Infrastructure EfficiencyInfrastructure EfficiencyInfrastructure EfficiencyInfrastructure Efficiency

Water supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection &

recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.

4.4.4.4. Energy SupplyEnergy SupplyEnergy SupplyEnergy Supply

Electricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization;

cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.

Low carbon development

of cities can be facilitated

through the enforcement

of appropriate policies

and regulatory

frameworks that support

the planning , design and

implementation of

Green Economy

Clean AirZero Waste

Green Transport

Green Buildings

City-led Programs,


the planning , design and

implementation of

interventions that fully

recognize the importance

of urban development

planning that takes

serious consideration of

the energy and

environment aspects of

sustainable development

Sustainable Energy Supply

Access to Nature

Clean Water (Quantity)

Clean Water

(Quality)

Low Carbon Footprint

Environmental Governance

City-led Programs, Regulations &

Financial Capacity

ChallengesChallengesChallengesChallenges

Institutional ChallengesInstitutional ChallengesInstitutional ChallengesInstitutional Challenges

• e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate

change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processes

Energy Use and Energy Policy ChallengesEnergy Use and Energy Policy ChallengesEnergy Use and Energy Policy ChallengesEnergy Use and Energy Policy Challenges

• e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE


• e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE

and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controls

Political ChallengesPolitical ChallengesPolitical ChallengesPolitical Challenges

• e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in

policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also

political) benefits of low carbon development

Social/Community ChallengesSocial/Community ChallengesSocial/Community ChallengesSocial/Community Challenges

• e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes

Capacity & Financial ChallengesCapacity & Financial ChallengesCapacity & Financial ChallengesCapacity & Financial Challenges

• e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development;

Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives

Key PlayersKey PlayersKey PlayersKey Players

• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning,

public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)

• National and Regional Development Agencies

• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)


• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)

• Real Estate Developers

• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)

• Public Transport Operators

• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups

• General Public

Planned Development AreasPlanned Development AreasPlanned Development AreasPlanned Development Areas

• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including

Environmentally Sensitive Areas

• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services

• Access to Transport and Transit Systems

Community Design & LayoutCommunity Design & LayoutCommunity Design & LayoutCommunity Design & Layout

Spatial Structures


• Spatial Structures

• Streets and Roads

• Natural Features and Open Spaces

Buildings Buildings Buildings Buildings and Infrastructuresand Infrastructuresand Infrastructuresand Infrastructures

• Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials

• Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures

• Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems

• Green Construction

• Sustainable Energy Production and Supply

Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationStrategies to Support Plan ImplementationStrategies to Support Plan ImplementationStrategies to Support Plan Implementation

Privatization and the Role of the Private SectorPrivatization and the Role of the Private SectorPrivatization and the Role of the Private SectorPrivatization and the Role of the Private Sector

• Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)

• Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee

collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles;

Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park

maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)

Improvement of City's Public ImageImprovement of City's Public ImageImprovement of City's Public ImageImprovement of City's Public Image

Revenue Enhancement InterventionsRevenue Enhancement InterventionsRevenue Enhancement InterventionsRevenue Enhancement Interventions

• Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes

• Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of

development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.

• Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.

• Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

Strategies to Support Low Carbon InitiativesStrategies to Support Low Carbon InitiativesStrategies to Support Low Carbon InitiativesStrategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives

• InvestmentsInvestmentsInvestmentsInvestments

• Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or

enhancement of the existing ones.

• Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.


• Investment for research and development, information dissemination and

promotional programs on low carbon development.

• Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry

sector and other service companies.sector and other service companies.sector and other service companies.sector and other service companies.

• Third Party FinancingThird Party FinancingThird Party FinancingThird Party Financing

• Financial InstitutionsFinancial InstitutionsFinancial InstitutionsFinancial Institutions

• LeaseLeaseLeaseLease----Purchase Agreements; BuildPurchase Agreements; BuildPurchase Agreements; BuildPurchase Agreements; Build----OperateOperateOperateOperate----Transfer AgreementsTransfer AgreementsTransfer AgreementsTransfer Agreements

Examples of Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationExamples of Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationExamples of Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationExamples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation

1. Energy1. Energy1. Energy1. Energy----Environment Conservation StrategiesEnvironment Conservation StrategiesEnvironment Conservation StrategiesEnvironment Conservation Strategies

• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge

• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax

• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD


• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD

• Parking Fees

2. City Development Strategies2. City Development Strategies2. City Development Strategies2. City Development Strategies

• User Fees, Surcharges

• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings

• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits

• Implementation of Betterment Charges

• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services

• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in CitiesBenefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in CitiesBenefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in CitiesBenefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities

• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs

• Reduction in pollution

• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the • Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the

city as a whole

• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with

the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)

• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have

market value

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits of Low Carbon Development of CitiesBenefits of Low Carbon Development of CitiesBenefits of Low Carbon Development of CitiesBenefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities

• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)

• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction

• Preservation of Natural Environment

• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)

• Improved Public Health

• Empowered Communities

• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)

• Improved Economy and Competitiveness

Example of EE Urban Systems

Green InfrastructuresGreen InfrastructuresGreen InfrastructuresGreen Infrastructures – a network of decentralized storm water management

practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving

the quality of city waterways.

Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)

Atmospheric CO2

Emission Avoidance

and Reduction

Direct SequestrationReduced Building

Energy Usage

Reduced Energy

Usage for Water

Treatment

Benefits of Green Benefits of Green Benefits of Green Benefits of Green

InfrastructuresInfrastructuresInfrastructuresInfrastructures


Permeable

Pavements

Bio-retention &

InfiltrationTreesGreen Roofs

Treatment

Reduced Water

Treatment

City Electricity SystemCity Electricity SystemCity Electricity SystemCity Electricity System• Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure

• Increased energy demand during peak periods

Smart City SolutionsSmart City SolutionsSmart City SolutionsSmart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that

manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner,

built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all


built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all

involved). Source: ABB

� Deregulation and real-time

pricing

� Smart energy-positive

infrastructure

� Integrated mobility service

EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings

� How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG emissions that are generated in cities.

� Urban development planning should consider energy as one important component of sustainable development.

� Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban development planning processes

Conclusions

development planning processes

� Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy for sustaining growth and development.

� The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.

� The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.

Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank YouThank YouThank YouThank YouThank You

planning for low carbon development in cities [compatibility mode]

Education

primary energy

energy solutions

low carbon planning

ghgs uncertainty of

countrys energy consumption

worldwide energy usage

uselow carbon growth

urban developmentportion