emergence of low carbon cities

7/28/2019 Emergence of Low Carbon Cities

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EEl Buldhe Emergence of low-Carbon Citiesin Post-nstria urban China

pri 2012

thorsYifei li, mmer ssociate, nstitte for Biing EfciencyJames hepher, Corporate an nstittiona ervices,East an othwest China, Coiers nternationa

Jennifer layke, Exective director, nstitte for Biing Efciency

Jia Crrie, Program Manager, Johnson Contros

sse Brief


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duChe tite of this report, Essentia Biings, conveys two key messages.

First, biings are areay an essentia component of many ow-carbon

practices an city pans in China, an wi contine to gain importance. nChinas post-instriaize ftre, instria energy efciency can no ongerbe the absote river of ow-carbon eveopment. s the share of instrycontines to ecine in cities, carbon emission rections from non-instriasectors, sch as biings, are increasingy signicant in rban economies.1,2

t the same time, post-instriaization fes the growth of the service sector in rban China, an this

rives an npreceente eman for ofce biings, conseqenty boosting the biing sector. s a

rest, many ow-carbon practices an city pans in China make biing energy efciency their centerpiece.

However, biing efciency is not emphasize eqay across rban China. he importance attache to

biing efciency correspons to a citys eve of post-instriaization the more post-instriaize the

city, the more ikey its poicies wi favor biing efciency.

econ, a consenss is emerging among poicymakers, acaemics, eveopers, architects, engineers,

biing owners, property managers, an some investors that biings nee to be essentia in natre,

meaning they consme ony the amont of energy neee to maintain an appropriate comfort eve.

decision-makers in China have raise the priority of biing efciency for severa reasons, incing energy

costs an the increasing awareness an concern for energy secrity.3 hese concerns have e to a growing

eman for biing efciency technoogies an sotions. he biing efciency market is qicky matring

as an increasing nmber of ow-carbon cities invest in that area, as evience by the footho renewabe

energy technoogies have recenty gaine as they are appie in biings in severa Chinese cities.

his anaysis expores Chinas efforts to se ow-carbon city efforts to hep meet carbon rection goas

set by the 12th Five Year Pan (2011-2015). China has pege to rece carbon emissions per nit of

dP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020, compare to 2005 eves. he centra government expects to meet this

goa in part throgh the eveopment of ow-carbon city projects. his anaysis provies an overview of

ow-carbon cities in China. t informs governments, acaemics, eveopers, architects, engineers, biing

owners, property managers, prospective investors, occpants, s an the genera pbic abot Chinas

pans for ow-carbon investment in, eveopment of, an se of ow-carbon biings. he foowing

sections escribe the crrent stats of ow-carbon practices an aso present the genera consenss of

what ecision-makers consier important for the next stage of ow-carbon eveopment in China.

he anaysis conces that pans for ow-carbon cities generay pace more importance on biing

efciency when the city enjoys a high eve of post-instriaization, as in hanghai an Hangzho. n cities

where the eve of post-instriaization is reativey ow, as in Chongqing an Baoing, biing efciency

is not centra to the overa ow-carbon eveopment strategy, as carbon rections can be achieve more

easiy in the instria sector.

1 n this paper, nessotherwise note, instryan the instria sectorare se interchangeabyto refer to seconaryinstries, excing the

constrction instry.pecicay, accoringto the Chinese instriaata coection convention(see http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/noe2314/noe4128/noe15316/noe15317/serobject30ai15041.htm,accesse on gst 12,2011), instry refers tothe materia proctionsector which is engagein extraction of natraresorces an processingan reprocessing ofmineras an agrictraprocts, incing(1) extraction of natra

resorces, sch as mining,sat proction (bt notincing hnting anshing); (2) processing anreprocessing of farm ansieine proces, sch asrice hsking, or miing,wine making, oi pressing,sik reeing, spinning anweaving, an eathermaking; (3) manfactre ofinstria procts, sch asstee making, iron smeting,chemicas manfactring,petroem processing,machine biing, timberprocessing; water an gasproction an eectricitygeneration an sppy;

(4)repairing of instriaprocts sch as therepairing of machineryan means of transport(incing cars).

2 Emission rection is notexacty the same as energysavings, bt the two termsare se interchangeaby byChinese poicymakers, asthey are in this report. Fora more etaie iscssionof the interchangeabe seof the terms in China, see:Zho, Hongchn, 2007,n Economic naysis ofEnergy aving an Emissionection in China, Theory

Study, o. 16, pp. 16-20.[n Chinese]

3 recent srvey ofChinese ecision makershas fon that energysecrity is the secon mostimportant river of energyefciency measres in2011. For etaie restsof the srvey, pease seethe nstitte for BiingEfciencys website athttp://www.instittebe.com/.

nstitte for Biing Efciency www.nstitteBE.com


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BCud

Chinese Urbanization at a Crossroads

Chinas srge of rbanization is npreceente. n the ast 50 years, Chinas rban popation has grown

more than vefo, from 107 miion in 1960 to 586 miion in 2009 (Figre 1). he net increase of Chinas

rban popation in the ast 50 years eqas the crrent tota popation of the Eropean union.

Crrenty, China has a higher percentage of rbanization than nia, thogh it remains ower than the

wor average an mch ower than recent orth merican an Eropean eves (Figre 2). Chinas rban

popation contines to grow steaiy: he government has set targets for the rban popation to reach

52 percent by 2015 an 65 percent by 2030, accoring to the 12th Five Year Pan.4 s Figre 2 shows, the2030 target is sti beow crrent Eropean an orth merican eves. 4 Xinha, China pege

its rbanization rive tobe ow-carbon, http://news.xinhanet.com/engish2010/china/20106/21/c_13942037.htmaccesse on Jne 29, 2

www.nstitteBE.com nstitte for Biing Efciency

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Figure 1. Urban Population in China (19602009) Source: World Bank

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Figure 2. Percentage of Urban Population (19602009)

North America Europe World China India


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urbanization is not ony the migration of the popation into existing rban centers; it often correspons to

an increase in the nmber of rban centers. his has not been the case for China. n 1997, the tate Conci

manate that no more conties wo be promote to cities.5 t the same time, some major cities rapiy

expane by rerawing city bonaries to ince srroning townships an viages. Conseqenty, the

rban popation starte to cster in arge rban aggomerations, sch as hanghai, Beijing, an Chongqing

(Figre 3).

orce: Wor Bank

he rapi expansion of Chinas arge metropoitan areas has acceerate the contrys energy consmption

an corresponing carbon emissions. eneray, energy consmption by rban resients is approximatey

3.5 to 4 times that of rra resients, an even higher for arge rban centers, meaning the bk of carbon

emissions are tie to cities.6 esearch has shown that one inirect conseqence of rbanization is a marke

increase in goba warming, becase rbanization eas to higher eves of energy consmption.7

he Chinese government beieves the contry sho avoi the high eve of carbon emissions that accom-

panie rbanization in the unite tates, Japan, ermany an the unite ingom over the past centry

(Figre 4).8 s the Chinese popation becomes increasingy rbanize, the contry nees to ene an

impement a new pattern of rbanization if it is to avoi the same environmenta an socia probems face

by eveope contries.9

he Chinese eaerships commitment to ow-carbon eveopment was mae cear at the u Cimate

Change mmit in eptember 2009, when Presient H Jintao promise to step p efforts to eveop a

green economy, ow-carbon an circar economies, an enhance research, eveopment an issemination

of cimate-frieny technoogies. n the same year, China pege to rece carbon emissions per nit of

dP by 40 to 45 percent in 2020, compare to 2005 eves.10 he scae an spee of Chinas rbanization

reqires a sstainabe sotion to npreceente energy emans an eevate carbon emissions, bt it

aso presents an opportnity for China to become a goba innovator in ow-carbon eveopment.11

5 Mcinsey oba nstitte,2009, Preparing for Chinasrban biion.

6 China daiy, 2009,low-carbon rbanizationis way forwar for China,http://www.chinaaiy.com.cn/cny/2009-11/30/content_9073968.htm,accesse on Jy 11, 2011.

7 Parikh, J., & hka, V.,1995, urbanization, energyse an greenhoseeffects in economiceveopment. ests froma cross-nationa styof eveoping contries.oba EnvironmentaChange: Human and PolicyDimensions, 5, 2, 87.

8 China daiy, 2010, Chinasho choose ow-carbonrbanization, http://www.chinaaiy.com.cn/china/2011npc/2010-11/05/content_12074102.htm,accesse on Jy 11, 2011.

9 lei, Hongpeng, Zhangiyang & Zhang Ch,2011, unerstaning low-Carbon City deveopmentin China: trategy anMetho, Beijing: ChinaEnvironmenta ciencePress, http://www.wwfchina.org/wwfpress/pbication/cimate/owcity_report.pf, accesse onJne 10, 2011.

10 unite ationsdeveopment Program,2010, China an astainabe Ftre: owarsa low-Carbon Economy

an ociety, Beijing: Chinaransation an PbishingCorporation.

11 he nternationa Bankfor econstrction andeveopment / heWor Bank, 2010, Winsof Change: East siasstainabe Energy Ftre,Batimore, Md: BMW&WPbishing ervices.


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Figure 3. Chinas Population in Urban Agglomerations of More Than 1 Million (% of Total Population)


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orce: Wor BankFigre sorce: udP, China an a stainabe Ftre: owars a low Carbon Economy an ociety

From Sustainable Development to Low-carbon Cities: A Research Hypothesis

Previos sstainabiity concepts offer insight into the crrent wave of ow-carbon eveopment in China.

his section briey smmarizes the aoption, impementation an enforcement of sstainabe eveopment

an simiar concepts in China ring the past two ecaes.

stainabe eveopment was rst integrate into Chinese poicymaking in 1992, with the governments

pbication of the White Paper on Chinas Population, Resource, Environment and Development in the

Twenty-First Century.his ocment otine how China wo graay transform its economy an

society for a sstainabe ftre. n 1997, sstainabe eveopment became a strategic target of Chinas

moernization efforts. Five years ater, the same concept was frther prioritize as one of the core

objectives of Chinas we-off society, a strategic socia eveopment goa set in the eary 1980s.12

despite this sbstantia egisation, the concept of sstainabiity prove to be so broa that amost a

poicy areas fe ner its scope, creating more tak than action. t became increasingy apparent that

the term sstainabe eveopment ha rea shortcomings in proviing meaningf giance for the

evotion of environmenta poicy.13 ther bzzwors an terminoogy, sch as green revotion an

eco-eveopment, have been simiary criticize.14

here is a wiey share sspicion among schoars an poicymakers that the term ow-carbon eveop-

ment is yet another sogan masking a great ea of tak bt timatey itte ecisive action. his criticismarges that ow-carbon eveopment is a miseaing escription of Chinas existing eveopment moe,

where the primary concern is economic growth rather than environmenta concerns. iven the historica

context of soganeering in this e, this anaysis examines to what extent ow-carbon efforts an pans

have transate into rea action.

12 Peope.com, 2008,stainabe deveopmehttp://cpc.peope.com.B/134999/135000/8104098.htm, retrieveon Jy 12, 2011.

13 Btte, F. H., 2000,Ecoogica moernizatas socia theory.Geoforum, 31 (1): 57-65

14 For a more etaieiscssion of poiticasogans in China, see:

l, Xing. 1999. nieoogica/ctraanaysis of poitica sogin Commnist China.Discourse & Society.10 (4): 487-508.


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Figure 4. Urban Population Ratios and Emissions by Country (19712005)

CO2emissions

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Urban population (% of total)

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India

ChinaBrazil

Japan

South Africa

Germany

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Australia


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Energy Efciency in the Post-industrial Era

Before anayzing ow-carbon practice in etai, a broa overview of Chinas post-instria context is

warrante. leaing cities in China, sch as hanghai an Beijing, have sccessfy move heavy instries

from their core areas in the past 10 to 20 years. trctra changes in an vae, abor shifts an instria

technoogies have opene rban centers for reeveopment. Factory obsoescence offere a chance to

reocate instria faciities within a ecae of initia eveopment.

Beijings instria anscape is graay taking the shape of concentric circes as the avance service sector,

incing , entertainment an nancia services, csters in the city center an heavy instries are pshe

increasingy to the oter rings.15 he citys reocation of severa heaviy poting, energy-intensive factories

to periphera areas in avance of the 2008 ympics was in ine with Beijings overa eveopment strategy.

hanghai aso emonstrates a conspicos pattern of post-instria eveopment. unti the ate 1990s,

the majority of hanghais resients worke in the instria sector. oay, that is no onger tre. By

empoyment size, hanghais service sector otgrew the instria sector in 2000 an has contine to

expan rapiy in the past ecae (Figre 5). n 2009, the tota otpt of hanghais instria sector

ecine by 3 percent, the rst fa in otpt since recor-keeping began in 1978.16

Most factories in thecitys rban areas have been reocate, some moving to nearby rra areas an many eaving the city

in favor of Chinas reativey ess-eveope western provinces. Conseqenty, the citys instria zones

have repositione themseves as bsiness parks, an &d an high-technoogy hbs with spporting

infrastrctre not commony associate with instria ocaities.

orce: hanghai tatistica Yearbooks, 2000-2010

here is a wiey share consenss among poicymakers in China that cities mst restrctre their economies

to create better iving conitions for their resients. his e-instriaization of Chinese cities an provinces

on the East Coast wi happen in tanem with the rise of the moern service sector. Chinas 12th Five-Year

Pan forecasts the nmber of peope empoye in the service sector to grow by ve percentage points

to 41 percent nationwie by 2015.17 Mch of this forecaste growth wi be anchore by rban economic

restrctring.

15 Y, Fangtao, Chen,Xiyin, W, Hong.2008, urban FnctionaPatterns of Beijing ants de-instriaizationProcess ince 2000, urbanPanning Form, (03):46-54. [n Chinese]

16 hanghai Brea oftatistics, 2010, hanghaitatistica Yearbook 2010.

17 China daiy, 2011,ervice ector: ChinasEmerging Powerhose,http://www.chinaaiy.com.cn/cny/2011-03/02/content_12098593.htm,accesse on Jy 11, 2011.


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Figure 5. Employment in Shanghais Industry and Service Sectors (19992009)

Industry Service


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he e-instriaization of cities has impications for ow-carbon eveopment. n the ate 1990s, Chinas

energy efciency measres were biase towar heavy instry. he contry investe consierabe

resorces in research an eveopment of technoogy to improve instria energy efciency since passage

of the Energy Conservation ct in 1997, an its sccess in this area has been nparaee.18 However, in

the rive to instria efciency, China has evote imite resorces to energy conservation in areas sch

as biings an transportation.

s the percentage of instria energy emissions contines to ecine (Figre 6), China wi nee to

engage other energy-emitting sectors to reaize its rection goas. n cities where the eve of post-

instriaization is highest, investments in non-instria energy efciency measres therefore become

the key to sccess.19 Many oca governments wi be riven to emphasize biing efciency as they seek

ow-carbon eveopment moes.

orce: Wt

Buildings in the Low-Carbon Economy

nstry, biings an transportation are three of the argest carbon-emitting sectors in China. he biing

sector now acconts for approximatey 28 percent of the contrys tota energy consmption.20 thogh

estimates of the exact percentage vary, many anaysts agree that the share of biing energy consmption

in China wi increase in the next 10 to 20 years.21 s a rest, the biing sector wi become comparabe

to the instria sector in terms of carbon-emitting capacity in the next ecae. Energy consmption in thetransportation sector is aso projecte to increase ramaticay in the next one to two ecaes. However,

the growth pattern of these two sectors iffers. he transportation sector is projecte to witness an initia

increase in energy consmption before a ecine after 2020,whie the share of energy consmption in

biings is projecte to increase steaiy.22 By 2020, biings are expecte to be the biggest consmers

of energy in many Chinese cities.23 reay, biing energy consmption is the most signicant river of

growth in overa energy consmption in Chinese cities, primariy riven by pbic biings.24

18 Price, l., Worre, E.,inton, J. & Yn, J., 200

nstria Energy EfciePoicy in China, http://ieb.gov/iespbs/50452.pretrieve on Jy 13, 20

19 Zh, ling & Chen,Hongmin, 2011, Energdeveopment trategy hanghai, in Wor WFn (es), 2050 hanglow-Carbon deveopmoa Map, pp. 153-199[n Chinese]

20 unite ationsdeveopment Program,2010, China an astainabe Ftre: owa low-Carbon Economan ociety, Beijing: Chransation an PbishCorporation.

21 an Zho, Michae Mcei, davi Friey, Jlin, lynn Price, tephae a e Can, Jayaathaye, an Mark lev2007, Energy use in Chectora rens an Ftook, http://china.bgov/pbications/energse-china-sectora-trens-an-ftre-otaccesse on Jy 30, 20

22 Chen, Fei & Chen,Hongmin, 2011,deveopment of hanglow-Carbon Biings,Wor Wiife Fn (e2050 hanghai low-Cadeveopment oa Mappp. 201-225. [n Chinese

23 bi.

24 he term pbicbiing as se in thianaysis refers to bothgovernment biings acommercia biings,as the ata coectionconvention in China onot ifferentiate the tw


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Figure 6. CO2Emissions from Manufacturing and Construction Industries in China(% of Total CO2Emissions)

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n a goba scae, (Figre 7), high eves of post-instriaization are often associate with high eves of

biing energy consmption as a percentage of emissions. Where eves of post-instriaization are ow,

as in nia an China, the share of biing energy consmption is corresponingy ower, an instria

emissions may be higher. s e-instriaization contines in China, the composition of the contrys dP

wi increasingy resembe that of the unite tates, Japan an Erope. ccoringy, withot concrete action

to rece energy se, the share of biing energy consmption in China wi approach the eve of post-instriaize nations.

he most irect river of growth in biing energy consmption in China is the rapiy increasing eveopment

of new resientia an commercia biings. Chinas rban popation growth, cope with the increasing

aspirations an nees of the popation for ramaticay improve iving environments, has create strongeman for resientia biings. Meanwhie, macro-economic restrctring has e to an npreceente

growth in eman from the service sector for commercia biings. hanghai, for exampe has seen an

npreceente growth of commercia biings, which may foreshaow a arger tren (Figre 8).2525 Figre 8 shows thetren for hanghai. Forinformation on otherChinese cities, pease visitCoiers nternationasChina informationporta at http://www.coiersinternationa.com/Markets/China/.


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Dening Green and Low-Carbon Buildings and Cities

ccoring to Chinas reen Biing Evaation tanar (BE), green biings are ene as biings

that save a maximm amont of resorces (incing energy, an, water, an materias), protect the

environment, rece potion, provie heathy, comfortabe an efcient space for peope, an exist in

harmony with natre. However, this broa concepta enition eaves ampe room for ifferences in

measrement an verication. evera provinces in China have egisate versions of the BE that factorin the oca cimate an offer specic giance in the evaation of green biings.

n ight of the imprecise enition of the BE, some arge government-e eveopment projects have

estabishe project-specic stanars that iffer from the nationa BE giance. n the ve cases

stie in this anaysis, oca ofcias an panning agencies ene green biings or ow-carbon biings

ifferenty. s a rest, inicators, benchmarks, an measrement criteria iffer from project to project.

his anaysis presents an anayzes some of the areas of ivergence.

he enition of a ow-carbon city is simiary vage. n this anaysis, sef-ientie ow-carbon rea estate

projects are exce in favor of government-initiate ow-carbon city projects, as the private rea estate

projects are vasty ifferent in natre. Even with the excsion of the private rea estate initiatives, thegovernment-initiate projects ack a singe ofcia enition of what constittes a ow-carbon city. Chinas

Ministry of Environmenta Protection an Ministry of Hosing an urban-ra deveopment (MoHud)

have both eveope stanars for Eco-Cities. evera provinces have aso create stanars for aren

Cities, reen Cities, an other simiar esignations. of these stanars vary in enition, rigiity an

scope. ome arge cities have pockets in the rban area ner ow-carbon city eveopment, whereas

ow-carbon goas in smaer cities typicay reach into a areas of the jrisiction. hese ifferences may

prevent a singe, overarching enition of ow-carbon city in China.

he next section highights severa ow-carbon cities in China to istrate how Chinese poicymakers an

panners incorporate ow-carbon biing goas into their eveopment pans.

lW-CB CE CH26despite the ack of a stanar enition of a ow-carbon city, the majority of Chinese cities have set ow-

carbon goas. ccoring to a sty by the Chinese ociety for urban ties (Cu), 276 of the 287 cities

in China with mnicipaity stats have propose ow-carbon or Eco-City goas. f these, more than haf

have begn constrction projects in an effort to f these goas, whie more than a qarter have specic

pans for action in the near ftre (Figre 9).27 Most of these ow-carbon projects i not exist before 2009,

ceary emonstrating a nationa tren of ow-carbon eveopment in China.28

ccoring to Chinas 12th Five Year Pan, by 2015 China wi estabish 100 moe cities, 200 moe conties,

1,000 moe istricts, an 10,000 moe towns ner a green an new energy theme to showcase itsachievements in ow-carbon eveopment.29 t is noteworthy that nike the unite tates an Erope,

where many ow-carbon projects invove retrotting existing biings an rban infrastrctre, Chinese

ow-carbon cities are preominanty new eveopments.

26 uness otherwise notinformation presente this section was coectthrogh interviews

concte by Yifei li.

27 Y, li. he Crrent of low-Carbon Eco Citin China, presente atthe anna conference the Chinese ociety forurban ties, Jne 272011, in Yangzho, JianProvince.

28 Chinese ocietyfor urban ties,he Cases of ChineseEco-City, www.cityp.org/eco_city/ownoaownoa/1305532924pf, accesse on Jy19, 2011.

29 Xinha, China pegeits rbanization rive tobe ow-carbon, http://news.xinhanet.com/engish2010/china/20106/21/c_13942037.htmaccesse on Jne 29, 2



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he growing interest in ow-carbon eveopment among government epartments an the private sector

has been attribte primariy to Chinas 2009 economic stims package, which promise to invest MB210

biion (u$32.8 biion) in energy efciency an aternative energy instries.30 his investment marks the

centra governments initia promotion of ow-carbon instries an acconts for 5 percent of the tota

stims package (Figre 10). he Chinese government has been catios in its investment in emerging

ow-carbon instries, athogh it is expecte to increase its investment signicanty once the rst ron

of stims proves sccessf.31 n aition to the government, the private sector is increasingy investing in

Chinas ow-carbon eveopment, incing fning from foreign sorces sch as ingapore, straia, an

the unite ingom. Chinas omestic private sector has been no ess enthsiastic, investing signicanty

in soar an other renewabe power sorces an storage technoogies, which have been an wi contine

to be wiey se in Chinese ow-carbon cities.

30 Jie Fang daiy, Why islow-Carbon a Barrier forBsinesses? http://o.jfaiy.com/newspaper/xhs_1/noe49102_63496/noe49113/200909/t20090902_747580.htm,accesse on Jy 19, 2011.[n Chinese]

31 Wor Wiife Fn,he Effect of ChinasEconomic tims Panon Cimate an Energy,http://www.wwfchina.org/wwfpress/pbication/shift/timspackagereport_C.pf, accesse onJy 19, 2011.


Figure 9. The pink dots in this exhibit are the cities that have officially proposed low-carbon oreco-city goals in China, with darker ones indicating low-carbon goals and lighter oneseco-city goals.

Source: Li, Xun, 2011, Introduction to low-carbon cities in China, presented at the

Institute for Building Efficiency Roundtable Discussion, August 4 2011.


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orce: Wor Wiife Fn, he Effect of Chinas Economic tims Pan on Cimate an Energy,http://www.wwfchina.org/wwfpress/pbication/shift/timspackagereport_C.pf, accesse on Jy 19, 2011

n the pages that foow, this paper wi sty ve ow-carbon city cases. he ino-ingapore ianjin Eco-

City project, a agship eveopment that raws on the joint resorces of China an ingapore, is Chinas

best-known ow-carbon city.32 fter showcasing some of the wors eaing ow-carbon practices whie

hosting the 2010 Wor Expo, hanghai pans to eveop its former Expo site into a arge emonstration

zone for ow-carbon technoogy. Hangzho, Chongqing an Baoing are among eight cities esignate

by the ationa deveopment an eform Commission (dC) in Chinas 12th Five Year Pan as nationa

piots for ow-carbon eveopment.

33

eographicay, the ve cases represent cities in northern, eastern,an centra China (Figre 11).

32 loh, Jonathan.2011, ino-ingaporeianjin Eco-city: Moe stainabe CityPresentation for straMission.

33 he ve piot citiesstie are ianjin,henzhen, Xiamen,anchang an iyangt is common in Chinato experiment witheveopmenta poicieson a oca eve beforeinstitting the mostsccessf nationwie.


Figure 10. Composition of Chinas 2009 Economic Stimulus Package

Restructuringand Innovation

9%

Social services

4%

Housing security

9%

Rural construction

9%

Energy efficiency

5%

Wenzhouearthquakerecovery

25%

Infrastructure

39%

Figure 11.

Hangzhou

Shanghai

Tianjin

Baoding

Chongqing


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Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City

Tianjin City Prole

Population (2010) 12,990,000

Total land area 11,860.63 sqare kiometers (4,579.39 sqare mies)

Per capita GDP (2010) MB72,994 (u$11,459)

he city of ianjin is one of for mnicipaities in China irecty aministere by the centra government.34

ino-ingapore ianjin Eco-City (EC) is ocate in the northern part of ianjins Binhai ew rea, a

newy estabishe eveopment zone 45 km (28 mies) from the city center an 150 km (93 mies) from

Beijing.35 EC covers a tota an area of 30 sqare kiometers (11.58 sqare mies), an targets a

tota popation of 350,000 peope.36 Constrction of EC starte in eptember 2009 an is panne

to be compete by 2019.

ianjin exhibits cear signs of post-instriaization. he share of dP generate by instry has

ecine from more than 65 percent in 1978, the beginning of Chinas economic reform, to 48 percent

in 2009 (Figre 12), with a concrrent rise in the service sectors share. s economic restrctring

contines, ianjins service sector is projecte to contribte a mch arger share of dP.

orce: ianjin tatistica Yearbook 2010

Importance of the Case

he EC project has receive signicant attention becase of its aim to become a moe eco-

an ow-carbon city repicabe by other cities in China.37 he project receives consistent spport

from the highest eves of eaership in China an ingapore. n 2007, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao

34 Whereas most cities aresborinate to conty anprovincia aministrations,the for irectyaministere mnicipaities,Beijing, ianjin, hanghaian Chongqing, areirecty ner the centragovernment.

35 Wor Bank, 2009, ino-ingapore ianjin Eco-City:

Case ty of anEmerging Eco-City in China,http://www.worbank.org/research/2009/11/13550294/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-case-sty-emerging-eco-city-china,accesse on Jne 3, 2011.

36 loh, Jonathan.2011, ino-ingaporeianjin Eco-city: Moe stainabe City,Presentation for straianMission.

37 Wor Bank, 2009,ino-ingapore ianjinEco-City: Case tyof an Emerging Eco-City in China, http://www.worbank.org/research/2009/11/13550294/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-case-sty-emerging-eco-city-china,accesse on Jne 3, 2011.


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Figure 12. Industry and Service Sectors in Tianjin (% of Total GDP, 19782009)

Industry Service


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an ingapores Prime Minister lee Hsien loong signe a Framework greement to jointy eveop

the EC. n 2008, Premier Wen an ingapores enior Minister oh Chok ong both attene

its gronbreaking ceremony. his project is the secon agship biatera project between China

an ingapore, after the sccess of zho nstria Park, estabishe in 1994. EC marks the

contries etermination to jointy combat cimate change.38

EC ses a set of ey Performance nicators (Ps) base on existing Eco-City stanars in China

to monitor an track progress. his innovative system wi measre the sstainabiity of the natra

environment an the bit environment an aow ofcias in others cities to repicate ECs tracking

methos. ECs performance on the inicators wi be instrmenta for the eveopment of ftre

ow-carbon projects in China.

Overall Planning

he EC project reects the contining effort towar ow-carbon eveopment in ianjin. fter

being recognize as a nationa Water aving City an ationa Environment Protection Moe City,

ianjin eveope the ianjin Eco-City Panning ieine in eptember 2007. n Janary 2008, thecity introce the ianjin Eco-City Constrction ction Pan. Both pans aim to achieve nationa Eco-

City stats for ianjin by 2015, as recognize by the Ministry of Environmenta Protection (MEP).39 n

aition, the EC project reects the citys resotion to combat cimate change. n 2010, the ianjin

Mnicipa overnment isse ianjins trategic esponse to Cimate Change, consiere a master

poicy integrating previos poicies an ftre impementation pans.40 he ocment otine the

foowing key actions:

Promote ow-carbon instries

Promote energy savings in transportation an biings

Promote pbic awareness of energy efciency

Consoiate instria energy savings

pport the cean energy instry

Promote the circar economy moe

Consoiate eco-agrictre

Consoiate forestry management

he panning of EC paces consierabe emphasis on the eveopment of its own set of Ps to

ensre effective monitoring an coorination. ccoring to oca ofcias, existing stanars in China

are vage an not immeiatey appicabe to ianjin. he MoHud stanar focses primariy on the

bit environment, measring green space, infrastrctre, an other aspects that commony fa ner

the ministrys spervision. he MEP stanar, thogh broaer in scope, inces inicators that are

not measrabe.

38 China daiy, 2008, Ch

ingapore team p ongreen city project, httpwww.chinaaiy.com.cn/cny/2008-09/27/content_7065350.htm,accesse on Jy 19, 20

39 Wor Bank, 2009, iingapore ianjin Eco- Case ty of anEmerging Eco-City in Chttp://www.worbankresearch/2009/11/1355sino-singapore-tianjineco-city-sstec-case-semerging-eco-city-chaccesse on Jne 3, 20

40 ianjin Mnicipaovernment, 2010,ianjins trategicesponse to CimateChange, htt p://www.tjzgov.cn/system/2010/05000243884.shtm, acceon Jy 19, 2011.



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41 China caemy of urbanPanning an design, 2008,esearch eries of Panningfor EC (15), Projectingpopation growth in

EC. [n Chinese]

42 EC meia reease,http://www.tianjineco-city.com/en/news_center/press_reease/900.aspx, accesseon Jy 19, 2011.

43 loh, Jonathan. 2011,ino-ingapore ianjinEco-city: Moestainabe City,Presentation for

straian Mission.

44 EC, 2010, CeebratingEco pportnities, internaocment on e withathor.

45 China caemy of urbanPanning an design, 2008,

esearch eries of Panningfor EC (1), ECsbjectives an cae. [nChinese]

46 Wor Bank, 2009, ino-ingapore ianjin Eco-City: Case ty of anEmerging Eco-City in China,http://www.worbank.org/research/2009/11/13550294/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-case-sty-emerging-eco-city-china,accesse on Jne 3, 2011.

47 Wor Bank, 2009, ino-ingapore ianjin Eco-City: Case ty of an

Emerging Eco-City in China,http://www.worbank.org/research/2009/11/13550294/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-case-sty-emerging-eco-city-china,accesse on Jne 3, 2011.

48 Yen, Ho ong, 2010,ino-ingapore ianjinEco-City: PracticaMoe for stainabeCity deveopment, internacommnication ocment,on e with athor.


Commnity eveopment is a top priority for EC. he project aims for an iea mix of work an

ife for its resients by foowing the panning stanars of the u.. reen Biing Conci (uBC)

leaership in Energy an Environmenta design for eighborhoo deveopment (lEEd-d).41 he

lEEd-d stanar is se to evaate environmenta sstainabiity in rban esign an commnity

eveopment an is base on the iea that rban esign, an se an the environment are inextricaby

inke. Biings in the EC neighborhoo are expecte to meet the o stanar of the ianjinEco-Citys BE. evera high-en resientia biings wi emonstrate net zero energy technoogies,

meeting their energy nees with power generate on site.42

ECs economic eveopment is aso geare towar the rection of carbon emissions in the oca

economy. Commercia biings in EC featre energy-, water-, an ighting-efcient technoogies.

he sites instria park has reay-bit premises as we as cstomize biing sotions that meet

ECs P criteria. hese commercia biings wi showcase ecoogicay sstainabe esign featres,

an many aim to achieve lEEd iver certication.43

n its search for biing occpants, EC has taken a proactive approach by targeting bsinesses

in ow-carbon instries, sch as green biing, cean energy, an waste management. Factories inthese instries wi be hose in ow-carbon biings. More important, these factories are expecte

to attract factories in ownstream instries into the wor of ow-carbon eveopment. he intent is

for EC to create a regiona spport network for green instry an ow-carbon eveopment nees.

Frthermore, economic eveopment an commnity eveopment wi be cosey intertwine in EC.

Economic activities in the area are expecte to generate 175,000 jobs, at east haf of them e by

area resients.44 s most resients in EC wi ive an work within the eveopments bonaries,

both the nee for ong istance commting an the resients carbon footprint wi be rece.

Whie transportation within EC is esigne to be ow-carbon, transportation between EC an

the srroning region is aso targete for a rection in carbon emissions.45 EC is ocate at the

heart of the Bohai im coasta economic region an is panne to provie compementary fnctions

to spport the vast vome of economic activity in the reater Beijing area as we the nees for ow-

carbon goos, technoogies an services in the Bohai im coasta economic region. EC wi eveop

its own niche in the regions ow-carbon ftre.

Low-Carbon Buildings

For a arge-scae project ike EC, ow-carbon panning necessariy covers a broa range, thogh

not every aspect receives eqa emphasis. ccoring to project eveopers, whie energy sppy an

behaviora energy savings are consiere beyon the contro of a ow-carbon city, instria an

commercia energy consmption is irecty ner the citys contro. s biings wi accont for 80percent of energy consme in EC, the project is etermine that a biings sho meet its green

stanars.46,47 nee, one of ECs Ps is the percentage of green biings, targete at 100 percent.

nterestingy, EC foows neither the Chinese stanars for green biings (hree tar) nor lEEd,

bt has eveope its own green biing coes. ECs BE is intene to be more avance

than the nationa stanar an hopes to set a new benchmark for China.48 he project-specic BE

carefy measres energy savings, otoor an inoor environment, operation an management,

biing materias an water se, an sets higher stanars in pant coverage, renewabe energy se,


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49 Wor Bank, 2009,ino-ingapore ianjinEco-City: Case tyof an Emerging Eco-City in China, http://

www.worbank.org/research/2009/11/1355sino-singapore-tianjineco-city-sstec-case-semerging-eco-city-chaccesse on Jne 3, 20

50 EC, 2011, CeebraEco Homes, internacommnication ocmon e with athor.

51 he stanar antechnica etais of owcarbon resientia bifor EC are sti neiscssion by experts.For more etais, see:China caemy of urba

Panning an design, 2esearch eries of Panfor EC (7), stainaHosing in EC. [nChinese]

52 Yen, Ho ong, 2010,ino-ingapore ianjinEco-City: PracticaMoe for stainabe Cdeveopment, internacommnication ocmon e with athor.

53 ibi.


non-conventiona water resorce se, an wa materia se. vera, ECs green biing coes

are more stringent than the nationa BE an compare favoraby to lEEd, athogh their sccess is

yet to be witnesse.49

Frthermore, EC has esigne its centra bsiness istrict as a green camps incorporating trees,

pons, an other natra featres.50 thogh the majority of green biings wi be commercia an

pbic in natre, the eveopments resientia biings wi aso be sstainabe.51 EC aims to

create not ony a ow-carbon city, bt a ow-carbon commnity.

Difculties

de to the ncertainty of the retrn on investments in EC, eveopers have yet to be convince of

the feasibiity of ow-carbon city eveopment. hogh information on constrction costs is imite, if

the cost of constrcting green biings is higher than that of stanar biings, an if the achievabe

saes or renta eves remain nchange, eveopers wi have ess incentive to engage in green

eveopment. Frthermore, EC is not entite to offer any specia tax incentives, an the project

reies on government manates in its prsit of green biing eveopment.t is cear that energy efciency can ony be achieve with the right combination of technoogica

an behaviora change. EC has ambitiosy tacke the technoogica sie, bt withot aeqate

ecation of the genera pbic, the f potentia of green technoogies wi not be fe. he

amont of resorces to be spent on pbic ecation remains ncertain.

Lessons Learned

thogh ifcties exist, as the rst comprehensive ow-carbon city project in China, EC aows

for an initia assessment of the possibiities for this type of eveopment.

Chinas strong nee for sstainabe rbanization is evient in the high eve of government spport forthe EC project an its manate for ow-carbon city eveopment projects.52 overnment spport

is the rst an foremost garantee of ECs sccess. he enorsement of the centra, regiona an

mnicipa governments has mae EC possibe.

EC reies on qantitative an qaitative measres throghot the panning an constrction

process. he project-specic BE has proven effective in the eveopment of green biings, whie

the estabishe Ps ensre the consistent impementation of the ow-carbon pan. EC emon-

strates the sccessf se of mtipe sets of inicators to monitor panning an impementation at

both the micro an macro eves.

n aition, EC benets from what the Chinese ca the oen hree opportne timing, avan-tageos site, an harmonios reations among partners.53 Chinas position at the crossroas of

rbanization an the nee to transform its pattern of eveopment make this an opportne time for a

project of this natre. he EC site, a non-arabe pot of an with a pote water tabe, gave the

project a reativey ow opportnity cost. Finay, ingapore an China have previosy worke together

on the sccessf zho nstria Park project an are strategic partners in many areas. three

factors contribte to the sccess of EC.


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54 Fan, heng, 2011,Panning an thinkingow-carbon cities: Eviencefrom o town Qing Chan,presente at the annaconference of the Chineseociety for urban ties,Jne 27, 2011, in Yangzho,Jiangs Province.


With the combination of severa crcia factors, EC has achieve notabe sccess an has become

the most wiey known ow-carbon city in China. However, the existence of sch a arge nmber of

favorabe factors aso casts obt on whether EC can try be repicate across China. he spport

from mtipe eves of government has attracte signicant investment in EC. econ- an thir-

tier cities in China wi strgge to attract a fraction of ECs investment.54 Many city ofcias an

panners hope that as the nmber of ow-carbon cities grows, the cost of ow-carbon technoogies anmaterias wi fa. therwise, the sccess of EC seems nikey to be picate.

The Shanghai Post-Expo Area

Shanghai City Prole

Population (2010) 23,030,000

Total land area 6,340.5 sqare kiometers (2,448.1 sqare mies)


like ianjin, hanghai is one of Chinas for irecty aministere mnicipaities. he hanghai Post-

Expo rea (PE) is ocate in metropoitan hanghai, 6 kiometers (3.7 mies) soth of Peopes

qare, the center of the city. PE covers a tota an area of 6.68 sqare kiometers (2.58 sqare

mies), containing resientia, commercia, entertainment, an pbic zones.

hanghais eve of post instriaization is among the highest in mainan China. he share of dP

generate by hanghais service sector srpasse that of the instria sector in 1998 an is now

amost twice its size (Figre 13). he growth of the service sector an the corresponing ecine of the

instria sector have been especiay ramatic in recent years. he service sector is now the primary

river of hanghais economy an wi contine to be so for the foreseeabe ftre.

orce: hanghai tatistica Yearbook 2010

80

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Figure 13. Industry and Service Sectors in Shanghai (% of Total GDP, 19782009)

Industry Service


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55

li, . & Zhang, .stainabe ese of Eite after 2010 hanghExpo, hanghai urbanPanning eview, Vo. 9o. 3, pp. 45-48.

56 ang, Y., , H., HanY., Zheng, Y. Zhan, X.,Chen, X., n, Z., & Ya., 2011, low-CarbonExpo an low-Carbondeveopment in hanghanghai EnergyConservation, o. 2,pp. 1-17. [n Chinese]

57 Expo rganizingCommittee, 2006, nitia

Pan for Post-Expouse of the ite, http://www.expo2010.cn/a/20080529/018136accesse on Jy 28, 20[n Chinese]

58 Jiefang daiy, 2011, to the Post-Expo ite Year, http://www.wmshgov.cn/xinwen/201108t20110812_92480.htmaccesse gst 26, 20[n Chinese]



he PE eveopment project is ess wiey known than EC, athogh the Post-Expo rea was

the site of the 2010 Wor Expo, which attracte 70 miion visitors. hanghai has taken the Expos

theme of Better City, Better life as a giing principe for the citys rban panning since the ate

2000s.55 low-carbon concepts, toos, technoogies an practices were a common threa among the

Expos exhibitions, an the city is etermine to se the Expos egacy to promote frther rectionsin carbon emissions in the oca economy.56 PE is the citys piot area for the introction of these

ow-carbon technoogies.

PE emonstrates the possibiity for a ow-carbon eveopment in the heart of a city. From 2006 to

2010, in preparation for the Wor Expo, hanghai renovate a arge owntown area. his site was rst

eveope as the grons of the 2010 Wor Expo an is now being eveope as the PE, a ow-

carbon moe city. Where other projects primariy invove new constrction, PE has the chaenge

of integrating infrastrctre bit for the Wor Expo with new constrction.57 n aition, e to its

owntown ocation, panners mst consier the strategic roe of PE in reation to other owntown

areas.

Overall Planning

PE is oriente towar three major ses: conventions an exhibitions, a corporate heaqarter zone,

an eco-torism. PE reects an at the same time contribtes to hanghais high eve of post-

instriaization.

Convention and Exhibition

Chinas Expo Paviion an its srroning area are panne to be eveope as the convention an

exhibition zone to spport hanghais strategic position as an internationa center of nance an

commerce.he convention an exhibition zone is more than jst a compex of convention centers. t aso featres

the Expos urban Best Practice (uBP) zone, which wi be eveope into a center for creative instries,

incing graphic esign rms, architectre stios an art gaeries. Whie arge convention faciities

wi serve the nees of nationa an internationa conferences, the uBP zone wi host smaer art-

reate exhibitions. n this way, the uBP wi become compementary to the arge convention centers in

PE. t is important to note that companies from the creative instry sector are intene to occpy

former factories. he PEs objective is to create a mix of new an o biings by retrotting

factories that remain in sabe conition. his is one of the many ways in which PE wi reaize its

ow-carbon concept.

Corporate Headquarter Zone

he corporate heaqarter zone in PE wi sppy bsiness premises to omestic an mtinationa

corporations. he zone consists primariy of ofce biings, athogh 10 percent of the tota oor area

wi be se for entertainment an retai prposes. PEs goa is to attract we-known mtinationa

corporations to occpy biings in this zone. s of gst 2011, 13 arge-scae state-owne

enterprises have signe contracts to move their heaqarters to PE.58 etai services in the zone

are intene to target mie- to high-en retaiers.


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59 liang, Baochn, ZhifengYang, Meng e, X lina& Zhao danan, 2010,ppication of water sorceheat pmps in hanghai

Expo, Water se, Vo 36,o. 5, pp. 96 -100.

60 Y, ongjian, 2011,low-carbon scenery ofwater prication: Hotanpark in hanghai Expo site,Beijing Jorna of Panningan Constrction, o. 2, pp.139- 149. [n Chinese]


he pan for this zone featres a high-ensity eveopment with ow biing heights. o achieve this, the

heaqarters biings wi be connecte by pbic sqares, metro stations an corner parks, esigne

to encorage waking. he intent is to create a comfortabe environment combining workspaces an

otoor areas, base on the rban pattern of the hanghai areas traitiona garens. he entire zone

wi be receptive to pbic se whie afforing privacy to bsinesses sers. of these concepts wi

contribte to the ow-carbon corse of PE.

Eco-tourism

he Hotan area is a recaime natre reserve. cster of heaviy poting factories in what is now the

PE was sccessfy transforme into Hotan Wetan Park, Expo Park an Baiianjing Eco-Park, in

part by sing recaime materias from the emoishe factories. Visitors to the parks, which now form

a arge green space in PE, are expose to ow-carbon technoogies, sch as a water prication an

recycing system that generates signicant qantities of potabe water.


he eman for biing oor area is especiay high in PE, e to the areas fnctiona speciaizationin convention an exhibition an corporate heaqarters. n ight of this, the panning of PE has

pace specia emphasis on green biing technoogy, incing new biing materias, snight

shaing systems, rooftop garens, water recycing systems, ajstabe ighting, an smart energy

management systems. unike EC, which has eveope its own green biing stanar, PE wi

foow the hree tar rating program, an existing rating system aministere by Chinese athorities.

hrogh the se of energy-saving technoogies, a biings in PE are expecte to achieve hree

tar stats, the highest achievabe stats ner Chinas green biing stanar.

However, PE excees the minimm reqirement of the hree tar system. s part of the mission

of the Wor Expo, the PE project wi pt many ctting-ege green biing technoogies into wie

se, incing istribte heating systems, geotherma heat pmps, an water-sorce heat pmps.

hese biings wi showcase new concepts in energy efciency an are intene to be extensions of

the Expos promise to create a better rban ife for its resients.

ne of the key principes in the esign of PE is its aherence to a traitiona spatia pattern

representative of the greater hanghai region (aso known as Jiangnan). pecicay, the overa panning

pattern for the area wi resembe a traitiona Jiangnan garen. atra ventiation wi isperse heat

generate by biings, an paths wi be shae by trees. n aition, water-sorce heat pmps wi

be instae in biings as part of the heating, ventiation, an air conitioning (HVC) systems. he

pmps enabe heat exchange between the biings an the Hangp iver, which bisects the PE

site, an wi minimize the environmenta impact of HVC operations.59

Difculties

t is ifct to etermine the appropriate baance between existing an new biings.60 t is eqay har

to baance the combination of emerging an matre technoogies. he ecision-making process for

these qestions wi natray invove compromise between esigners, eveopers, potentia occpants,

an government representatives, as we as practica constraints. n one of the rst ow-carbon city

projects, it is especiay chaenging to strike the iea baance to achieve energy efciency, as few


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61 China ews etwork2010, More than 300heaqarters estabishin hanghai, http://wwchinanews.com/cj/201017/2727878.shtm, acceon gst 12, 2011. [nChinese]

62 Peope daiy, 2010,Where to go as post-Ehttp://www.chinaaiy.cn/hqcj/xy/2010-11-2content_1295711_2.htmaccesse gst 20, 20[n Chinese]

63 China CB, 2011,hanghai spees pheaqarter aning,http://nance.stockstarcom/Jl2011062700000shtm, accesse ongst 12, 2011. [nChinese]

64 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2010,Hangzho proposes ahexone of ow-carboeveopment, http://wwhangzho.gov.cn/mainzwt/bzb/mfmq/317shtm, accesse on Jy2011. [n Chinese]

65 Chen, Zhoxi, 2010,Five Biion Yan to icff low-Carbon HangzEconomics eview,March 22, 2010, Page 1[n Chinese]


preceents exist. For exampe, the nationa hree tar green biing coe oes not take into accont

many of the oca natra conitions in hanghai. he PE project compies with the hree tar

reqirements bt aso as severa innovations that factor in oca conitions. However, it is ifct to

jge whether these innovations wi be effective in recing carbon emissions, as few of them have

been in operation ong enogh to assess their effect.

Lessons Learned

Whie the PE project wo not be ikey to sccee withot the tremenos resorces investe in

the 2010 Wor Expo, the PE nonetheess emonstrates the possibiity of creating a ow-carbon city

in a owntown area. he cost is high, bt the project offers insights into the ways in which existing

infrastrctre can be meaningfy integrate into new panning. he instria memory of the PE

area remains in its factory biings, even as the instaation of moern biing technoogies gives

them a new prpose.

he PE project aso emonstrates that ow-carbon cities nee to be integrate into the arger citys

infrastrctre. ransportation is not heaviy emphasize in the panning for PE becase the areaowntown ocation is areay we connecte to hanghais existing transportation network.

Frthermore, the PEs eveopment is promising becase its positioning is aigne with the macro-

economic goas of hanghai. s of 2010, hanghai was home to the regiona heaqarters of 74

Fortne 500 companies an 315 foreign research an eveopment centers.61,62 hanghais 12th Five-

Year Pan forecasts this nmber to obe by 2015.63 PEs timing captres this opportnity.

Hangzhou

Hangzhou City Prole

Population (2010) 8,705,400

Total land area 16,600 sqare kiometers (6,409 sqare mies)


Hangzho is the capita of Eastern Chinas Zhejiang Province. Hangzho oes not have inivia

eveopment projects that showcase an experiment with ow-carbon technoogies. nstea, it

proposes to sprea the benets of ow-carbon eveopment across its jrisiction. ccoring to

Hangzhos 12th Five Year Pan, the citys comprehensive ow-carbon pan is comprise of a ow-

carbon economy, ow-carbon biings, ow-carbon transportation, ow-carbon ifestyes, ow-carbon

environment, an ow-carbon society.64 his is what the city cas a six-in-one vision of ow-carbon

Hangzho, in which six key eements of ow-carbon eveopment create a mtifacete whoe.

Hangzho shows cear trens of post-instriaization. he growth of the citys service sector starte

in the eary 1980s an has remaine strong for the past three ecaes (Figre 14). he city forecasts

the service sector to accont for more than 60 percent of dP by 2020.65 From a macro-economic

perspective, Hangzho exhibite apparent signs of post-instriaization at a time when most rban

economies in China, incing that of hanghai, were sti ominate by the instria sector. However,


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66 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2010,Hangzho proposes ahexone of ow-carboneveopment, http://www.hangzho.gov.cn/main/zwt/bzb/mfmq/317773.shtm, accesse on Jy 25,2011. [n Chinese]


Hangzhos eve of post-instriaization has stae in the past two ecaes, whie other cities have

move frther aong in the process. oay, the service sector acconts for roghy haf of the economic

otpt in Hangzho, whereas the service sector in hanghai now acconts for amost 60 percent of

dP. ince 2008, Hangzhos service sector has again begn to gain momentm (Figre 14), an with

the spport of oca economic restrctring poicies, the citys post-instriaization wi contine in

the years to come.

orce: Hangzho tatistica Yearbook 2010, http://www.hzstats.gov.cn/web/tjnj/nj2010/01/nj_.htm, accesse Jy 11, 2011


Hangzho is one of the rst cities in China to have pace the natra environment at the center of its

eveopment strategy, an its achievements in sstainabiity are nparaee in the contry. he citys

pioneering efforts have been recognize nationay an internationay: Honors ince the 2001 u

Habitat cro of Honor war an esignation as a ationa aren City by Chinas centra government,

among many others. n 2011, Hangzhos West lake was approve as a uEC Wor Heritage ite.

From a biing efciency perspective, Hangzho is oriente towar retrotting existing biings rather

than the common approach of seeking energy savings in new constrction. he Hangzho Mnicipa

overnment views retrotting, aong with rooftop garens an renewabe energy, as a way to stimate

arge-scae biing efciency programs. he city has estabishe a retrotting stanar that has been

integrate into its rban renewa programs, an pans to retrot neary a of its pbic biings an ateast haf of its resientia biings by 2015 an ambitios pan nseen esewhere in China.

Overall Planning

Hangzho proposes a mtifacete approach to ow-carbon eveopment as the backbone of its ow-

carbon action pan.66 his strategy consoiates six areas economy, biings, transportation, ifestye,

environment an society ner the eaership of a singe oversight committee that coorinates

practices across government epartments. nmber of projects foow this approach.

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Figure 14. Industry and Service Sectors in Hangzhou (% of Total GDP, 19782009)

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67 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2009,Hangzho-ingapore lCarbon ech Park icksff, http://www.hangzhgov.cn/main/tszf/szzc/xtg/zyh/306145.shtmaccesse on Jy 25, 20[n Chinese]

68 Hangzho Yhangovernment, 2011,low-Carbon instriapark broke gron, httpwww.yhang.gov.cn/cacass_43/artices/27485htm, accesse on g12, 2011. [n Chinese]

69 Hangzho Mnicipa

overnment, 2009,Hangzho to become ahexone ow-carbon cityhttp://www.hangzho.gcn/main/zwt/swgzt/h309885.shtm, accesson Jy 25, 2011. [nChinese]

70 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2011, Maa ivabe city, http://wwhangzho.gov.cn/mainhzj/2010/tj/350091.shaccesse on Jy 25, 20[n Chinese]

71 Ha, Fang & naixan, 2011, Harmon

deveopment of City anEcoogica orism: Case ty of Hangzho2011 urban deveopmean Panning ConferenProceeing.

72 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2011, evggestions to Promotlow-Carbon deveopmin Hangzho, http://wwhangzho.gov.cn/mainzwt/ztzj/shierw/stx/342003.shtm, accesson Jy 25, 2011. [nChinese]


he economic component of Hangzhos strategy is exempie by its Hangzho nstria Park

project. Hangzho has partnere with a ingaporean cean-technoogy company to bi a ow-carbon

instria park, with an investment of approximatey MB1.66 biion (u$265 miion). he instria

park wi be taiore to cean energy an renewabe energy bsinesses, taking avantage of the

cstering effect of ow-carbon instries.67 he park is expecte to create a tota of 5 miion sqare

meters (54 miion sqare feet) of gross oor area an to become the premier ow-carbon instriacenter of the region. Biings within the instria park wi compy with the China hree tar green

biing stanar to varying egrees. biings in the park wi meet the reqirements for ne tar

certication, an a nmber wi reach the wo tar eve. reen biings intene as emonstration

projects wi achieve hree tar certication. he project broke gron in Jne 2011 an is expecte

to be a ow-carbon emonstration moe for Hangzho an the region when compete in 2016.68

Hangzhos green transportation programs are among the most avance in the nation. Pbic transit

is responsibe for more than haf the tota trafc vome. n 2008, the city introce a pbic bicyce

program covering most rban areas in its jrisiction. he government sppies some 50,000 bicyces,

which are avaiabe for se at itte or no cost, epening on sage.69 he city now has 2,150 bicyce

renta an retrn service points, servicing an average of approximatey 172,000 sers per ay.70 hebike program an other strategies to promote the se of pbic transit in Hangzho have proven very

effective an have become a moe for other cities.

nother eement in Hangzhos ow-carbon eveopment strategy is eco-torism. Hangzho has

historicay been known as a city of natra beaty. ts most famos torist attraction is the West lake,

ocate in the center of the city. n recent years, Hangzho has passe a series of egisative measres

to tacke the akes potion probem by regating the torism market. he vast nmber of torists

attracte to West lake has mae it ifct to protect. he government aresse this chaenge by

eveoping an renovating a nmber of other torist attractions in orer to absorb torism eman an

irect torist ows away from the ake. hese new attractions are scattere across the metropoitan

area, an most make a featre of the citys ecoogica integrity.71 his strategy is meant to ensre the

sstainabiity of torism in Hangzho whie proviing more attractions for visitors.

Whie Hangzhos pan an experience in ow-carbon eveopment encompasses a wie range of

areas, each istrict has ony imite resorces to invest in ow-carbon projects. Ha a istricts been

reqire to foow a comprehensive ow-carbon strategy to invest in a six eements very itte

co have been one in any of the istricts. nstea, each istrict speciaizes in one or two of the

six components, so that each can pick eements that best t oca conitions. For exampe, Jianggan

district featres green ofce biings, Qianjiang district speciaizes in ow-carbon instries, an

Chnan Conty heas eco-torism. his istrict-eve speciaization is expecte to contribte to the

sccessf impementation of the comprehensive ow-carbon pan at the mnicipa eve.


ccoring to Hangzhos deveopment an eform Commission, the city wi activey prse energy

efciency in biings an transportation, repacing instria energy efciency as the primary river

of Hangzhos ow-carbon agena.72


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73 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2009,decision to Constrctlow-Carbon Hangzho,http://www.hzs.gov.cn/Htm/201005/13/103730.htm, accesse on Jy20, 2011.

74 Hangzho Mnicipaovernment, 2011, everaggestions to Promotelow-Carbon deveopmentin Hangzho, http://www.hangzho.gov.cn/main/zwt/ztzj/shierw/stx/342003.shtm, accesseon Jy 25, 2011. [nChinese]

75 dai, iyn, 2010,hosans sggestions for

ow-carbon eveopment,Zhejiang daiy, May 19,2010, page 2. [n Chinese]


he city has set ambitios goas for both new constrction an the retrotting of existing biings.

For new biings, at east 40 percent of constrction materias mst be certie green (athogh

it is ncear which stanar appies). For existing biings, Hangzhos rban renewa program is

ambitios. By 2015, at east haf of existing resientia biings wi be retrotte, with a focs on

exterior was, winows, an rooftops, accoring to government pans. ver the same time frame, a

pbic biings are expecte to compete energy-saving retrotting. f reaize, these goas wi makeHangzho one of the most energy efcient cities in China. o this en, the mnicipa government wi

invest a tota of MB450 miion (u$66 miion) in the retrotting of pbic biings, incing 30

ecationa biings, 20 restarants, an 10 hospitas.

unike EC an PE, both of which have green biing manates, Hangzhos green biing

promotion is on a argey vontary, incentivize basis.73 iven the breath of Hangzhos green biing

program, as compare to EC or PEs reativey narrow focs, this strategy is nerstanabe. he

city pans to promote the nationa hree tar reen biing certication program by offering nancia

incentives for biings that achieve hree tar certication, an expects a consierabe increase in

the nmber of properties that se ow-carbon biing technoogies.74 Hangzho pans to isse a reen

Biing echnica ie for eveopers an biers, meant to increase the se of green biingmaterias an the qaity of both new constrction an retrots. he city aso pans to enact a nny

ooftop demonstration Project to promote the se of soar energy faciities in resientia biings.

Difculties

de to the scae of Hangzhos mtifacete strategy, many of the impementation projects invove

mtipe government epartments an interest grops. n orer to mitigate conicts an ease

coorination, the city seecte members from every government epartment to create a ow-carbon

eaership committee that reports to the ecretary-enera of Hangzhos Commnist Party, the

mnicipa governments top ofcia. he committee is responsibe for coorinating ow-carbon city

eveopment projects across government epartments, thogh the effectiveness of this approach has

yet to be evaate.

he range an scae of ow-carbon projects in Hangzho have aso mae it ifct to ene the

term ow-carbon city in the oca context. Hangzho has anche a series of ecation programs

to commnicate the importance of ow-carbon eveopment an the ways in which the pbic can

participate. However, the pbics perception of ow-carbon eveopment has trne ot to be mch

ess focse than the governments enition. he genera pbic nerstaning is that amost every

isse that reates to environmenta protection is part of ow-carbon eveopment.75 herefore, the

pbic nerstaning of Hangzhos comprehensive ow-carbon eveopment strategy is very simiar

to the commonpace practices impemente ner the generic term sstainabe eveopment inthe 1990s an eary 2000s. n orer to aress this gap in perception, the oca government nees to

ientify key action areas in the short an ong term an ene the six branches of its eveopment

strategy more ceary.


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76 China EnergyConservation ssociati2010, Hangzho promoexisting biing retrohttp://news.emca.cn/n/20100420024327accesse eptember 14

2011. [n Chinese]


Lessons Learned

ow-carbon city project oes not necessariy nee to be geographicay imite to a eveopment zone.

he Hangzho case has ceary emonstrate the potentia of mobiizing a whoe mnicipaity to foow

the ow-carbon path. hogh Hangzho has encontere ifcties in its citywie ow-carbon campaign,

the gains of riving the whoe mnicipaity to go ow-carbon are sbstantia. Frthermore, Hangzhos

istrict-eve speciaization, in which each istrict seects the eements that best t its existing economican socia conitions, ensres that ow-carbon goas are achievabe at the mnicipa eve.

Fning sorces are reativey imite for Hangzho, in contrast to the consierabe government an

foreign investment attracte by ianjin an hanghai. Hangzhos mnicipa government mst work

cosey with istrict an town-eve governments in its jrisiction to ensre fning for ow-carbon

eveopment. district an town-eve governments are reqire to match fning from the mnicipa

government to spport their own projects. n this way, Hangzho has sccessfy nance a nmber

of projects. Crrenty, priority is given to emonstration projects, bt as the market matres an

government promotions take effect, the nmber of nonemonstrative ow-carbon projects is expecte

to grow rapiy.

n terms of biing energy efciency, Hangzhos commitment to retrot existing biings is

nparaee. Hangzhos retrotting efforts exten we beyon the pbic sphere into the resientia

sector, whereas most ow-carbon cities in China focs on energy savings in existing government-

owne biings. ccoring to ata from China Energy Conservation ssociation, in the three years

from 2010 to 2012, Hangzho is expecte to retrot a resientia nits aong 745 of the citys aeys,

in aition to 3,365 resientia biings in the citys owntown area.76 Hangzhos retrotting program

has proven feasibe an has been we receive by oca resients. his signas an emerging tren of

resientia biing energy efciency that wi ikey be joine by other ow-carbon cities in China.

Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing

Chongqing City Prole

Population (2010) 28,846,200

Total land area (2009) 82,402.95 sqare kiometers (31,815.81 sqare mies)


he city of Chongqing, ike ianjin an hanghai, is one of for mnicipaities in China irecty

aministere by the centra government. he liangjiang ew rea is ocate in northern Chongqing.

liangjiang covers a geographica area of 1,200 sqare kiometers (463 sqare mies), athogh 650

sqare kiometers (251 sqare mies) are ninhabitabe montainos areas. liangjiang, whose name

means wo ivers, is ocate where the Yangtze an Jiaing ivers converge. liangjiang is simiar to

ianjins EC an hanghais PE in that a three projects are ocate, or partiay ocate, in

the ew reas, esignate by the tate Conci as economic reform emonstration areas. However,

liangjiang ony acqire this stats in 2010, whereas hanghais Pong ew rea was estabishe in

1992, a fact that testies to liangjiangs reative recent entry into the eveopmenta path.


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Chongqings eve of post-instriaization is reativey ow. he share of economic otpt generate by

the instria sector has remaine amost constant in recent ecaes. hogh the size of the service

sector briey ecipse that of the instria sector aron the trn of the 21st centry, Chongqings

instria sector has witnesse a boom since 2007, whie the service sector has experience reative

ecine (Figre 15). t is aso notabe that a arge percentage of Chongqings economy remains

agrictra. he macro-economic tren in Chongqing shows itte sign of post-instriaization.

orce: Chongqing tatistica Yearbook 2010, http://www.cqtj.gov.cn/tjnj/2010/yearbook/, accesse Jy 11, 2011.


he estabishment of liangjiang ew rea marks a step by Chinas centra government to eveop the

contrys western provinces, which remain reativey poor espite the economic eveopment of the

eastern regions. liangjiangs eveopment is expecte to be a moe of ow-carbon rbanization for

cities in western China an offers sef insights into the contrys next wave of rbanization.

Chongqing was one of Chinas major instria centers ring the 20th centry. Even toay, instry

an constrction are two of the biggest rivers of the citys economic growth. Chongqings history

may make it seem ike an nikey case for a ow-carbon eveopment emonstration, bt the project

in liangjiang represents a notabe opportnity for change in traitionay instria cities. iven the

high environmenta cost of Chongqings economic activities in the past ecaes, the citys eaershipviews the estabishment of liangjiang ew rea as an opportnity for change, an its focs is not

ony on creating sheer vome of economic activities bt aso on maintaining the qaity of economic

activities.77 liangjiangs ow-carbon eveopment carries both symboic an rea meaning for Chinas

historicay instria cities.

77 Yang, Jan, 2010,howcasing scienticeveopment, drivingeconomic growth,Chongqing Post, Jne 25,2010, page 8. [n Chinese]


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Overall Planning

Heavy instry acconts for roghy two-thirs of Chongqings instria sector by dP, an the city

has spent a tremenos amont of resorces to enhance instria energy efciency in the past.

Whie the energy savings achieve throgh technoogica pgraes are impressive, Chongqing has

now trne to macro-economic restrctring for more sbstantia rections in carbon emissions in

the oca economy. liangjiangs eveopment is oriente towar this goa. he eaership in Chongqingviews liangjiang as a sitabe ocation in which to experiment with bo economic strategies. f the

projects emonstrate favorabe rests, these strategies may be appie to the rest of Chongqing.

Crrenty, liangjiangs strategy for ow-carbon eveopment is base on the creation of a nancia

service center an a renewabe energy hb. he rst strategy promotes economic activities with rea-

tivey ow carbon emissions, an the secon strategy promotes growth of ow-carbon instry. Both

wi incorporate green biing reqirements.

Financial Service Center

Chongqings ocation in the mie of the contry makes it an iea host for nancia transactions

between eastern an western provinces, an the city pans to become centra Chinas nancia servicecenter.78 liangjiang is aso expecte to pay a centra roe in satisfying the growing nee for nancia

services in the western provinces. n aition, the cost of eveoping the nancia service sector in

liangjiang is reativey ow, owing to sbsiies from the centra an provincia governments.

ccoring to the pan, by 2015 liangjiang wi constrct 6 miion sqare meters (64.6 miion sqare

feet) of oor space taiore to the nancia service sector, forming an initia base. By 2018, a f-

ege nancia center is expecte to be fnctioning, riving the growth of liangjiang an contribting

to the growth of the entire region.

deveopment of liangjiangs nancia service center is viewe as a vehice for riving restrctring of

the oca economy towar the service sector. t is important to note that the pan is being impemente

ony to the extent that infrastrctre constrction is ner way. t remains ncear what specic poicies

wi be enacte to attract nancia service proviers to liangjiang to occpy this newy eveope

nancia hb.

Renewable Energy Hub

he potentia for renewabe energy is consiere one of Chongqings strategic avantages. he citys

geography an cimate make it especiay site to the eveopment of hyro, soar, an water-sorce

heat pmp technoogies. he se of soar water heaters an biomass fe is areay wiesprea in the

regions rra areas an is increasingy popar among rban resients. For transportation, the govern-

ment in liangjiang wi set asie fns to spport the se of hybri technoogies, aong with research

into soar energy an hyrogen fe ce vehices.79

liangjiang pans to integrate the se of renewabe energy sorces into the oca biing sector. he

areas cimate, existing instries, an macro-economic conitions have e the city to etermine that

water-sorce heat pmp technoogy sho be the primary sotion for energy efciency in biings.

Branches of both the Yangtze an Jiaing ivers ow throgh many parts of the city, creating hge

potentia for water-sorce heat pmp technoogy. n aition, the city has stie the possibiities of

sing ake water, reservoir water, an nergron water as sorces an contines to ook for optima

appications of this technoogy in biings with the hep of oca research instittes an niversities.

78 Zo, Haihong, 2010,Exporing ow-carboneconomy in liangjiang rea, Chongqing, Econesearch ie, o. 36209-210. [n Chinese]

79 Zo, Haihong, 2010,Exporing ow-carboneconomy in liangjiangew rea, Chongqing,Economic esearch o. 36, pp. 209-210.[n Chinese]



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MoHud has recognize liangjiangs pan for the integrate se of renewabe energy as one of 10

nationa energy efciency emonstration projects. his recognition from the centra government has

create oca momentm for more renewabe energy projects an has e Chongqing to eveop pans

for a pecia Committee on the ppication of enewabe Energy in Biings, which wi frther nrtre

an regate the market.80


hogh liangjiangs overa pan focses on the nancia an renewabe energy sectors, energy savings

in biings are not negecte. ccoring to the Chongqing government, HVC systems consme abot

40 percent of the citys tota eectricity ring winter an smmer.81

he city is creating a low-Carbon Biing ssessment tanar. ccoring to a oca government

ofcia, biings constrcte before 2005 meet few, if any, energy efciency stanars. Chongqings

new stanar wi initiay be vontary, bt may be mae manatory epening on the sccess of its

impementation.82 dring the 12th Five Year Pan perio (2011-2015), Chongqing aso intens to retrot

3.5 miion sqare meters (37.7 miion sqare feet) of existing biings, amost a pbicy owne.83

hegovernment wi exercise energy aits on most pbic biings by the en of 2012 with fning from

the centra government.84 n aition, piot projects to retrot resientia biings wi be impemente.

However, the city remains at a point in its eveopment where most projects are emonstrative;

Chongqings rst ow-carbon emonstration biing was ony compete in May 2011. evera other

emonstration biings have since been compete, featring ow-carbon biing materias, rooftop

garens, water recycing systems an renewabe energy. he carbon emissions of these emonstration

biings are expecte to be 30 percent ower than stanar new biings.85

Chongqing aso has an innovative strategy to raise pbic awareness of green biings. n 2010, the city

hoste a pbic competition to rank its op en green biings an op en ow-carbon commnities,

rawing more than 1.3 miion tota votes, accoring to government gres. he competition epitomizes

the oca governments efforts to create a ivabe Chongqing.86 However, the effect of this competition

on encoraging oca green biing eveopment remains ncear.

Difculties

For the most part, MoHud regations are more concepta than practica. Withot oca action pans,

oca ofcias o not have enogh poicy giance to impement many of the visions of the centra an

mnicipa governments. Even when there are cear pans, sch as the Chongqing esientia Biing

Energy aving design Protoco, reevant government epartments often strgge or fai to execte them.87

ack of concerte panning is viewe as the biggest barrier for liangjiangs ow-carbon eveopment.88

Chongqing is the ony one of Chinas eight ow-carbon piot cities yet to create a comprehensive ow-

carbon eveopment pan.89 Withot a master pan aministere by Chongqings mnicipa government,

the egisation, poicies an initiatives ner impementation in the liangjiang ew rea o not t into

a bigger pictre.

80 Chongqing Mnicipaovernment, 2009, Mi-an long-term Panningof the use of enewabeEnergy in Biings inChongqing, internaocment on e with

athor.

81 ibi.

82 Chongqing daiy,2011, Creating reenBiing tanars inChongqing, http://www.gov.cn/gzt/2011-03/15/content_1825060.htm,accesse on Jy 19, 2011.

83 aia, 2011, aialow-Carbon eview,o. 12. [n Chinese]

84 Chongqing Biingechnoogy deveopmentCenter, 2010, he energy

efciency renovationpan for the existingbiings in Chongqing& he energy efciencyrenovation proposa forthe government ofcebiings an arge-scaepbic biings, EnergyFonation, internaocment on e withathor.

85 Zhang, Min, Jianxinli, Meng Yang, 2010,Chongqings eveopmente with ow-carbon,Chnchen daiy, Jne 29,2010. [n Chinese]

86 Zhang, Min, Jianxinli, Meng Yang, 2010,Chongqings eveopmente with ow-carbon,Chnchen daiy, Jne 29,2010. [n Chinese]

87 Chongqing Mnicipaovernment, 2009, Mi-an long-term Panningof the use of enewabeEnergy in Biings inChongqing, internaocment on e withathor.

88 Wang, Hao & ifengZhao, 2010, Path naysisof Chongqings low-CarbonEconomic deveopment,cience, echnoogy anMarket, o. 11, pp. 41-2.[n Chinese]

89 Zhang, Ch, 2011, low-carbon city & eveopmentpan: eight piot cities,presente at the seventhir Qaity ManagementCity Workshop of C-siaChina etwork, daian,China, Jy 1, 2011.



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Lessons Learned

he liangjiang ew rea an the Chongqing Mnicipaity have mae a nmber of achievements in

green biing emonstration projects. ne innovative featre is the appication of renewabe energy

in biings. unike many cases in which green biing promotion poicies cover amost a aspects

of biings, Chongqings eaers have channee resorces towar one very specic aspect of green

biings: renewabe energy. his strategy makes sense becase it is we site to liangjiangsgeography, an is within the oca governments imite economic capacity. he ocation at the jnction

of two rivers makes liangjiang iea for water-sorce heat pmps. t the same time, the size of the

oca economy oes not aow for a comprehensive focs on every aspect of green biings, as it oes

in ianjin an hanghai.

hogh liangjiangs strategy is imite, it represents a cear focs. liangjiangs achievabe efciency

targets for pbic biings an its emphasis on renewabe energy are focse rst steps towar

biing efciency, an represent an especiay sef strategy for other cities with simiary imite

nancia capacity.90

Baoding

Baoding City Prole

Population (2010) 11,194,400

Total land area 22,109 sqare kiometers (8,536.3 sqare mies)


Baoing is the argest city in Hebei Province by popation an has been the provinces capita at

varios perios. he city ies between Beijing an hijiazhang, now the provinces capita, an is 140km (87 mies) from Beijing, 125 km (78 mies) from hijiazhang, an 145 km (90 mies) from ianjin.

Baoing, ike Hangzho an Chongqing, is among the eight piot ow-carbon cities esignate by the

dC. he city is home to severa of the argest manfactrers of win trbines in the wor, as we

as the Yingi rop, a goba eaer in photovotaic soar moe manfactring.

he eve of post-instriaization in Baoing is simiar to that of Chongqing. data before 1995 is

not avaiabe for Baoing, bt provincia ata offers a reference to estimate Baoings historica

economic strctre (Figre 16). s in Chongqing, the gap between the citys instria an service

sectors began to narrow in the mi-1990s. By 1997, the share of the service sector in Baoing was

amost eqa to the share of the instria sector, an the two remaine cose nti 2004. nterestingy,

both Chongqing an Baoing have witnesse ecine of the service sector in recent years (Figres 15

an 16), probaby reecting Chinas efforts to imit instry in major eastern cities whie increasing

instria eveopment in centra an western areas. vera, Baoing has not shown cear signs of

post-instriaization.

90 Qi, Baoxing, 2011,

econstrction of urbaMicro-circation: forthcoming tren, inChinese ociety of urbties, China low-CaEco-City deveopmenteport, Beijing: ChinaBiing nstry Presspp. 4-23. [n Chinese]



28/348

orce: Hebei tatistica Yearbook 2010, tatistica Yearbooks of urban China (1996 - 2010)


Baoing was an eary champion of ow-carbon bsinesses. n 2006, ring the citys 11th Five Year

Pan, Baoing propose a pan to become Chinas Eectricity Vaey, speciaizing in aternative means

of power generation, incing win an soar power. Baoing hopes to become the center of power

storage technoogies an other reate bsinesses. t is now home to more than 170 new energy

companies. hese companies contribte 10.2 percent of the oca dP, making new energy one of

the citys piar instries, an this share is expecte to reach 40 percent by 2050.91,92

o ensre thesccessf creation of an Eectricity Vaey, Baoing has estabishe an Eectricity Vaey Promotion

Conci, e by Baoings ecretary-enera of the Commnist Party, the citys top government ofcia.

n aition to Eectricity Vaey, the city in 2007 annonce pans to become a City of oar Energy.

Eectricity Vaey is consiere a strategic ong-term objec

emergence of low carbon cities

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