planning
DESCRIPTION
:)TRANSCRIPT
Planning is the systematic development of action programs aimed at reaching agreed business objectives by the process of analyzing, evaluating and selecting among the opportunities which are foreseen.
Planning
ORGANIZING
Achieving Objectives
CONTROLLING
LEADING
Planning is goal-oriented
Planning is an intellectual or rational process.
Planning is a primary function.
Planning is all-pervasive Planning function extends throughout the
organization.
Planning is forward looking.
Planning is a perpetual process. It is a continuous activity.
Planning is an integrating process.
Planning involves choice.
Planning is a prerequisite not only for achieving success but also for surviving in a competitive environment.
Organizations that plan in advance are more likely to succeed.
Focuses attention on objectives
Offsets uncertainty and riskPrimary and contingent plans
Provides sense of direction
Provides guidelines for decision-making
Increases organizational effectiveness
Provides efficiency in operations
Ensures better coordination
Facilitates control
Encourages innovation and creativity
Facilitates delegation
LEVELS TIME SCOPE
Top-level Long-term plans
Strategic plans
Middle-level Intermediate-term plans
Tactical plans
First-level Short-term plans
Operational plans
1. Analyzing opportunities
2. Establishing objectives
3.Identifying alternatives
4. Evaluating available alternatives
5. Selecting the most appropriate alternative
6.Implementing the plan
7. Reviewing the plan
Establishing the right climate for planning
Clear and specific objectives
Planning premises
Initiative at top level
Participation in planning process
Communication of planning elements
Integration of long-term and short-term plans
An open systems approach
Management information system
Lack of accurate information
Time consuming process
Expensive
Inflexibility
Resistance to change
Environmental constraints
Lack of ability and commitment
False sense of security
Reluctance to establish goals