physical geography: landforms of california. overview geologic time movements of the continents...
TRANSCRIPT
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Physical Geography: Landforms of California
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Overview
• Geologic Time
• Movements of the Continents
• Earth Materials
• Tectonic Forces
• Weathering and Erosion Processes
• Erosional Agents and Deposition
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Geologic TimePretend the age of the earth (4.6+ billion years) is
compressed into one calendar year.
January 1 - Earth and planets formed
Early March - liquid water stands in pools.
Late March - earliest life
July - oxygen is important part of atmosphere
October 25 - multicellular organisms
Late November - plants and animals abundant
December 15 to 25 - dinosaurs arise and disappear
11:20 pm, December 31 - Humans appear
One second before midnight - Automobile invented
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• General trends: temperature, density • Horizon composition, behavior
The Earth’s Interior
Distance: 6730 km (3963 miles)
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Earth Materials
• Three major rock types– Igneous– Sedimentary– Metamorphic
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Igneous Rocks
• Igneous (ignus = fire)
• Formed from the cooling of molten rock (magma/lava), a process called crystallization.– Slow cooling larger crystals > dense rock– Rapid cooling small crystals > lighter rock
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• Two classes of igneous rocks– intrusive: formed inside the Earth– extrusive: formed at Earth’s surface
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks• Cools slowly (thousands of years)
• Visible crystals
• Examples
- granite - diorite - gabbro
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks• Cools rapidly - exposed to surface
• No visible crystals
• Examples
- rhyolite - andesite -basalt
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Typical Igneous Intrusions
Know: Batholith and Dike
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Exposed Batholiths
Sierra Nevada, CA
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Compaction Cementing
Sedimentary Rocks
Formation
Relative Abundance by Type
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Sandstone (larger grains)
Shale (fine grains)
Limestone (CaCO3)
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Where do Sedimentary Rocks Form?
Terrestrial environments (non-marine) Rivers and floodplains
(fluvial environment)
Lakes
Deserts (aeolian environment)
Marine environments Continental shelf
Continental slope and rise (deep sea fans)
Abyssal plain
Beach and barrier islands
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Metamorphic
Gneiss (broad foliation)
Schist (narrow foliation)
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The Unstable Landscape: California Plate Tectonics
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• Crustal Processes– Destruction (subduction)– Creation (volcanism )– Alteration / deformation (folding and faulting)
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Introduction
• Plate boundaries: main location for Earth’s volcanic and earthquake activity.
• Type of plate boundary determines activity.
• 3 types– diverging (spreading)– converging (colliding)– transform (sliding past each other)
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Convergent Plate Boundaries• Action:
– collision; destructional or constructional
• Activity: – depends on type of convergence– 3 types: ocean-continent, ocean-ocean, cont.-cont.
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Convergent: Ocean-continent• Action:
– collision; destructional (subduction of ocean plate)
• Activity: – shallow to deep earthquakes; volcanism (continental)
• Features: – ocean trench; volcanic mtns on continental margin
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Volcanoes: Explosive• Composite cones (stratovolcano)
– pointed, steep-sided, tall volcanoes
– “Composite”: layers of pyroclastics and lava (mostly felsic)
– Explosive and dangerous; found near subduction zones
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Volcanoes: Explosive
Arenal, Costa Rica
Mt. Shasta, California Mt. Lassen, California
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Crustal Deformation:Folding, Faulting, and Earthquakes
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Introduction
• Crustal Processes– Destruction (subduction)– Creation (volcanism - convergent/divergent)– Alteration / deformation (folding and faulting)
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Crustal Deformation
• Outcome / result of “battle”: Stress v. strain (force v. resistance)– Stress: force imposed on the rock
(tension, compression and shear)– Strain: how the rock responds to the stress
(folding / bending or faulting / breaking) Is the rock brittle or ductile?
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Figure 12-7
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Faulting• Definition: fractures where some type of
displacement (movement) has occurred along a break in rock.
• Three types– normal
– reverse/thrust
– transform (strike-slip)
Carmel Valley Fault, CA
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Normal Faults
• Tensional stress• Earthquake and displacement along fault plane fault scarp
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Landforms - Normal Faulting
Owens Valley, CA
Sierra Nevada, CA
Grand Tetons, WY
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Basin and Range
• Horst and graben (“hill” and “grave”)
Death Valley/ Panamint Ranges
Why saline?
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Landforms: Normal Faulting
• Grabens (“Graves”)
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Bas
in a
nd R
ange
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Transform Plate Boundary
• Action: – shear (lateral motion)
– no loss/gain of plate material
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San Andreas fault system – How long is it? About 1000 km – Relative motion of the Pacific
Plate? @ 2 inches (5 cm) northwest per year. In 10 million years Los Angeles will be off of San Francisco .
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San Andreas Fault System - Southern California
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Transform Plate Boundary• Activity:
– shallow to moderate earthquakes – little to no volcanism
http://quake.usgs.gov/recenteqs/
Tremblor Range
Dragon’s Back
Carrizo Plain, CA (view to the east)
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Transform Plate Boundary
• Features:– shallow, linear
rift valleys– sag ponds
San Andreas Lake (Crystal Springs Reservoir) - looking south along fault
- San Francisco water supply - geology vegetation
Carrizo Plain, central CA
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Transform Plate Boundary
• Features:– offset streams, objects
Stream channel offset, Carrizo Plain,
central CA1906 earthquake offset, Point Reyes, CA
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The Geography of Earthquakes
• USA: 1977-1997 earthquake events
• USA: every state except ND, FL
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The Geography of Earthquakes
• Globally: primarily at plate boundaries
• Intraplate earthquakes do occur!
Mag 6.5
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Earthquakes• Earthquakes are the shaking or vibration of
the ground as a result of rocks suddenly breaking along a fault.
• Focus (hypocenter) = rupture point
• Epicenter = point on surface above focus
• Foreshocks
• Aftershocks
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Process: the earthquake cycle (elastic rebound theory)
• Earthquakes are a ‘release of energy’ in the form of a seismic wave (vibrates the crust).
• Plate movement strain builds rocks “locked together” (frictional bond)
• Rocks bend hit limit --> rupture/break
• Cycle repeats ”start-stop” motion along fault
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Seismic waves• Some of the waves that are generated by an
earthquake travel within the earth and other travel along the surface, creating surface waves.
• Waves traveling within the earth are known as body waves.
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Surface Waves
• Surface waves cause the most damage to buildings during an earthquake.
• Surface waves can set up liquefaction in wet alluvium. This is where the most extensive damage to buildings occurs.– Liquefaction: wavelike, almost liquid, rolling of
surface– Alluvium: fine material deposited by water
over many years.
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Measuring Earthquakes• seismograph: records the vibrations
of the crust
• Richter Scale measuresvibration, not damage.
• seismogram: tracing record
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Major California Earthquakes
• Fort Tejon, 1857 - 8.0 magnitude
• San Francisco, 1906 - 7.9 magnitude
• 1933 Long Beach - 6.3 magnitudeDestroyed Glendale College Buildings!
• San Fernando, 1971 - 6.6
• Northridge, 1994 - 6.7
• Hector Mine, 1999 - 7.1
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Fort Tejon, 1857
• TIME: January 9, 1857
• LOCATION: 35° 43' N, 120° 19' W• about 72 km (45 miles) northeast of San Luis Obispo
about 120 km (75 miles) northwest of Bakersfield,as shown on the map (epicenter location uncertain).
• MAGNITUDE: Mw 8.3 (approx.)
• TYPE OF FAULTING: right-lateral strike-slip
• FAULT RUPTURED: San Andreas fault
• LENGTH OF SURFACE RUPTURE: about 360 km (225 miles)
• MAXIMUM SURFACE OFFSET: about 9 meters (30 feet)
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San Francisco Aftermath, 1906
Magnitude: 7.9
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San Francisco, 1906 Magnitude: 7.9
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