ROOH REVEWS

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Fourth Edition

Douglas A. Skoog and Donald M. West, Saunders College Publishing, New York, NY, 1982. iii f 859 pp. Figs. and tables. 24 X 19.5 cm.

This is the fourth edition of an excellent text used to teach quantitative analysis a t a level suitable for chemistry majors. The au- thors state that the aims of this edition are identical to orevious editions. Much of the

spectroscopy and separations, and some dated material has been deleted. Improve- ments have been made in the organization of material in the areas of equilibria, electro- chemistry, and spectroscopy.

The authors and the new publisher have used bold type and a numbering system to set off section headings in this edition. These changes should make it much easier to refer to material in the text during lectures and to find specific material. Each chapter ends with a set of well-chosen problems which are similar in content to previous editions but which are increased in numbers in many eases.

The review material found in the second and third chapters of the previous edition has been combined into a single chapter. The following chapter on data analysis has been improved through the addition of a clear and detailed descriotion of the use of analvtical calibration curves and least squares analysis. The solution of equilibria problems has been made more consistent throughout the text by using mass balance and charge balance ex-

pressions. This change is important. While mass balance and charge balance expressions appear too formal for use in solving simple equilibrium problems, this approach becomes necessary when solving more complicated problems in this text or problems encoun- tered later in higher level courses dealing with equilibria. The use of the term "formal con- centration" has been abandoned in this edi- tion and replaced by the term "molar ana- lytical concentratiin" following the sugges- tion of many users of the previous edition.

Chaoter 13 is an introduction to electro-

combined to provide a more concise treat- ment. The chapter on voltammetric tech- niques has been shortened in this edition. The material describing classical direct cur- rent polarography remains essentially un- chaneed includine descri~tians of manual

"H" cell. It is unfortunate that this material was included in this edition while the tech- niques of differential pulse pularography and stripping analysis have been deleted entirely. These latter techniques are widely used in industrial. eovernmental. and academic

ter 19 provides a clear iniroductiokto prih- ciales of soectroscoav. The chaoter on mo-

fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of in-

ductively coupled plasmas in atomic spec- troscopy is another important addition in this edition.

The authors have made sweeping changes in their treatment of separations with excel- lent results. Chapter 26 introduces the area of analytical separations and the following three chapters separately treat the theory af chromatographic separations, liquid chro- matography, and gas~liquid chromatography. These four chauters are well oreanized and verv current.

ments dealing with recent analytical p rob~ lems have been added and a selection af ex- periments which serve to develop good lab- oratory technique is retained.

This edition retains the elements which have established the wide acceptance of the previous edition and includes changes in many areas which improve clarity. Users of the previous edition of this text will find this edition to be markedly improved. Those who have chosen alternative texts in the past would do well to examine this text for possi- ble future use.

Fred M. Hawkridge Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond. VA 23284

Physical Chemistry, Second Edition P. W. Atkins, W. H. Freeman and Cornpa- ny, San Francisco, CA 1982. viii + 1095 PP. Figs. and tables. 17 X 24 cm. $29.95.

The first edition of "Physical Chemistry" by P. W. Atkins was reviewed in THIS

(Continued on page A 6 4

Reviewed in this Issue

Reviewer Douglas A. Skoog and Donald M West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Fred M. Hawkridge A63

Fourth Edition

P. W Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Second Edition Rebecca O'Malley A63

Anthony N. Stranges, Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory, Marshall S. Wright, Jr. A64 1900-1925

Titles of Interest

New Volumes in Continuing Series

Volume 60 Number 2 February 1983 A63

JOURNAL (J. CHEM. EDUC., 56, A 260,1979) as "one of the best recent introductory level physical chemistry textbooks." However, as noted by that reviewer, and confirmed by those who have taught from the book, it contains "numerous small slips in the text, illustrations and derivations." In producing the second edition of this book, the author has obviously expended cunsiderable time and effort in attempting to rectify this sit^ uation. Many of the worked examples have heen reworked. or reolaced bv better ones.

extensively, the presentation of same topics has been improved and certain new materials have been added.

The original organization of the hook has been retained. The book is conveniently di- vided into three main parts entitled "Equi- librium," "Structure," and "Change," and lhese are prefaced with a broadly based in- troductory chapter.

"Equilibrium" deals with thermodqnamics and in this section of the book there have been major revisions. A number of rather obvious omissions have been corrected. The concept of thermodynamic temperature is now developed and identified with the per- fect gas temperature. "Standard molar en- thalpy of formation" is now defined in the chapter on thermochemistry and there is a more detailed description of the calorimetric measurement of AU and AH. Other topics that are treated a little more fully include: the Joule-Thomsan cooling effect and its signif- icance in refrigeration applications, the third law of thermodynamics, and the definition and use of the standard Gihbs function.

"Structure" deals with quantum mecham ics and its application to atomic and molec- ular structure, symmetry, spectroscopy, s t a ~ tistical thermodynamics, and macro mole^ cules. Revision in this part of the book has been less extensive, but some new material has been added. The phenomenon of quan- tum mechanical tunnelling is discussed more fully, and a number of three-dimensional computer graphics are reproduced in the chapters covering quantum mechanics to il- lustrate the forms uf various wave hnctions. Laser action receives more extensive treat- ment, the basic principles of most of the dif- ferent types af laser currently in use being covered. A section describing Fourier trans- Iorm NMR spectroscopy is another welcome addition.

Chapter 24, "Macromolecules" is com- pletely new and treats a number ol' funda- mentallv imwortant tonics: osmotic aressure

loids. "Channe" deals with kinetic throrv and its

chapter covering surface phenomena. A substantial amount of this material has bccn rewritten and some of the more recent de-

/ veloaments in this area are discussed. The I ture from Thomson's discoverv of the elec-

surface compositions and the use of molecular beams in the investigation of the catalytic activity of surfaces.

The "Learning Objectives" listed a t the beginning of each chapter throughout the hook h a w obvicwslv been considered care-

written and as a result are much improved. They shuuld prove extremely useful for both student and teacher.

In reviewing the hook I was dismayed to find that there remains a small number of errors in the text. However, this is still an outstanding textbook, covering, at an ap- propriate level, virtually the whole range of topics iikely t o be considered in any under^ graduate physical chemistry course. I t is clearly written, well illustrated and attrac- tively produced. The problem sets (an abso- lulelv essential aar t of the teachine of ahvs-

anyone needing a comprehensive text in physical chemistry.

Rebecca O'Malley University of South Florida

Tampa, FL 33620

Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theorv. 1900-1925

0 ,

Anthony N. Sfranges, Texas A & M Univer- sity Press. 1982. xii + 291 pp. Figs. and tables. 15 X 23 cm. $28.50.

For the historian of modern chemical theory, Anthony Stranges' new book will surely become as important a resource as Hans Kangrov's "Early History of Planck's Radiation Law" has become for the historian of modern physics since its appearance in English translation in 1976. Additionally, those teachers of chemistry who wish to supplement the normally cursory and abrupt account of the introduction of the shared electron pair concept into chemical theory found in most, textbooks should find Stran- g e ~ ' portraits of the models of chemical bonding which preconditioned Lewis' semi^ nal proposal of 1916 to he richly suggestive of u s d d heuristic devices.

The core of the book is bracketed by a first chapter on the nineteenth century origins of the electrochemical bond, and by the eighth and final chapter, "The New Theory of Val- encey." The former reviews the impact of the ideas of Faraday, Davy, and Berzelius. con- ceptually linked by the work of such fiaures as Laurent, Williamson, Gerhardt, Frank- land, and Werner to lhe theory deployed hy Arrhenius at the close of the last century. The last chapter discusses the conflii:t between proponents of the "static" atom-including Lewis, ,J. .I. Thornsun, and Langmuir-and those who subscribed lo a "dynamic" view derived from Bohr. Here William A. Noyes is credited with initiating the measures which led to an eventual reconciliation. A brief Epilog summarizes the directions that honding theury was to take after 192:l at the hands of Heisenberg, Dirac, Van Vleck, and Pauling. Rut the heart of the hook, h u n d in the middle six chapters, traces the history of theories chemical affinity and atomic s t r u c ~

tron in 1897 to the celebrated JACS article of Lewis in 1916. In what follows I will attempt t o sketch what seemed to me to be the high- lights of Stranges' treatment of this period.

With the presentation of the content of the early (1878) papers of Alfred M. Mayer on floating magnets and their impact on Thomsan's eilorts to provide a "visual d e m ~ onstration of the possible arrangement of the electrons in an atom" we see the genesis of Thomson's early vision of the relation br- tween atomic structure and chemical peri- odicity. In retrospect, Mayer's work assumes an almost ominous aspect in view of the eventual recourse that Lewis and his con- temaoraries were to have to magnetic force in descrihine chemical bondine. In anv case. -~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~0 ~~~~

~~~~~ " ~, Stranges allows us to see the emergence of an atomicmodel that is surely more interesting and suggestive than the raisin pudding found in most textbook summaries. Further, we are presented with an overview af the lines of conflict between the rejection of Thomson's model (occurring before Rutherford's ex^

periment) by (principally) Arrhenius, Charles Barkla, and George A. Schott (arising from the model'srailure to arcountadrquately for the number of electrons and the distribution of mass in the atom), and the support which Thomson's views received from the spectro~ scapic studies of Rydberg, Carl Runge, and Heinrich Kayser.

Having portrayed Thomson's initial con- tributions to the electrostatic theory of chemical valence, Stranges allows us to see the extent of the introduction of' such terms as "tubes of force," "residual valence," and "Faraday bundle" into the theoretical liter^ ature of the early twentieth century. The last af these terms we find t o hare heen an in- trinsic part of the language employed by 01- iver Lodge, in 1904, for whom such a "bun- dle" could form a "full chemical b o n d but which was also capable of making available "a few threads or feelers" for "partial adhe- sion in cross directions. . . " I n the %?me year, and with the same electrostatic conceptions, we see Percv Frankland seekine to account far both the*colors of hydrates and solubility differences in terms of the divisibility of the "residual affinities'' contained in the "bundle."

Chapters 3 and 4 outline the gradual en- largement of the domain of chemical appli- cations oi'Thomson's ideas in the 1897-1909 neriod and the imnaet of this on the thinkine bf American chemists from 1909 to 1915. 1; a continuation of the story which begins in the first chapter, we are made aware of the persistent efforts which were exerted to make electrostatic attraction the foundation of chemical honding theory The prominent figures here are Richard Ahgg, Harry S. Fry, William A. Noyes, K. George Falk, and John M. Nelsarr. A b e c ~ , an early advocsle of the "rule of eight," emerges as one who was wedded to the idea that "electroaffinity" was capable ol'accounting Sor chrrnical valence in general, including the "secondary" (nonionic) valences which Werner had introduced into his theory dhondingin 1891 and 1897. I11 the work of F d k and Nelson we see the applica~ tion of an "Electron Theory of Valencc" to organic chemistry as exemplified hy the in- corporation of "directive valences" into their treatment of the structure of carbi,aylic acids. The same conceptual model oS bonding ap- pears in Fry's elahorate assignment of eke- troralenres to benzene and ils derivatives in

A64 Journal of Chemical Education